Intercultural Understanding, 2017, volume 7, pages 23-30
$&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ &RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH
0XVWDID5DIHD7DKHU7DKHUDQG0XUDW'XQGDU 1Department of Architecture, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU 0XVWDID5DIHD7DKHU7DKHU'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUH%DKoHúHKLU8QLYHUVLW\dÕUD÷DQ&DG2VPDQSDúD 0HNWHEL6RN1R %HúLNWDú,VWDQEXO7XUNH\(PDLO DUFKPXVWDID#JPDLOFRP .H\ZRUGV &RQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXH0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH0LQDUHW0RGHUQPRVTXHGHVLJQ
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³$UFKLWHFWXUHRI WKH PRGHUQ GHVLJQ 8UD\ +HQFH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ 0RVTXH´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¶VDSSURDFKHV7KH DQG FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKH DUFKLWHFWV GHVLJQHUV DQG WKH SDWURQV LQ ERRNGRHVQRWGLDJQRVHWKHSUREOHPRIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXH RUGHUWRLQQRYDWHPRVTXHDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\DJH DUFKLWHFWXUH EXW LWLV LPSRUWDQWWR XQGHUVWDQGWKH QRWLRQ RIWKH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH PRVTXH LV PDLQO\ DQ FRQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXHZLWKWKHLUDSSURDFKHV DUFKLWHFWXUDOPDWWHU %XKOIDLD ZKLFKGRQ¶WKDYHWRGRZLWK 3 ,VODPLFsharia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hUH\ WLWOHG³7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI0LQDUHWV LQ &RQWHPSRUDU\ 0RVTXH $UFKLWHFWXUH LQ 7XUNH\´ 7KLV DFDGHPLFDUWLFOHLVDEROGDWWHPSWWRH[SUHVVWKHQHZSKHQRPHQD EXW IDU DZD\ IURP FRYHULQJ WKH SUREOHPV RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PRVTXH ZLWK LWV OLPLWHG FRQWHQW DQG GHVFULSWLYH VFLHQWLILF DSSURDFK 7KLV VWXG\ DLPV WR GHVFULEH WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI PLQDUHWV LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ PRVTXH DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ 7XUNH\ E\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH ZD\ RI XVDJH IRUP DQG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PLQDUHW ZLWKDFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIVL[RXWVWDQGLQJVHOHFWHGFDVHV,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKHVH FDVH VWXGLHV VWDUWHG IURP ¶V ZKLFK DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ WHUPV RI WKHLU FRPPRQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO IHDWXUHV WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH PLQDUHW DQG UHLQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH PLQDUHWV LQ WKHLU )LJXUH7KH,QKHUÕWHGHOHPHQWVRIPRVTXHDUFKLWHFWXUH %\$XWKRU GHVLJQVFRQFHSWhUH\FRPSDUHGWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PLQDUHWZLWK WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 2WWRPDQ PLQDUHW LQ WHUPV RI PRGLILFDWLRQ RI 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI PRVTXHV VWDUWHG WR SURJUHVV TXLFNO\ DW WKH IRUPVDQGIXQFWLRQV hUH\ EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH 8PD\\DG SHULRG 6RPH HOHPHQWV .DVLP¶V VWXG\ WLWOHG ³'HVLJQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ DIWHU WKH 3URSKHW¶V WLPH ZHUH DGGHG VXFK DV WKH PLQDUHW GRPH ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH DQ DQDO\WLF VWXG\ RI PLQDUHWV´ LV D DQGQLFKHLPLWDWHGIURPWKHFKXUFKHV %XKOIDLD DQGRWKHU EHQHILFLDO DQG LPSRUWDQW VWXG\ EHFDXVH RI IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJ RI WKH ROG FLYLOL]DWLRQV 7KH PRVW KLVWRULFDO PLQDUHWV LQ ,VODPLF ZRUOG ZLWK D SURIRXQG DQDO\WLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLF HOHPHQW LQ PRVTXH DUFKLWHFWXUH LV PLQDUHW $ VWXG\$OWKRXJK.DVLP GRHVQRWVWXG\WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ PLQDUHWLVDWDOOYHUWLFDOVOHQGHUWRZHUWKDWDWWDFKHGWRWKHFLW\¶V PRVTXH LW LV VWLOO DQ LPSRUWDQW WKHVLV EHFDXVH LW SURSRVHV D PRVTXHV IURP ZKLFK muezzins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qWUH ,VPDLO 6HUDJHOGLQ LV DQ (J\SWLDQ DUFKLWHFW DQG 24 $&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH &217(0325$5<02648( &\FOH7KH0RVTXHZDVUDLVHGRQDSOLQWKRQDVLWHD[LV FUHDWLQJ D GHJUHH DQJOH ZLWK WKHKiblahGLUHFWLRQ ZKLFK &RQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXHDUFKLWHFWXUHPHDQVDQ\PRVTXHZKLFKLV FDOOHG IRU LQQRYDWLRQ LQ WKH OD\RXW $ F\OLQGULFDO YROXPH ZDV EXLOW LQ PRGHUQ WLPH ZKLFK LV D FOHDQ DQG FRUUHFWO\ RULHQWHG LQVHUWHGLQWRDVTXDUHVLPSOLI\LQJDURWDWLRQRIWKHSUD\HUKDOO VSDFH ZKLFK IDFH WKH Kiblah1 %XW LQ D QDUURZHU VHQVH WKH DQG IRUPLQJ OLJKW FRXUWV RQ IRXU VLGHV $QFLOODU\ IXQFWLRQV DUH FRQWHPSRUDQHLW\LVHPEUDFHGLQH[SUHVVLRQIRUPIXQFWLRQDOLW\ ORFDWHG LQ VSDFHV FUHDWHG E\ WKH RXWHU VTXDUH DQG WKH F\OLQGHU VWUXFWXUH DQG PDWHULDOV 1HLWKHU WKH 4XU¶DQ QRU WKH 3URSKHW¶V 7KHPRVWGLVWLQFWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKLVPRVTXHZKLFKVKRXOG WUDGLWLRQ KDGLWK JLYHVGHWDLOHGLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWHUPVRIGHVLJQ EH QRWLFHG LV WKH DEVHQFH RI PLQDUHW ,W IXQGHG DQG XVHG E\ IRUP RU FRQWHQW -DKLF 7KXV DQ\ FOHDQ VSDFH WKDW LQKDELWDQWV DQG LQVSLUHG E\ 6XOWDQDWH PRVTXH DUFKLWHFWXUH LW SURYLGHVWKHIXQFWLRQDOQHHGLVVXLWDEOHIRUSUD\HUDQGZRUVKLS EUHDWKHV WKURXJK SRURXV EULFN ZDOOV NHHSLQJ WKH SUD\HU KDOO ;^ĞƌĂŐĞůĚŝŶ Θ ^ƚĞĞůĞ͕ ϭϵϵϵͿ&RQVHTXHQWO\LWLVQRWPDQGDWRU\ YHQWLODWHG DQG FRRO 1DWXUDO OLJKW EURXJKW LQ WKURXJK D VN\OLJKW WKDW D PRVTXH WDNHV D FHUWDLQ W\SH RU UHVWULFWHG WR VSHFLILF ZKLFK LV DPSOH IRU WKH GD\WLPH $.'1 %$5 PRVTXHHOHPHQWVWKDWGLGQRWH[LVWLQWKH3URSKHWPRVTXH;+RWHLW $*$.+$1$:$5' 7KH $JD .KDQ $ZDUG IRU $UFKLWHFWXUH $.$$ LV DQ DUFKLWHFWXUDOSUL]HZKLFKZDVHVWDEOLVKHGE\0U$JD.KDQ,9LQ ,WDLPVWRLGHQWLI\DQGUHZDUGDUFKLWHFWXUDOFRQFHSWVWKDW )LJXUH%DLW8U5RXI0RVTXH $.'1%$5 VXFFHVVIXOO\ DGGUHVV WKH QHHGV DQG DVSLUDWLRQV RI WKH ,VODPLF VRFLHWLHV LQ WKH ILHOGV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ GHVLJQ VRFLDO KRXVLQJ 2.3.3. Bhong Mosque DQGLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQW«HWF,WSUHVHQWVPRQHWDU\ SUL]HV WRWDOLQJ RQH PLOOLRQ 86 GROODU LQ WKUHH\HDU F\FOHV IRU PXOWLSOHSURMHFWV $JD.KDQ 7KH%KRQJ0RVTXH DZDUGHGDWWKH&\FOH LVVLWXDWHG LQ 5DKLP\DU .KDQ 3DNLVWDQ ZKLFK ZDV GHVLJQHG E\ WKH ORFDO PDVWHUEXLOGHUVDQGFUDIWVPHQ7KHPRVTXHGHVLJQLVDFROOHFWLRQ 2.3.1. Sherefudin's White Mosque RI GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV ZKLFK FRPH IURP 0XVOLP DQG :HVWHUQ FRXQWULHVZKLFKFDOOHGDK\EULGGHVLJQ7KHPXOWLSOHPLQDUHWVLQ WKLV PRVTXH DUH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR GHFRUDWHG HOHPHQWV ZKLFK FDQQRWEHFOLPEHGXS7KHMXU\VWDWHG %KRQJPRVTXHSUHVHUYHV DQG HPERGLHV WKH SRSXODU WDVWH LQ 3DNLVWDQ ZLWK DOO LWV YLJRU SULGHWHQVLRQDQGVHQWLPHQW)XUWKHUPRUHLWVXVHDQGPLVXVHRI VLJQV DQG V\PEROV H[SUHVVHV DSSURSULDWH JURZLQJ SDLQV RI DQ DUFKLWHFWXUHLQWUDQVLWLRQ $.'1%K )LJXUH6KHUHIXGLQ V0RVTXH $.'16K 7KH 6KHUHIXGLQ V 0RVTXH LV ORFDWHG LQ 9LVRNR %RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD ZKLFK GHVLJQHG E\ WKH DUFKLWHFW =ODWNR 8JOMHQ KRQRUHG DW WKH F\FOH ,W KDV D JHRPHWULFDOO\ VLPSOH SODQWKDWVXUURXQGVDFRPSOH[VORSHGFHLOLQJVN\OLJKWYROXPH SXUHDEVWUDFWDQGVSDUVHO\RUQDPHQWHGDQGZKLWHSDLQWHG7KH LPSDFW RI WKH FRQIOLFW LV EHWZHHQ WKH HOHPHQWDU\ SODQ DQG WKH )LJXUH%KRQJ0RVTXH $.'1%K FRPSOLFDWHG KLHUDUFK\ RI WKH URRI FRQHV 7KH SULQFLSDOV RI WKH V\PEROLFHOHPHQWVRIWKHPRVTXHKDYHDIUHVKIRONDUWFKDUDFWHUV 2.3.4. Corniche Mosque VXEWO\ HQULFKHG E\ WKH DYDQWJDUGH JHRPHWULHV IRUPV RI WKHLU EDFNJURXQG $.'16K 7KH &RUQLFKH 0RVTXH ORFDWHG LQ -HGGDK 6DXGL $UDELD ZKLFK 7KHMXU\FRPPHQGVWKHPRVTXHIRULWVFRQILGHQFHJURXQG ZDV GHVLJQHG E\ $EGHO:DKHG (O:DNLO DQG ZDV JUDQWHG WKH EUHDNLQJ DQG LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG IXOO RI XQLTXHQHVV DQG $JD.KDQ$ZDUGLQWKH &\FOH7KHPRVTXH¶VPLQDUHW LQQRYDWLRQ ,QVSLWHRIDGRXEWOHVVLPLWDWLRQIURPWKH5RQFKDPS KDV D VTXDUHEDVHG VKDSH ZLWK DQ RFWDJRQDO VKDIW 7KH MXU\ FKXUFK EXUGHQHGZLWKWKHDUFKLWHFW VQRWLRQDQGVSLULWZKLFKDUH SUDLVHG WKH DUFKLWHFW IRU KLV HIIRUW WR FRPELQH WKH IRUPDO UHODWHGZLGHO\ZLWKWKHFRPPXQLW\DQGOLQNLQJWKHIXWXUHZLWK HOHPHQWV LQ ZD\V WKDW VLJQLI\ WKH SUHVHQW DQG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ WKHSDVW´ $.'16K UHIOHFWWKHVKLQLQJKLVWRU\RIWKH,VODPLFVRFLHWLHV $.'1&RU 7KH PRVTXH UHSUHVHQWV D VLJQLILFDQW DWWHPSW WR FUHDWH DQ DEVWUDFWHG IRUPV DQG VSDFHV LQ ZKLFK WKH FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH SDVW LV JUHDWO\ ZHDNHQHG DQG DOPRVW GLVDSSHDUV 7KH PLQDUHW H[SUHVVHVWKURXJKWKHSURSRUWLRQVRIWKLVF\OLQGULFDOHOHPHQWDQG WKHDUWLFXODWLRQRILWVFDSZLWKJUHHQPHWDOSLSHV0RUHRYHUWKHUH LV D VWHHO PHVK HOHPHQWV VHSDUDWH LWV IRUP IURP DQ\ VSHFLILF KLVWRULFDOSURWRW\SH $O$VDG )LJXUH&RUQLFKH0RVTXH $.'1&RU 2.3.2. Bait Ur Rouf Mosque 2.3.5. Great Mosque of Riyadh 7KH %DLW 8U 5RXI 0RVTXH LV VLWXDWHG LQ 'KDND %DQJODGHVK ZKLFKZDVGHVLJQHGE\0DULQD7DEDVVXPKRQRUHGDWWKH 7KH *UHDW 0RVTXH RI 5L\DGK LV SRVLWLRQHG LQ 5L\DGK 6DXGL 25 0XVWDID5DIHD7DKHU7DKHUDQG0XUDW'XQGDU $UDELDZKLFKZDVGHVLJQHGE\5DVHP%DGUDQDQGZDVDZDUGHG 2.3.8. Mosque of the Grand National Assembly LQWKH &\FOH%DGUDQKDVUHIRUPHGDQGFRQYHUWHGD VSHFLILF FKDUDFWHU RI WKH LQGLJHQRXV 1DMGL DUFKLWHFWXUDO 7KH 0RVTXH RI WKH *UDQG 1DWLRQDO $VVHPEO\ LV ORFDWHG LQ YRFDEXODU\ZLWKRXWH[DFWFRS\LQJLW7KHPRVTXHKDVWZRVTXDUH $QNDUD7XUNH\WKDWZDVGHVLJQHGE\%HKUX] DQG&DQ&LQLFL PLQDUHWV WKDW LQGLFDWH WKH Kiblah GLUHFWLRQ ZKLFK EUHDN WKH DOVRLWZDVEHVWRZHGLQWKH &\FOH7KHPRVTXHKDVD VN\OLQH RI WKH FLW\ 7KH MXU\ VXPPDUL]HV WKDW WKH PRVTXH KDV ORZVWUXFWXUHZLWKDVWHSSHGS\UDPLGDOURRIDQGDIXOO\JOD]HG DOUHDG\JRWUHFHLYHGLQWHUHVWLQWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOHOLWHEHFDXVHRILWV mihrab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reat Mosque of Niono 7KH *UHDW 0RVTXH RI 1LRQR LV VLWXDWHG LQ 1LRQR 0DOL ZKLFK ZDVGHVLJQHGE\/DVVLQD0LQWDDQGFRQIHUUHGLQWKH &\FOH 7KLV PXG EULFN PRVTXH LV WKH ZRUN RI DQ LQGLJHQRXV PDVWHU PDVRQ ZKR FRQFHLYHG DQG FRQVWUXFWHG LW DOPRVW )LJXUH0RVTXHRIWKH*UDQG1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\ $.'11DWLRQ H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWK ORFDO PDWHULDOV XWLOL]LQJ RQO\ FUDIWVPDQVKLS IURP 1LRQR¶V SHRSOH 7KH MXU\ QRWHG WKDW ³7KH RQJRLQJ SUHVHQFH RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO IRUPV ERWK FRPSOLFDWHG DQG 2.3.9. Yaama Mosque SULPLWLYH LV RQH RI RXU PRVW SRZHUIXO DOOLHV LQ UHWDLQLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUDO FKDUDFWHU DQG FXOWXUDO LGHQWLW\ DV D ODUJHVFDOH LQ 7KH )LJXUH *UHDW0RVTXHRI1LRQR $.'11LQR 2.3.7. Saïd Naum Mosque 7KH 6DwG 1DXP 0RVTXH LV SRVLWLRQHG LQ -DNDUWD ,QGRQHVLD )LJXUH 0(7+2'2/2*<2)5(6($5&+ 7KHVWXG\EDVHRQDFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIVHYHUDOFDVHVWXGLHV LQWHUPVRIWKHIROORZLQJFULWHULD )LJXUH6DwG1DXP0RVTXH $.'16DLG 26 $&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH 3.1.1. The typology of mosque design approach. 3.1.6. The abstraction and the VHFRQGDU\HOHPHQWV of the minaret (Kasim, 1996). 7KHPRVTXHGHVLJQDSSURDFKFDQEHUHFRJQL]HGDFFRUGLQJWRLWV GHVLJQ DWWULEXWHV VXFK DV H[SHULPHQWHG DSSURDFK SRVWPRGHUQ 7KHDEVWUDFWLRQFDQEHDVVHVVHGE\HYDOXDWLRQRIPLQDUHWZKHWKHU DSSURDFK YHUQDFXODU DSSURDFK FRQVHUYDWLYH DSSURDFK DQG LW LV VLPSOH PLQDUHW RU FRPSOH[ ZLWK VHFRQGDU\ HOHPHQWV 7KH DGDSWLYH DSSURDFK 6HUDJHOGLQ 6WHHOH 7KHVH VHFRQGDU\ HOHPHQWV ZKLFK PHDQV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHWDLOV RI DSSURDFKHVGHSHQGRQWKHDUFKLWHFWDQGSDWURQV¶ZKRFKRRVHWKH PLQDUHWVXFKDVRUQDPHQWDWLRQ$UDELFFDOOLJUDSK\V\PEROVDQG GHVLJQ DSSURDFK RI WKH PRVTXH RU FDQ EH VXEPLWWHG WR WKH FUHVFHQW (Kasim, 1996),IWKHPLQDUHWKDVDKXJHVFDOHLWLV FRQWH[WRIWKHPRVTXH FRQVLGHUHGDVHGLILFHVFDOH,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWJHQHUDOO\WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PLQDUHW WHQGV WR EH VLPSOHU DQG PRUH DEVWUDFWHG 3.1.2. The main parts (elements) of minaret (Kasim, 1996). WKDQWUDGLWLRQDORQH ,W FDQ EH PDGH D FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WUDGLWLRQDO PLQDUHW¶V 7+(5(68/7$1'',6&866,21 HOHPHQWVVXFKDV %DVH 6KDIW %DOFRQLHV 1HFN 6SLUH DQG WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ HOHPHQWV LQ RUGHU WR NQRZ LI WKH 7DEOH7KHW\SRORJ\RIPRVTXHGHVLJQDSSURDFKDUHDQDO\]HGLQ FRQWHPSRUDU\PLQDUHWKDVWKHVDPHWUDGLWLRQDOHOHPHQW WKHIROORZLQJWDEOH )LJXUH 7KHPDLQHOHPHQWVRIPLQDUHWLQWUDGLWLRQDO PRVTXHDQGWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PLQDUHW %\$XWKRU 3.1.3. The shape grammar of the sections design of minaret (Kasim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he emphasize of minaret in mosque’s composition ,WUHSUHVHQWVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIPLQDUHWRUKRZPXFKWKHPLQDUHWLV SRZHUIXO ZLWKLQ WKH ZKROH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI PRVTXH 6R LI WKHUH DUHPRUHWKDQRQHPLQDUHWLWZRXOGEHVWURQJHUHPSKDVL]HWKDQ MXVWRQHPLQDUHW,IWKHPLQDUHWGRPLQDWHRYHUWKHZKROHPRVTXH WKHUHIRUH LW ZRXOG EH WKH VWURQJHVW HPSKDVL]H ,I WKHUH LV QR PLQDUHWLWZRXOGEH]HURHPSKDVL]H,IWKHPRVTXHKDVDVPDOO PLQDUHWRUYHU\WKLQPLQDUHWWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQZRXOGEHZHDN HPSKDVL]H $UGDODQ 3.1.5. The location of minaret with relation of the main hall prayer (Kasim, 1996). ,W FDQ EH DVVHVVHG E\ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI PLQDUHW LI WKH ORFDWLRQ UHIHUV WR WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI Kiblah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iblah ZLWKRQHVHFWLRQZLWKRXWJUDGDWLRQEHFDXVHLWLVHDVLHUDQG FKHDSHULQFRQVWUXFWLRQ 7KHHQWUDQFHJDWH 7KHUHDUHIRXUFDVHVWXGLHVWKDWIROORZWKHWUDGLWLRQDOLVWDQG YHUQDFXODUDSSURDFKKDYHGLYHUVLW\RIVHFWLRQV 7KHPLKUDE 28 $&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\WLFDO6WXG\RIWKH&RQYHUVLRQ)RUPRI0LQDUHWLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH$UFKLWHFWXUH 7KHUHDUHIRXUFDVHVZKLFKKDYHPLQDUHWZKLFKRULHQWHGWR 6RPHRIWKHFDVHVWXGLHVKDYHORVWWKHJUDGDWLRQWRWKHVSLUH WKHGLUHFWLRQRIKiblah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¶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¶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͘ -DKLF( 2FWREHU The contemporary mosque in the modern urban environment 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW UG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ³7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI3ODFH´6DUDMHYR%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD -RKQV - The “House of the Prophet” and the concept of the )LJXUH7KHXQOLPLWHGIRUPVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\PLQDUHWLQ mosque 86$2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ GLIIHUHQWFRQWHPSRUDU\PRVTXHVZKLFKIROORZWKHH[SHULHQFHG .DOD\FL 3 &HOGNF ( 3XEOLF¶V -XGJPHQW RQ &RQWHPSRUDU\ DSSURDFK %\WKH$XWKRUV 0RVTXH'HVLJQ$SSURDFKHVGazi University Journal of Science (QGQRWHV .DVLP+ $ONKDVDLV$OWDVPHPHDKIL$OLPDUD$OLVODPLDK>'HVLJQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQ,VODPLFDUFKLWHFWXUH@DQDQDO\WLFVWXG\RIPLQDUHWV 8QSXEOLVKHGPDVWHUWKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RIWHFKQRORJ\,UDT Kiblah: 7KHGLUHFWLRQRIWKH.DDEDVKULQHLQ0HFFDWRZDUGZKLFK 1DMPXO ,PDP 6 'HFHPEHU Ventilation in a Mosque – an DOO0XVOLPVWXUQLQULWXDOSUD\HU Additional Purpose the Minarets May Serve3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH Medina: 7KHILUVW,VODPLFFLW\ZKLFKLVDQGWKHVHFRQGVDFUHGFLW\ WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ +HDOWK\ %XLOGLQJV 6LQJDSRUH IRU0XVOLPVZKLFKWKHSURSKHW0XKDPDGZDVOLYHGLQLW $EVWUDFW UHWULHYHG 'HFHPEHU IURP Muezzin D0XVOLPZKRFDOOVIRUWKHKRXURIGDLO\SUD\HUV KWWSV ZZZDLYFRUJUHVRXUFHYHQWLODWLRQPRVTXHDGGLWLRQDO Sharia ,VODPLFODZEDVHGRQWKH.RUDQ SXUSRVHPLQDUHWVPD\VHUYH 7KHSURSKHW 8VHGDVDQRWKHUQDPHIRUWKHSURSKHW0XKDPPDGWKH 2PDU\ + ,PDUDK $OPDVDMLG $OKDGLWKDK IL $O,UDT >7KH IRXQGHURI,VODP DUFKLWHFWXUHRIPRGHUQPRVTXHVLQ,UDT@8QSXEOLVKHGPDVWHUWKHVLV 6- Mihrab:DQLFKHLQWKHkiblah ZDOORIDPRVTXHZKLFKLQGLFDWHWR %DJKGDG8QLYHUVLW\,UDT GLUHFWLRQRIKiblah. 2PHU 6 6RPH /HVVRQV IURP 3URSKHW 0XKDPPDG 6$: LQ $UFKLWHFWXUH 7KH 3URSKHW¶V 0RVTXH LQ 0DGLQDK Intellectual Discourse 6HUDJHOGLQ , 6WHHOH - Architecture of The Contemporary 5HIHUHQFHV Mosque86$ 0LFKLJDQWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ hUH\g 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI0LQDUHWVLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\0RVTXH $JHQGD KWWS WFRPWUKDEHUFDPLVD\LVLNDWODQDUDN $UFKLWHFWXUHLQ7XUNH\International Journal of Science Culture and DUWWL$FFHVVHGLQ$SULO Sport $.'1 %K UHWULHYHG RQ 'HFHPEHU IURP