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WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT III Contributors

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WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT III Contributors WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTUR AL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT II WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES This report commissioned by the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. Contract No. 2008-467A Published December, 2008 Cover image of Western State Hospital’s wards with farmland in the foreground. Photograph courtesy of the Washington State Archives. WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT III Contributors The authors of this report wish to extend our gratitude and appreciation for the efforts of the following persons and organizations, without whom preparation of this report would not have been possible: Advisory Commit- tee members, the Washington State Department of Social and Human Services staff including Dale Thompson, Bob Hubenthal, Chris Olsen, Christine Campbell, Christy Forsythe, David Hess, Edwin Valbert, for keeping the project on track and his enthusiasm and efforts facilitating contacts on site and coordination with the Advisory Committee, Elizabeth McNagny, Janis Chase, Kathleen Benoun, Laurel Lemke (Grave Concerns Association), Melissa Weber, Rich Christian, Richard E. Kellogg, Rick Mehlman, Steve Alderson, for his gracious contribu- tion of time escorting us through numerous buildings, the drawing room, and sharing his wealth of knowl- edge on previous repairs and tracking down photographs; City of Lakewood, Dan Penrose, Mary Dodsworth, Sara Hillbauer; Historic Fort Steilacoom Association, Carol Stout, Gideon Pete, Walter Neary, Joseph Lewis; National Park Service, Hank Florence; Nisqually Indian Tribe, Thor Hoyte; Pierce College, Jim Taylor, Debby Aleckson, Jim Taylor; Pierce County, Kathryn Kravit-Smith; Puyallup Fisheres, Jeffrey Thomas; Seattle Public Library; Tacoma Public Library, Northwest Room; University of Washington, Manuscripts and Special Collec- tions; Washington State Archives State, Lupita Lopez for pulling cart loads of archive boxes; Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation staff including Dr. Allyson Brooks, State Historic Preser- vation Officer and Greg Griffith, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, Stephanie Kramer, Assistant State Archaeologist, Gretchen Kaehler, Local Government Archaeologist; Washington State Department of Transpor- tation; Washington State Historical Society, Ellaine Miller; Washington State Library; and the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, Daniel Farber, Mike Allen, Alex McMurry. IV WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES Contents Overview 1 Introduction 3 Administrative Data 4 Methodology 6 Report Organization 7 Recommendations 8 1.0 Functions 9 1.1 Land Uses and Activities 13 1.2 Patterns of Spatial Organization 39 1.3 Responses to the Natural Environment 41 2.0 Components 45 2.1 Circulation Networks 49 2.2 Boundary Demarcations 53 2.3 Vegetation Related to Land Use 55 2.4 Buildings, Structures & Objects 63 2.5 Archaeological Elements 125 3.0 Evaluation 129 3.1 Defining Significance 133 3.2 Assessment of Historic Integrity 137 3.3 Boundaries 153 3.4 Priority Areas 155 3.5 Sensitivity Areas 157 3.6 Recommendations 159 4.0 Supplemental 165 4.1 Historic Maps 169 4.2 Historic Photographs 191 4.3 HABS Records 247 4.4 DAHP Inventory Forms 259 4.5 Inventory 271 4.6 Bibliography 283 WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT V VI WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES Overview 1870s to early 1880s view of hospital grounds. Photograph courtesy of the Washington State Archives. WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT 1 2 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES Introduction Overview The Western State Hospital site constitutes one of our state’s most significant cultural resources. Deep roots from four important chapters in aboriginal, territorial, and state development anchor the location in our col- lective memory. Managing a site with multiple stakeholders requires the complexity of balancing the site’s Functions Components Evaluation Supplemental continuing role (since 1871) of providing mental health care with preservation and public uses. This report assembles background information on the site’s past functions and physical features in order to inform future decision-making and planning. The site’s historical ties begin with prehistoric and historic aboriginal use and continue through Hudson Bay Company exploration and early settlement in the 1840s. These are followed by Fort Steilacoom from 1849 to 1868 and Western State Hospital’s role as a mental institution from 1871 to the publication of this report in 2008. Each of these functions contributed to the sense of place that permeates all corners of the site. Vestigial roadways from fort and institution development remain throughout the current park area south of the hospital (formerly the hospital farm). Trees, shrubs, and fruit orchards continue to grow throughout the site and iden- tify activity areas for the casual observer. The remarkable collection of fort era buildings, as well as buildings from the site’s institutional role, enriches the interpretive experience of the site for staff, patients, and the public. Managing change at this complex site will be an ongoing responsibility for the site’s stakeholders. They must balance preservation with departmental and institutional mission goals, as well as repair needs with available funding. Furthermore, they must evaluate public interpretation versus restriction and the sensitive nature of select areas within the site (predominately related to mental health care). The site’s intact resources, physical layout, and unique set of stakeholders all contribute to a rare opportunity to achieve a wide range of goals that include preservation and interpretation of this important cultural site. WESTERN STATE HOSPITAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT 3 Administrative Data Historic Names • Fort Steilacoom (1849-1868) • Heath Farmstead (1844-1849) • Insane Asylum of Washington Territory (1871-1888) • Western Washington Hospital for the Insane (1888-1914) • Western State Hospital (1915-Present) Location Western State Hospital 9601 Steilacoom Boulevard SW, Tacoma, WA Pierce College 9401 Farwest Drive SW, Lakewood, WA Fort Steilacoom Park 8714 Elwood Drive SW, Lakewood, WA Fort Steilacoom Golf Course and Playfield 8208 87th Avenue SW, Tacoma, WA Lakewood Water District Booster Station 9120 100th Street SW, Lakewood, WA Historic Functions • Aboriginal • Farm Stead(s) • Defense Fortification • Hospital/Mental Healthcare • Institutional Farm Periods of Significance • Aboriginal Use Associations (pre-historic to ongoing) • Exploration & Settlement (1830s to 1849) • Fort Steilacoom (1849 to 1868) • Western State Hospital (1871 to 1957) 4 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES Uses The following provides a listing of uses for the site from pre-historic through 2008: Overview • Aboriginal (archaeological-pre-historic) • Government-post office • Education-school • Funerary-cemetery, graves/burials, mortuary Functions Components Evaluation Supplemental • Recreation and Culture-theater, auditorium, monument/marker, museum • Agriculture/Subsistence-processing, storage, agricultural field, animal facility, horticultural facility, agri- cultural outbuilding, farmstead • Health Care-hospital • Defense-fortification • Landscape-garden, park, natural features, street furniture/object • Transportation-rail-related, road-related Owner Washington State Department of Social and Health Services Western State Hospital 9601 Steilacoom Boulevard SW Tacoma, WA 98498 Resource Status Listed to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and Washington Heritage Register (WHR) as the Fort Steilacoom Historic District on November 25, 1977. Although the nomination was prepared and submitted to the National Park Service in 1975 the district was not listed until 1977. Historic areas of significance cited as government-military facility, agriculture, and social/humanitarian (hospital falls under the later category as at the time of the nomination there was not a specific category for health care) with a period of significance from 1849 through 1941. OAHP ID number DT00104. Areas of significance supported a national level of signifi- cance under criteria A and C. The nomination identified twenty-seven contributing properties, four intrusions, and two historic sites/landscape features. NRHP listing amended on December 16, 1991 to include: • Physical change updates since listed in 1977; • Corrections and additions to listing information in both the description and significance sections; and, • Revision of property contributing/non-contributing classification within the district. The update stemmed from a 1988 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed by the Bureau of Land Manage- ment, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Washington State Historic Preservation Offi- cer. The MOA mandating Pierce County undertake assessment of the 1977 NRHP nomination to identify the need for any amendments or updates pertaining the farm area, currently Fort Steilacoom Park leased to Pierce County and managed in 2008 by the City of Lakewood. For consistency this report utilizes the name Western State Hospital (WSH) as the unifying name for the full 882 acres. Past and present uses within this area (e. g. Heath Farmstead, Fort Steilacoom, Pierce College…) are identified by their specific names as appropriate. This full 882 acre site is the project area and in some areas ex- ceeds the extents of the NRHP district boundaries. Boundary
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