Introducing Python
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Programming Language
Programming language A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms. Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers. There are programmable machines that use a set of specific instructions, rather than general programming languages. Early ones preceded the invention of the digital computer, the first probably being the automatic flute player described in the 9th century by the brothers Musa in Baghdad, during the Islamic Golden Age.[1] Since the early 1800s, programs have been used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms, music boxes and player pianos.[2] The programs for these The source code for a simple computer program written in theC machines (such as a player piano's scrolls) did not programming language. When compiled and run, it will give the output "Hello, world!". produce different behavior in response to different inputs or conditions. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and more are being created every year. Many programming languages are written in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform) while other languages use the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it). The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components ofsyntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, theC programming language is specified by an ISO Standard) while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. -
Safe, Fast and Easy: Towards Scalable Scripting Languages
Safe, Fast and Easy: Towards Scalable Scripting Languages by Pottayil Harisanker Menon A dissertation submitted to The Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland Feb, 2017 ⃝c Pottayil Harisanker Menon 2017 All rights reserved Abstract Scripting languages are immensely popular in many domains. They are char- acterized by a number of features that make it easy to develop small applications quickly - flexible data structures, simple syntax and intuitive semantics. However they are less attractive at scale: scripting languages are harder to debug, difficult to refactor and suffers performance penalties. Many research projects have tackled the issue of safety and performance for existing scripting languages with mixed results: the considerable flexibility offered by their semantics also makes them significantly harder to analyze and optimize. Previous research from our lab has led to the design of a typed scripting language built specifically to be flexible without losing static analyzability. Inthis dissertation, we present a framework to exploit this analyzability, with the aim of producing a more efficient implementation Our approach centers around the concept of adaptive tags: specialized tags attached to values that represent how it is used in the current program. Our frame- work abstractly tracks the flow of deep structural types in the program, and thuscan ii ABSTRACT efficiently tag them at runtime. Adaptive tags allow us to tackle key issuesatthe heart of performance problems of scripting languages: the framework is capable of performing efficient dispatch in the presence of flexible structures. iii Acknowledgments At the very outset, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Prof. -
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages Don Stewart PhD Dissertation School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales 2010 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Manuel M. T. Chakravarty Co-supervisor: Dr. Gabriele Keller Abstract We present a solution to the problem of dynamic extension in statically typed functional languages with type erasure. The presented solution re- tains the benefits of static checking, including type safety, aggressive op- timizations, and native code compilation of components, while allowing extensibility of programs at runtime. Our approach is based on a framework for dynamic extension in a stat- ically typed setting, combining dynamic linking, runtime type checking, first class modules and code hot swapping. We show that this framework is sufficient to allow a broad class of dynamic extension capabilities in any statically typed functional language with type erasure semantics. Uniquely, we employ the full compile-time type system to perform run- time type checking of dynamic components, and emphasize the use of na- tive code extension to ensure that the performance benefits of static typing are retained in a dynamic environment. We also develop the concept of fully dynamic software architectures, where the static core is minimal and all code is hot swappable. Benefits of the approach include hot swappable code and sophisticated application extension via embedded domain specific languages. We instantiate the concepts of the framework via a full implementation in the Haskell programming language: providing rich mechanisms for dy- namic linking, loading, hot swapping, and runtime type checking in Haskell for the first time. We demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture through a number of novel applications: an extensible text editor; a plugin-based network chat bot; a simulator for polymer chemistry; and xmonad, an ex- tensible window manager. -
Expert Python Programming Third Edition
Expert Python Programming Third Edition Become a master in Python by learning coding best practices and advanced programming concepts in Python 3.7 Michał Jaworski Tarek Ziadé BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI Expert Python Programming Third Edition Copyright © 2019 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. Commissioning Editor: Kunal Chaudhari Acquisition Editor: Chaitanya Nair Content Development Editor: Zeeyan Pinheiro Technical Editor: Ketan Kamble Copy Editor: Safis Editing Project Coordinator: Vaidehi Sawant Proofreader: Safis Editing Indexer: Priyanka Dhadke Graphics: Alishon Mendonsa Production Coordinator: Shraddha Falebhai First published: September 2008 Second edition: May 2016 Third edition: April 2019 Production reference: 1270419 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN 978-1-78980-889-6 www.packtpub.com To my beloved wife, Oliwia, for her love, inspiration, and her endless patience. -
The University of Chicago Reflective Techniques In
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO REFLECTIVE TECHNIQUES IN EXTENSIBLE LANGUAGES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE BY JONATHAN RIEHL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2008 To Leon Schram ABSTRACT An extensible programming language allows programmers to use the language to modify one or more of the language’s syntactic, static-semantic, and/or dynamic- semantic properties. This dissertation presents Mython, a variant of the Python lan- guage, which affords extensibility of all three language properties. Mython achieves extensibility through a synthesis of reflection, staging, and compile-time evaluation. This synthesis allows language embedding, language evolution, domain-specific opti- mization, and tool development to be performed in the Mython language. This work argues that using language-development tools from inside an extensible language is preferable to using external tools. The included case study shows that users of an embedded differential equation language are able to work with both the embedded language and embedded programs in an interactive fashion — simplifying their work flow, and the task of specifying the embedded language. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In keeping with my dedication, I’d like to begin by thanking Leon Schram, my A.P. computer science teacher. Mr. Schram took a boy who liked to play with computers, and made him a young man that could apply reason to the decomposition and solution of problems. In turn, I’d like to thank Charlie Fly and Robin Friedrich for helping extend that reason to encompass large scale systems and language systems. -
Op E N So U R C E Yea R B O O K 2 0
OPEN SOURCE YEARBOOK 2016 ..... ........ .... ... .. .... .. .. ... .. OPENSOURCE.COM Opensource.com publishes stories about creating, adopting, and sharing open source solutions. Visit Opensource.com to learn more about how the open source way is improving technologies, education, business, government, health, law, entertainment, humanitarian efforts, and more. Submit a story idea: https://opensource.com/story Email us: [email protected] Chat with us in Freenode IRC: #opensource.com . OPEN SOURCE YEARBOOK 2016 . OPENSOURCE.COM 3 ...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... AUTOGRAPHS . ... .. .... .. .. ... .. ........ ...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... AUTOGRAPHS . ... .. .... .. .. ... .. ........ OPENSOURCE.COM...... ........ .. .. .. ... .... ........ WRITE FOR US ..... .. .. .. ... .... 7 big reasons to contribute to Opensource.com: Career benefits: “I probably would not have gotten my most recent job if it had not been for my articles on 1 Opensource.com.” Raise awareness: “The platform and publicity that is available through Opensource.com is extremely 2 valuable.” Grow your network: “I met a lot of interesting people after that, boosted my blog stats immediately, and 3 even got some business offers!” Contribute back to open source communities: “Writing for Opensource.com has allowed me to give 4 back to a community of users and developers from whom I have truly benefited for many years.” Receive free, professional editing services: “The team helps me, through feedback, on improving my 5 writing skills.” We’re loveable: “I love the Opensource.com team. I have known some of them for years and they are 6 good people.” 7 Writing for us is easy: “I couldn't have been more pleased with my writing experience.” Email us to learn more or to share your feedback about writing for us: https://opensource.com/story Visit our Participate page to more about joining in the Opensource.com community: https://opensource.com/participate Find our editorial team, moderators, authors, and readers on Freenode IRC at #opensource.com: https://opensource.com/irc . -
Castor: Programming with Extensible Generative Visitors
Castor: Programming with Extensible Generative Visitors Weixin Zhanga,∗, Bruno C. d. S. Oliveiraa aThe University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Abstract Much recent work on type-safe extensibility for Object-Oriented languages has focused on design patterns that require modest type system features. Examples of such design patterns include Object Algebras, Extensible Visitors, Finally Tagless interpreters, or Polymorphic Embeddings. Those techniques, which often use a functional style, can solve basic forms of the Expression Problem. However, they have important limitations. This paper presents Castor: a Scala framework for programming with extensible, generative visitors. Castor has several advantages over previous approaches. Firstly, Castor comes with support for (type-safe) pattern matching to complement its visitors with a concise notation to express operations. Secondly, Castor supports type-safe interpreters (à la Finally Tagless), but with additional support for pattern matching and a generally recursive style. Thirdly, Castor enables many operations to be defined using an imperative style, which is significantly more performant than a functional style (especially in the JVM platform). Finally, functional techniques usually only support tree structures well, but graph structures are poorly supported. Castor supports type-safe extensible programming on graph structures. The key to Castor’s usability is the use of annotations to automatically generate large amounts of boilerplate code to simplify programming with extensible visitors. To illustrate the applicability of Castor we present several applications and two case studies. The first case study compares the ability of Castor for modularizing the interpreters from the “Types and Programming Languages” book with previous modularization work. The second case study on UML activity diagrams illustrates the imperative aspects of Castor, as well as its support for hierarchical datatypes and graphs. -
Python Programming (13A05806)
13A05806 Python Programming DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PYTHON PROGRAMMING (13A05806) YEAR / SEM: IV / II PREPARED BY: Mr. P. Rama Rao Department of CSE-GPCET 13A05806 Python Programming (13A05806) PYTHON PROGRAMMING UNIT – I: Introduction:History of Python, Need of Python Programming, Applications Basics of Python Programming Using the REPL(Shell), Running Python Scripts, Variables, Assignment, Keywords, Input-Output, Indentation. Types - Integers, Strings, Booleans; UNIT – II: Operators and Expressions: Operators- Arithmetic Operators, Comparison (Relational) Operators, Assignment Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, Membership Operators, Identity Operators, Expressions and order of evaluations. Data Structures Lists - Operations, Slicing, Methods; Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries, Sequences. Comprehensions. UNIT – III: Control Flow - if, if-elif-else, for, while, break, continue, pass Functions - Defining Functions, Calling Functions, Passing Arguments, Keyword Arguments, Default Arguments, Variable-length arguments, Anonymous Functions, Fruitful Functions(Function Returning Values), Scope of the Variables in a Function - Global and Local Variables. UNIT – IV: Modules: Creating modules, import statement, from ..import statement, name spacing, Python packages, Introduction to PIP, Installing Packages via PIP, Using Python Packages Error and Exceptions: Difference between an error and Exception, Handling Exception, try except block, Raising Exceptions, User Defined Exceptions . Object Oriented Programming OOP in Python: Classes, 'self variable', Methods, Constructor Method, Inheritance, Overriding Methods, Data Hiding, UNIT – V: Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Operating System Interface - String Pattern Matching, Mathematics, Internet Access, Dates and Times, Data Compression, Multi Threading, GUI Programming, Turtle Graphics. Testing: Why testing is required ?, Basic concepts of testing, Unit testing in Python, Writing Test cases, Running Tests. TEXT BOOKS 1. Python Programming: A Modern Approach, Vamsi Kurama, Pearson 2. -
An Abstract, Reusable, and Extensible Programming Language Design Architecture⋆
An Abstract, Reusable, and Extensible Programming Language Design Architecture⋆ Hassan A¨ıt-Kaci Universit´eClaude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France [email protected] Abstract. There are a few basic computational concepts that are at the core of all programming languages. The exact elements making out such a set of concepts determine (1) the specific nature of the computational services such a language is designed for, (2) for what users it is intended, and (3) on what devices and in what environment it is to be used. It is therefore possible to propose a set of basic build- ing blocks and operations thereon as combination procedures to enable program- ming software by specifying desired tasks using a tool-box of generic constructs and meta-operations. Syntax specified through LALR(k) grammar technology can be enhanced with greater recognizing power thanks to a simple augmentation of yacc technology. Upon this basis, a set of implementable formal operational semantics constructs may be simply designed and generated (syntax and seman- tics) `ala carte, by simple combination of its desired features. The work presented here, and the tools derived from it, may be viewed as a tool box for generating lan- guage implementations with a desired set of features. It eases the automatic prac- tical generation of programming language pioneered by Peter Landin’s SECD Machine. What is overviewed constitutes a practical computational algebra ex- tending the polymorphically typed λ-Calculus with object/classes and monoid comprehensions. This paper describes a few of the most salient parts of such a system, stressing most specifically any innovative features—formal syntax and semantics. -
201604261441 Merged2.Pdf
Demystifying secure computation: Familiar abstractions for efficient protocols A dissertation Submitted to the department of Computer Science Of University of Virginia In fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Samee Zahur April 2016 Abstract Over the past few years, secure multi-party computation (MPC) has been transformed from a research tool to a practical one with numerous interesting applications in practice. MPC is a cryptographic technique that allows two or more parties to collaboratively perform a computation without revealing their own private inputs to each other (other than what can be inferred from the output result). Example uses include private auctions where all the participants keep their bids private, private aggregation of corporate-internal data for economic analysis, and private set intersection. However, efficiency of MPC protocols have remained a persistent challenge for many applications. One particular issue that we examine in this dissertation is input-dependent memory accesses. It is difficult to efficiently access a memory location without revealing which element is being accessed, which in turn makes it very difficult to efficiently implement certain programs. This dissertation solves the problem by separately considering two different cases. First, we construct efficient circuit structures for cases where the access pattern is known to follow certain constraints, such as locality. The second case involves a new Oblivious RAM (ORAM) construction that provides general random access. The ORAM construction is slower than the specialized circuit structures, but faster than existing ORAM constructions for MPC for a large range of parameters. To help in implementing and evaluating these constructions, we also designed a new extensible programming language for MPC called Obliv-C, which we believe can be a useful contribution in its own right. -
Python Libraries.Pdf
Astronomy ESFRI & Research Infrastructure Cluster ASTERICS - 653477 2nd ASTERICS-OBELICS International School 4-8 June 2018, Annecy, France. H2020-Astronomy ESFRI and Research Infrastructure Cluster (Grant Agreement number: 653477). ASTERICS-OBELICS School 2018 / Annecy PYTHON LIBRARIES Tamás Gál [email protected] https:/github.com/tamasgal @tamasgal OVERVIEW • Who is this clown? • Python Introduction • Basic Python Internals • Libraries and Tools for Scientific Computing • NumPy • Numba Make it faster! • NumExpr } • SciPy • AstroPy • Pandas • SymPy Tools for scientists! • Matplotlib • Jupyter } • IPython WHO IS THIS CLOWN? • Tamás Gál, born 1985 in Debrecen (Hungary) • PhD candidate in astro particle physics at Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP) working on the KM3NeT project • Programming background: • Coding enthusiast since ~1993 • First real application written in Amiga Basic (toilet manager, tons of GOTOs ;) • Python, Julia, JavaScript and C/C+/Obj-C for work • Haskell for fun • Earlier also Java, Perl, PHP, Delphi, MATLAB, whatsoever… • I also like playing around with integrated circuits and Arduino • Some related projects: KM3Pipe (analysis framework in the KM3NeT experiment), RainbowAlga (interactive 3D neutrino event display), ROyWeb (interactive realtime visualisation/graphing) 4 PYTHON BRIEF HISTORY OF PYTHON • Rough idea in the late 1980s • Meant to descend the ABC language • First line of code in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum • Python 2.0 in October 2000 • Python 3.0 in December 2008 6 PYTHONS POPULARITY “Programming language of the year” in 2007 and 2010. 7 POPULAR LANGUAGES (MAY 2017) Python is the fourth most popular language and rocks the top 10 since 2003. 8 POPULAR LANGUAGES (MAY 2018) May 2017 Python is still the fourth most popular language and rocks the top 10 since 2003. -
Genesis: an Extensible Java
Genesis: An Extensible Java by Ian Lewis BComp Hons Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania February 2005 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of the candidate’s knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. Ian Lewis • iii • This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 . Ian Lewis • v • Abstract Extensible programming languages allow users to create fundamentally new syntax and translate this syntax into language primitives. The concept of compile-time meta- programming has been around for decades, but systems that provide such abilities generally disallow the creation of new syntactic forms, or have heavy restrictions on how, or where, this may be done. Genesis is an extension to Java that supports compile-time meta-programming by allowing users to create their own arbitrary syntax. This is achieved through macros that operate on a mix of both concrete and abstract syntax, and produce abstract syntax. Genesis attempts to provide a minimal design whilst maintaining, and extending, the expressive power of other similar macro systems. The core Genesis language definition lacks many of the desirable features found in other systems, such as quasi-quote, hygiene, and static expression-type dispatch, but is expressive enough to define these as syntax extensions.