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Leonhardt Development of Cartel Theory.Pdf HILDESHEIMER BEITRÄGE ZU THEOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE 10 Holm Arno Leonhardt THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTEL+ THEORY BETWEEN 1883 AND THE 1930s FROM INTERNATIONAL DIVERSITY TO CONVERGENCE Syndicats industriels Ententes Comptoirs Trusts Pools Combinations Associations Kartells Cartelle Unternehmerverbände Holm Arno Leonhardt Te Development of Cartel+ Teory between 1883 and the 1930s – from International Diversity to Convergence Syndicats industriels Ententes Comptoirs Trusts Pools Combinations Associations Kartells Cartelle Unternehmerverbände Holm Arno Leonhardt Te Development of Cartel+ Teory between 1883 and the 1930s – from International Diversity to Convergence: Syndicats Industriels, Ententes, Comptoirs, Trusts, Pools, Combinations, Associations, Kartells, Cartelle, Unternehmerverbände 2018 Imprint This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License «Attribution – Non-commercial – No Derivatives 3.0 Germany». More information can be found at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/en The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; Detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © Universitätsverlag Hildesheim Universitätsplatz 1 31141 Hildesheim First edition Hildesheim 2018 Editorial staf & layout: Kathrin Duckstein © Logo HiBTG: Jan Jäger, Hannover Online-ISSN 2509-9841 Citation Reference Holm Arno Leonhardt: Te Development of Cartel+ Teory between 1883 and the 1930s – from International Diversity to Convergence. Hildesheim: Universitätsverlag Hildesheim 2018 (Hildesheimer Beiträge zu Teologie und Geschichte, Reihe B: Geschichte und Geschichtsdidaktik, Bd. 10). Online publication available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.18442/784. About the author Holm Arno Leonhardt is a German scientist in the felds of International Relations and economic history, especially in the realm of cartel history and theory. He was born in 1952 in Manila (Philippines), studied politics, sociology, economic theory and public law at the German universities of Göttingen and Hannover. Since 1985 he is occupied as an academic librarian mainly in subject cataloguing. Since the 1970s, Leonhardt has been interested in cartels as a special phenomenon of social organization. Te author stands for a wide defnition of ‹cartel› in the sense of an ‹alliance of rivals›. To him, all coalitions for special interests, including international organizations like the United Nations, the European Union, the International Federation of Association Football or the World Council of Churches can be analyzed as cartels. Typical for such associations, the economic as well as the non-economic ones, is their permanent management of conficts and interests. Te usual narrowing of the cartel concept to potentially annoying coalitions in the economy is, according to Leonhardt, normative and infexible, with the consequence of blocking advances in theory and research. In 1983, Leonhardt published his doctoral thesis on «political conficts in the European Community 1950–1983»1 and afer that several articles in journals. From 2007 on, Leonhardt continued active research work and published again several articles and in 2013 a comprehensive work on «Cartel theory and International Relations. Teory-historical studies»2, in which he explained his approach and knowledge goals. His recent works had been advised by Professor Michael Gehler from the Institute of History at Hildesheim University. Te present study «Te development of cartel+ theory between 1883 and the 1930s from international diversity to convergence: syndicats industriels, ententes, comptoirs, trusts, pools, combinations, associations, kartells, cartelle, Unternehmerverbände» is a supplement of Leonhardt’s larger work of 2013 and closes a research gap regarding the international dimension of early cartel theory. A special interest of Leonhardt is the protection of former cartel buildings in Continental Europe as historical heritage. Up to now, such business facilities have ofen been torn down thoughtlessly. Te former selling syndicates for commodities may have employed, depending on their commercial volume, hundreds of ofce workers for marketing operations and sales administration. So, these establishments moved into appropriate premises, which ofen had been large and representative and now may be historically informative. Some of these former cartel buildings are still standing, but their true origin has not been communicated to the broad public. On none of those former cartel headquarters there is a commemorative plaque telling: Here, in bygone times, there had been a sales cartel for steel, coal, potash ... 1 Original title: «Europa konstitutionell. Politische Machtkämpfe in der EG 1950–1983». 2 Original title: «Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Teoriegeschichtliche Studien.» Hildesheim contributions to theology and history. Volume 10 Edited by Mario Müller and Martin Schreiner Universitätverlag (University press) Hildesheim: Hildesheim 2018 Picture 1: Ruhr Coal House (Ruhrkohlehaus), Essen/ Germany, 1952 Picture 2: Steelyard & Rolled Steel House (Stahlhof & Walzstahlhaus = former steel syndicates), Düsseldorf/ Germany Hildesheim contributions to theology and history. Volume 10 Edited by Mario Müller and Martin Schreiner Universitätverlag (University press) Hildesheim: Hildesheim 2018 Acknowledgements Te present work was originally conceived as an article and then submitted to several academic journals in Germany. From their editors came no admission, but a lot of recommendations to sharpen the methodological profle of the study and to refer it more extensively to existing scholarly positions and disputes. In the fnal result, this criticism proved to be highly valuable for the subsequent makeover. So, I would like to thank very much for the received support. However, getting help for an article led to the paradox of creating a short monograph by extending the material, the questions and answers. For much advice and assistance with the translation of the German original text to English, I would like to thank my friend Reinhard T., my mother Brigitte and my son Lorenz. Regarding technical translation tools, I would like to appreciate the benefts of Google translator, linguee.de and dict.leo.org, which I sometimes could follow literally. Finally, I appreciate the kindness of the publishing house, Universitätsverlag Hildesheim (Hildesheim University Press), which took over not only the original German version, but also the English translation into its publishing program. I would like to thank Mr. Mario Müller and Kathrin Duckstein for the extensive and accurate lay-out work. Hildesheim contributions to theology and history. Volume 10 Edited by Mario Müller and Martin Schreiner Universitätverlag (University press) Hildesheim: Hildesheim 2018 Contents About the author .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Foreword to the English edition ........................................................................................................................ 9 1. Introduction and research question .............................................................................................. 11 1.1 State of research ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Research objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Research methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2. Cartel concept and cartel theory ................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Te competing terms: Kartell, Verband, syndicat, entente, association, union, combination and trust ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Generalization or dichotomy of the forms of combination? ................................................................................. 19 3. Te scholarly communication on enterprise combinations until World War I ........................ .. 28 3.1 Te exchange between Central Europe and the Romanic region ......................................................................... 29 3.2 Te construction of ‹relevance› in reference lists of the Romanic region and Central Europe ........................ 32 3.3 Te exchange between the Anglosphere and Continental Europe ....................................................................... 34 4. Te formation of a new, functionalist cartel theory in Germany between 1889 and 1905 .......... 36 5. Te specifcs of cartel theory in relation to the theories on syndicates, combinations and trusts ............................................................................................................................................... 40 5.1 Cartel theory versus Romanic syndicate studies ..................................................................................................... 40 5.1.1 Functionalism
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