Project Lessons from ( Luft III) New publication from the lessons-from-history series

Dedicated to Sagan’s 50 and others

Presentation for PMI NH March 18th, 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland

“Lessons From the Past that Assist the Projects of Today to Shape the World of Tomorrow” www.lessons-from-history.com http://www.thegreatescapememorialproject.com/

Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Incredible story of mass escape of 76 Allied PoWs from Stalag Luft III in March of 1944. Today we can learn from this project.

. How it was originated and developed? . How complex problems were solved? . How it was managed and implemented? . Its outcome based on events in March 1944? . How it scores against PMBOK KAs?

. Please prepare questions for the end.

This presentation is the property of Mark Kozak-Holland

2 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

3 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The defeated PM - what excuse is it today?

. Intimidating scope . No resources . Time constraints . Uncoordinated team . Too many problems . Unclear objectives . Hostile groups trying to close project . No executive sponsor

4 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Imagine life as Allied Airman shot down during World War II, in a (PoW) camp.

. Bailing out – Hostile population . Captured by Luftwaffe – Interrogation – Monitored by . Behind barbed wire – No outside news . Scrutinized 24 hours a day – Continuous surveillance – No privacy – Communications censored . Length in captivity – 1940-1944

5 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Consider the living conditions as a PoW

. Climate – -25C to +25C . Daily calorie intake – Rec. 3,000, actual 1,500 - 1,900 • Breakfast – 2 slices of bread, jam, ersatz coffee • Lunch - Watery soup • Dinner – 2 slices of bread

. Daily regime – Roll call twice, morning and night – Boredom . Hygene – Cold water only – Fleas lice, scabies, and bed bugs

6 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Living conditions as a PoW were grueling to harsh

. No extra clothing . Living space – 600 PoWs, 60 acres. – 1 heater/hut – 1 coal lump/person . Cooler – 5-15 days, harassment and beatings

. Diseases – 40% - Upper Respiratory – 20% - War wounds (fractures) – 10% - Gastrointestinal – 10% - Skin – 10% - Diphtheria – 10% - Other

7 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland So what were the options for individual POWs, some imprisoned for 4 years.

. Wait war out – Atrocious conditions – Hope right side wins – Hope Gestapo don’t call – Psychological stress . Try and escape – Wage war – Give men hope Lessons for today – weigh up the options.

8 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland There were short and long term benefits in organizing an escape.

Lessons for today – clearly state short and long term organizational benefits . Camp population: – 25% escapers (5% dedicated), 75% support . Short term: – Occupy men, give goal, restore confidence in leaders . Long term: – Psychological battle, tie down enemy resources – Expand war, demoralize enemy

9 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

10 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland There were almost insurmountable problems and constraints that needed to be prioritized and overcome.

Lessons for today – clearly state organizational challenges . Snooping “ferrets” . No where to hide . Few raw materials . No equipment or tools . Erratic food/ fuel supply

. Civilian clothing strictly forbidden . Foreign language . No documents, passes . Limited currency

11 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The first problem preventing escape was location and unknown outside world.

Lessons for today – assess geographic constraints

. Distance to Sweden, Switzerland, Spain . Hermetically sealed from communities . Pine forest, sandy soil

12 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The second problem preventing escape were prowling enemy guards.

Lessons for today – assess organizational constraints . Guards or “Goons” – Changed frequently, old or wounded – 12 guards wandering the compound

. Ferrets – Intelligence escape specialists – Enter any time, search no warning – English-speaking Lessons for today – assess constraints – Tunneling allowed to continue

13 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The third problem preventing escape were physical barriers around camp.

Lessons for today – assess the physical constraints . Search towers, flood lights . Trip wire, shoot zone . Double barbed-wire fences . Huts stilts . Seismographs - 33 feet

14 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The fourth problem preventing escape was going incognito in the outside world.

. Language and culture Lessons for today – assess the cultural constraints . Going unnoticed disguises . No public sympathy, “terror flyers” . No currency

. Kugel Erlass (bullet decree) immediate execution

15 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The fifth problem preventing escape was survival in harsh environment and climate, summer was escape season.

. November to March snow . Access to water, food, and shelter

Lessons for today – assess the survival constraints

16 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The sixth problem preventing escape was access to transportation to get to a neutral country and safety.

Lessons for today – assess implementation constraints Transport Distance Security Move Problems Risk /day miles checks ment Foot 10-15 Only on roads Night Finding shelter Low Train 100s Moderate Day Disguise scrutinized; currency Med Bike 20-60 Few, on roads Day Finding bike to steal Med Motor vehicle 100s Few, on roads Day Fuel; once reported stolen High

17 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

18 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland With tight security escape was thought impossible. In April 1943 PoWs were moved to the new North Compound.

Lessons for today “Integration Management” . An intact “Escape Committee” moved in . Lessons from previous escapes

. Escapes: 1. Well planned and organized 2. Well executed 3. Change managed . Beat many complex problems

19 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland When the escape committee started to plan their escape they were instigating a project of a monumental scale.

. Feasibility PMBOK Knowledge Areas – Idea, approach, proposal, ROI Integration Management – Checkpoint 1- assess risk, resources Scope Management Time Management . Planning and Design Cost Management

– High level plan Quality Management

– Preparation for escape Human Resource Management

. Production Communications Management

– Preparation of Tunnel Risk Management – Engineering Procurement Management – Construction and testing – Checkpoint 2 - Assess risk . Implementation and Startup – Implement escape – Checkpoint 3 - Assess risk – Collect metrics and determine success – Consider rerun (reuse)

20 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland At Checkpoint 1 the escape committee was faced with the conundrum of Return on Investment and project scope.

Lessons for today “Scope Management” Approach to # of Description Example Resources Risk of Discovery escape escapees required Unplanned 1 - 2 Take advantage of presented Hide in back of a Low Low opportunistic situation truck Planned, used 1 - 3 Escape route exposed Cutting through Med Low once only wire Planned, reused 1 - 10 Escape route preserved, mass Tunnel Med High several escape over period Planned, used Up to 250 Escape route exposed Tunnel High High once only . Three parallel tunnels to reduce risk: – Shafts for 'Tom', 'Dick' and 'Harry‘

21 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee evaluated the activities, their sequencing, resources, duration and schedule.

. Primary Activities Lessons for today “Time Management” 1. Tunnel (engineering & sand dispersal) 2. Preparing escapers . Time construct tunnel, constraints: – Manpower available – Impact of seasons, climate

. Time to prepare escapers: – Profiles – language, responses – Identities, documents – Disguises, clothes

22 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee evaluated available resources (Cost Estimating – Labor, Cost Budgeting, Cost Control)

. Food and parcels Lessons for today “Cost Management” – Not seen in Germany – Relatives sent 1 parcel/man/week or month. – International Red Cross: • Clothes, shave/wash kits, food. – Captured officers paid

23 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee realized that mistakes were intolerable. One slip up would give the game away.

. Concealing tunnel entrance Lessons for today “Quality Management”, determine where . Tunnel construction, secretly & safely quality is critical . Forged documents scrutinized . Clothing - meld wearer

24 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee created project teams to overcome the various problems based on available skill sets.

Lessons for today – pick your project team with care, “Human Resource Management”

Escape Big X Committee X Organisation

Intelligence Equipment & Tunnel Document Map Clothing gathering tool making engineering production making production

Internal Compass Dispersal Cultural Dispersals Supplies security factory diversions training

Professions, Trades and Skill Sets in the Camp Miners, Forgers, Tailors, Carpenters, Physicists and Geologists, Engineers, Surveillance Experts, Electricians, Tinsmiths 25 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee communicated the plan to other PoWs to get buy-in and active participation in the project.

. Compliance, adoption, communication plans . Adoption plan sell camp – Contribute & support . Incredible level of trust existed – Impeccable security Lessons for today “Communication Management”

26 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee assessed project risks and modified project plans to accommodate it.

Lessons for today “Risk Management”

. Hiding project – From nosy ferrets on danger list . Discovery of tunnel – Multiple tunnels built in parallel . Good enough POW disguise – Plausible role . Escape through tunnel – Without detection . Getting away from camp Geneva Convention – Not in uniform shot . Traveling distances – Forged passes & money. . Survival in open

27 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The escape committee procured resources like tools and raw materials essential to the project.

. Liberating wire for tunnel Lessons for today “Procurement Management” lights . Visit of high ranking General . Food and tobacco part of procurement

28 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

29 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to the unknown (problem 1) required Intelligence gathering

Lessons for today – assess all options . Befriend guards German speakers . Rope in first time . Blackmail many times – Some cooperative, railway timetables, maps, & official papers – Guard camera & film

30 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to location (problem 1) required map making capability based on intelligence gathered

. Team forged maps – Rice paper, sewn into uniforms. – Mimeograph

31 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to prowling Guards, Goons and Ferrets (problem 2) required sophisticated internal security

Lessons for today – leverage organizational intelligence where possible

. "Duty Pilot" system . Security system "stooging" . “Stool pigeons” 2 witness . Inter-camp semaphore

32 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to physical barriers (problem 3) required equipment and tool making capability.

. Manufacturing – Spades, blades, knives, hacksaws

33 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to physical barriers (problem 3) required tunnel preparation and engineering.

. Tunnel size width 2’ . Required huge number of physical resources. – 4,000 bedboards; 1,370 beading battens; 1,699 blankets; 161 pillow cases; 635 palliasses; 34 chairs; 52 20-man tables; 90 double tier bunks; 1,219 knives; 478 spoons; 30 shovels; – 1,000 ft electric wire; 600 ft rope; 192 bed covers; 3,424 towels; 1,212 bed bolsters; 10 single tables; 76 benches; 246 water cans; 582 forks; 69 lamps. . Tunneling crude tools. . Sand dispersal 'Penguins’.

34 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to going incognito (problem 4) required a document production unit known as "Dean and Dawson" (travel agents).

. Official stamps, papers changed often . Forged papers (over 400) : – Passports (studio), permission on Wehrmacht property, military leave pass – foreign workers returning home, – general identity card, visa, currency, – pass and temporary pass.

. Weeks to reproduce: – Hand stenciled. – Official stamps rubber heels. 35 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to going incognito (problem 4) required the production of clothing

. Civilian clothing forbidden . Military uniforms cobbled together . Escapees carried aircrew badges secretly . Conversion of uniforms

36 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to survival (problem 5) required survival rations

. "Foodacco" - collective bargaining and bartering – PoWs market surplus food for "points" spent on other items – Hoarded for escape

. Baked iron rations

37 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Solution to access to transportation (problem 6) required profiling PoWS.

. Train travel to Suitcase brigade 1. German- speakers 2. Experienced escapers 3. Greatest contributors . Foot travel for “Hard-arsers" or Blanket brigade – Hide day “foot- slog by night”. – Rudimentary false papers identities.

Business travelers or foreign workers

38 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

39 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland July 1943 – construction on new camp starts

. Robs US airmen chance to escape. . 'Dick' abandoned. – Ideal for clothing, contraband, workshop. . Bushell put entire effort into "Tom." . Skills transfer to US airmen.

40 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland August 1943 - As tunnel reached perimeter fence trees were cleared

. Microphones detecters pick up activity. . Guards believed tunnel near completion. . Traces of tunnel sand spotted in gardens. . Five hour search of Hut 123 found nothing.

41 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland September 1943 - Tom discovered at 85 m, only 16m short of completion. Guards surprised at its scale

. Intelligence alerted Bushell - 2,000 bed boards plundered before count, and hidden down Dick. . Dick - clothing, contraband, manufacturer workshop.

42 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland October – December 1943 - Tunnelling stopped. activities switch away

. Equipment and tool making capability. . Compass Factory. . POWs moved around in job reshuffle.

43 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland January 1944 - nervous about discovery of the project Bushell restarted Harry. However, project showstopper was SAND

. Surplus sand into 'Dick'. Solution in theatre. . Tunnel (336 foot) with rail, electric lights, air ventilation

44 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Feb, 1944 – Ferret take 19 top suspects and 6 key men to Stalag VIIIC at Belaria

• Deputies took over • Project tracking and managing change to accommodate risk

45 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland March 1944 - Ideal conditions required for a night escape but debate whether to go

. Four conditions Bushell wanted: – No moon – A wind to disguise noises – Good weather – No ferrets around . Next moonless nights March 23/24/25. . 25th Saturday - poor train tables, . No trains Sunday. . Arguments to postpone to April and better weather. . Harry would not survive wet month of April.

46 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland March 23, 1944 - Day before, Bushell re-emphasizes objectives with "Wings" Day and determines to go ahead with escape.

. “The weather’s going to be bloody awful, and will probably get worse. 90% of the hardarsers will run into deep snow in the mountains…[but it]…Doesn’t matter. It will give the Nazis an almighty shock. 200 looney escape artists roaring around the countryside.” – Conversation between Roger Bushell, and Wings Day prior to the escape.

47 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland March 24, 1944 – Day of escape

. POW congregate in Hut 104 . 9:45 - Problems in breakout . Frozen trap door . Clever improvisation to continue

48 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland In the Implementation and startup things started to go badly wrong

. 10:30 First out from suitcase brigade . 00:00 1 hour air raid . 01:30 Tunnel cave in

49 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland The passage of escapers greatly slowed

. 03:00 Blanket brigade begins . 03:30 Word sent back, 100 could escape . 04:55 - 76 escapers were out

50 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Throughput was a lot lower than expected

. Escapees leave snow trail. . Sentries circled intervals. . Expected 60/hour, actual 12/hour.

51 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Breakout and escapers get away

. Escaper at exit mixed up signals emerged under guard . Men in tunnel returned to Hut 104 . Burned false papers ate rations

52 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Best chance was for suitcase brigade

. Station 1 mile from camp . Many escapers could not find station, missed trains. . At dawn many POWs still on the platform, ignoring each other. . Bushell awaited the 3:30am service to Breslau and arrived 5:00am.

53 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Who got where? 76 of 250 got out. Many escapers could not find station, missed trains. 3 got to neutral country, "home run"

. Norwegians (2) reach Sweden . Dutchman reaches Gibraltar via France /Spain (3.5 months). . ~50 men caught within few miles . 15 men escape to free territory but got caught

54 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Table of contents

1. Background 2. Problems 3. PMBOK Knowledge Areas 4. Solutions 5. Timeline to Escape 6. Post Mortem

55 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Was the project a success?

. Too few got out and away . Too many men put at risk . Massive disruption, million men . 50 executed . 8 sent to Concentration Camps

56 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Lessons learned – the positives from the project

. Limited material resources Lessons for today – nothing is – Everything saved impossible . Decentralized organization – 600 men were engaged . High performance team – Committed to cause

. Ad hoc group used diverse talents . Extraordinarily difficult task – Adverse circumstances . Problems solved – Continuous innovation

57 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Lessons learned downside - Airmen - Australia, Canada, France, Greece, Holland, Norway, Poland, South Africa, &UK

. No rerun Lessons for today – pay attention to all phases of project – Poor ROI, massive investment . Attention to implementation – Priority to greatest contributors – March best month? – Many escapers drew attention? . No withdrawal plan – Tunnel too short – No stopping – Emotions unchecked, desire to get out . Effective Project Management?

58 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Lessons learned – Too much focus on the tunnel and its construction

. Project Objectives – Clear at outset, unclear in hindsight – Game or sport . WWII 30 of 10,000 RAF airmen reached safety. . 17% of PoWs died in German camps. . Escapes more dangerous but continued.

59 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland How did the project shape up to the 9 knowledge areas of PMBOK?

Knowledge Description Score Areas Integration Overall plan complex and difficult to execute H Management Scope Great scope planning laying out 3 tunnels M Management Time Management Sequencing of activities critical M

Cost Management Meager budget (bribes) required ingenious resourcefulness H

Quality Scrutiny of forged documents, clothing, and tunnel construction H Management Human Resource Organizing 600 men into teams and making best use of skills H Management Communications Communication critical in informing POW, and precautions to keep secret L Management Risk Management Experience and knowledge in escaping pooled to mitigate risks L

Procurement Liberating (stealing) resources H Management

60 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Risk checklist for projects for identifying and managing risk and what was done in the Great Escape

Process Actions taken Establish risk Although informal done through the project process  Identify risks Several years experience in escaping from camps, 3 tunnels started.  Assess risks Problems understood, tunnel too short, too little attention to implementation.  Mitigate risks Various solutions applied through out construction. No contingency for problems in implementation.  Manage risks Well managed, ability to switch tunnels and use resources. No contingency for problems in implementation.  Monitor risks Project fell short in implementation. 

61 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Portion of sale of each copy goes to Memorial fund www.thegreatescapememorialproject.com

62 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Questions

Presentation available on-line Mark available to work with you and your organization (PMs and Executives), speak or run workshops. Sign up for lessons-from-history newsletter (subscribe/unsubscribe).

63 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Interested in getting signed copies, SPECIAL DISCOUNT of 30% (business receipt available, checks, credit cards taken).

. Value proposition - 100’s of best practices, implemented save 1000’s of dollars . “This book and others by Mark Kozak- Holland are a tremendous resource for educators-the stark reality of failed projects and Mark’s detailed research, historical accuracy, and the link to the PMBOK, helps $25 us to analyze and understand we are not (30% alone in managing our complex projects today. The incredible resourcefulness and Off) bravery of these men gives us hope on our own troubled projects. . Linda F. Desmond, PMP, Project Management Trainer/Consultant President of Mass Bay Chapter, PMI Also available at http://www.mmpubs.com/books-LFH.html Or call 1-866-721-1540 www.lessons-from-history.com Please contact Mark: [email protected]

64 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland Credits and Sources

. http://www.historyinfilm.com/escape/real1.htm . http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/greatescape/ . http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1778.html . http://www.b24.net/pow/stalag3.htm . http://www.afhi.org/museum/stalag/escape.html . http://www.elsham.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/gt_esc/ . http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eaglebios/84bios/stok84.htm . http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/poznan/en/feature?id=4326 . http://www.pegasus-one.org/pow/pSL_3 . http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=508729 . The Great Escape, by . The Longest Tunnel, by Alan Burgess

65 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com © 2009 Mark Kozak-Holland