DOCSLIB.ORG

Peter James Mankowski Master of Science Systematics and Evolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peter James Mankowski Master of Science Systematics and Evolution University of Alberta A functional approach to profiling candidate genes in non model Brassicales by Peter James Mankowski A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Systematics and Evolution Biological Sciences ©Peter James Mankowski Spring 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Dedication This thesis is for everyone who struggles to pause and enjoy the view. Abstract Obtaining functional data is an essential component in understanding mechanisms underlying morphological variation. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a reverse genetic technique for identifying the function of target loci through viral mediated transcript knockdown. Here we introduce this technique to two plant systems Cleome violacea (Cleomaceae) and Erucaria erucarioides (Brassicaceae) chosen for their morphological traits and phylogenetic position. In both species, a construct with a heterologous sequence and a construct with an endogenous sequence of the visual marker PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) were incorporated into separate viral constructs for downregulation. Downregulation using a heterologous sequence produced a comparable fold change in transcript abundance to the endogenous sequence in both species however C. violacea was more susceptible to this process. Additional targets FRUITFULL (FUL) and a TCP1 homologue were targeted for knockdown within C. violacea to extend the application of this technique. A protocol for VIGS application is now available to both species for optimization and future functional analysis. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Jocelyn Hall who has always supported my academic career and with her guidance helped me to achieve my ambitious pursuits. I would also like to thank both of my committee members, Janice Cooke and Mike Deyholos who offered continuous concrete advice during the entirety of this project. I would like to thank Walid El Kayal whose unconditional mentoring and kindness served as a beacon during this journey. I am truly indebted to both Kelsey Bernard and Melanie Patchell whose encouragement abilities are rivaled by no one. It has been an honor to work with them both. Thanks to my family who never fail to provide ongoing support in everything I set out to do. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the methodology of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and its profile as a transient RNAi technique ................................ 1 RNAi approach: Virus-induced gene silencing .......................................................................... 2 Overview of VIGS technique ............................................................................................................ 6 Benefits to using VIGS ..................................................................................................................... 13 Limitations to using VIGS............................................................................................................... 14 Using VIGS to target Non Model Systems ................................................................................. 16 Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 2 Virus-induced gene silencing as a tool for functional studies in relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana ................................................................................. 37 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Methods................................................................................................................................................ 43 Construct design ............................................................................................................................................ 43 Preparation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens ........................................................................................ 47 Plant materials ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Vacuum infiltration ...................................................................................................................................... 47 RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis ..................................................................................................... 50 Expression analysis of VIGS-treated plants........................................................................................ 51 Scanning electron microscopy of C. violacea fruit ........................................................................... 53 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 53 Downregulation of PDS using heterologous and endogenous constructs ............................. 53 Downregulation of C. violacea FRUITFULL using hybrid construct.......................................... 58 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Downregulation of PDS in two emerging models using both heterologous and endogenous constructs ............................................................................................................................... 62 Dowregulation of valve margin identity homologue FUL within C. violacea ........................ 64 Silencing of valve margin identity homologue FUL with E. erucarioides ............................... 66 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 68 Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 3. Functional assessment of the homologue TCP1 and its contribution to monosymmetry in Cleome violacea ............................................... 101 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 102 Methods.............................................................................................................................................. 107 Construct design and VIGS ..................................................................................................................... 107 Morphological characterization ........................................................................................................... 109 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 110 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 112 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 117 Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 118 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter 4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 128 Functional analysis and VIGS contribution to Evo-devo research ..................... 129 Fruit development in heteroarthrocarpic species Erucaria erucarioides ................. 133 Floral development in monosymmetric Cleome violacea ................................................ 135 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 136 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................... 138 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 142 List of Tables Table 2.1. Primers used for construct assembly.. .................................................................... 70 Table 2.2. Collection records of VIGS trails for Cleome violacea. ....................................... 72 Table 2.3. Statistical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Dynamics of Genes and Genomes: Copy Number Variation of the Chalcone Synthase Gene in the Context of Brassicaceae Evolution
    The Evolutionary Dynamics of Genes and Genomes: Copy Number Variation of the Chalcone Synthase Gene in the Context of Brassicaceae Evolution Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Liza Paola Ding born in Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Oral examination: 22.12.2014 Referees: Prof. Dr. Marcus A. Koch Prof. Dr. Claudia Erbar Table of contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 18 1 THE MUSTARD FAMILY ....................................................................................... 19 2 THE TRIBAL SYSTEM OF THE BRASSICACEAE ........................................... 22 3 CHALCONE SYNTHASE ........................................................................................ 23 PART 1: TROUBLE WITH THE OUTGROUP............................................................ 27 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................. 28 4.1 Experimental set-up ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1 Plant material and data composition .............................................................................................. 28 4.1.2 DNA extraction and PCR amplification ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Landscape Inference Reveals Multiple Evolutionary Paths to C4 Photosynthesis
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elife.elifesciences.org Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis Ben P Williams1†, Iain G Johnston2†, Sarah Covshoff1, Julian M Hibberd1* 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 2Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Abstract C4 photosynthesis has independently evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway in at least 60 plant lineages, but, as with other complex traits, how it evolved is unclear. Here we show that the polyphyletic appearance of C4 photosynthesis is associated with diverse and flexible evolutionary paths that group into four major trajectories. We conducted a meta-analysis of 18 lineages containing species that use C3, C4, or intermediate C3–C4 forms of photosynthesis to parameterise a 16-dimensional phenotypic landscape. We then developed and experimentally verified a novel Bayesian approach based on a hidden Markov model that predicts how the C4 phenotype evolved. The alternative evolutionary histories underlying the appearance of C4 photosynthesis were determined by ancestral lineage and initial phenotypic alterations unrelated to photosynthesis. We conclude that the order of C4 trait acquisition is flexible and driven by non-photosynthetic drivers. This flexibility will have facilitated the convergent evolution of this complex trait. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00961.001 Introduction *For correspondence: Julian. The convergent evolution of complex traits is surprisingly common, with examples including camera- [email protected] like eyes of cephalopods, vertebrates, and cnidaria (Kozmik et al., 2008), mimicry in invertebrates and †These authors contributed vertebrates (Santos et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2012) and the different photosynthetic machineries of equally to this work plants (Sage et al., 2011a).
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
    AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dicotyledonous NAD Malic Enzyme C4 Plant Cleome Gynandra Displays Age-Dependent Plasticity of C4 Decarboxylation Biochemistry M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publications at Bielefeld University Plant Biology ISSN 1435-8603 RESEARCH PAPER The dicotyledonous NAD malic enzyme C4 plant Cleome gynandra displays age-dependent plasticity of C4 decarboxylation biochemistry M. Sommer, A. Bra¨ utigam & A. P. M. Weber Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Du¨ sseldorf, Germany Keywords ABSTRACT Aspartate aminotransferase; C4 photosynthesis; Cleome; NAD-dependent The C4 photosynthetic pathway enriches carbon dioxide in the vicinity of Rubisco, malic enzyme. thereby enabling plants to assimilate carbon more efficiently. Three canonical sub- types of C4 exist, named after their main decarboxylating enzymes: NAD-dependent Correspondence malic enzyme type, NADP-dependent malic enzyme type and phosphoenolpyruvate A. Weber, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, carboxykinase type. Cleome gynandra is known to perform NAD-ME type C4 photo- Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨ t, Geba¨ ude 26.03, synthesis. To further assess the mode of C4 in C. gynandra and its manifestation in Ebene 01, Universita¨ tsstraße 1, 40225 leaves of different age, total enzyme activities of eight C4-related enzymes and the Du¨ sseldorf, Germany. relative abundance of 31 metabolites were measured. C. spinosa was used as a C3 E-mail: [email protected] control. C. gynandra was confirmed as an NAD-ME type C4 plant in mid-aged leaves, whereas a mixed NAD-ME and PEPCK type was observed in older leaves. Editor Young leaves showed a C3-C4 intermediate state with respect to enzyme activities R. Leegood and metabolite abundances. Comparative transcriptome analysis of mid-aged leaves of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Cleomaceae, the Sister of Crucifers
    Review Lessons from Cleomaceae, the Sister of Crucifers 1,2,3 4 5 1, Soheila Bayat, M. Eric Schranz, Eric H. Roalson, and Jocelyn C. Hall * Cleomaceae is a diverse group well-suited to addressing fundamental genomic Highlights and evolutionary questions as the sister group to Brassicaceae, facilitating As broadening the comparative land- scape becomes increasingly impor- transfer of knowledge from the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic and tant, Cleomaceae emerges as a taxonomic revisions provide a framework for examining the evolution of sub- valuable plant model for groundbreak- ing inquiries that reflect its genomic, stantive morphological and physiology diversity in Cleomaceae, but not nec- morphological, and physiological essarily in Brassicaceae. The investigation of both nested and contrasting diversity, especially when compared whole-genome duplications (WGDs) between Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae to sister family the Brassicaceae. allows comparisons of independently duplicated genes and investigation of Robust phylogenetic hypotheses are whether they may be drivers of the observed innovations. Further, a wealth of indispensable for providing an evolu- outstanding genetic research has provided insight into how the important tionary comparative framework and structure needed for taxonomic revi- alternative carbon fixation pathway, C4 photosynthesis, has evolved via differ- sions that impact on research ranging ential expression of a suite of genes, of which the underlying mechanisms are from genomics to physiology. being elucidated. A genome triplication is a potential driver of floral evolution as well as a powerful Cleomaceae as an Emerging Model to Its Sister Family Brassicaceae system in which to explore the conse- The plant family Cleomaceae presents a fascinating juxtaposition of diversity compared to its quences of increased genome size.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an Evaluation of the Generic Delimitations of Capparis and Cleome Using Plastid DNA Sequence Data1
    682 Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data1 Jocelyn C. Hall Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships in Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were examined using two plastid genes, ndhF and matK, to address outstanding systematic questions in the two families. Specifically, the monophyly of the two type genera, Capparis and Cleome, has recently been questioned. Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were broadly sampled to assess the generic circumscriptions of both genera, which house the majority of species for each family. Phylogenetic reconstruc- tions using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods strongly contradict monophyly for both type genera. Within Capparaceae, Capparis is diphyletic: the sampled species belong to two of the five major lineages recovered in the family, which corresponds with their geographic distribution. One lineage contains all sampled New World Capparis and four other genera (Atamisquea, Belencita, Morisonia, and Steriphoma) that are distributed exclusively in the New World. The other lineage contains Capparis species from the Old World and Australasia, as well as the Australian genus, Apo- phyllum. Species of Cleome are scattered across each of four major lineages identified within Cleomaceae: (i) Cleome in part, Dactylaena, Dipterygium, Gynandropsis, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia;(ii) Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.; (iii) Cleome arabica L., and Cleome ornithopodioides L.; and (iv) Cleome in part, Cleomella, Isomeris, Oxystylis, and Wislizenia. Resolution within and among these major clades of Cleomaceae is limited, and there is no clear correspond- ence of clades with geographic distribution. Within each family, morphological support and taxonomic implications of the molecular-based clades are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Floral Transcriptome of Tarenaya
    Analysis of the floral transcriptome of Tarenaya hassleriana (Cleomaceae), a member of the sister group to the Brassicaceae: towards understanding the base of morphological diversity in Brassicales Bhide et al. Bhide et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:140 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/140 Bhide et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:140 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/140 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Analysis of the floral transcriptome of Tarenaya hassleriana (Cleomaceae), a member of the sister group to the Brassicaceae: towards understanding the base of morphological diversity in Brassicales Amey Bhide1, Simon Schliesky2, Marlis Reich3, Andreas PM Weber2 and Annette Becker1* Abstract Background: Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of the Brassicaceae family is the dominant genetic model plant. However, while the flowers within the Brassicaceae members are rather uniform, mainly radially symmetrical, mostly white with fixed organ numbers, species within the Cleomaceae, the sister family to the Brassicaceae show a more variable floral morphology. We were interested in understanding the molecular basis for these morphological differences. To this end, the floral transcriptome of a hybrid Tarenaya hassleriana, a Cleomaceae with monosymmetric, bright purple flowers was sequenced, annotated and analyzed in respect to floral regulators. Results: We obtained a comprehensive floral transcriptome with high depth and coverage close to saturation analyzed using rarefaction analysis a method well known in biodiversity studies. Gene expression was analyzed by calculating reads per kilobase gene model per million reads (RPKM) and for selected genes in silico expression data was corroborated by qRT-PCR analysis. Candidate transcription factors were identified based on differences in expression pattern between A.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Melittology Bee Biology, Ecology, Evolution, & Systematics the Latest Buzz in Bee Biology No
    Journal of Melittology Bee Biology, Ecology, Evolution, & Systematics The latest buzz in bee biology No. 12, pp. 1–6 11 June 2013 BRIEF COMMUNICATION The large carpenter bee Xylocopa augusti (Hymenoptera: Apidae): New record for Chile José Montalva1, Juan L. Allendes2, & Mariano Lucia3 Abstract. The large carpenter bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) augusti Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841, is here recorded for the first time in Chile. This new record increases to four the number of carpenter bees known for the country. Host plant associations for X. augusti in Chile are pro- vided. A key to the species of Xylocopa Latreille in Chile as well as comments on the presence of X. (N.) bruesi Cockerell in the country are also presented. INTRODUCTION The genus Xylocopa Latreille (Xylocopinae: Xylocopini) comprises approximately 470 described species worldwide (Michener, 2007). These bees are commonly known as carpenter bees owing to their behavior of building nests in dead wood, hollow stems, and structural timbers of human constructions (Hurd & Moure, 1963; Gerling et al., 1989). About 110 species in 12 subgenera are known in the Neotropical region (Ospina, 2000; Michener, 2007). The diversity of this group in Chile is relatively low when compared to neighboring countries, with only three species recorded to date: Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) bruesi Cockerell, 1914; X. (Schonnherria) splendidula Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841; and X. (S.) viridigastra Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841 (Montalva et al., 2008; Montalva & Ruz, 2010). The record of X. bruesi in Chile requires confirmation. This species was first list- ed by Ruiz (1940) as X. brasilianorum bruesi and subsequently cited by other authors (Ospina, 2000; Moure, 2007; Montalva et al., 2008; Montalva & Ruz, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Cleome Gynandra L. Origin, Taxonomy and Morphology: a Review
    Vol. 14(32), pp. 1568-1583, September, 2019 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2019.14064 Article Number: 418186E61881 ISSN: 1991-637X Copyright ©2019 African Journal of Agricultural Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Research Review Cleome gynandra L. origin, taxonomy and morphology: A review Oshingi Shilla1*, Fekadu Fufa Dinssa1, Emmanuel Otunga Omondi2, Traud Winkelmann2 and Mary Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango3 1World Vegetable Center Eastern and Southern Africa (WorldVeg-ESA), Arusha, Tanzania. 2Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany. 3Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya. Received 29 March, 2019; Accepted 11 July, 2019 Cleome gynandra L. is one of the traditional leafy vegetables in Africa and Asia providing essential minerals and vitamins to the diet and income of resource poor communities. Despite these benefits, the crop has not been studied extensively resulting in lack of scientific information to guide crop improvement research and associated agronomic practices. The taxonomy of the crop, its reproductive behaviour, genome size, ploidy level and origin are neither readily available nor well understood. This paper reviews existing literatures in these areas to provide information for future research and development of the crop. Reading the review, one could appreciate the taxonomic classification of the genus is still under debate despite recent molecular studies that placed the crop in the Cleomaceae family as opposed to previous studies that classified it under Capparaceae family. According to present review the crop belongs to the Kingdom of Plantae, Phylum spermatophyta, Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida, Order Brassicales and the Family of Cleomaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Campus Plant Guide
    Where to Find It: A Plant Nerd's Guide to the University of Florida Campus Edited by Niels Proctor UF School of Forest Resources & Conservation Last Updated: 7/10/17 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Welcome! ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Campus Map ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Gardens by Type .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Plant Wishlist ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Tree ID Tags (Metal) ................................................................................................................................... 5 Plant Walks (Wooden Posts) ..................................................................................................................... 11 Northeast Campus ............................................................................................................. 12 McCarty Botany Garden ............................................................................................................................ 13 McCarty Buildings Tour
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Genomics and Trait Evolution in Cleomaceae, a Model Family for Ancient Polyploidy
    Comparative Genomics and Trait Evolution in Cleomaceae, a Model Family for Ancient Polyploidy Erik van den Bergh Propositions 1. To enjoy the evolutionary playground of polyploidy the hurdle of diploidization must first be passed. (this thesis) 2. Cleomaceae species provide a case study for the effects of polyploidy on numerous traits, such as C4 photosynthesis, glucosinolates and many others. (this thesis) 3. The accessibility of open data is as important as its availability. 4. Fabricated ‘truths’ in spite of scientific observations and conclusions show a lack of understanding, not a lack of goodwill. 5. What brings people together is not a good speech, but a good listen. 6. Parenthood is about guiding the next generation and forgiving the last. Propositions belonging to the thesis entitled: “Comparative genomics and trait evolution in Cleomaceae, a model family for ancient polyploidy” Erik van den Bergh Wageningen, May 17th 2017 COMPARATIVE GENOMICS AND TRAIT EVOLUTION IN CLEOMACEAE, A MODEL FAMILY FOR ANCIENT POLYPLOIDY ERIK VAN DEN BERGH Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr M.E. Schranz Professor of Biosystematics Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr Y. van de Peer Professor in Bioinformatics and Genome Biology Ghent University, Belgium Other members Prof. Dr D. de Ridder, Wageningen University & Research Dr F.P. Lens, Naturalis, Leiden Dr M.G.M. Aarts, Wageningen University & Research Dr A.T. Groot, University of Amsterdam This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences COMPARATIVE GENOMICS AND TRAIT EVOLUTION IN CLEOMACEAE, A MODEL FAMILY FOR ANCIENT POLYPLOIDY Erik van den Bergh Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof.
    [Show full text]