A Comparative Analytical Study of the Conversion Form of Minaret In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Comparative Analytical Study of the Conversion Form of Minaret In Intercultural Understanding, 2017, volume 7, pages 23-30 $&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ &RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH 0XVWDID5DIHD7DKHU7DKHUDQG0XUDW'XQGDU 1Department of Architecture, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU0XVWDID5DIHD7DKHU7DKHU'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUH%DKoHúHKLU8QLYHUVLW\dÕUD÷DQ&DG2VPDQSDúD 0HNWHEL6RN1R%HúLNWDú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³$UFKLWHFWXUHRI WKH PRGHUQ GHVLJQ 8UD\ +HQFH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ 0RVTXH´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¶VDSSURDFKHV7KH DQG FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKH DUFKLWHFWV GHVLJQHUV DQG WKH SDWURQV LQ ERRNGRHVQRWGLDJQRVHWKHSUREOHPRIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXH RUGHUWRLQQRYDWHPRVTXHDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\DJH DUFKLWHFWXUH EXW LWLV LPSRUWDQWWR XQGHUVWDQGWKH QRWLRQ RIWKH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH PRVTXH LV PDLQO\ DQ FRQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXHZLWKWKHLUDSSURDFKHV DUFKLWHFWXUDOPDWWHU %XKOIDLD ZKLFKGRQ¶WKDYHWRGRZLWK 3 ,VODPLFsharia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hUH\ WLWOHG³7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI0LQDUHWV LQ &RQWHPSRUDU\ 0RVTXH $UFKLWHFWXUH LQ 7XUNH\´ 7KLV DFDGHPLFDUWLFOHLVDEROGDWWHPSWWRH[SUHVVWKHQHZSKHQRPHQD EXW IDU DZD\ IURP FRYHULQJ WKH SUREOHPV RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PRVTXH ZLWK LWV OLPLWHG FRQWHQW DQG GHVFULSWLYH VFLHQWLILF DSSURDFK 7KLV VWXG\ DLPV WR GHVFULEH WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI PLQDUHWV LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ PRVTXH DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ 7XUNH\ E\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH ZD\ RI XVDJH IRUP DQG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PLQDUHW ZLWKDFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIVL[RXWVWDQGLQJVHOHFWHGFDVHV,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKHVH FDVH VWXGLHV VWDUWHG IURP ¶V ZKLFK DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ WHUPV RI WKHLU FRPPRQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO IHDWXUHV WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH PLQDUHW DQG UHLQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH PLQDUHWV LQ WKHLU )LJXUH7KH,QKHUÕWHGHOHPHQWVRIPRVTXHDUFKLWHFWXUH %\$XWKRU GHVLJQVFRQFHSWhUH\FRPSDUHGWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PLQDUHWZLWK WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 2WWRPDQ PLQDUHW LQ WHUPV RI PRGLILFDWLRQ RI 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI PRVTXHV VWDUWHG WR SURJUHVV TXLFNO\ DW WKH IRUPVDQGIXQFWLRQV hUH\ EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH 8PD\\DG SHULRG 6RPH HOHPHQWV .DVLP¶V VWXG\ WLWOHG ³'HVLJQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ DIWHU WKH 3URSKHW¶V WLPH ZHUH DGGHG VXFK DV WKH PLQDUHW GRPH ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH DQ DQDO\WLF VWXG\ RI PLQDUHWV´ LV D DQGQLFKHLPLWDWHGIURPWKHFKXUFKHV %XKOIDLD DQGRWKHU EHQHILFLDO DQG LPSRUWDQW VWXG\ EHFDXVH RI IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJ RI WKH ROG FLYLOL]DWLRQV 7KH PRVW KLVWRULFDO PLQDUHWV LQ ,VODPLF ZRUOG ZLWK D SURIRXQG DQDO\WLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLF HOHPHQW LQ PRVTXH DUFKLWHFWXUH LV PLQDUHW $ VWXG\$OWKRXJK.DVLP GRHVQRWVWXG\WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ PLQDUHWLVDWDOOYHUWLFDOVOHQGHUWRZHUWKDWDWWDFKHGWRWKHFLW\¶V PRVTXH LW LV VWLOO DQ LPSRUWDQW WKHVLV EHFDXVH LW SURSRVHV D PRVTXHV IURP ZKLFK muezzins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qWUH ,VPDLO 6HUDJHOGLQ LV DQ (J\SWLDQ DUFKLWHFW DQG 24 $&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH
Recommended publications
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE of UNIT What Do Muslims Do at the Mosque
    Sandwell SACRE RE Support Materials 2018 Unit 1.8 Beginning to learn about Islam. Muslims and Mosques in Sandwell Year 1 or 2 Sandwell SACRE Support for RE Beginning to learn from Islam : Mosques in Sandwell 1 Sandwell SACRE RE Support Materials 2018 Beginning to Learn about Islam: What can we find out? YEAR GROUP 1 or 2 ABOUT THIS UNIT: Islam is a major religion in Sandwell, the UK and globally. It is a requirement of the Sandwell RE syllabus that pupils learn about Islam throughout their primary school years, as well as about Christianity and other religions. This unit might form part of a wider curriculum theme on the local environment, or special places, or ‘where we live together’. It is very valuable for children to experience a school trip to a mosque, or another sacred building. But there is also much value in the virtual and pictorial encounter with a mosque that teachers can provide. This unit looks simply at Mosques and worship in Muslim life and in celebrations and festivals. Local connections are important too. Estimated time for this unit: 6 short sessions and 1 longer session if a visit to a mosque takes place. Where this unit fits in: Through this unit of work many children who are not Muslims will do some of their first learning about the Islamic faith. They should learn that it is a local religion in Sandwell and matters to people they live near to. Other children who are Muslims may find learning from their own religion is affirming of their identity, and opens up channels between home and school that hep them to learn.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure for Exhibition
    ISLAM IN EUROPE A Photo Exhibition by Ahmed Krausen All rights reserved ©2017 01 The Umar Ibn Al Khattab Mosque, Berlin, Germany. 03 The Fatih Mosque, Düren, Germany. The Umar Ibn Al Khattab Mosque, (Turkish Ömer İbnu'l Hattâb Camii) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, was built by the The Fatih Mosque is the largest mosque in Islamic Association for Pleasant Projects (IVWP) and Düren, a small town in the former German opened in 2010. It is located at the subway station 02 industrial area "Ruhrgebiet". Görlitzer Bahnhof and is named after the early Islamic caliph Umar ibn al-Chattab. THE BILAL MOSQUE, The minaret, built in 1992, is the only one in AACHEN, GERMANY. Düren, although there are several other smaller The construction, begun in June 2004, cost around ten mosques. The Adhān (prayer call) may take million euros and has a small dome and four place publicly three times a day. The mosque unobtrusive, seven-meter high minarets on the roof, was built in the area of the former factory crowned by gilded half-moons. The prayer room has “Metallwerke” in the 1980s. The building is a capacity of more than 1,000 people with a two- under monument protection. storey gallery. The Maschari Center houses on seven floors festivals for celebrations, a Quran school, as well as boutiques, cafés and a supermarket. The Islamic Association for Charitable Project (IVWP) is part of the Association of Islamic Charitable Projects (AICP). The Maschari Center is the German center of the AICP (al-Habash), an Islamic denomination from Lebanon. 02 The Bilal Mosque, Aachen, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Andalusian Roots and Abbasid Homage in the Qubbat Al-Barudiyyin 133
    andalusian roots and abbasid homage in the qubbat al-barudiyyin 133 YASSER TABBAA ANDALUSIAN ROOTS AND ABBASID HOMAGE IN THE QUBBAT AL-BARUDIYYIN IN MARRAKECH Without any question, I was attracted to the fi eld of Andalusian artisans are known to have resettled in Islamic architecture and archaeology through Oleg Morocco—it seems anachronistic in dealing with peri- Grabar’s famous article on the Dome of the Rock, ods when Andalusia itself was ruled by dynasties from which I fi rst read in 1972 in Riyadh, while contemplat- Morocco, in particular the Almoravids (1061–1147) ing what to do with the rest of my life.1 More specifi cally and the Almohads (1130–1260). More specifi cally, to the article made me think about domes as the ultimate view Almoravid architecture from an exclusively Cor- aesthetic statements of many architectural traditions doban perspective goes counter to the political and and as repositories of iconography and cosmology, cultural associations of the Almoravids, who, in addi- concepts that both Grabar and I have explored in different ways in the past few decades. This article, on a small and fragile dome in Marrakech, continues the conversation I began with Oleg long before he knew who I was. The Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakech is an enig- matic and little-studied monument that stands at the juncture of historical, cultural, and architectural trans- formations (fi g. 1). Although often illustrated, and even featured on the dust jacket of an important sur- vey of Islamic architecture,2 this monument is in fact very little known to the English-speaking scholarly world, a situation that refl ects its relatively recent dis- covery and its location in a country long infl uenced by French culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements of Local and Non-Local Mosque Architecture for Analysis of Mosque Architecture Changes in Indonesia
    The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) || Volume || 7 || Issue || 12 Ver.I || Pages || PP 08-16 || 2018 || ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 23-19 – 1805 The Elements of Local and Non-Local Mosque Architecture for Analysis of Mosque Architecture Changes in Indonesia Budiono Sutarjo1, Endang Titi Sunarti Darjosanjoto2, Muhammad Faqih2 1Student of Doctoral Program, Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia 2Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia Corresponding Author : Budiono Sutarjo --------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------- The mosque architecture that deserves to use as a starting point in the analysis of architectural changes in Indonesian mosques is the Wali mosque as an early generation mosque in Indonesia. As a reference, the architectural element characteristic of Wali mosque (local mosque) needs to be known, so that this paper aims to find a description of a local mosque (Wali mosque), and also description of architectural elements of non- local mosques (mosques with foreign cultural context) because one of the causes of changes in mosque architecture is cultural factors. The findings of this paper are expected to be input for further studies on the details of physical changes in the architectural elements of mosques in Indonesia. The study subjects taken were 6 Wali mosques that were widely known by the Indonesian Muslim community as Wali mosques and 6 non-local mosques that were very well known and frequently visited by Indonesian Muslim communities. Data obtained from literature studies, interviews and observations. The analysis is done by sketching from visual data, critiquing data, making interpretations, making comparisons and compiling the chronology of the findings.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Design of Mosques of the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic A€Airs in Kuwait
    Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 29(1) pp.135 - 159, 2002 A study of the design of mosques of the ministry of Awqaf and Islamic aairs in Kuwait OMAR KHATTAB Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait. e-mail:[email protected] ABSTRACT The mosque is the prominent and perhaps only religious building in Islam. It is a building type which often re¯ects the impact of the manifestation of local architectural traditions, which later on formed the core of Islamic architecture. Indeed the mosque is sometimes considered the prime symbol of a country's religious stance, or national identity. In an attempt to assert its national identity, the State of Kuwait has constructed numerous mosques over the past few decades. Through various ministerial agencies, funds were raised for mosque-building schemes. This paper attempts to provide a visual and architectural survey of the mosques built by the Ministry of Awqaf & Islamic Aairs [MAIA] in Kuwait. It investigates the similarities and dierences in the design patterns, and searches for underlying endeavours to create distinctive styles that re¯ect traditional values of Kuwaiti mosque architecture. The primary objective of this paper is to document the design process of MAIA mosques as well as to provide a glimpse of their architectural features. With the intention of searching for underlying similarities and dierences in their design patterns. There are very few documented studies on mosque architecture in general in Kuwait (Al Roumy 1988). But certainly there is no study, whatsoever, on the MAIA mosques. which represent one third of government mosques and around 14% of all existing mosques in Kuwait.
    [Show full text]
  • The Royal Mosques in Indonesia from 16Th to Early 20Th Centuries As a Power Representation
    I.P. Nasution, Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 3 (2017) 494–502 THE ROYAL MOSQUES IN INDONESIA FROM 16TH TO EARLY 20TH CENTURIES AS A POWER REPRESENTATION ISMAN Pratama NASUTION Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia. ABstract This study describes the characteristics of the royal mosques in Indonesia from the 16th century to the early 20th century through the architectural and archaeological study of the building’s components. Royal mosques are meaningful in the concept of building because they are the places for sultans and their people to pray, and these mosques are located in the capital cities of the Islamic empires that rep- resent the sultans and became the identity of the characters of the Islamic empires in the past. Through architectural and archaeological studies of several kingdom’s mosques in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and North Maluku, this research observes the data with the context of space (spatial) with the central government (the palace), squares, markets, tombs and other buildings of a king. In addition, this paper studied the aspects of power relations with the palace mosque as the centre of power, to reveal the power of representation in the mosque, with attention to the style of the building and ritual. The results obtained show that the royal mosques in Indonesia have special characteristics displayed in the building form and the local ritual practices that are different from non-royal mosques and the mosques outside of Indonesia as a strategy and resistance against global Islamic power relations in the past. Keywords: identity and resistance, royal mosque, the representation of power.
    [Show full text]
  • Exterior Night Lighting of Historical Buildings: a Case Study of Erzurum City
    International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in EXTERIOR NIGHT LIGHTING OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY OF ERZURUM CITY YAHYA BULUT Ataturk University Email: [email protected] Abstract-Urban space is used in accordance with people’s need at night as well as it is used at day light. Outer space used more intensely and for longer times in summer than it is in winter. At night, lighting of outer spaces used by people gets essential for functional, aesthetic and security reasons. Night lighting of urban outdoor spaces involves the artificial lighting of important places of cities such as main and secondary roads, green areas, sport facilities, urban squares, housing regions, immediate surroundings of public buildings, important commercial buildings of cities, shopping malls, historical buildings and monuments. Lighting of historical buildings; which are the important elements of cities; is important both to emphasise the identity of the cities and to make them live at night by putting forward their cultural features. This study focuses on the night lighting of historical buildings of Erzurum, which have important cultural heritages. I. INTRODUCTION change process, some structures have been able to reach today by fully or partially preserving their Today urban areas are used densely and effectively assets for various reasons, and gaining the quality of not only in daytime but also night time due to historical monuments. Historical remains and city increasing demands of people. Depending on the textures constitute important cultural and historical development of lighting industry night lighting parts of today's cities.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 Urban Development and Architecture
    ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 URBAN DEVELOPMENT. 18 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ARCHITECTURE G. A. Pugachenkova, A. H. Dani and Liu Yingsheng Contents TRANSOXANIA AND KHURASAN ......................... 517 The arrival of the Arabs ................................. 517 The Mongol conquests and their aftermath ....................... 532 SOUTHERN CENTRAL ASIA ............................ 565 The period of Arab rule in Sind ............................. 565 The Ghaznavids in Afghanistan and north-western India ................ 567 The Ghurids ....................................... 572 The Delhi Sultans .................................... 572 Provincial styles: Panjab, Sind and Kashmir ...................... 578 EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA .............................. 581 The Turfan region .................................... 583 Architecture of the towns of the Turfan region ..................... 586 The towns of the eastern end of the Tarim basin .................... 586 The region north of the T’ien Shan mountains ..................... 587 Towns in Mongolia ................................... 591 Conclusion ....................................... 593 516 © UNESCO 1996 ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 The arrival of the Arabs Part One TRANSOXANIA AND KHURASAN (G. A. Pugachenkova) The arrival of the Arabs When the Arabs arrived in Khurasan and Transoxania they found few towns. The popula- tion lived mainly in the countryside, where there were scattered estates with the fortified kushks (castles) of major and minor dihqan¯ (land-owner)-suzerains and adjacent settle- ments. The ancient towns had either shrunk in size (Samarkand, Merv, Termez, Balkh) or been abandoned. The new towns were few in number, and small (Panjikent). Warfare was rife in the seventh and eighth centuries and, as a consequence, there was a general decline in building activity. This situation only changed in the ninth century, when the sphere of influence of the caliphate finally took in the countries of Central Asia and Islam became solidly established.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Spatial Fictions, Design Concepts, Aesthetic Quests of Traditional, Modern Mosques from Past to Present and the Analysis of Mosque Samples
    Civil Engineering and Architecture 4(2): 54-66, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cea.2016.040203 Evaluation of Spatial Fictions, Design Concepts, Aesthetic Quests of Traditional, Modern Mosques from Past to Present and the Analysis of Mosque Samples Ş. Ebru Okuyucu Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Mosque has played a central role in Islamic elements involved by the mosque were grouped and these society. The Prophet ordered for the construction of a elements were discussed in terms of material, form and mosque in Medina (Yesrib) where he arrived after hegira, aesthetic. The design concepts of the mosques were made thus he began to form Islamic institutions from the mosque. within the context of the materials and forms of indoor and That’s why the mosque maintained its place throughout the outdoor spaces, whereas space fiction analysis was made history as an important source for Islamic institutions. within the context of covering system and plan arrangement, Mosques are also the spaces, as a socio - cultural element, and the aesthetic concept analysis of the indoor space was where the social life is maintained, which are used for achieved within the context of basic design principles. In line worship by Muslims as their primary objective, which are with the data obtained; differences and similarities were appropriate for individual and common worship and where revealed in terms of physical compliance, design concepts, they are educated religiously.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role and Meaning of Religious Architecture in the Umayyad State: Secondary Mosques
    arts Article The Role and Meaning of Religious Architecture in the Umayyad State: Secondary Mosques Carmen González Gutiérrez “Sísifo” Research Group (P.A.I. HUM-236), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] Received: 18 June 2018; Accepted: 20 September 2018; Published: 9 October 2018 Abstract: Historiography and archaeological research have traditionally defined mosques mainly as religious spaces or places to pray, without further specifications. This simplification has usually dominated the analyses of mosques, while other uses or functional aspects of these buildings were put aside. The scarcity of material information available for years to approach these buildings, together with the dominance of the more monumental examples—such as the great mosque of Córdoba—provoked that analyses about other more modest mosques were scarce or almost inexistent. However, in recent decades, the proliferation of real estate building activities has led to the recovery of many new and fresh archaeological data related to other mosques different from the Friday ones. Specifically, in Córdoba, the volume of information recovered has been enormous, and concerns not only mosques as isolated buildings, but also their urban environments, construction processes, and evolution along the centuries. Therefore, in this paper, we offer a summarized overview of the state of the arts about research on mosques in al-Andalus, presenting the main problems and limitations of the topic until now, and also the case of Córdoba and the main results achieved there as a reference for further actions to be undertaken in the rest of the territory. Keywords: Córdoba; Madinat Qurtuba; al-Andalus; mosques; religious architecture; Islamic urbanism; urban landscape 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural Planning of Minia Mosques
    International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-4 No-8, 2016 Architectural Planning Of Minia Mosques Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish Professor of Islamic archaeology, department of archaeology Faculty of Arts - Minia University Egypt Abstract Minia maintains twenty-four archaeological mosques adopt several models follows: the local architectural planning between the courtyard and open riwaqs, and planning with naves without courtyard. There are four mosques take planning component of the courtyard and riwaqs ranging in date from the Fatimid age, and twenty mosques planning to take the naves and overdraft without a courtyard ranging in date from the Fatimid and Muhammad Ali ages includes one mosque with five naves, eleven mosques with four naves, five mosques of three naves and three Mosques of two naves. The objective of this study to highlight the evolution of the architectural planning of the mosques in Minia governorate, which was one of the most important provinces in Upper Egypt, in the architectural heritage, The variables of comparison where mosques have been established since the Arab conquest of Egypt has maintained were noted in the planning and architectural elements, while in the mosques of the renovation and reconstruction in many periods, it retained Architectural assets, which was mostly to the Fatimid age, also found that the mosque has seen the upswing in the Mamluk and Ottoman ages. Whether the planning with open Riwaqs around the courtyard or naves without courtyard, and the development of the architectural elements which include facades and entrances, minarets and arches. The research, in the methodology followed, based on the identification of the architectural planning stages of the development of the mosques on: 1.
    [Show full text]