International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013

Emerging Trends in Greener Pavements

Vignesh H*, Ramesh Babu N.G, Manivasagan V, Suganya S and Eajas Basha M Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering (Autonomous), Hosur-635109, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author Vignesh H DepartmentIJERT of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan CollegeIJERT of Engineering (Autonomous), Hosur-635109, Tamil Nadu, India

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Abstract 1. Introduction The traditional, commercial and the The traditional, commercial most commonly used method for and the most commonly used method paving roads and pavements is for paving roads and pavements is asphalting. also known as asphalting. Due to its adverse effects bitumen is a sticky, black and highly and increase in the rate of global viscous liquid or semi-solid form of warming, finding a newer method entirely soluble in carbon was mandatory. The green revolution disulfide, and composed primarily of paved the way to overcome those highly condensed polycyclic adverse effects by the usage of aromatic hydrocarbons. It contains renewable resources and wastes. This toxic, heavy metals including nickel, biologically modified form of lead, mercury, vanadium, chromium, Asphalt is called BioAsphalt. In this mercury, arsenic and selenium. review, the effects of traditional Oxidation can cause deterioration pavements, their properties and how via long-term aging and eventually to overcome those effects by using result in cracking of asphalt eco-friendly methods have been pavements. Due to the adverse discussed. effects of asphalting, greener method was mandatory. Today’s ‘green 2. Asphalt revolution’ has brought about an interesting and more environmentally Asphalt i/ˈæsfɔːlt/ or friendly alternative to asphalt known /ˈæʃfɔːlt/ or /ˈæsʃfɛlt/, also known as as ‘BioAsphalt’ which is free from bitumen, is a sticky, black and highly toxic materials. Bioasphalt is IJERT anIJERT viscous liquid or semi-solid form of asphalt alternative made from petroleum entirely soluble in carbon bitumen from non-petroleum based disulfide, and composed primarily of renewable resources. Bioasphalting highly condensed polycyclic decreases paving costs by 20%, aromatic hydrocarbons. It may be decreases carbon footprint, found in natural deposits or may be a diminishes greenhouse gas refined product; it is a substance emissions, and it boasts increased classed as a pitch. Until the 20th pavement life. century, the term asphaltum was also used [4]. Keywords: asphalt, green revolution, bioasphalt

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Figure 1. Asphalt but usually made by the distillation of crude oil. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen"; its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses. [1] [25] whilst the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil [boiling at 525 °C (977 °F)] is sometimes referred to as "refined The primary use of bitumen". asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the 3. Sources glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Natural deposits of Its other main uses are for asphalt/bitumen include lakes such bituminous waterproofing products, as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and including production of roofing felt Tobago and Lake Bermudez in and for sealing flat roofs. Venezuela, Gilsonite, the Dead Sea, asphalt/bitumen-impregnated The terms asphalt and sandstones known as bituminous bitumen are often used rock and the similar "tar sands". interchangeably to mean both naturalIJERTIJERT Asphalt/bitumen was mined at and manufactured forms of the Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in substance. In American English, Ritchie County, West Virginia in the asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the United States from 1852 to 1873. carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude Asphalt/bitumen can be oils. Outside the United States, the separated from the other components product is often called bitumen. The in crude oil (such as naphtha, term Bitumen is preferred in geology. gasoline and diesel) by the process of Common usage often refers to fractional distillation, usually under various forms of asphalt/bitumen as vacuum conditions. A better "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. separation can be achieved by further Another term, mostly archaic, refers processing of the heavier fractions of to asphalt/bitumen as "pitch". The the crude oil in a de-asphalting unit, pitch used in this mixture is which uses either propane or butane sometimes found in natural deposits in a supercritical phase to dissolve the lighter molecules which are then

www.ijert.org 3 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013 separated. Further processing is because the number of molecules possible by "blowing" the product: with different chemical structures is namely reacting the product with extremely large" [21]. oxygen. This makes the product harder and more viscous. Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at Naturally occurring deposits temperatures around 150°C (300°F). of asphalt/bitumen are formed from Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are the remains of ancient, microscopic mixed in before shipping to retain algae (diatoms) and other ancient liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter living beings. These remains were materials are separated out of the deposited in the mud on the bottom mixture. This mixture is often called of the ocean or lake where the "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. organisms lived. Due to the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of being 5. Components buried deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such Most natural bitumens as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or contain sulfur and several heavy petroleum. Deposits at the La Brea metals, such as nickel, vanadium, Tar Pits is an example. lead, chromium, mercury, arsenic, selenium, and other toxic elements. 4. Properties Bitumens can provide good preservation of plants and animal The substance is completely fossils. soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of a mixture IJERT of 6. Usage highly condensed polycyclicIJERT aromatic hydrocarbons; it is most a) Earlier commonly modelled as a colloid, The Greek fire, whose with asphaltenes as the dispersed composition was a military secret of phase and maltenes as the continuous the Byzantine navy, contained phase (though there is some asphalt/bitumen as a component disagreement amongst chemists among other things. regarding its structure). One report stated although a "considerable Among the earlier uses of amount of work has been done on the asphalt/bitumen in the United composition of asphalt, it is Kingdom was for etching. William exceedingly difficult to separate Salmon's Polygraphice (1673) individual hydrocarbon in pure provides a recipe for varnish used in form", [21] and "it is almost etching, consisting of three ounces of impossible to separate and identify virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, all the different molecules of asphalt, and one ounce of asphaltum [22]. By

www.ijert.org 4 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013 the time of the fifth edition in 1685, asphalt/bitumen and typically less he had included more asphaltum than 1.5% chemical additives. recipes from other sources [23]. Asphalt/bitumen is used to The Tongva, Luiseño and make Japan black, a lacquer known Chumash, people collected the especially for its use on iron and naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen steel. that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All 7. Environmental impacts of three used the substance as an Asphalt pavement adhesive. It was also used in decorations.  Unhealthy fumes  Odors b) Modern  Fossil fuels The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making  Contains toxic, heavy asphalt concrete for road surfaces metals including nickel, and accounts for approximately 85% lead, mercury, vanadium, of the asphalt consumed in the chromium, mercury, arsenic United States. Asphalt concrete and selenium. pavement material is commonly  Oxidation can cause composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen deterioration via long-term cement and 95% aggregates (stone, aging and eventually result sand, and gravel). in cracking. Mastic asphalt is a type IJERT ofIJERT 8. Green Revolution asphalt which differs from dense In the recent past, there‟s a graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in lot of movement and thinking when that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen it comes to creating more (binder) content, usually around 7– environmentally friendly and 10% of the whole aggregate mix, as sustainable products. They‟re often opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, derived from organic components, or which has only around 5% added even waste by-products. Today‟s asphalt/bitumen. „green revolution‟ has brought about Mixing asphalt with an interesting and more petroleum solvents forms "cutbacks" environmentally friendly alternative with reduced melting point, or to Asphalt known as „BioAsphalt‟ mixtures with water to turn the which is free from toxic materials. asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Bio-oil could potentially serve as an Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% antioxidant additive in asphalt mixtures [24].

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9. Bioasphalt resources that are in no danger of a lack of long-term availability. Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from bitumen from Renewable resources are non-petroleum based renewable , molasses and , corn and resources. It has been used on a , natural tree and gum limited basis for some years now, resins, natural latex rubber and and is part of an ongoing research at vegetable oils, lignin, cellulose, palm Iowa State University. USA in oil waste, coconut waste, peanut oil addition to the renewable source of waste, canola oil waste, dried the material, and the potential cost sewerage effluents, etc. benefits versus standard asphalt, this Bitumen can also be made material can be colored, which has from waste vacuum tower bottoms the potential to reduce the heat island produced in the process of cleaning effect and energy use impacts used motor oils, which are normally associated with hot, dark colored burnt or dumped into landfills. pavements [15]. Companies like United Environment & Energy LLC 11. History and (Limited Liability Company) and Avello Bioenergy have made great Implementation strides into feasibility studies, Asphalt made with application testing, and the vegetable oil based binders was commercialization of BioAsphalt for patented by Colas S.A in France in commercial and residential use. 2004 [8]. Avello Bioenergy claims that its BioAsphalt product decreases pavingIJERTIJERT A number of homeowners costs by 20%, decreases carbon seeking an environmentally friendly footprint, diminishes greenhouse gas alternative to asphalt for paving have emissions, and it boasts increased experimented with waste vegetable pavement life. [12] oil as a binder for driveways and parking areas in single-family 10. Sources applications. The earliest known test occurred in 2002 in Ohio, where the a) Renewable resources homeowner combined waste A natural resource is a vegetable oil with dry aggregate to if it is replaced create a low-cost and less polluting by natural processes at a rate paving material for his 200-foot comparable or faster than its rate of driveway. After five years, the consumption by humans. Solar homeowner reports the driveway is radiation, tides, winds and performing as well or better than hydroelectricity are perpetual petroleum-based materials.

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HALIK Ltd. of with proof that, with the right Israel has been experimenting with policies, countries can catalyze recycled and secondary road building creative minds to solve some of the since 2003. The company is using pressing and environment and various wastes such as diesel, development issues facing this planet vegetable oil & fats and wax, and while generating new industries and thermoplastic elastomers to build and new jobs. repair roads. Ecopave GEO 320 is an In Dubai/Nairobi, during Australian invention that turns 2006 roads made out of sugar, ships from sugar cane or molasses into powered and propelled by the sun material for road paving. It is and grease gobbling bacteria were designed to be a substitute for among the environmentally-sound conventional bitumen from fossil technologies unveiled at an fuels used to pave most roads around International United Nations the world. The company claims that Conference. not only sugars but a wide range of other natural materials can be used to The technologies, ranging make the paving including tree resins from renewable energies and waste and gums, vegetable oils and potato reduction systems to solar powered and rice starches. It also claims the fridges for storing vaccines, are on product is environmentally-friendly show at the Ninth Special Session of in others ways. For example the United Nations Governing negligible levels of fumes are Council/Global Ministerial involved during the laying and unlike Environment Forum. IJERTIJERTbitumen, which must be constantly Klaus Toepfer, United heated at temperatures of 170ºC, the Nations Environment Programme's new material can be stored and Executive Director, has said that transported at room temperature. A technology has a vital role to play in novel spin off is that the product can delivering a cleaner, healthier and be 'pigmented' to reflect heat and more stable world. In the United thus help to cool hot cities, the Arab Emirates, they are show casing company claims. the imaginative, creative and Shell Oil Company paved practical ideas of local and two public roads in Norway in 2007 international companies. He hopes with vegetable-oil-based asphalt. these technologies, aimed at solving Results of this study are yet to be the energy crisis up to reducing published [16]. water, soil and air pollution, would be beacons of inspiration for A bicycle path in Des governments, civil society and Moines, Iowa, was paved with bio- industry meeting. He also said that oil based asphalt through a

www.ijert.org 7 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013 partnership between Iowa State Fast pyrolysis is a thermal University, the City of Des Moines, decomposition process that requires and Avello Bioenergy Inc (2010). A a high heat transfer rate to the section of the Waveland Bike Trail biomass particles and a short vapor on the northwest side of Des Moines residence time in the reaction zone was selected for a demonstration [7]. In other words, fast pyrolysis is project. About 900 feet of the 10- the rapid decomposition of organic foot-wide trail was paved with a 2- matter (biomass) in the absence of inch layer of an asphalt mix oxygen to produce solids such as containing 3% Bioasphalt [8]. char, pyrolysis liquid or oil (bio-oils), Research is being conducted on the and gas [20] [2]. asphalt mixture, derived from plants and trees to replace petroleum-based Generally, fast pyrolysis is mixes. used to obtain high-grade bio-oil. Organic biomass consists of 12. Production of Bio-Oil biopolymers, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Because One of the thermochemical of the different sources of biomass, processes used to produce bio-oils is the amount of production of the fast pyrolysis. liquid bio-oils, solid char, and non- condensable gases varies. For a) Fast pyrolysis example, fast pyrolysis processes Fast pyrolysis is the process produce about 60 to 75 wt% of liquid in which biomass is heated rapidly in bio-oil, 15 to 25 wt% of solid char, a high temperature environment, and 10 to 20 wt% of non- yielding a mix of liquid fuel (bio oil),IJERTIJERT condensable gases [18]. combustible gases, and solid char. Figure 2 shows the 25 kWt The yields from fast fast pyrolysis system developed at pyrolysis vary with the biomass feed Iowa State University by the Center stock and the reactor conditions [19]. for Sustainable Environmental Generally, this process generates bio- Technology where bio-oils are oil, biochar, gases, and moisture. The produced from different biomass biochar can be used for carbon materials. sequestration as a soil modifier by improving the soil‟s ability to retain liquid fertilizers and thus reducing liquid fertilizer application rates. The bio-oil is a liquid fuel containing lignin that can be combusted by some engines or turbines for electricity generation [17].

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Figure 2. Bio-oil mass higher than 120°C because of the pyrolysis pilot plant (Source: volatilization of some bio-oil Iowa State University) compounds [5]. Raouf further found considerable differences between the properties of the bio-oils and asphalt at the same temperatures, and thus the Superpave test criterion should be modified to comply with the biobinders properties, namely the Superpave specifications for the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and the pressure aging vessel (PAV) procedures [5]. Longer in-situ aging studies would need to be done to understand the aging mechanisms of The pilot unit consists of a biobinders such that simulative 16.2-cm diameter fluidized bed laboratory criteria can be established. reactor, a burner to externally heat the reactor, a two-stage auger to feed The essential features of the the solid, two cyclones to remove fast pyrolysis process can be particulate matter, and a vapor- summarized [3] condensing system consisting of four  Heating to approximately condensers and an electrostatic 500 oC at a high heat precipitator. transfer rate, The system can process 6IJERT to IJERT Carefully controlled 10 kg/h of solid feed. The separation reaction temperature with of bio-oils into multiple fractions short vapor residence times was conducted using a fractionation less than two seconds, and condenser system which facilitated the selection of bio-oil fractions that  Rapid cooling of the would be optimal for being used as a pyrolysis vapors. pavement binder. However, bio-oils cannot be used as biobinders– pavement materials without any heat pre-treatment, since an upgrading procedure is required [5]. Raouf also found that the biobinders developed from oakwood, switchgrass, and corn stover bio-oils cannot be treated at temperatures

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Figure 3. Process carried out 2. Yard waste compost is not by Avello Bioenergy Inc. [10] in high demand as a consumer product. 3. Yard waste composting can lead to aesthetic problems such as concerns about odor. 4. Yard waste composting can lead to concerns about plant and animal pathogens that are not deactivated in compost piles and 5. Composting yard waste 13. Bioasphalt from Urban releases all of the CO2 potential of this organic Yard Waste Carbonization waste. [9] Case Western Reserve Urban yard waste poses University (CWRU) has been solid waste management difficulties evaluating an alternative method of for many communities. In many managing yard waste. Research is areas, municipal solid waste is evaluating the potential of disposed off in sanitary landfills. managing yard waste by However, yard waste may not IJERT beIJERT carbonization. This offers the landfilled. For this, communities possibility of allowing for co- must collect and dispose off this collection of yard waste with separately. With the increasing cost conventional solid waste (i.e. in one of fuel, separate yard waste truck instead of two), yard waste collection is an increasing financial management at landfill sites rather burden on these communities. than at separate composting Furthermore, there are few waste facilities, production of soil management alternatives for yard amendment products that wastes. permanently sequester CO2 (carbon added to soil has been shown to Most communities compost increase crop productivity), and the yard waste but this is not an ideal production of valuable byproducts solution. during the carbonization process. 1. Composting takes time, This proposed research will explore energy, and a large amount the possibility of recovering of space. bioasphalt bitumen from yard waste

www.ijert.org 10 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013 carbonization processes. This will a) Roofing applications produce a non-petroleum based product of value to the United Environment & transportation industry that results Energy (UEE) has successfully from a "carbon negative" process invented, developed, and scaled up that sequesters more CO2 than it a bioasphalt production technology releases. The amount of bitumen to make bioasphalt to replace or that can be produced from yard serve as an additive for asphalt, waste, the physical and chemical sealant, and polymers in the properties of this bitumen, and the manufacture of sustainable roofing carbonization operating conditions materials. The UEE roofing under which the production of this bioasphalt has been evaluated material is optimized are all extensively for a variety of unknown, but the potential applications in different roofing advantages of this yard waste materials and it showed significant management strategy are advantages over traditional compelling. The objective of petroleum based asphalt, including "Bioasphalt from Urban Yard Waste improved thermal durability, Carbonization" is to conduct improved cold weather groundbreaking research to answer performance, elimination of stain, fundamental questions about the high resistance to UV light, and low potential of yard waste production costs. Additionally, it is carbonization (YWC) to produce a a non-hazardous material. practical bitumen product that could b) Paving applications be used to produce bioasphalt. IJERT IJERTThe United Environment & 14. Applications of Energy bioasphalt technology, BioAsphalt [15] invented and developed for roofing applications, could also be used for Due to concerns over paving. In their study, a technical dependence on foreign oil, high feasibility study on using the energy consumption, high asphalt roofing bioasphalt technology for price, air pollution, and climate paving application has been change, a non-petroleum based conducted and demonstrated that bioasphalt technology from with bioasphalt production recycled and renewable sources has conditions change, a paving been developed by United bioasphalt with the required Environment & Energy LLC properties could be produced. A (Limited Liability Company). detailed evaluation of the UEE bioasphalt and a comparison with petroleum-based asphalt for paving

www.ijert.org 11 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 2, February- 2013 applications has been performed. modifier or extender, in The bioasphalt has the required existing paving and roofing performance to substitute applications. petroleum-based asphalt in pavements. Bioasphalt can be  Reduced carbon footprint - blended with traditional asphalt and Bioasphalt binder can lower can be used for hot mix asphalt the production temperature production. The tests conducted at of hot mix asphalt, which Washington State University on may decrease paving costs blended bioasphalt/asphalt and hot by 20% and reduce mix bioasphalt/asphalt concrete greenhouse gas emissions indicated that blending bioasphalt up to 30% because less can be both technically and energy input is required. economically competitive. In Bioasphalt binder may also addition, the base asphalt and provide an anti-oxidant percentage of bioasphalt can be effect which could increase adjusted to produce a product for the service life of different application conditions. pavements. The grade range of asphalt may be extended 15. Benefits of using with the addition of BioAsphalt [13] Bioasphalt binder. The benefits of Bioasphalt  Cost competitive - Proforma binder include economic analysis indicates Bioasphalt binder can be  Renewable - BioasphaltIJERTIJERT priced competitively below binder is produced from today‟s asphalt prices domestic non-food without subsidies. resources such as agricultural and wood 16. Issues with BioAsphalt residues. Using biomass [6] derived Bioasphalt binder decreases the demand for  Compatibility with imported petroleum. petroleum based asphalt  Cost/benefits  Immediate - Extensive research at Iowa State  Production University has shown that  Mixture performance bio-oil fractions can be a direct replacement for 17. Conclusion petroleum based liquid Thus, it is possible to asphalt as an additive, conclude that the Green Revolution

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brings up a highly useful and eco- Testing”, New York: D. Van friendly pavement which is low cost Nostrand Co., 4th ed., 1938. and reduces several environmental 5. Arnold, T. S., J. Rozario, and J. risks compared to the traditional Youtcheff, “New Lime Test for Hot-Mix Asphalt Unveiled”, pavements. Usage of BioAsphalt as Public Roads, Vol. 70, No. 5, an alternative to asphalt to make 2007. pavements in all countries will lead 6. Baoshan Huang Ph.D., P.E., to a greener world and reduce the “Asphalt Goes Green – risk of global warming. Though Environmentally Friendly BioAsphalt has its issues, the Asphalt Technology”, ASCEC, advantages are so vast that it makes 14-1-2011 the issues look very minor. 7. C. J. Pedersen, “Mechanism of Antioxidant Action in 18. Acknowledgement Gasoline”, Additives in Fuels, Vol. 48, No. 10, 1956, pp. We sincerely thank Dr.G. 1881–1884. Ranganath, Principal, Adhiyamaan 8. Chris Williams, Scott Schram, and Dennis Banasiak, College of Engineering, Hosur for “Technology News”, oct-dec his constant support and 2011, pp. 5-6. encouragement. 9. Daniel R. Hill, and Aaron A. Jennings, “Bioasphalt from 19. References Urban Yard Waste Carbonization A Student 1. "Oil Sands - Glossary", Oil Study”, Ohio Department of Sands Royalty Guidelines, Transportation, June 2011. Government of Alberta. 2008.IJERT 10. Dennis S. Banasiak, “Avello 2. A.M. Barnes, K. D. Bartle, andIJERT Bioenergy-Leveraging V. R. A. Thibon, “A Review of Resources and Relationships to Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates Commercial Viability”, (ZDDPS): Characterization and Renewable chemicals live, Role in the Lubricating Oil” April 2, 2012. Tribology International, Vol. 11. http://answers.com/topic/colas- 34, 2001, pp. 389–395. s-a?cat=biz-fin 3. A.V. Bridgwater, “Principles 12. http://thegreenenergyblog.com/ and Practice of Biomass uncategorized/bioasphalt- Pyrolysis Processes for renewable-construction- Liquids”, Journal of Analytical material-2 and Applied Pyrolysis, 1999, 13. http://www.avellobioenergy.co V.51, pp. 3-22. m/en/products/bioasphalt_bind 4. Abraham and Herbert, er/ “Asphalts and Allied 14. http://www.myspace.com/nom Substances: Their Occurrence, oretarroofs/blog/429898936 Modes of Production, Uses in 15. http://www.unitedee.com/Bioas the Arts, and Methods of hpaltTechnology.html

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16. http://wwwstatic.shell.com/stati Pakistan: Pakistan Research c/bitumen/downloads/technical Repository. p. 6, in ch.2 pdf. _papers_0507.pdf 22. Salmon, and William, 17. I. Yut, and A. Zofka, “Polygraphice; Or, The Arts of “Attenuated Total Reflection Drawing, Engraving, Etching, (ATR) Fourier Transform Limning, Painting, Washing, Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Varnishing, Gilding, Colouring, of Oxidized Polymer-Modified Dying, Beautifying and Perfuming” (Second ed.). Bitumens”, Applied London: R. Jones, 1673, pp. Spectroscopy, 2011, Vol. 65, 81. No. 7, pp. 765–770. 23. Salmon, and William, 18. J. C. Petersen, and P. M. “Polygraphice; Or, The Arts of Harnsberger, “Asphalt Aging: Drawing, Engraving, Etching, Dual Oxidation Mechanism Limning, Painting, Washing, and Its Interrelationships with Varnishing, Gilding, Colouring, Asphalt Composition and Dying, Beautifying and Oxidative Age Hardening”, In Perfuming”, (5th ed.), London: Transportation Research R. Jones, 1685, pp. 76–77 Record 1638, TRB, National 24. Tang, and Sheng, "Asphalt Research Council, Washington, modification by utilizing bio- D.C., 1998, pp. 47–55. oil ESP and tall oil additive", 19. Jemison H., B. Burr, R. R. Graduate Theses and Davison, J. A. Bullin, and C. J. Dissertations, 2010, pp. 11569. Glover, “Application and Use 25. Walker, C. Ian, “Marketing of the ATR FTIR Method to Challenges for Canadian Asphalt Aging Studies”, Bitumen, Tulsa, OK”, Petroleum Science andIJERT International Centre for Heavy Technology, Vol. 10, No. 4,IJERT Hydrocarbons, 1998. 1992, pp. 795–808. 20. L. R. Mahoney, S. Korcek, S. Hoffman, and P. A. Willermet, “Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity of New and Used Lubricants: Methods and Applications”, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1978, pp. 250– 255 21. Muhammad Abdul Quddus (1992). "Catalytic Oxidation of Asphalt", thesis submitted to Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Karachi. Pakistan: Higher Education Commission

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