General Survey of Medicinal Plants for Vegetables

THAN THAN YEE1, KYI WAR YI LWIN2 1 Lecturer, Dr., Department of Botany, Kyaukse University 2 Assistant Lecturer, Daw, Department of Botany, Pakokku University

Abstract- Some vegetables are used to cure many Southern Asia ranging from India, Burma, Thailand diseases. All specimens were collected from and South China. The stem bark is used traditionally Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse District, Mandalay as mainly lung tonic, anti-asthmatic and Region. In this study, five species belonging to five antimicrobial. It is important meidicinal plant in genera of three families were collected namely Southern Asia ranging from India, Burma, Thailand Capsicum frutescens L., Solanum melongena L., and South China. Millingtonia hortensis, a native Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Momordica deciduous tree ranges from Indai, Myanmar, charantia L. and Hibiscus esculentus L. The Thailand and south China, is often cultivated as an outstanding features, chemical constituents, part ornamental tree in yards, gardens (Nagaraja and uses, medicinal uses of these plants have been Padmaa 2011). described and presented with photographs. Moringa oleiferais the most widely cultivated Indexed Terms- Vegetables, Genera, Chemical species. The leaves are used in traditionally used as constituents, part uses, and medicinal uses. anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti- headache, anti- hypertensive, anti-fever and anti-inflammatory herbal I. INTRODUCTION drug. Various parts of the plant have been scientifically established to possess some medicinal Medicinal plants are widely used in non- properties such as abortifiacient (root, flower and industrialized societies, mainly because they are gum), anti-hypertensive (flower and seed), readily available and cheaper than modern medicines. hypolipidemic (flower), anti-inflammatory (root and The medicinal plants include various types of plants. flower) and anti-ulcergenic (stem bark) potentials It is use of plants for medicinal purpose. Now a days, (Omotoso et al. 2017). herbs refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, root as well as non woody Senna is a natural medicine containing sennocides plants ( Farooq et al. 2012 ). that are derived from the leaves of the Senna plant. The origin of Senna is native to Coastal north Lemon is one of the most important members of the Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and the West India. large Rutaceae family. It is used throughout the The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a world. Lemon come from a beautiful evergreen tree. food and medicine. Young leaves are cooked and It is native to Asia but grown around the world for its eaten as a vegetable (Isitua et al. 2007). distinctive sour taste. It is an excellent preventative medicine and have a wide range of uses in domestic II. MATERIALS AND METHODS medicine (Mohammad 2018). The specimens of Citrus lemon (L.) Burm.f., Moringa Allium cepa is a worldwide culinary and therapeutic oleifera Lam., Senna surattensis (Burm.f) spice belonging to the family Liliaceae. The onion, H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mellingtonia hortensis L. and also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a Allium cepa L., were collected from Sintgaing vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of Township, Kyaukse District, Mandalay Region. The the genus Allium (Thongpoon 2014). collected plants were identified with the help of literature such as Hooker 1885 and Dassanayake Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae) commonly had 1987. The fresh specimens were pressed, dried, and known as Cork tree. It is important medicinal plant in

IRE 1701478 ICONIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING JOURNALS 56 © AUG 2019 | IRE Journals | Volume 3 Issue 2 | ISSN: 2456-8880 preserved at Department of Botany, Kyaukse B. Moringa oleifera L. University. Family Name- Moringaceae Local Name-Dan da lun III. RESULTS English Name- Drum stick Part used- Leaves and seeds A. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Flowering and fruiting period-Throughout the year

Family Name - Rutaceae 1) Outstanding Features Local Name - Than ba yo Perennial, deciduous trees. Leaves tripinnately English Name - Lemon compound, alternate, exstipulate, petiole swollen at Part used - Fruits, leaves the base, leaflets 3 to 9 pairs, opposite, leafblade Flowering and fruiting period - Throughout the year ovate to oblong, Inflorescence axillary panicles, Flower bisexual, zygomorphic, pentamerous, 1) Outstanding Features hypogynous, creamy or greenish white. Sepal 5, Perennial shrubs to small trees, branches usually ovate, pale green. Petal 5, obovate, unequal, thorny. Leaves unifoliolate compound, spirally posterior smaller, lateral ascending, anterior larges. arranged, exstipulate, petiole narrowly winged, Stamens 5, free; filament filiform; anther leafblade oval to oblong, obtuse at the base, crenulate monothecous; staminodes 5, alternating with along the margin, acuminate at the apex, pellucid stamens. Gynophore present. Ovary superior, dotted, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal and axillary unilocular with many ovules, parietal placentation; cymes, 5 to 7 flowers. Flower bisexual, style filiform; stigma simple. Capsule pendulous, actinomorphic, hypogynous, white. Calyx longitudinally ridged. Seeds numerous, compressed, campanulate, 5 lobed, lobe obscure, slightly acute. 3 wing. Petal 5, oblong, white. Stamens 20 (10+10); filament filiform; anther dorsifixed, disc annular. Ovary Chemical constituents: Alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic superior, globose, multilocular, one ovule in each compound, natural sugar and vitamin. locule, axil placentation; style stout, glabrous; stigma Medicinal uses: The leaves are used in hypertension, capitate. Fruit hesperidium, ellipsoid, segments diuretic, sore throat. The seeds are treated in diabetes, consist of pulp vesicle filled with sap. Seeds ovoid, scabies, and earache. glabrous, white. Specimen examined:Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse District, and Mandalay Region. Chemical constituents: Calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, citric acid and limonene. Medicinal uses: The leaves are used in stomachic and tonic. The fruits are used in sore throat, carminative and hypertension. Specimen examined:Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse District, and Mandalay Region.

Figure 2. Moringa oleifera L. A. Habit, B. Inflorescences

C. Senna surattensis (Burm.f) Family Name - Caesalpinaceae Local Name - Pyi ban nyo Figure 1. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. A. Habit, B. English Name - Unknown Inflorescences Part used - Leaves and barks

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Flowering and fruiting period - July to lanceolate, cuneate at the base, sinnate along the October margin, acuminate at the apex. Inflorescence axillary panicles, branched, numerous flower. Flower 1) Outstanding Features bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous, creamy or Perennial, small trees. Leaves unipinnately white. Calyx 5, dentate, pale green. Corolla tubular, compound, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, leaflets 5 5 lobed, widened at the top, cream color. Stamens 4, to 9 pairs, opposite, leafblade ovate to oblong. didynamous, inserted; filament filiform; anther Inflorescence axillary or terminal racemes. Flower unequal. Ovary superior, bilocular, numerous ovules bisexual, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, in each locule, axil placentation; style long; stigma 2. yellow, bracteate, pedicellate, bright yellow. Sepal 5, Fruit septicidal capsule, oblongoid, 2 valved, ovate, pale green. Petal 5, oval to oblong, shortly compressed. Seeds numerous, flat, wing. clawed, distinctly vein, bright yellow. Stamens 5, Chemical constituents : Alkaloid, free; filament unequal; anther dithecous. Ovary flavonoid, glycoside and phenolic compound. superior, oblong, unilocular with many ovules, Medicinal uses : The leaves are used in marginal placentation; style filiform, slightly curved; sore throat and tonic. The roots are treated in stigma simple. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds ovate, hypertension, asthma, tuberculosis and cancer. numerous, compressed. Specimen examined : Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse District, and Mandalay Region. Chemical constituents:Magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium and iron. Medicinal uses: Leaves and barks are used in diabetes. Specimen examined: Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse District, and Mandalay Region.

Figure 4. Mellingtonia hortensis L. A. Habit, B. Flower

E. Allium cepa L. Family Name - Liliaceae Local Name - Kyet thun ni

Figure 3. Senna surattensis (Burm.f) H.S.Irwin & English Name - Onion Barneby A. Habit, B. Flower Part used - Bulbs Flowering and fruiting period -November to D. Mellingtonia hortensis L. February

Family Name - Bignoniaceae 1) Outstanding Features Local Name - Egayit Annual or biennial herbs, very short pseudostem, English Name - Indian cork tree flattened, formed by sheating leaf base. Leaves Part used - Leaves and roots alternate, overlap, erect, straight, terete, overlap, Flowering and fruiting period - October spirally arranged, parallel vein. Inflorescence to February terminal, cymose umbel spherical, 50-200 flowers, surrounded by a membranous spathe, peduncle long. 1) Outstanding Features Flower bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous, white, Perennial trees with furrowed, corky bark. Leaves tepals in two whorls, free, ovate, greenish white. bipinnately compound, opposite, alternate, Stamens 6, free, filament simple; anther dithecous. exstipulate, petiolate; leaflets 3 to 9 pairs, oval to Ovary superior, trilocular, two ovules in each locule,

IRE 1701478 ICONIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING JOURNALS 58 © AUG 2019 | IRE Journals | Volume 3 Issue 2 | ISSN: 2456-8880 axil placentation; style simple, stigma trilobe. Fruit their preparation are rather simple and crude loculicidal capsule, smell. Seeds black, wrinkled after (Sivarajan 1995). drying. The use of plants in traditional medical practice has a Chemical constituents: Glucose, sucrose, calcium, long drawn history, and remains the mainstay of magnesium, iron and zinc. primary health care in most of the third world. Medicinal uses: The bulb are used in anthelmintic, Traditional medicines are used by about 60% of the anticancer, antiseptic antiinfla-mmatory, world population in both developing and developed hypertension, and diabetes, diuretic and carminative. countries where modern medicines are predomaintly Specimen examined: Sintgaing Township, Kyaukse used. An estimated 60-80% Africa’s and Latin District, and Mandalay Region. America’s population depends solely on herbal remedies for its primary health care needs (Isitua et al. 2007).

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks are due to Dr Aye Aye Than, Professor and Head, Kyuakse University for her kind suggestion, constant encouragements and for providing the facilities during my research work. Figure 5. Allium cepa L. A. Habit, B. Inflorescences REFERENCES IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION [1] Dassanayake, M.D. and F.R. Fosbers, 1987. Flora In this research work, taxonomic description and of Ceylon. Vol(X). Amerind publishing Co. Prt. medicinal plants of the Citrus lemon (L.) Burm.f., Ltd. New Delhi. Moringa oleifera Lam., Senna surattensis (Burm.f) [2] Farooq, F, Meenu, R., Avinash, T. Abdul, A. and H.S.Irwin and Barneby, Mellingtonia hortensis L. Shaila, F. 2012. Medicinal properties of Moringa and Allium cepa L., have been investigated. oleifera: An overview of promising healer. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Plants have played an important role in traditional Pharmacy. Saudi Arabia. medicine since ancient time. Plants provide natural [3] Hooker, J.D. 1885. The flora of British India.Vol elements to human body, circulatory system and (IV). L. Reeve & Co., 1td. London. nervous system. Apart from their divergent views on the nature of man, health and diseases, they differ [4] Isitua C. C., Maria J. S., Carmita J. and Fausto D. primarily in the mode of development and application 2007. Phytochemical and nutritional properties of of medicines. Men of traditional medicines use plants dried leaves powder of Senna. From Machala el and plant parts and their preparation are rather simple oro province of Ecuador. Department of and crude. Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Nigeria. [5] Mohammad H. 2018. Morpho-anatomical Man has always depended on plants for his various variation in some accessions of Lemon from needs. Ancient and recent have used them as sources Nothern Nigeria. Department of Biological of medicine. The traditional and modern medicines Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University. Nigeria. vary widely in their philosophical foundations. Apart [6] Nagaraja M. S. and Padmaa M. P. 2011. from their divergent views on the nature of man, Millingtonia hortensis Linn. Department of health and disease, they differ primarily in the mode pharmacognosy, The Oxford College of of development and application of medicines. Men of Pharmacy, Hongasandra, Bangalore, Karntaka. traditional medicines use plants and plant parts and

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