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The Use of a Landscape Approach in Mexican Forest Indigenous Communities to Strengthen Long-Term Forest Management Interciencia, Vol

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The Use of a Landscape Approach in Mexican Forest Indigenous Communities to Strengthen Long-Term Forest Management Interciencia, Vol Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Velázquez, Alejandro; Fregoso, Alejandra; Bocco, Gerardo; Cortez, Gonzalo The use of a landscape approach in mexican forest indigenous communities to strengthen long-term forest management Interciencia, vol. 28, núm. 11, noviembre, 2003, pp. 632-638 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33908602 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative THE USE OF A LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN MEXICAN FOREST INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES TO STRENGTHEN LONG-TERM FOREST MANAGEMENT ALEJANDRO VELÁZQUEZ, ALEJANDRA FREGOSO, GERARDO BOCCO y GONZALO CORTEZ eveloping inter-tropical et al., 1996; Oliver et al., 1992; Sist et al., A landscape approach countries are subjected to 1998). Finding compromises between for- may, to some extent, serve as a basis for severe forest degradation est use and conservation where anthropo- developing ecologically sound forest use and conversion processes (Myers, 2000). genic activities are seen as key yardsticks schemes (Mummery et al., 1999; Veláz- In these countries, where most biodiversity has become a cornerstone of environmen- quez et al., 2001). Landscape ecology occurs, high human population densities tal scientists (Seymour and Hunter, 1999). deals with the totality of physical, ecologi- and ill-planned development programs ex- Under this view, alternative paths based cal and geographical entities, integrating ert a strong pressure over the forests upon robust scientific methods need to be all natural and human patterns and pro- (Wahlberg et al., 1996) As a consequence, undertaken in order to strengthen current cesses (Farina, 1998). Furthermore, the natural resource depletion processes are forest use plans (Velázquez et al., 2001). analysis of structure, composition and dramatic (Myers, 2000). During the last Contemporary forest man- function allows prediction of landscape decade, long-term forest use and conserva- agement plans promoted wood extraction of dynamics (Pitkänen, 1998; Palik and Eng- tion has become a key issue. Contempo- profitable tree species (Wolf, 1998; strom, 1999; Neave and Norton, 1998). rary management (timer management), Seymour and Hunter, 1999); alternative for- Natural geographic entities and their inher- forest resources as soils, water, biodiver- est uses were not economically attractive ent heterogeneity across spatial units, and sity and timber, rely upon management (Daily et al., 1996). Timbering schemes homogeneity within the unit, may be con- schemes determined by human demands simulated natural forest disturbances such sidered in conducting rapid forest use and so that their natural dynamics is rarely as fires, plagues or hurricanes, to deter- conservation actions (Spies and Turner, taken into account (Vogt et al., 1997). The mine the amount of extractable wood 1999; Mummery et al., 1999). In this per- goal of meeting present human needs (Brokaw and Lent, 1999). The potential spective, forest stands can be understood without compromising the availability of available wood volume was related to the as ecological as well as productive bodies. forest resources for future generations has intensity of the disturbance without con- Thus, timber and non-timber alternative been addressed by the Brundtland Com- sidering the inherent forest dynamics (suc- uses can be evaluated simultaneously. mission (CED, 1997). Currently, forest cession and evolution) and its spatial het- This paper discusses the management encompasses profitable eco- erogeneity (Spies and Turner, 1999). In potential contribution of an integrated forest nomic use, soil, water and wildlife conser- other words, static and homogeneous for- and landscape approach to developing long- vation, and eventually the maintenance of est patterns are assumed, regardless of term forest management and conservation climatic conditions, simultaneously (Daily temporal or spatial scales. schemes. The research was conducted at a KEYWORDS / Conservation / Indigenous Communities / Landscape Approach / Mexican Forest / Vegetation Mapping / Received: 06/06/2003. Modified: 10/02/2003. Accepted: 10/14/2003 Alejandro Velázquez Montes. Ph.D. in Landscape Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Neth- erlands. Researcher, Institute of Geography, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia. Address: Aquiles Serdán Nº 382; Colonia Centro, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoacán, México. e-mail: [email protected] Alejandra Fregoso Domínguez. M.Sc. in Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), The Netherlands. Researcher, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, SEMARNAT, México. Gerardo Bocco Verdinelli. Ph.D. in Landscape Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Nether- lands. Researcher, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas and Instituto Nacional de Ecología, SEMARNAT, Mexico. Gonzalo Cortez Jaramillo. M.Sc. in Forest Management, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico. Lecturer, Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario plantel 7, México. 632 0378-1844/03/11/632-07 $ 3. 00/0 NOV 2003, VOL. 28 Nº 11 forest indigenous community in central component in growth and yields models Mexico, where both economic capital effi- and reflects site productivity as the aver- ciency and conservation of biological carry- age height of the dominant tree. The index ing capacity are demanded simultaneously age was set at 50 years. For that purpose (Velázquez et al., 2001). forestry data were collected under a sys- tematically sampling scheme on 4662 Methods sample plots. These circular plots were ap- proximately 36m in diameter (1000m2). In Study Area every plot, 30 variables were measured in- cluding elevation, aspect, slope, tree spe- Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro is an cies, and forest stand parameters such as indigenous (Purepecha) community located DBH (1.30m), height and basal area (Boc- 15km east of Uruapan, state of Michoacan co et al., 2000). Emphasis was placed on (Figure 1). Climate is temperate and sea- commercially profitable tree species (Pi- sonal with a mean annual precipitation of nus pseudostrobus, P. montezumae, Abies 1200mm and mean annual temperature of Figure 1. The indigenous community of religiosa, Quercus spp and Cupressus lind- 15ºC (García, 1981); soils are derived from Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro (ICNSJP) leyi). young and recent volcanic materials (Rees, is located in the Sate of Michoacán, Mexi- Volume models for each 2 1970; Inbar et al., 1994). The main land co. It covers an area of 180km out of of the profitable tree species were devel- 2 cover is characteristic of temperate forest which 110km are devoted to forestry use. oped. A multiple regression model where (Rzedowski, 1981). Land use includes sub- volume is a function of stem diameter and sistence agriculture, cattle grazing, avocado purposes was based on similarities in forest height was used. The best model was the orchards and forestry. A thorough descrip- cover (Velázquez et al., 2001), topography combined variable and the equation was ad- tion is provided by Bocco et al. (2000). and tree density (Figure 2). The units were justed to a log lineal function for each spe- Currently, 1300 comu- digitized, geometrically corrected in a vec- cies (Eq. 1). Estimation of height growth neros (family heads that conform the com- tor-format mosaic and labeled according to patterns for the profitable tree species were munity) who have granted rights on the the legend as a forest stand map. For this developed. The Schumacher growth algo- communal land and their families, inhabit procedure a geographic information system rithm was selected as the most robust the Area. The major economic activity is (GIS; ILWIS, 1997) was used. Figure 2 de- model for stand height prediction with the the Community’s forestry enterprise, with scribes the processes followed to obtain the aid of Statistics Analysis Software (Cody some 850 indigenous employees earning maps from forestry and ecological ap- and Smith, 1987). wages above the minimum salary, an un- proaches. usual fact in rural Mexico (Bocco et al., logV = logβ + logβ (D2·A)·β3 + E (1) Once the stands were defined, each 1 2 2000). The Community is well known for was evaluated in terms of its exploitable its sustained use of forest and the inte- where V: volume, D: diameter, A: height, wood volume and classified in terms of its β grated management of derived goods quality for management plans purposes us- : adjusted parameters and E: error. (Alvarez-Icaza, 1993). Manufactured prod- ing the Site Index, which is an important The forest variables were ucts, including wooden floors, furniture and handled in a relational database, and linked resin, are commercialized at the national consistently to the spatial database in the and international markets. The Community Aerial GIS; the relational key was the identifier of was granted the right to administer its own photographs every polygon (stand). Once the stands forest technical services in 1988, thus re- were characterized according to its produc- ceiving the complete control of the re- tivity (site index and Schumacher model) source by the government (Velázquez et al., these were then regrouped on the basis of 2001). In 1998, Nuevo San Juan received
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