Notes

Introduction

1 Although Nancy Mairs importantly highlights “the literature of personal disaster or the memoir of mischance” (x) in the “Foreword” to Recovering Bodies, Kathleen Fowler was one of the first critics to argue that the grief mem- oir should be studied as a genre in its own right (525). 2 Such as works by Celia Hunt and Jeffrey Berman; Kathleen Fowler who emphasizes “the healing nature of writing and publishing their accounts” (545); Helen Buss the “therapeutic process” (Repossessing 15); Janet Mason Ellerby that “Narration can heal” (Intimate Reading xviii); Ann Burack-Weiss the “ten steps along the way from loss to renewal” (Caregiver’s Tale xix); Anne Hunsacker-Hawkins “the capacity to transform [the] experience [of illness] in ways that heal” (Reconstructing Illness xix); and G. Thomas Couser: texts that “all in various ways base their comic plots on some sort of intellectual, emo- tional, or spiritual compensation” (Recovering Bodies 198). 3 Including Patricia Rae in Modernism and Mourning; Warren Motte in “The Work of Mourning”; Laura E. Tanner in Lost Bodies; and James Krasner in “Doubtful Arms and Phantom Limbs.” Interestingly, in a more recent collec- tion of essays, Unfitting Stories, both Hawkins and Buss modify their previous emphasis on healing: Hawkins says, “I’ve learnt that neither treatment nor testimony ever can fully achieve its goal – healing in the case of therapy, or witnessing, in the case of testimony” (“Writing About Illness” 127), and Buss describes “the human subject as survivor” as one who “can never overcome but can invent and reinvent tactics of survival” (“Authorizing the Memoir” 42). Most recently, Couser’s Signifying Bodies highlights the damaging effects of compensatory paradigms – the subject of Jackie Stacey’s Terratologies written over a decade ago – and describes “the new disability memoir” which writes against traditional heroic plots. 4 In “Bad Girls and Sick Boys: Inside the Body in Fiction, Film, and Performance Art,” Linda S. Kauffman accurately predicts: “We in the humanities will have to learn some very hard neurobiology, genetics, [and] optical pro- cessing . . . if we are to grasp fully how profoundly the senses have been reorganized and how completely that reorganization has transformed artistic practices” (27).

1 Life Writing and the Literature of Grief

1 For a recent discussion of Kubler-Ross see John Berman’s chapter on Kubler- Ross in Dying in Character, Memoirs on the End of Life (48–9). 2 For new developments in Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” see On Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia”, edited by Fiorini, Bowkanowski, and Lewkowicz.

146 Notes 147

3 See also Rando, for more theorists who argue that the mourning process may last forever, such as George Pollock and Lorraine Siggins (61), and Attig’s The Heart of Grief. 4 See also Loss: The Politics of Mourning for a collection of essays which, “[i]nstead of imputing to loss a purely negative quality . . . apprehend it as productive rather than pathological” (Eng and Kazanjian ix). 5 Patricia Phillippy’s Women, Death and Literature in Post-Reformation England; Robert Ziegler’s Beauty Raises the Dead: Literature of Loss in the Fin de Siècle; Dana Luciano’s Arranging Grief: Sacred Time and the Body in Nineteenth-Century America; Roberta Rubenstein’s Home Matters: Longing and Belonging, Nostalgia and Mourning in Women’s Fiction; Christian Riegel’s Writing Grief: Margaret Laurence and the Work of Mourning; and his edited collection Response to Death: The Literary Work of Mourning; Rochelle Almeida’s The Politics of Mourning: Grief Management in Cross-Cultural Fiction; and Modernism and Mourning, edited by Patricia Rae, all published since 2000. 6 “Within literature forms in the , since roughly 1994 personal memoirs have been routinely outselling novels” (Heywood 87); in July 2010, Mary Karr’s Lit was one of fifteen books on the bestseller list, half of which were memoirs (Taylor). 7 An amalgamation of decades of lifewriting criticism have appeared recently in works like Margaretta Jolly’s Encyclopedia of Life Writing (2001), and Trev Lynn Broughton’s four-volume Autobiography (2007). 8 Centre for Life-Writing Research, King’s College London; Centre for Life History and Life Writing Research, University of Sussex; Centre for Life Narrative, Kingston University London, among others. 9 Drusilla Modjeska says in her article, “Give Me the Real Thing”: “As fiction turned its face elsewhere . . . there was a return to the narrative of lives and the sort of exploration of experience that could make sense of . . . some of the questions of identity and responsibility.” Helen Buss also discusses “identity making” and “performing the self” (xiv) in Repossessing. 10 See also Paula Fass’s “The Memoir Problem.” 11 Jill Ker Conway writes that “Traditionally there has been only one female autobiography for every eight written by a male” (“Points of Departure” 46). 12 Such as Linda Anderson’s Women and Autobiography in the Twentieth Century (1997); Women and Autobiography, edited by Martine Watson Brownley and Allison B. Kimmich (1999); Feminism and Autobiography: Texts, Theories, Methods, edited by Tess Cosslett, Celia Lury, and Penny Summerfield (2000); Representing Lives: Women and Auto/Biography, edited by Alison Donnell and Pauline Polkey (2000); Janet Mason Ellerby’s Intimate Reading: The Contemporary Women’s Memoir (2001); Interfaces: Women/Autobiography/Image/ Performance, edited by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson (2002); the two- volume Encyclopedia of Women’s Autobiography edited by Victoria Boynton and Jo Malin (2005); as well as other genres of lifewriting, such as Hilary Hinds’s God’s Englishwomen: Seventeenth-Century Radical Sectarian Writing and Feminist Criticism (1996), and Margaretta Jolly’s In Love and Struggle: Letters in Contemporary Feminism (2008) to mention only a few. 13 Conway’s second edition re-titled In Her Own Words: Women’s Memoirs from , New Zealand, Canada and the United States (1999); Spinning Lifelines: Women’s Autobiographical Writing (2003), edited by Lucy Lewis; Shaking the 148 Notes

Tree: A Collection of New Fiction and Memoir by Black Women (2003), edited by Meri Nana-Ama Danquah; and The Feminist Memoir Project: Voices From Women’s Liberation, edited by Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Ann Snitow (2007).

2 Trout Tickling for Truth in Narratives of Loss

1 Recent publications like Mick Gordon and Chris Wilkinson’s Conversations on Truth, a collection of informal interviews with influential thinkers of our time (such as Noam Chomsky), attest to a renewed preoccupation with “truth.” 2 The moral and ethical implications of truth in law especially, is evident in a recent talk given by Carol Smart (Manchester University) called “The Politics of Family Secrets” where she discusses the rise of intolerance for secrets and the gender implications of reproductive secrets, arguing that the accuracy of DNA tests is one of the foremost factors influencing our perceptions of “truth” and paternity disputes. 3 This trend has been highlighted in a recent call for papers, “Mindful of Otherness: Literature and Ethics” at Goldsmith’s University of London that argues: “The ‘impossibility of truth’ is gradually being eclipsed by ‘Truth’ claims.” 4 See Nicole E. Meyer’s review of his book in Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 32.4 (2009): 874–5. 5 This view has been seconded by books arguing for “the value of memoirs as historical documents,” such as Jennifer Jensen Wallach’s Closer to the Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow (Brantley 856). 6 Even in works that play with boundaries, like Tim O’Brien’s “autobiographical metafiction,” The Things They Carried, which includes the disclaimer in the beginning: “[e]xcept for a few details regarding the author’s own life, all the incidents, names, and characters are imaginary” (Silbergleid 129), the book calls attention to its “truthfulness” by including a protagonist-narrator who has the same name as the author. 7 See also Geoff Hamilton’s “Mixing Memoir and Desire: James Frey, Wound Culture, and the ‘Essential American Soul.’” 8 Including J. T. Leroy’s Sarah and The Heart is Deceitful Above All Things; mis- leading pretences of a false ancestry: Eva Salis’s novel Hiam, a white woman writing as a Muslim; Nasdiij, or Timothy Patrick Barrus, who wrote three mem- oirs of Native American history (not a Native American himself); Margaret Seltzer’s fabricated memoir “about her life as a white girl taken into an African- American foster home in South Central Los Angeles” (Rich and Berger); and the avalanche of false Holocaust memoirs from Binjamin Wilkomirski’s Fragments; to most recently, Herman Rosenblatt, who in Angel at the Fence claimed he first met his wife when he was a child in a concentration camp and that she tossed apples over the fence to him. 9 Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Edmund Moris’s Dutch: A Memoir of , which uses made-up dialogue (Hughes 62); Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, which he relied on memory to write, and John Berendt’s Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil in which he “made up transitions [to make] the experi- ence easier for himself and more enjoyable for his readers, a process he called ‘rounding the corners’” (Gutkind xx). Notes 149

10 A 1923 advertisement containing Paul Iribe’s logo can be found in Alicia Kennedy and Emily Banis Stoehrer’s Fashion Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the History, Language, and Practice of Fashion.

3 “Writing the Self into Being”: Narrative Identity in Memoirs of Loss

1 In a note to the Preface of the 2nd edition of Reconstructing Illness, Anne Hunsaker Hawkins says: “Unfortunately, I did not know about the special issue of a/b: Auto/Biography Studies, ‘Illness, Disability, and Lifewriting,’ which was published in the spring of 1991, while I was in the final stages of prepar- ing Reconstructing Illness for publication. Couser and I, independently, seem to have arrived at the term ‘pathography’ to delineate autobiographical narratives of illness” (228). 2 See also Prodromou, “‘That Weeping Constellation’: Navigating Loss in Women’s Memoirs of Textured Recovery” in Life Writing 9.1 (2012). 3 Such as Susan Sontag, Anne Hunsaker Hawkins, G. Thomas Couser, Nancy Mairs, Jackie Stacey. 4 See Judith Herman’s Trauma and Recovery (1992). 5 Such as the publication of a landmark series of studies into the relation- ship between writing and healing in JAMA ( Journal of the American Medical Association) in which the authors concluded “This is the first study to demon- strate that writing about stressful life experiences improves physician ratings of desease severity and objective indices of disease severity in chronically ill patients” (C. Anderson, “Editor’s Column” xi). 6 Since writing this towards the end of my Ph.D. studies, confirmation of my ideas have surfaced in Couser’s Signifying Bodies, specifically in his chapter titled, “Disability as Metaphor: What’s Wrong with Lying.”

4 “No Bones Broken”: Embodied Experiences of Loss

1 See Frank’s The Wounded Storyteller, and for other critics who write the body in pain see Elaine Scarry’s The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World, and Janice Williamson’s “‘I Peel Myself out of My Own Skin’: Reading Don’t: A Woman’s Word.” 2 Well documented by psychologists such as Kubler-Ross as “Denial” and in similar later models as “Numbness” (Payne et al. 72). 3 For a more complete discussion of this, see Marilyn R. Chandler, “A Healing Art: Therapeutic Dimensions of Autobiography.” a/b: Auto/Biography Studies. 5.1. (1998): 4–14. 4 The backbone of my analysis of Craft was written in 2004 when I was lucky enough to participate in Bernadette Brennan’s “Journeys of Healing” course at the University of . Her article, “Kim Mahood’s Craft For A Dry Lake: A Work in Progress,” which was published in 2006 in Southerly, has since confirmed similar ideas of the importance of embodied subjectivity: Brennan writes: “It seems that she cannot come to terms with the country until she has learnt to unapologetically inhabit her body” (101). 150 Notes

Conclusion: “Weeping Constellations”

1 For a full summary of Kalí Tal’s Worlds of Hurt see Hunsaker Hawkins’s “Writing About Illness,” pp. 121–2. 2 Olivia Sagan researches what has been called “toxic narrative,” or “further hammering oneself with one’s pathology.” In her research she asks, “when are forms of lifewriting not therapeutic and also potentially destructive?” She also looks into the damage that can be caused by “any lifewriting that is excavating to potentially a raw degree” (“Therapeutic Effects of Life Writing”). 3 Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 See also Couser’s discussion of Anne Finger who writes: “This won’t be the elegiac story with its expected arc beginning with normalcy . . . then ascending into crisis. . . . And then the hard-won ending, with its return to the empire of the normal” (qtd in Couser, Signifying 178). 5 As expressed by Joan Didion, Gail Jones, Robin Romm, Kathleen Woodward, and Laura Tanner. 6 See also Nancy Miller’s Bequest and Betrayal: “telling the story of parents and children as adults confronted with the peculiarly modern horror of technolog- ically advanced styles of dying – and living – that often make the experience of losing a parent more unbearable than the loss itself” (xiii). 7 See Philip E. Baruth’s “Consensual Autobiography” for just one example. 8 Jeffrey Berman’s Dying to Teach: A Memoir of Love, Loss and Learning, about the death of his wife, would fall into this subgenre, for example. References

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accommodation, and recovery, 4–5, at her parents’ grave, 121 19, 128, 129 reaction of friends and family, 25 Agee, James, 92, 93 Barthes, Roland, 18 agency Bechdel, Alison, 90 autobiography, 61 Becvar, Dorothy S, 4–5, 19 female selfhood, 62–3 Berger, Joseph, 36 illness narratives, 69 betrayal, and truth, 52–3 writing, 84–5 Blanchot, Maurice, 1 Anderson, Charles M, 19, 20, 75 body Anderson, Linda, 30, 32, 70 in autobiography, 86–7 Arnold, Matthew, 1 disembodiment, 94, 95, 96, 97, Attig, Thomas, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 19, 99–100, 107, 110, 111–12, 117, 20, 131–2 123, 124, 125, 126 Auden, W H, 1 embodied childhood memories, autobiography, 28–9 112–13 agency, 61 embodied experience of loss, body, 86–7 11–12, 86, 87–9, 91, 120, construction of self, 60–5 133–4: embodied recovery, feminist criticism, 32–3 122–7; loss of embodied identity, 61–2 subjectivity, 93–4; subjectivity, 61 movement back into truth in: debate over, 35–40; the body, 112–22 imaginative truth-telling, embodied identity, 68–9, 123 48–51; narratives of loss, embodied memory, 101–2, 116, 134 40–3, 138–9; unreliability of embodied self, 97, 98, 100, 126 memory, 43, 44–6 gendered embodiment, 113–15 see also textured recovery, and grief, 20–1 memoirs of loss of beloved’s body, 89–93 autopathography, 60 mourning process, 87 see also illness narratives reaction to loss, 86, 111, 112, 120 self, 88 Barrington, Judith, Lifesaving, 5, 8 Bottoms, Greg, 39 bodily reaction to loss, 120 Brennan, Bernadette, 111, 114, 117, denial of death, 135 118, 133 detachment, 111 Brown, Laura, 26 disembodiment, 110–11 Burack-Weiss, Ann, 8 distractions from grief, 111 Buss, Helen, 29, 33, 138, 144 embodied childhood memories, 113 embodied experience of grief, 120 Callahan, Gerald N, 90–1 embodied performance of parents’ Caruth, Cathy, 4, 26, 27–8, 85, 130, 137 death, 121–2 childhood gendered embodiment, 114 embodied memories, 112–13 healing, 121 loss of, 6, 7

159 160 Index

Clendinnen, Inga, Tiger’s Eye, 5, 8, gap in literature on grief, 1–2, 22, 135 11, 77 two kinds of grief, 13 admission to hospital, 66 Dillard, Annie, 29–30 ambiguous ending, 142 disability narratives, 122 ambivalent feelings about self, 81–2 Diski, Jenny, Skating to Antarctica, 4, 5, attention to individual words, 8, 11, 41, 97 77, 78 ambiguous ending, 142, 143 bodily experience of loss, 86 childhood abuse, 105–7 complex recovery, 82, 126 childhood recollection, 100, 102 disembodiment, 125, 126 complex recovery, 102–9 embodied childhood memories, confronting the past, 104 112–13 conversations with neighbours, embodied self, 126 102, 103, 107 gendered embodiment, 113–15 depression, 103, 104, 107 hallucinations, 74 description of the sea, 98 hybrid nature of, 70, 71 descriptions of people, 96–7 identity, 125 detachment, 96, 100, 102, 107, 109 imaginative truth-telling, 49, 50 disembodiment, 95, 96, 97, loss of beloved’s body, 91 99–100, 107 loss of power of narrative, 77–8 embodied memory, 101–2: memory, 43, 44, 134 homelessness, 103, 104, 107–8; negation of self, 68 mother’s body, 98–9 resistance to meaning-making, 132 embodied self, 97, 98, 100, 105, short stories, 70–1 107, 108 stigma of illness, 65 experience of cold, 103–4, 107–8 trout tickling metaphor, 41, 47, 139 icebergs, 109 truth-telling, 41 memory, 44, 45 use of metaphor, 73–4 merging of adult and child, 103, 104 writing and construction of self, mother’s existence, 94, 99–100, 109 69–70, 71, 74 narrative structure, 102 Conway, Jill Ker, 33, 147n progression of mourning, 104–5 Couser, G Thomas, 7, 8, 11, 29, 64, pursuit of oblivion, 94–6, 102 66, 72, 86–7, 87–8, 122, 127, reconnection with childhood self, 132, 133, 134, 138, 144 100–2 Craft, Christopher, 16–17 recovered self, 103, 104 creative nonfiction rejection of therapy, 129 debate over truth in, 35–40: resistance to meaning-making, 132 imaginative truth-telling, 48–51 search for answers, 102 hybrid nature of, 40 solitude, 95–6 as survival narrative, 94 Damasio, Antonio, 61, 63, 68, 88, truth, 47 123–4 use of present tense, 141 death, denial of, 24–5, 135 whiteness, 95, 98 De Man, Paul, 29 Derrida, Jacques, 77, 89 Eakin, Paul John, 49, 60, 61–2, 63, Despelder, Lynne, 24, 25 68, 75, 76, 81, 86, 101, 123–4, Didion, Joan, 3, 80, 93 126, 131 cultural expectations of grief, 21–2 Egan, Susanna, 35, 36, 37, 39 embodied experience of grief, 91 Ellerby, Janet Mason, 57, 145 Index 161

Felman, Shushana, 26 92–3; loss of father’s identity, 110, feminism, and autobiography 119; loss of self, 119; memory, criticism, 32–3 42–3, 44–6; mother’s loss of Fowler, Kathleen, 146n memories, 51; motives for Frank, Arthur W, 86 writing, 79; movement back Freud, Sigmund, ‘Mourning and into the body, 120; re-burial of Melancholia’, 3, 10, 13, 22–3, father, 57; 88, 128 truth-telling, 41–3; use of present characteristics of mourning, 13 tense, 141 complexity of grief process, 17 Grealy, Lucy, Autobiography of a Face, finite nature of mourning, 16 5, 122–5 grief process, 91 challenge to cultural construction memory in mourning, 93 of illness, 122 recovery, 128–9 championing of the body, work of mourning, 13, 16–17, 124–5 23, 128 complicated healing, 124 Frey, James, 36–7 detachment, 124 Furman, Andrew, 34, 35, 36 disembodiment, 123, 124 embodied identity, 123 gender identification with body, 123–4 autobiography, 32–3 loss of self, 123 experiences of grief, 19, 134–8 grief gendered embodiment, 113–15 ambiguity of, 19, 140 narratives of loss, 9 complicated nature of, 18 subjectivity, 9 death-denying society, 24–5, 135 truth-telling, 139–40 as embodied process, 11–12, 20–1, 88, Gilbert, Sandra, 2, 3, 25, 80 126–7, 133–4: bodily reaction, Gilmore, Leigh, 26 112; embodied recovery, Gordon, Mary, 37 122–7; loss of beloved’s body, Circling My Mother, 5, 41, 51–6, 89–93; loss of embodied 137: ambiguous ending, 142–3; subjectivity, 93–4; movement Arpège logo, 54–5; complex back into the body, 112–22 recovery, 58; exposing the emotions, 19 truth, 52, 53, 56; loss of power gap in literature on, 1–2, 22, 23–4, of narrative, 79–80; mother’s 135 body, 51–2; motives for writing, identity, 19 79; truth, 55–6, 139–40; truth individual and collective, 20, 134 and betrayal, 52–3; writing and in literature, 21–4 healing, 83–4 new wave theories, 3, 14–18, 128: The Shadow Man, 5, 8, 137: bodily attachment to the dead, 22; reaction, 112; complex recovery, caution over pathological 57–8; disembodiment, 110; grief, 17; characteristics of, 4–5, embodied childhood memories, 18–20; meaning making, 5, 113; facts vs truth, 46–8; grief 20, 131–2; middle position on, process, 56–7; identification with 17–18; as never-ending process, father, 119; imaginative 15–16, 18, 20, 140; recovery, truth- telling, 49–51; impact 128–9; redefining the self, 131; of father’s death, 110; loss of transformation, 5; work of father’s body, 90, mourning, 16–17, 128 162 Index grief – continued grief, 19 normal and pathological, 13 narrative identity, 62, 75, 86 sharing emotion/confronting loss, problematizing the narrative self, 19, 129 75–85: ambivalent feelings social and cultural aspects, 136 about self, 81–3; loss of power of socialization of, 6 narrative, 77–80 standard model of, 13–14: remembering, 43 internalization of, 22; story-telling, 75–6 problem with, 4; recovery, 128; see also self stages of, 13, 14 illness narratives, 8 ‘talking cure’, criticism of, 19, 129 ambivalent feelings about self, 81–2 as three-fold process, 6 construction of self, 60, 64–5 see also loss dangers in writing about illness, 72–3 grief memoirs, 2, 25 destabilization of self, 65–9 contribution of, 2, 3 embodied identity, 68–9 increased interest in, 2 loss of agency, 69 sub-genre of, 3 meaning making, 132 see also textured recovery, memoirs of memoirs of textured recovery, 132–3 Gunther, John, 2 metaphor in writing about illness, Gutkind, Lee, 31, 35, 39–40 72–4, 132 problematizing the narrative self, Hagman, George, 5, 13, 14, 15–16, 75–85: ambivalent feelings 131, 140, 142 about self, 81–3; loss of power of Hamburger, Aaron, 35–6, 37, 38 narrative, 77–80 Hanson, Clare, 70, 77 recent developments in, 144 Harris, Judith, 63 redefining the self, 131 Hart, Francis Russell, 33 resistance to triumph-over-tragedy Hawkins, Anne Hunsaker, 8, 25, tropes, 132–3 26, 64, 65, 69, 73, 74, 86, stigmatization of illness, 65–6, 132 130, 138, 144 writing and construction of self, healing, and writing, 60–1, 70–5, 83–4, 69–70, 74 129, 130–1, 149n writing and healing, 70–5 Henderson, Carol, 2 writing the self, 60–1 Henke, Suzette, 3, 26, 27–8, 70, 130–1, see also Clendinnen, Inga; Grealy, 137 Lucy; Mantel, Hilary Holmes, Jeremy, 76 Iribe, Paul, 54, 55 homeostasis, 61, 63–4 Hooyman, Nancy R, 4, 5, 6, 17, 19, Jelinek, Estelle, 32–3 24, 25, 94, 134 Johnson, T R, 59 Horitz, Allan V, 17 Jones, Gail, 1, 3, 24 Horwitz, Allan V, 22 Hughes, Carolyn, 35, 40 Karr, Mary, 37 hypercathexis, 15 Kauffman, Linda S, 146n Klass, Dennis, 16 identity, 11 Kleege, Georgina, 72 autobiography, 61–2 Kramer, Betty J, 4, 5, 6, 17, 19, 24, 25, construction of self, 60–5 94, 134 distinction from self, 62 Krasner, James, 3, 20–1, 88, 89, 90, embodied identity, 68–9 91, 101 Index 163

Kristeva, Julia, 70, 77, 80 dream of carrying her father, 117 Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth, 14, 22, 23 embodied childhood memories, 113 embodied experience of loss, 111 Lamott, Anne, 84 embodied memories, 116 Landor, Walter Savage, 21 gendered embodiment, 114, 115 Lang, Kirsty, 32 healing, 118 Lanvin, Jeanne, 53–5 movement into the body, 115–16 Larson, Thomas, 31, 35 resistance to meaning-making, 117 Laub, Dori, 26 search for identity, 111 Leader, Darian, 2, 3, 23, 135 story-telling and identity, 76 Lehman, Daniel W, 34, 35, 138 use of present tense, 141 Lejeune, Phillipe, 34, 139 validation of self, 116 Lewis, C S, 1, 21, 22, 133 Mairs, Nancy, 86, 146n life writing, see autobiography; Mantel, Hilary, Giving Up the Ghost, 5, memoir; textured recovery, 8, 11, 41 memoirs of ambiguous ending, 143 literary criticism, and grief, 22–3 ambivalent feelings about self, 82–3 literature, grief in, 21–4 attitude towards mourning, 82 Lorde, Audre, 90, 91 body and identity, 68 loss loss of agency, 69 ambiguity of, 19, 140 loss of power of narrative, 78–9 broad meaning of, 6 meaning of title, 82 disembodied experience of loss, 94 memory, 46 disruption to sense of self, 6–7 misdiagnosis, 66–7 embodied experience of, 11–12, negation of self, 67 86, 87–9, 126–7, 133–4: bodily remaking her life, 83 reaction, 112; embodied stigma of illness, 65 recovery, 122–7; loss of use of present tense, 141 beloved’s body, 89–93; loss of writing and agency, 84–5 embodied subjectivity, 93–4; writing and construction of self, 70 movement back into the body, writing and healing, 74–5 112–22 writing and identity, 76 gender, 9, 134–8 meaning making, 5, 20 truth in narratives of, 40–3, 138–9: resistance to, 117, 131–2 imaginative truth-telling, melancholia, 15, 17, 77, 89, 93 48–51; unreliability of memory, memoir, 31 43, 44–6 confessional memoirs, 30–1 see also grief importance of, 137 Lott, Bret, 46 increased critical attention to, 29 misery memoirs, 2, 5, 31–2 McCooey, David, 63–4 popularity of, 29–30 MacCurdy, Marian M, 19, 20 prejudice against, 31–2 Mahood, Kim, Craft For a Dry Lake, 3, truth in: debate over, 35–40; 5, 8, 12, 25, 137 imaginative truth-telling, 48–51; Aboriginal women, 115, 116 narratives of loss, 40–3, 138–9; ambiguous ending, 142 unreliability of memory, 43, apathy, 118 44–6 bodily experience of loss, 86 see also autobiography; textured disembodiment, 111–12, 117 recovery, memoirs of 164 Index memory Parkes, Colin Murray, 6 embodied memory, 98–9, 101–4, Pass, Olivia McNeely, 23 107–8, 112–13, 116, 134 Payne, Sheila, 14, 15 grief, 15 Pennebaker, James W, 70, 131 identity, 43 Perec, George, 23 mourning, 93 pop-psychology, 4, 129–30 neurological basis of, 90–1 postmodernism, 38 recovery of child-self, 105 Proust, Marcel, 101 truth, 42–4 psychoanalysis the universal, 137 identity, 63 unreliability of, 43, 44–6 mourning, 3, 17, 23, 88 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 88, 97, 99, 103 rejection of metaphor, and writing about illness, trauma, 26 72–4, 132 Miller, Nancy, 7–8, 10, 28, 30, 35, 61, Rae, Patricia, 127, 145 137, 143, 144 Rak, Julie, 29, 31, 130 Mintz, Suzanna, 122, 123, 124, 127, Rando, Therese, 6, 14, 19, 136 132, 138 Rateau, Armand Albert, 54 misery memoirs, 2, 5, 31–2 recovery, 3, 4 Modjeska, Drusilla, 34, 147n accommodation, 4–5, 19, 128 Montgomery, Thomas, 23 as complex process, 129 Morrison, Toni, 43 embodied recovery, 122–7 Motte, Warren, 23 new wave theories, 128–9 mourning scriptotherapy, 27 definition of, 88 sharing emotion/confronting loss, memory, 93 19, 129 standard model of grief, 13, 14 standard model of grief, 4, 13, 14, 128 work of, 13, 16–17, 23, 128 truth in narratives of loss, 40–3 see also grief; loss see also textured recovery, memoirs of Murdock, Maureen, 9, 37, 43, 46, 134, Rhodes, Jewell Parker, 43 135, 136, 138 Rich, Motoko, 36 Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith, 64, 68, narrative identity, 62, 75, 86 72, 132 ambivalent feelings about self, 81–3 Romm, Robin, 1 cultural significance, 76 Roorbach, Bill, 42, 43–4 loss of power of narrative, 77–80 Rose, Gillian, 72, 132 problematizing the narrative self, Rosenblatt, Paul, 3, 15, 16, 22 75–85 Rosenblum, Barbara, 68, 69 Neimeyer, Robert A, 4, 5, 6, 14, 20, 134 Rubinowski, Leslie, 43 Nye, Emily, 84 Sacks, Oliver, 76 O’Brien, Tim, 148n Sagan, Olivia, 150n Olney, James, 28–9, 32 Saliba, Mediha, 131 Saver, Jeffrey, 76 parent-bereavement, 6, 8 Schulkind, Jeanne, 63 complex recovery, 109–10 scriptotherapy, 3, 27, 70 truth in narratives of, 41–3 Sedaris, David, 36 see also Barrington, Judith; Diski, self Jenny; Gordon, Mary; Mahood, ambivalent feelings about, 81–2 Kim body, 88 Index 165

construction of, 60–5 gender, 134–8 construction of through writing, illness narratives, 132–3 69–70 in-between space of textured destabilization in illness narratives, recovery, 5, 18 65–9 interplay of subject and audience, 28 disembodied self, 96 limitations in study of, 144 disruption to sense of, 6–7 making mourning present, 136 distinction from identity, 62 movement away from heroic embodied identity, 68–9 paradigms, 143 embodied performances of, 87 nature of, 4, 7 healing through writing, 60–1, 70–5 new wave theories of grief, 10, 18: in illness narratives, 60, 64–5 characteristics of, 18–20 problematizing the narrative self, redefining the self, 131 75–85: ambivalent feelings rejection of therapy, 129–30 about self, 81–3; loss of power of resistance to meaning-making, 131–2 narrative, 77–80 resistance to triumph-over-tragedy redefining, 131 tropes, 132–3 Siegel, Kristi, 33, 125, 126 social and cultural aspects, 136 Slater, Lauren, 31 socialization of grief, 6 Spasm: A Memoir With Lies, 72; theorizing textured recovery, 4–5 truth in, 37–9 trauma theory, 25–7: anti-therapeutic ‘Three Spheres’, 31, 141 stance, 26; definition of Smart, Carol, 148n trauma, 26; witnessing, 27–8 Smith, Sidonie, 2, 7, 10–11, 29, 137 truth, 140 Sontag, Susan, 72–3 use of present tense, 140–1 Stacey, Jackie, 20, 72, 73, 133, 135 see also individual authors Stanton, Donna, 33 therapy, rejection of, 129–30 story-telling, and identity, 75–6 toxic narratives, 150n Strickland, Albert, 24, 25 transformation, 5, 7, 131 subjectivity, 60, 63, 64 trauma theory, 25–7 autobiography, 61 anti-therapeutic stance, 26 embodied understanding of, 88 definition of trauma, 26 gender, 9 witnessing, 27–8 loss of embodied subjectivity, 93–4 truth, 35 betrayal, 52–3 Tagore, Rabindranath, 22 in creative nonfiction, debate over, Tanner, Laura E, 3, 11, 20–1, 87, 88, 35–40 89, 91–2, 93, 94, 101, 105, 135 emotional truth, 36, 37, 41, 59, Tasso, Torquato, 27 139, 140 Tennyson, Alfred, 4, 108 gender, 139–40 textured recovery, memoirs of, 4, 9–10, imaginative truth-telling, 48–51 144–5 memory, 42–4: unreliability of, 43, accommodation, 129 44–6 ambiguous endings, 141–3 in narratives of loss, 40–3, 138–9 characteristics of, 21 complexity and ambiguity of loss, Ventura, Michael, 134 140 Voss, Norrine, 33 deviation from new wave grief theories, 5–6, 20 Wakefield, Jerome C, 17, 22 future research, 144 Watson, Julia, 2, 7, 10–11, 29, 137 166 Index

Weldon, Fay, 24, 32, 35, 129–30, Woolf, Virginia, 63 137–8, 139 Wright, Alexis, 48–9 Whitehead, Anne, 25 writing Wideman, John Edgar, 48 agency, 84–5 Wimsatt, William K, 28 construction of self, 69–70 witnessing, and trauma healing, 60–1, 70–5, 83–4, 129, theory, 27–8 130–1, 149n Wolcott, James, 31 women’s fiction, influence of Yagoda, Ben, 29 memoir, 31–2 Young, Kay, 76 Woodward, Kathleen, 17–18, 23, 128, 135 Zinsser, William, 30–1, 36