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Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals Carlotta Cocchetti 1, Jiska Ristori 1, Alessia Romani 1, Mario Maggi 2 and Alessandra Daphne Fisher 1,* 1 Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; [email protected] (C.C); jiska.ristori@unifi.it (J.R.); [email protected] (A.R.) 2 Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; [email protected]fi.it * Correspondence: fi[email protected] Received: 16 April 2020; Accepted: 18 May 2020; Published: 26 May 2020 Abstract: Introduction: To date no standardized hormonal treatment protocols for non-binary transgender individuals have been described in the literature and there is a lack of data regarding their efficacy and safety. Objectives: To suggest possible treatment strategies for non-binary transgender individuals with non-standardized requests and to emphasize the importance of a personalized clinical approach. Methods: A narrative review of pertinent literature on gender-affirming hormonal treatment in transgender persons was performed using PubMed. Results: New hormonal treatment regimens outside those reported in current guidelines should be considered for non-binary transgender individuals, in order to improve psychological well-being and quality of life. In the present review we suggested the use of hormonal and non-hormonal compounds, which—based on their mechanism of action—could be used in these cases depending on clients’ requests. Conclusion: Requests for an individualized hormonal treatment in non-binary transgender individuals represent a future challenge for professionals managing transgender health care. For each case, clinicians should balance the benefits and risks of a personalized non-standardized treatment, actively involving the person in decisions regarding hormonal treatment. -
Nandrolone Technical Document July 04 V1.0
WADA Technical Document – TD2004NA Document Number: TD2004NA Version Number: 1.0 Written by: WADA Laboratory Committee Approved by: WADA Executive Committee Date: 28 May, 2004 Effective Date: 13 August, 2004 REPORTING NORANDROSTERONE FINDINGS 1. Introduction: This document has been established to harmonize analysis and reporting of norandrosterone Adverse Analytical Findings by Laboratories. The administration of 19-norsteroids such as 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone), 19-norandrostene-3,17- dione and 19-norandrostene-3,17-diol (delta-4 and -5 isomers) has been shown to lead mainly to the excretion of 19-norandrosterone (NA), 19-noretiocholanolone (NE) and 19-norepiandrosterone (NEA). The latter is found exclusively as its sulfoconjugate while the others are usually excreted as their glucuronide derivative. The sulfate derivatives, generally persistent, may be prevalent at the end of the excretion period. After the i.m. administration of the long-lasting preparations of nandrolone, the metabolites may be detected for months, but metabolites formed after the oral ingestion are excreted massively in the first hours and remain detectable for only a few days. The excretion of 19-norandrosterone generally predominates that of the 5b-isomer but inversed proportions have been reported in some individuals after oral administration either at the end of the excretion period or when ? 5-isomers of related norsteroids were taken (1). Norandrosterone is excreted during pregnancy and2010 as a minor metabolite of norethisterone (2). Special procedures such as more sensitive instrumentation, larger volumes of urine and more extensive sample clean-up were needed to detect, identify and quantify endogenous 19-norandrosterone (with limits of detection needing to be ten times lower than routine testing i.e. -
Steroids – Basic Science
STEROIDS – BASIC SCIENCE Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Steroids – Basic Science Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright loriklaszlo, 2011. DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Steroids – Basic Science, Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar p. -
PUBLIC ASSESSMENT REPORT Decentralised Procedure Dienogest
PUBLIC ASSESSMENT REPORT Decentralised Procedure Dienogest Aristo 2 mg Tabletten Procedure Number: DE/H/5431/001/DC Active Substance: Dienogest Dosage Form: Tablet Marketing Authorisation Holder in the RMS, Germany: Aristo Pharma GmbH Publication: 18.12.2019 This module reflects the scientific discussion for the approval of Dienogest Aristo 2 mg Tabletten. The procedure was finalised on 10.10.2019. TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 4 II.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT............................................................................................................... 4 II.2 ABOUT THE PRODUCT ................................................................................................................ 4 II.3 GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE SUBMITTED DOSSIER ............................................................... 5 II.4 GENERAL COMMENTS ON COMPLIANCE WITH GMP, GLP, GCP AND AGREED ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................................................................... 5 III SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... 6 III.1 QUALITY ASPECTS .................................................................................................................... 6 III.2 -
Inhibition of Estrone Sulfate-Induced Uterine Growth by Potent Nonestrogenic Steroidal Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase1
[CANCER RESEARCH 63, 6442–6446, October 1, 2003] Inhibition of Estrone Sulfate-induced Uterine Growth by Potent Nonestrogenic Steroidal Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase1 Liviu C. Ciobanu, Van Luu-The, Ce´line Martel, Fernand Labrie, and Donald Poirier2 Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Que´bec-Pavillon CHUL, and Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, G1V 4G2, Canada ABSTRACT thetic pathway accounts for the transformation of DHEAS into the estrogenic C19 steroid 5-diol. Thus, inhibition of steroid sulfatase, the The present study describes the biological in vitro and in vivo evaluation enzyme responsible for the conversion of DHEAS to dehydroepi- of 2-methoxy derivatives of estrogenic inhibitors of steroid sulfatase, androsterone and E StoE , may allow reduction of estrogen levels in namely 3-sulfamoyloxy-17␣-p-tert-butylbenzyl(or benzyl)-1,3,5 (10)- 1 1 estratrien-17-ols. The addition of the 2-methoxy group conserves the tumors and could represent a promising approach for the treatment of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer. potent inhibitory effect on steroid sulfatase activity (IC50s of 0.024 and 0.040 nM) while removing the estrogenic action. Using an ovariectomized Some of the most efficient steroid sulfatase inhibitors developed were mouse model, we show that the first generation of steroid sulfatase inhib- sulfamate derivatives (10–12). The first reported inhibitor in this series, itors tested, 3-sulfamoyloxy-17␣-p-tert-butylbenzyl(or benzyl)estra-1,3,5 estrone sulfamate (EMATE; Ref. 25, 26) is a very potent irreversible (10)-trien-17-ols and estrone-3-O-sulfamate, are estrogenic compounds inhibitor, but it is also an estrogenic compound (27), thus having less than stimulating estrogen-sensitive uterine growth. -
Effects of Dienogest, a Synthetic Steroid, on Experimental Endometriosis in Rats
European Journal of Endocrinology (1998) 138 216–226 ISSN 0804-4643 Effects of dienogest, a synthetic steroid, on experimental endometriosis in rats Yukio Katsuki, Yukiko Takano, Yoshihiro Futamura, Yasunori Shibutani, Daisuke Aoki1, Yasuhiro Udagawa1 and Shiro Nozawa1 Toxicology Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426, Japan and 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160, Japan (Correspondence should be addressed to Y Katsuki, Toxicology Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 342 Gensuke Fujieda, Shizuoka 426, Japan) Abstract Objective: Dienogest, a synthetic steroid with progestational activity, is used as a component of oral contraceptives and is currently being evaluated clinically for the treatment of endometriosis. The present study was conducted to confirm the effects of dienogest on experimental endometriosis in rats and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Design: Experimental endometriosis induced by autotransplantation of endometrium in rats. Methods: Endometrial implants, immune system, and bone mineral were investigated after 3 weeks of medication. Results: Dienogest (0.1–1 mg/kg per day, p.o.) reduced the endometrial implant volume to the same extent as danazol (100 mg/kg per day, p.o.). Simultaneously, dienogest ameliorated the endometrial implant-induced alterations of the immune system; i.e. it increased the natural killer activity of peritoneal fluid cells and splenic cells, decreased the number of peritoneal fluid cells, and decreased interleukin-1b production by peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, danazol (100 mg/kg per day, p.o.) and buserelin (30 mg/kg per day, s.c.) had none of these immunologic effects. Additionally, combined administration of dienogest (0.1 mg/kg per day) plus buserelin (0.3 mg/kg per day) suppressed the bone mineral loss induced by buserelin alone, with no reduction of the effect on endometrial implants. -
Manfred Ewald Page 1 of 4
Steven Ungerleider: Saying goodbye to evil: Manfred Ewald Page 1 of 4 FIND A Enter Category » OR Search By Biz Name, Location BUSINESS Home News+Biz Local Sports Forums+Chat Cams+Radio Living Entertainment INSIDE Opinion » Editorials » Win Duck Basketball Tickets! » More From The Oregonian » Commentary » Letters Guest Commentary » Public Comments » Columnists » Jack Ohman Steven Ungerleider: Saying goodbye to evil: » Oregonian Manfred Ewald Archive » Special Reports 11/25/02 FROM OUR ADVERTISERS >> Is your breath too fresh? Try Carl's Jr. Major news organizations including The New York Times, Chicago >> Oregon Coast November Specials! Tribune, and Los Angeles Times offered expanded coverage of the SPEAK UP! >> Thanksgiving dinners delivered to » Town Square your door obituary of Manfred Ewald, the former East German minister of sport, on » Oregon Forum Oct. 23. His death at the age of 76, due to a lung infection, was received » Wild Talk with some fanfare and comment by prominent members of the sports » More Forums » Advertise With Us establishment and media experts. East Germany no longer exists, the » Log On to ChatXtra! Berlin wall fell in 1989 and the country unified with West Germany in NEWSLETTERS 1990. So why the fuss? » Sign up for daily news updates Mr. Ewald, was not just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill sports figure, but in fact, the minister of sport and the president of his nation's Olympic committee for nearly 30 years. He oversaw a sports machine that produced some 500 Olympic medals from a country with only 17 million people. He wore many hats during his 30-year tenure. -
Illegal Manipulation of Your Body
ES.010 Chemistry of Sports Illegal manipulation of your body Schedule of events for today: 1. Update on workout on Thursday – in the pool 4 pm. 2. Drugs in sports 3. Introduction to Wind tunnel testing – preview of next week’s class with Kim Blair. Drugs in Sports • Blood Doping, Artificial • THG Oxygen Carriers and • Human Chorionic Erythropoietin (EPO) Gonadotrophin (HCG) • Human Growth Hormone • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone • Anabolic Steroids (ACTH) • Insulin-like Growth Factor • Beta-2-Agonists (IGF-1) • Hormone Antagonists and • Cocaine Modulators • Caffeine • Diuretics • Narcotics • Gene Doping • Cannabinoids • Amphetamines Why do Athletes Take Drugs? There are a large number of reasons why an athlete may decide to take drugs. A selection are listed here: • Pressure to succeed, either from themselves or coaches/family and sponsors (major reason) • Belief that their competitors are taking drugs • Pressure from governments/national authorities (as occurred in the eastern bloc countries in the 60's and 70's) • Financial rewards for outstanding performance • Lack of access to, or funding for training facilities and additional support (nutrition, psychological support) • Community and media attitudes and expectations of success Reference:http://www.teachpe.com/drugs/drugs.php. Drugs in Sports • Blood Doping and Erythropoietin • THG (EPO) • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin • Human Growth Hormone (HCG) • Anabolic Steroids • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone • Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF- (ACTH) 1) • Beta-2-Agonists • Cocaine • Hormone Antagonists -
Interactions of Nandrolone and Psychostimulant Drugs on Central Monoaminergic Systems
Sanna Kailanto Sanna Kailanto Interactions of Nandrolone Sanna Kailanto and Psychostimulant Drugs RESEARCH Interactions of Nandrolone and RESEARCH Psychostimulant Drugs on Central on Central Monoaminergic Monoaminergic Systems Systems Monoaminergic Systems Monoaminergic Central on Drugs Psychostimulant and Nandrolone of Interactions This study had four main aims. First, it aimed to explore the effects of nandrolone decanoate on dopaminergic and serotonergic activities in rat brains. Second, it set out to assess whether nandrolone pre-exposure modulates the acute neurochemical and behavioral effects of psychostimulant drugs in experimental animals. A third aim was to investigate if AAS-pretreatment-induced changes in brain reward circuitry are reversible. Finally, the study was also intended to evaluate the role of androgen receptors in nandrolone’s ability to modulate the dopaminergic and serotonergic effects of stimulants. The results of the study show that AAS pretreatment inhibits the reward- related neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine, MDMA and cocaine in experimental animals. Given that LMA, stereotyped behavior and accumbal outflow of DA and 5-HT are all related to reward, this study suggests that nandrolone, at tested doses, significantly affects the rewarding properties of stimulant drugs. Furthermore, it seems that these effects could be long- lasting and that the ability of nandrolone to modulate reward-related effects of stimulants depends on AR or ER activation. .!7BC5<2"HIFILD! National Institute for Health and Welfare P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166) FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358 20 610 6000 30 ISBN 978-952-245-258-0 www.thl.fi 30 2010 30 Sanna Kailanto Interactions of Nandrolone and Psychostimulant Drugs on Central Monoaminergic Systems Academic disSertAtIoN To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, for public examination in the Arppeanum auditorium, Helsinki University Museum, Snellmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, on April 29nd, at 12 o’clock noon. -
Estradiol Prodrugs (EP) for Efficient Oral Estrogen Treatment And
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 165 (2017) 305–311 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsbmb Estradiol prodrugs (EP) for efficient oral estrogen treatment and abolished effects on estrogen modulated liver functions a d a a a a e W. Elger , R. Wyrwa , G. Ahmed , F. Meece , H.B. Nair , B. Santhamma , Z. Killeen , a c b a, B. Schneider , R. Meister , H. Schubert , K. Nickisch * a Evestra, Inc., 14805 Omicron Drive, Suite 100, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA b Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fürstengraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany c Beuth University of Applied Science, Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany d Innovent e.V., Prüssingstraße 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany e University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 23 March 2016 Oral compared to parenteral estrogen administration is characterized by reduced systemic but Received in revised form 15 July 2016 prominent hepatic estrogenic effects on lipids, hemostatic factors, GH-/IGF I axis, angiotensinogen. In Accepted 18 July 2016 order to avoid such adverse metabolic effects of oral treatment, estradiol (E2) prodrugs (EP) were Available online 20 July 2016 designed which bypass the liver tissue as inactive molecules. Carbone17-OH sulfonamide [-O2–NH2] substituted esters of E2 (EC508, others) were synthesized and tested for carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) Keywords: binding. CA II in erythrocytes is thought to oppose extraction of EP from portal vein blood during liver COC (combined oral contraceptives) passage. -
Évaluation Biologique in Vitro D'inhibiteurs De La Stéroïde Sulfatase
Évaluation biologique in vitro d’inhibiteurs de la stéroïde sulfatase ayant un effet SERM Mémoire Charles Ouellet Maîtrise en physiologie-endocrinologie Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) Québec, Canada © Charles Ouellet, 2013 Résumé Initialement, les cancers du sein sont majoritairement hormonodépendants, c’est-à-dire qu’ils sont stimulés par les hormones estrogéniques endogènes. Une première approche pour traiter ce type de cancer consiste à utiliser un antiestrogène pour bloquer l’activation du récepteur des estrogènes dans le tissu mammaire. Une seconde approche consiste à inhiber la synthèse des estrogènes par l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs spécifiques pour certaines enzymes clés de la stéroïdogénèse. La stéroïde sulfatase (STS), une enzyme impliquée dans la biosynthèse des estrogènes, constituerait une importante cible thérapeutique. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, je discuterai d’un nouveau projet de recherche qui consiste à développer des composés à double-action combinant les deux types d’approches nommées précédemment. Nous cherchons à développer une molécule non-stéroïdienne qui serait en mesure d’inhiber la STS mais également de bloquer le récepteur des estrogènes dans le tissu mammaire. Notre composé doit donc posséder un effet SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator), c’est-à-dire de jouer le rôle d’un antagoniste dans le tissu mammaire tout en jouant le rôle d’un agoniste dans d’autres tissus (i.e. tissu osseux) où l’action des estrogènes est importante. Dans ce mémoire, j’aborderai rapidement la synthèse chimique des deux générations de composés pour m’attarder davantage sur les tests biologiques in vitro nécessaires à l’évaluation de leur potentiel à double-action. -
New Estrone Oxime Derivatives: Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation and Docking Studies
molecules Article New Estrone Oxime Derivatives: Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation and Docking Studies Catarina Canário 1 , Mariana Matias 1, Vanessa Brito 1, Adriana O. Santos 1, Amílcar Falcão 2,3 , Samuel Silvestre 1,4,* and Gilberto Alves 1 1 CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (A.O.S.); [email protected] (G.A.) 2 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] 3 CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal 4 CNC–Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The interest in the introduction of the oxime group in molecules aiming to improve their biological effects is increasing. This work aimed to develop new steroidal oximes of the estrane series with potential antitumor interest. For this, several oximes were synthesized by reaction of hydroxylamine with the 17-ketone of estrone derivatives. Then, their cytotoxicity was evaluated in six cell lines. An estrogenicity assay, a cell cycle distribution analysis and a fluorescence microscopy study with Hoechst 3358 staining were performed with the most promising compound. In addition, molecular docking studies against estrogen receptor α, steroid sulfatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehy- drogenase type 1 and β-tubulin were also accomplished. The 2-nitroestrone oxime showed higher Citation: Canário, C.; Matias, M.; Brito, V.; Santos, A.O.; Falcão, A.; cytotoxicity than the parent compound on MCF-7 cancer cells.