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PRESS B to MARCH: the EFFECTS of VIDEO GAMES on POLITICAL BEHAVIOR by PETER R. LICARI a DISSERTATION PRESENTED to the GRADUATE S

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PRESS B to MARCH: the EFFECTS of VIDEO GAMES on POLITICAL BEHAVIOR by PETER R. LICARI a DISSERTATION PRESENTED to the GRADUATE S PRESS B TO MARCH: THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO GAMES ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR By PETER R. LICARI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 c 2020 Peter R. Licari 2 To Rosalina. My princess and favorite research collaborator. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dissertations are meant to be an academic researcher’s first major leap into independent scholarship. The irony, though, is that no one ever writes a dissertation alone. There are always others putting in the various kinds of visible and invisible labor that make a project like this possible. I would like to take this opportunity to thank some of them now. First, I would like to thank my dissertation committee chair, Michael Martinez. His mentorship has been the perfect balance of constructive skepticism and sincere encouragement. From the very beginning of the project, he has nudged me to conceptualize my argument in a way that maximized its rigor and impact without ever detracting from its magic. From its inchoate beginnings to its present form, he has put a tremendous amount of time, effort, and faith into my efforts. I will be forever grateful for his guidance and friendship. But a dissertation is ultimately reviewed and passed by five scholars—and I am fortunate to have such insightful, patient, and supportive members of my committee: Beth Rosenson, Yu-Hao Lee, Dan Smith, and Larry Dodd. They all brought their expertise, critical insights, tough (but constructive) questions and comments, and unwavering support to this project. This project would not exist in any form, let alone this form, without them. There are other instructors and mentors who have been helpful in more ways than I could list: From giving me the tools that I used to analyze this project to helping give me the confidence to see it through. I would like to sincerely thank Michael and Suzanne McDonald, Ken Wald, Amie Kreppel, and Stephen Craig. I would like to thank the researchers, directors, librarians, and archivists at the Strong Museum of Play for letting me play around (pun most certainly intended) in their records. The Strong provided me with a research fellowship in the summer of 2019 to let me investigate their collection of archived developer notebooks, design notes, and a milieu of other insightful documents. These were monumentally important in both my qualitative findings and my theorizing throughout this dissertation. I am blessed to have made so many wonderful friends—both before and after I began my time here in Gainesville. Many of whom not only kept me sane with sports, food, and great conversation, but many also directly contributed to how I thought, analyzed, and wrote this 4 dissertation. There are too many to name individually; these are just some as they occur off the top of my head and in no particular order: Karla Mundim, Nic Wright, Bobby Mermer, Joshua and Rachel Enot, Justin Hoyle, Nancy Masood, James Fahey, Pooja Jayaprakash Sabrina Marasa, Katie Widner, LaRaven Temoney, Sarah Hollman, Glenn Billesbach, Stephen Philips, Alex and Kate Smith, Marah Malleck, Torian Pace, Tyler Yeargain, Laura Uribe, Jenna Tingum, Brandi Martinez, Ernesto Ramirez, Mike Webb, Brittani Sahm, Brian Amos, Enrijeta Shino, Amanda Edgell, Kelly Richardson, Junseok Lee, Peggy Brocke, and Daniel Pimentel. I would be remiss in writing a dissertation about gaming and not thank my gaming group. Not only because they allowed me to still have fun with the thing I was studying, but also for providing valuable thoughts, critiques, and questions about the core scope and themes of the project. Many of these friends are a wealth of expertise into game design and gaming culture and their insights contributed directly to how I approached a variety of topics. I would like to thank Evan Binder, Jim Daniel, Michael Bush, Sarah Griffin, and Lena Head. Of course, my journey through graduate school did not start in graduate school. I have been blessed with teachers and mentors who have been a major part of my life for a very long time. I would like to take a second to thank some of them now: Vicki Browne, Jay Getty, Matt and Brandi Malkovich, Maria Colville, and Brett and Lauren Hamilton. This project would not have been possible without the unwavering support of my family. My parents, Jay and Susan Licari, have provided me with a lifetime of love, encouragement, and examples of hard-work and inquisitiveness to emulate. My brothers Jason, Stephen, and Matthew who worked that incredible sibling-witchcraft to make me simultaneously believe in myself while not taking myself too seriously. I have also married into a tremendously supportive family. My heartfelt thanks to my father-in-law Mike Underhill and sister-in-law Rebecca. I am also the grateful recipient of a lot of love, support, and kindness from my extended family and my extended in-laws: grandparents, aunts, uncles, nephews, and cousins. Thank you for the laughs and conversational oases when I needed a respite from the work. 5 I would also like to thank Rebecca individually for her hard and earnest work as my coder and research assistant for the content analysis portion of this dissertation. Her questions and observations helped me pin down necessary specifics in how I was defining and conceptualizing a variety of sociopolitically important topics occurring in these games. She made this project more rigorous. My deep thanks goes to the community at the Professor Politics YouTube channel. Making educational videos has been a rewarding escape as I labored on this project. It is a gift to know that there is a digital community of people as fascinated by the social world as I am. Your support for me and my work has buoyed me during this long, long process. I admit it may be weird to thank an inanimate force, but I also know that an appreciable amount of my success here has been due to chance. I have been lucky in so many ways: plain and simple. While I am on the subject of thanking entities that will never be capable of reading this: I owe a lot of my sanity and equanimity to that pure, unadulterated affection that can only come from one’s pets. So thank you Dude and Asia. (And you too Harley). I also should thank someone who is not able to read this now but will be able to eventually: my daughter, Rosalina. You are everything your mother and I could have ever dreamed of and hoped for. You arrived as I wrapped up data collection and began the final stages of putting ink to page. Your presence provided a lightning bolt of clarity as to what was and was not important to pursue. I am forever changed by you. I have loved you since your first breath and I will love you until my last. Finally, my thanks, and my undying love, goes to my wife, Stephanie. It takes a tremendous amount of patience and sacrifice to be married to someone pursuing a graduate education. Thank you for always helping me remember this project’s worth—as well as my own. Thank you for listening to me ramble about the minutia of specification strategies and regression assumptions. Thank you for your advice on how to manage archival research. Thank you for being my biggest 6 cheerleader. Thank you for letting me self-medicate with Chinese food. Thank you for calling me every day at lunch. Thank you for all your love and compassion, selflessly given. Thank you for being my player two in this couch co-op game of life. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES......................................................................... 12 LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................ 14 ABSTRACT.............................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 17 2 REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE....................................................... 39 2.1 Media Effects.................................................................... 41 2.2 Interactivity..................................................................... 52 2.3 Networks and Social Capital...................................................... 65 2.4 Summary........................................................................ 73 3 GAMES THAT MATTER: THE THEORY............................................. 75 3.1 Where Does Meaning Arise in Games?........................................... 79 3.2 Circumscribed Mattering......................................................... 85 3.2.1 Theoretical Mechanisms.................................................... 85 3.2.2 Game Requirements for Circumscribed Mattering............................ 89 3.3 Explicit Mattering............................................................... 97 3.3.1 Theoretical Mechanisms.................................................... 97 3.3.2 Game Requirements for Explicit Mattering................................. 103 3.4 Social Mattering................................................................ 107 3.4.1 Theoretical Mechanisms................................................... 107 3.4.2 Game Requirements for Social Mattering................................... 111 3.5 A Fourth Kind of Mattering?.................................................... 113 3.6 Summary....................................................................... 115 4 METHODS.......................................................................... 117 4.1 Surveys.......................................................................
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