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Lecture Notes in Physics Lecture Notes in Physics Editorial Board R. Beig, Wien, Austria J. Ehlers, Potsdam, Germany U. Frisch, Nice, France K. Hepp, Zurich,¨ Switzerland W. Hillebrandt, Garching, Germany D. Imboden, Zurich,¨ Switzerland R. L. Jaffe, Cambridge, MA, USA R. Kippenhahn, Gottingen,¨ Germany R. Lipowsky, Golm, Germany H. v. Lohneysen,¨ Karlsruhe, Germany I. Ojima, Kyoto, Japan H. A. Weidenmuller,¨ Heidelberg, Germany J. Wess, Munchen,¨ Germany J. Zittartz, Koln,¨ Germany 3 Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Editorial Policy The series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new developments in physics research and teaching -- quickly, informally but with a high quality. Manuscripts to be considered for publication are topical volumes consisting of a limited number of contributions, carefully edited and closely related to each other. Each contribution should contain at least partly original and previously unpublished material, be written in a clear, pedagogical style and aimed at a broader readership, especially graduate students and nonspecialist researchers wishing to familiarize themselves with the topic concerned. For this reason, traditional proceedings cannot be considered for this series though volumes to appear in this series are often based on material presented at conferences, workshops and schools (in exceptional cases the original papers and/or those not included in the printed book may be added on an accompanying CD ROM, together with the abstracts of posters and other material suitable for publication, e.g. large tables, colour pictures, program codes, etc.). Acceptance Aprojectcanonlybeacceptedtentativelyforpublication,byboththeeditorialboardandthe publisher, following thorough examination of the material submitted. The book proposal sent to the publisher should consist at least of a preliminary table of contents outlining the structureofthebooktogetherwithabstractsofallcontributionstobeincluded. Final acceptance is issued by the series editor in charge, in consultation with the publisher, only after receiving the complete manuscript. Final acceptance, possibly requiring minor corrections, usually follows the tentative acceptance unless the final manuscript differs significantlyfromexpectations(projectoutline).Inparticular,theserieseditorsareentitled to reject individual contributions if they do not meet the high quality standards of this series. The final manuscript must be camera-ready, and should include both an informative introduction and a sufficiently detailed subject index. Contractual Aspects Publication in LNP is free of charge. There is no formal contract, no royalties are paid, and no bulk orders are required, although special discounts are offered in this case. The volumeeditorsreceivejointly30freecopiesfortheirpersonaluseandareentitled,asarethe contributing authors, to purchase Springer books at a reduced rate. The publisher secures the copyright for each volume. As a rule, no reprints of individual contributions can be supplied. Manuscript Submission The manuscript in its final and approved version must be submitted in camera-ready form. Thecorrespondingelectronicsourcefilesarealsorequiredfortheproductionprocess,in particular the online version. Technical assistance in compiling the final manuscript can be provided by the publisher’s production editor(s), especially with regard to the publisher’s own Latex macro package which has been specially designed for this series. Online Version/ LNP Homepage LNP homepage (list of available titles, aims and scope, editorial contacts etc.): http://www.springer.de/phys/books/lnpp/ LNP online (abstracts, full-texts, subscriptions etc.): http://link.springer.de/series/lnpp/ H. J. Carmichael R. J. Glauber M. O. Scully (Eds.) Directions in Quantum Optics A Collection of Papers Dedicated to the Memory of Dan Walls Including Papers Presented at the TAMU-ONR WorkshopHeld at Jackson, Wyoming, USA, 26--30 July 1999 13 Editors Howard J. Carmichael Department of Physics College of Arts and Sciences 1274UniversityofOregon Eugene, OR 97403-1274, USA RoyJ.Glauber Lyman Laboratory of Physics Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Marlan O. Scully Department of Physics TexasA&MUniversity College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Directionsinquantumoptics:acollectionofpapersdedicatedtothe memory of Dan Walls including papers presented at the TAMU ONR workshopheld at Jackson, Wyoming, USA, 26 - 30 July 1999 / H. J. Carmichael ... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; HongKong;London;Milan;Paris;Singapore;Tokyo:Springer, 2001 (Lecturenotesinphysics;Vol.561) (Physics and astronomy online library) ISBN 3-540-41187-9 ISSN 0075-8450 ISBN 3-540-41187-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra- tions,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Hei- delberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreefor general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by the authors/editors; Camera-data conversion by Steingraeber Satztechnik GmbH Heidelberg Cover design: design & production,Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10785652 55/3141/du-543210 Preface Dan Walls was a notable presence in quantum optics almost from the begin- ning of the modern era of intense research in the field, right up to the time of his untimely death. In the 30 years that have passed since his PhD at Har- vard, he established a school of theoretical quantum optics in New Zealand, first at the University of Waikato and then at the University of Auckland, which gained an international reputation for its seminal contributions in the area of quantum fluctuations and noise, and as a leading center advancing and promoting the latest directions in quantum optics. Today his numerous students lead active research groups throughout New Zealand and Australia, and also in the United States. Dan is remembered by colleagues as an enthu- siastic collaborator, and as a generous host during their visits to New Zealand as guest scientists or participants at the summer meetings arranged by Dan Walls and John Harvey. To honor Dan’s achievements, and in recognition of the influence of his enthusiasm, insight, and generosity, on them individually and on quantum optics research more widely, a group of Dan Walls’ students and colleagues have assembled this collection of papers reviewing current research directions in quantum optics. At some stage in his career, Dan Walls contributed to each of the areas featured here. He was actively working on Bose–Einstein condensation right up until his last months, and we have included in this volume a completed, but unpublished, manuscript by Dan, Scott Parkins, and Atac Imamo˘glu,the theme of which is developed around three topical research areas – cavity QED, nonlinear optics, and quantum information; this paper looks in anticipation towards the next advances of high importance and impact, as was so often the case in Dan’s work. Recent developments in each of these areas are described in a number of the contributions. Other papers cover the areas of quantum interference, and the area of Dan’s most significant accomplishments, quantum noise processes. During the early part of Dan Walls’ career, travel out of New Zealand was not at all a small undertaking. Dan was, nevertheless, from the beginning, renowned as an international traveller and regular attendee at meetings in Europe and the United States. It is fitting that over this last year he has been recognized, through special sessions or symposia, at a number of international meetings. He was so recognized at the TAMU-ONR Workshop on Quantum VI Preface Optics, held in Jackson, Wyoming in July of 1999. A number of the papers presented at that meeting are reproduced, in tribute, in this volume. We wish to express our thanks to all those who have contributed to this book, either as authors or in the refereeing of the papers. With no explicit direction from us, the range of the contributed papers provides a review of the latest developments across virtually the entire field of quantum optics. The standard of the papers is high, as we hoped it would be, and the work of the referees has helped us in that. We also extend our appreciation and thanks to Colleen Vande Voorde at the Oregon Center for Optics, for her management of the editorial communications with authors and referees, and for her help in compiling the numerous electronic files, producing a book of pleasant appearance and a suitable tribute to the memory of our colleague Dan Walls. Eugene, Cambridge, College Station Howard Carmichael August 2000 Roy Glauber Marlan
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