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Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis Colonization and Chronic Lung Disease in Preterm Neonates Under Ventilation

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Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis Colonization and Chronic Lung Disease in Preterm Neonates Under Ventilation Journal of www.ComprPed.com Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis Colonization and Chronic Lung Disease in Preterm Neonates Under Ventilation 1, 2, * 2 2 2 Parisa Mohagheghi , Nastaran Khosravi , Samile Noorbakhsh , Mehdi Shekarabi , 3 3 Katayoon Azad , Tahere Looni 1 Department of Pediatrics, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 2 Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hazrat-e-Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 3 Department of Nursry, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran *Corresponding author: Parisa Mohagheghi, Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th floor , Hazrat-e-Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2166516049. Fax: +98-2166516049, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background: Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) and Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) are two important pathogens in neonatal respiratory tract infections. As low gestational age and birth weight increase the colonization rate with these pathogens, and they are also risk factors of chronic lung disease (CLD), it is difficult to establish a statistically significant relation between these two factors. Objectives: To determine the colonization rate of preterm ventilated neonates with U. urealyticum and M. hominis , and the relationship between infection and chronic lung disease in these neonates, a prospective study was performed. Patients and Methods: Determining tracheal colonization rate of preterm neonates with ureaplasma and mycoplasmsa and its relation to CLD. In a cohort prospective study in Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, with 62 ventilated neonates (< 35 weeks) in the first 24 h of life, where tracheal secretions were aspirated, transported, and cultured in a specific media. CLD was diagnosed as oxygen requirement at 28 days or 36 weeks post conceptional age. Results: From 62 cultures, 7 were positive for U. urealyticum (11.3%, CI95%: 3.4-19.2%) and 3 were positive for M. hominis (4.8%, CI95%: 0-10.2%). From 53 neonates who were alive at 28 days after birth, 11 neonates needed oxygen (20.8%, CI95%: 9.8-31.7%). From 10 neonates with positive cultures, 2 (20%, CI95%: 0-44.8%) died, and from 8 alive neonates, 3 (37.5%, CI95%: 4.0-71.0%) survived without CLD. From 52 neonates with negative cultures, 7 (13.5%, CI95%: 4.2-22.7%) died, and from 45 alive neonates, 39 (86.7%, CI95%: 76.7-96.6%) survived without CLD, and there was a significant difference between neonatal groups with positive and negative tracheal culture progressing to CLD (62.5% vs. 13.3%) (P < 0.001) (Figure 1). Conclusions: Intrauterine infection with U. urealyticum and M. hominis leads to negative neonatal outcome and increased rate of chronic lung disease in preterm neonates (< 35 weeks). Keywords: Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasmsa hominis ; ; Lung Diseases; Infant; Premature Article type: Research Article; Received: 19 Sep 2012, Revised: 30 Oct 2012, Accepted: 22 Nov 2012 Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Preterm neonates are at risk for severe infections and they might progress rapidly to death. Understanding the relative infection rate of some unusual infections, such as ureaplasma and mycoplasma and their role in neonatal pneumonia or late squeals, such as chronic lung disease would help us in better treatment modalities. Please cite this paper as: Mohagheghi P, Khosravi N, Noorbakhsh S, Shekarabi M, Azad K, Looni T. Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasmsa Hominis Coloni- DOI: 10.17795/compreped- zation and Chronic Lung Disease in Preterm Neonates Under Ventilation. J Compr Ped. 2013;4(2): 110-4. 8192 Copyright © 2013, Iranian Society of Pediatrics. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which per- mits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Colonization Rate of Preterm Ventilated Infants Mohagheghi P et al. 1. Background 2. Objectives Ureaplasma spp. can be found on the mucosal surfaces The colonization rate of preterm neonates with U.urealyticum M. hominis of the cervix or vagina of 40 to 80% of sexually mature and and their long term sequeal, M. hominis asymptomatic women, whereas may occur in such as CLD has been a matter of debate in recent years. 21 to 53% (1). Intrauterine infection is a major cause of A prospective study was performed to determine the rela- preterm labor and different organisms can be cultured tive incidence of tracheal cultures of preterm ventilated in approximately half of all preterm births, especially neonates with these organisms and development of CLD. those occurring at less than 30 weeks of gestation, so in- creasing neonatal risk of congenital infections. Vertical 3. Patients and Methods ureaplasma spp. transmission of has been reported to We have conducted a cohort prospective study in a neo- range from 25 to 60% and isolation rates vary inversely natal intensive care unit (NICU) in Hazrat Rasoul Hospi- with gestational age and maternal socioeconomic sta- tal in Tehran, Iran from September 2007 till March 2009. tus, according to most studies (1, 2). Respiratory disease With all preterm neonates (< 35 weeks), where gestation remains the most common cause of perinatal morbid- needed mechanical ventilation, a sterile tracheal aspirate ity and mortality, especially in preterm neonates and ureaplasma mycoplasma was taken in the first 24 hours after intubation and after spp and are known as patho- infiltration in a transport media (phosphate-buffered gens in congenital pneumonia. Very little information saline), and it was cultured in highly specific media for exists to indicate what are the long-term consequences ureaplasma mycoplasma ureaplasma and . Totally 80 samples were that may result from neonatal infection by spp. M. hominis taken, from which 18 (22.5%) samples were not adequate or . Three independent reports associat- ureaplasma (with different causes , 3 cases were dried samples, 4 were ing the presence of spp. in the lower respi- not transported with a transport media, 5 neonates had ratory tract with progression to chronic lung disease a gestational age more than 35 weeks, and 6 samples (CLD), and even death in very low birth weight neonates were taken from nasopharyngeal secretions instead of were published in 1988 (3-5) . Pooled studies showed a ureaplasma tracheal secrections.) and 62 samples were cultured. CLD significant association between coloniza- or bronchopulmonary dysplasia was defined as oxygen tion and development of CLD (P < 0.001) (3). But they requirement at 28 days after birth or 36 weeks post-con- did not show if medical treatment with erythromycinor ceptional age. Data analysis was done with Fisher exact or other macrolodes might reduce the CLD incidence, test and T-test using SPSS 15. and most of their sample sizes were not big enough to ureaplasma conclude if the routine culture for and treat- 4. Results ment of colonization with the aim of preventing CLD should be done routinely or not (6, 7). So the associa- From 62 samples received by the laboratory, 10 samples tion between the infection by those pathogens and CLD (16.1%, CI95%: 7.0-25.3%) were positive, 7 (11.2%, CI95%: 3.4- U.urealyticum needs more clinical investigation. 19.2%) had , and 3 (4.8%, CI95%: 0-10.2%) had Table 1. The Relationshipbetween Positive Tracheal Culture and Neonatal Characteristics Tracheal Culture Results Positive, n = 10 Negative, n = 52 Total, n = 62 P Gender female 4, 40 24, 46.1 28, 45.1 0.722 male 6, 60 28, 53.8 34, 54.8 PROM positive 4, 40 15, 28.8 19, 30.6 0.418 negative 6, 60 37, 71.1 43, 69.3 Maternal Steroid yes 7, 70 34, 65.3 41, 66.1 0.773 no 3, 30 18 34.6 21, 33.8 Maternal Fever yes 3, 30 7, 13.4 10, 16.1 0.190 no 7, 70 45, 86.5 52, 83.8 Route of Delivery cesarean section 8, 80 32, 61.5 40, 64.5% 0.262 vaginal delivery 2, 20 20, 38.4 22, 35.5% Final Outcome alive to discharge 8, 80 45, 86.5 53, 85.5% 0.593 death before discharge 2, 20 7, 13.4 9, 14.5% Needs Oxygen after 28 days yes 5, 62.5 6, 13.3 11, 20.7 < 0.001 no 3, 37.5 39, 86.6 42, 79.2 Gestational age (wks), Mean ± SD 28.1 ± 1.8 31.5 ± 2.9 30.2± 3.3 < 0.001 Weight, g, Mean ± SD 0.003 1050.7 ± 354.4 1485.1 ± 425.7 1290.1±560.6 111 J Compr Ped. 2013;4(2) Mohagheghi P et al. Colonization Rate of Preterm Ventilated Infants Mycoplasmsa Hominis Table 1 U.urealyticum ( ). None were positive with was isolated from 35% and was isolated both microorganisms. from 33% of infertile females compared with 7.2% of nor- From all 62 neonates, 18 (29%) weighted less than 1000 g, mal population (10), and Najar Peerayeh reported a 37.4% mycoplasmas, 29 (46.7%) weighted between 1000 to 1499 g, and 15 (24.1%) detection rate with PCR for from which U.uralyticum weighted between 1500 to 2500 g. 22.5% were positive with in infertile Iranian Mean ± SD of birth weight of neonates with positive women (11). cultures were 1050.7 ± 354.4 g and neonates with nega- The fetus can be infected via three different routes: ver- tive culture had a mean birth weight of 1485.1 ± 425.7 g tical transmission from infected amniotic fluid, hema- that showed statistically significant difference (P = 0.003) togenous spread from the placenta, and birth through Table 1 ( ). There was also statistically significant difference infected vaginal canal.
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