DOCSLIB.ORG

Does the Law Combat Illegal Wildlife Trade?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

- As part of our global pro bono programme I am delighted that we have been able to support the Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry and United for Wildlife in producing this important report on the legislative framework regulating the trade of wildlife in eleven key countries. As the report shows, there is still much work to be done to combat illegal trade of wildlife but we hope it will be useful in assisting United for Wildlife in their invaluable work. I have great pride in the fact that 55 DLA Piper lawyers across ten of our offices globally have been involved in this project. We look forward to hearing the outcome of the London Symposium and supporting further the outstanding work of the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry and United for Wildlife. Sir Nigel Knowles Managing Partner DLA Piper UNITED FOR WILDLIFE Through his Foundation, His Royal Highness The Duke of Cambridge has brought together an unprecedented collaboration between seven of the world's most influential conservation organisations and the Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry. The partnership, named "United for Wildlife", is a long-term commitment to tackle the global challenges to the world’s natural resources so they can be safeguarded for future generations. The partnership between Conservation International, Fauna & Flora International, International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Nature Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, WWF-UK, the Zoological Society of London and the Royal Foundation will lead the way to substantially increase the global response to major conservation crises. DLA PIPER Our pro bono programme: As one of the largest law firms in the world, DLA Piper develops, manages and delivers pro bono in size, scale and scope unlike any other law firm. With more than a dozen dedicated lawyers around the world developing and managing our pro bono projects, and more than 4,200 international lawyers ready to provide pro bono services, we deliver seamlessly coordinated global projects as well as individualised one–on-one services with extraordinary dedication and commitment. We are concerned about access to justice and rule of law around the world. Our global pro bono practice acts for and with some of the world's leading global charities, aid agencies, NGOs, UN agencies, governments and academic institutions around the world. DLA Piper’s commitment is unparalleled and every lawyer makes a serious and sustained effort to do pro bono work. In 2013, the firm devoted over 200,000 hours to pro bono initiatives, making us one of the largest providers of pro bono legal services in the world. As a thought leader in the creation and delivery of pro bono services, we engage in innovative pro bono projects, maintain a leading pro bono practice and help build a pro bono culture in the legal profession around the world. We are noted for our depth in areas such as juvenile justice, heirs’ property law, human rights, non-profits and charities, and poverty law. New Perimeter - our non-profit organisation: New Perimeter is a non-profit organisation established by DLA Piper to provide pro bono legal assistance primarily in developing and post-conflict countries. Founded in 2005, New Perimeter draws on the skills and talents of our lawyers globally to support social and economic development, as well as transparent and sound legal institutions. To maximise our impact, we send teams of lawyers in-country to work alongside our partners and clients whenever possible. We focus our work on legal education designed to strengthen a country's legal system and improve the skills of its judges and lawyers, women and children’s rights, access to justice and law reform, environmental protection, economic development and food security. Read about our global pro bono programme and New Perimeter at www.dlapiperprobono.com. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 BOTSWANA .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 6 2. PRINCIPLE LEGISLATION .................................................................................................... 7 3. PENALTIES ............................................................................................................................ 11 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................... 12 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................... 20 6. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 27 CAMEROON ........................................................................................................................................ 30 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 31 2. PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION .................................................................................................. 31 3. PENALTIES ............................................................................................................................ 39 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................... 43 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................... 52 6. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 54 CHINA ................................................................................................................................................. 56 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 57 2. PRIMARY LEGISLATION .................................................................................................... 57 3. PENALTIES ............................................................................................................................ 60 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................... 62 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................... 68 6. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 73 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO .................................................................................. 74 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 75 2. PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION .................................................................................................. 76 3. PENALTIES ............................................................................................................................ 86 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................... 89 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................... 93 6. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 96 KENYA ................................................................................................................................................ 98 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 99 2. PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION ................................................................................................ 100 3. PENALTIES .......................................................................................................................... 105 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................. 107 iv 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................. 112 6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 123 MALAYSIA ....................................................................................................................................... 127 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 128 2. PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION ................................................................................................ 128 3. PENALTIES .......................................................................................................................... 134 4. ANCILLARY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................. 147 5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND CAPACITY ............................................................................. 152 6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 157
Recommended publications
  • The Good Terrorist Free

    The Good Terrorist Free

    FREE THE GOOD TERRORIST PDF Doris Lessing | 400 pages | 17 Jan 2013 | HarperCollins Publishers | 9780007498789 | English | London, United Kingdom The Good Terrorist - Doris Lessing - Google книги Her father was an amputee due to injuries received in World War I The Good Terrorist, and her mother had treated his war injuries. As a child, Lessing explored the rural Rhodesian landscape, occasionally hunting small animals. While working as an au pair and a telephone operator in Salisbury, Rhodesia, Lessing read such authors as Chekhov and Tolstoy, refined her writing skills, and married twice. During her two marriages, she submitted The Good Terrorist fiction and poetry for publication and, after moving to London in with her son, Peter, Lessing published her first novel, The Grass is Singing, in She would go on to explore the individual's--women's in particular--relationship to society in many types of experimental fiction thereafter. Lessing has published many solid short-story collections but is perhaps best known for her Somerset Maugham Award-winning experimental novel The Golden Notebook. Lessing has also had The Good Terrorist lifelong interest in such topics as Marxism, telepathy, and social psychology. The Good Terrorist. The Good Terrorist Lessing. In her mid-thirties, intelligent, resourceful, and sensitive, Alice Mellings is the organizer, the mother-figure of a vagabond radical group, some of whose members become active terrorists, confronting the group with dissension, real danger, and the necessity of making crucial decisions. The Good Terrorist - Wikipedia She had been a member of the British Communist Partybut left after the Hungarian uprising. Some reviewers labelled the novel a satirewhile Lessing called it humorous.
  • Gtr Pnw343.Pdf

    Gtr Pnw343.Pdf

    Abstract Marcot, Bruce G. 1995. Owls of old forests of the world. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-343. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 64 p. A review of literature on habitat associations of owls of the world revealed that about 83 species of owls among 18 genera are known or suspected to be closely asso- ciated with old forests. Old forest is defined as old-growth or undisturbed forests, typically with dense canopies. The 83 owl species include 70 tropical and 13 tem- perate forms. Specific habitat associations have been studied for only 12 species (7 tropical and 5 temperate), whereas about 71 species (63 tropical and 8 temperate) remain mostly unstudied. Some 26 species (31 percent of all owls known or sus- pected to be associated with old forests in the tropics) are entirely or mostly restricted to tropical islands. Threats to old-forest owls, particularly the island forms, include conversion of old upland forests, use of pesticides, loss of riparian gallery forests, and loss of trees with cavities for nests or roosts. Conservation of old-forest owls should include (1) studies and inventories of habitat associations, particularly for little-studied tropical and insular species; (2) protection of specific, existing temperate and tropical old-forest tracts; and (3) studies to determine if reforestation and vege- tation manipulation can restore or maintain habitat conditions. An appendix describes vocalizations of all species of Strix and the related genus Ciccaba. Keywords: Owls, old growth, old-growth forest, late-successional forests, spotted owl, owl calls, owl conservation, tropical forests, literature review.
  • Journal of the West African Ornithological Society

    Journal of the West African Ornithological Society

    West African Ornithological Society Société d’Ornithologie de l’Ouest Africain Join the WAOS and support the future availability of free pdfs on this website. http://malimbus.free.fr/member.htm If this link does not work, please copy it to your browser and try again. If you want to print this pdf, we suggest you begin on the next page (2) to conserve paper. Devenez membre de la SOOA et soutenez la disponibilité future des pdfs gratuits sur ce site. http://malimbus.free.fr/adhesion.htm Si ce lien ne fonctionne pas, veuillez le copier pour votre navigateur et réessayer. Si vous souhaitez imprimer ce pdf, nous vous suggérons de commencer par la page suivante (2) pour économiser du papier. February / février 2010 2000 Revues 95 Owls. A guide to the owls of the world. By C. König, F. Weick and J.-H. Becking, 1999. 462 pp., 64 colour plates. Pica Press, Mountfield. ISBN 1-873403-74-7. Hardback, £35. This substantial work from Pica Press follows a similar format to its other recent volumes (see above). An introduction to owl biology is followed by a guest chapter by M. Wink and P. Heidrich on molecular evolution and systematics. The bulk of the book is devoted to species accounts and colour plates. Some 212 species of owls are described. This compares with 205 in the recently published Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) vol. 5 (J. del Hoyo et al. 1999, Lynx, Barcelona) and 151 species in Boyer & Hume’s 1991 Owls of the World (Dragon’s World, Surrey).
  • Royal Foundation's Annual Report

    Royal Foundation's Annual Report

    Company Registration No. 7033553 Charity Registration No. 1132048 The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (formerly The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and The Duke and Duchess of Sussex) Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2019 The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (formerly The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and The Duke and Duchess of Sussex) Company Registration No. 7033553 Contents Page Principals and Members, Officers and Professional Advisers 1 Letter from the Chair of the Board 2 Trustees' report - incorporating the Directors' report for Companies Act purposes 4 Independent Auditor's report 16 Consolidated statement of financial activities 19 Charity statement of financial activities 20 Consolidated and charity balance sheet 21 Consolidated and charity cash flow statement 22 Notes to the consolidated financial statements 23 The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (formerly The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and The Duke and Duchess of Sussex) Company Registration No. 7033553 Principals and Members TRH The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Trustees Sir Keith Mills, GBE, DL – Chairman Tessa Green, CBE Edward Harley, OBE, DL (resigned 18 September 2019) Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, LVO, MBE, DL Charles Mindenhall Guy Monson (appointed 18 September 2019, resigned 10 December 2019) Simon Patterson Lady Pinsent Claire Wills Ex Officio Trustees Simon Case, CVO (appointed 8 August 2019)
  • United Kingdom Veteran Landscape

    United Kingdom Veteran Landscape

    Military, Veterans, and Society | AUGUST 2020 United Kingdom Veteran Landscape Emma Moore Kayla Williams Zachary Jaynes Center for a New American Security 1152 15th Street NW, Suite 950, Washington, DC 20005 T: 202.457.9400 F: 202.457.9401 CNAS.org @CNASdc United Kingdom Veteran Landscape 2 About the Authors Army (Norton, 2006) and Plenty of Time When We Get Home: Love and Recovery in the Zachary Jaynes is a former Joseph S. Nye Jr. Aftermath of War (Norton, 2014). She holds a Intern for the Military, Veterans, and Society BA from Bowling Green State University and an Program at the Center for a New American MA from American University. Williams is a Security (CNAS). Jaynes is a junior at former member of the VA Advisory Committee Dartmouth College which he attends as a Posse on Women Veterans and the Army Education Foundation Scholar. He is double majoring in Advisory Committee and a current member of government and Middle Eastern studies with a the Department of Labor Advisory Committee on focus on national security. He has worked as a Veterans’ Employment, Training, and Employer research assistant in Dartmouth’s Department of Outreach. She is a 2013 White House Woman Government and was selected to be a War and Veteran Champion of Change and a 2015 Peace Fellow at the John Sloan Dickey Center Lincoln Award recipient. for International Understanding. Prior to Dartmouth, Jaynes was enlisted for five years as About the Military, Veterans, and Society an infantryman and reconnaissance, Program surveillance, and target acquisition scout in 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment.
  • 3.1 Anti-Colonial Terrorism: the Algerian Struggle

    3.1 Anti-Colonial Terrorism: the Algerian Struggle

    1 EMMANOUIL ARETOULAKIS National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Terrorism and Literariness: The terrorist event in the 20th and 21st centuries 2 Terrorism and Literariness: The terrorist event in the 20th and 21st centuries Author Emmanouil Aretoulakis NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS, GREECE Critical Reader William Schultz Editor Anastasia Tsiadimou ISBN: 978-960-603-462-6 Copyright © ΣΔΑΒ, 2015 Το παρόν έργο αδειοδοηείηαι σπό ηοσς όροσς ηης άδειας Creative Commons. Αναθορά Γημιοσργού - Μη Δμπορική Χρήζη - Παρόμοια Γιανομή 3.0. Για να δείηε ένα ανηίγραθο ηης άδειας ασηής επιζκεθηείηε ηον ιζηόηοπο https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr/ HELLENIC ACADEMIC LIBRARIES Δθνικό Μεηζόβιο Πολσηετνείο Ζρώων Πολσηετνείοσ 9, 15780 Εωγράθοσ www.kallipos.gr 3 Front cover picture Baricades set up during the Algerian War of Independence. January 1960. Street of Algier. Photo by Michel Marcheux, CC-BY-SA-2.5,wikipedia http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image 4 Table of Contents Abbreviation List ........................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 8 The end of History, the Clash of Civilizations and the question of the Real: Historico-Political Peregrinations ............................................................................ 12 Revolutionary Art, Theory, and Literature as Violence ........................................... 18 Notes........................................................................................................................
  • Mrs. Alavi: Summer Reading List: English IV (2016) Next Year, You'll

    Mrs. Alavi: Summer Reading List: English IV (2016) Next Year, You'll

    Mrs. Alavi: Summer Reading List: English IV (2016) Next year, you’ll be taking Senior English (English IV). English IV will focus on novels, poetry, memoirs, and short stories. One of the primary themes for your senior year will be the nature of humanity—are we inherently good? Inherently evil? How do the situations in our lives alter our nature? As we work our way through Senior English, we will look at some British literature, particularly that of the Romantic Era. We will also spend time reading what is called “Post-Colonial Literature,” the literature that offers people of non-British, non-European background to tell their own story, rather than being forced to let outsiders interpret their cultures for them. To this end, we will begin with the one required book for this summer: Heart of Darkness by Josef Conrad. Though this novel is short, some people think this is a tough book to read, so give yourself time. This is not something you want to pick up for the first time, two days before we return to school in August—the horror, the horror. As the course progresses, we will follow up this novel with others that are either responses to the book (Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart), or pieces inspired by Conrad’s novel (Daniel Mason’s The Piano Tuner.) Your summer reading assignment is to read two books. The second is a book of your choice from the list attached. If you have trouble picking a book, ask your parents and friends for suggestions, or research some of the titles that intrigue you.
  • Ideal Solutions for Railway Squatting in Malaysia: Alternatives to Eviction

    Ideal Solutions for Railway Squatting in Malaysia: Alternatives to Eviction

    Volume: 3 Issue: 15 [December, 2018] pp.29-39] Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development eISSN: 0128-1755 Journal website: www.jised.com IDEAL SOLUTIONS FOR RAILWAY SQUATTING IN MALAYSIA: ALTERNATIVES TO EVICTION Najah Inani Abdul Jalil1 Khuzaimah Mat Salleh2 1 School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), (E-mail: [email protected]) 2 School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), (E-mail: [email protected]) Accepted date: 02-09-2018 Published Date: 20-12-2018 To cite this document: Jalil, N. I. A., & Salleh. K. M. (2018). Ideal Solutions for Railway Squatting in Malaysia: Alternatives to Eviction. Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development, 3 (15), 29-39. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The provision of affordable housing in Malaysia has become a major problem for the policymaker. The problems are reflected by the mushrooming of squatters especially on railway land. The purpose of this research is to propose for alternatives solutions to railway squatters as compared to prevalent eviction procedures taken by the authorities. The solution for the eradication of railway squatters must be uniquely designed as eviction shall not be considered as a prototype in eradicating the railway squatters. The problems associated with eviction are violence to occupants, properties and in most cases, there are high possibilities of re-entry incidence by the squatters into a new illegal settlement. Hence, it is important to find alternatives solution which enable to provide some insight on how the problems to be solved holistically. In doing so, the research is executed by the analysis on the statutory provisions, decided cases and articles with the discussion on squatter’s resettlement programme from foreign countries with the belief that the myriad of solutions may be expensive but most of the failed resettlement programme resulted from the one-size-fit-all type of solutions.
  • Protected Area Management Plan Development - SAPO NATIONAL PARK

    Protected Area Management Plan Development - SAPO NATIONAL PARK

    Technical Assistance Report Protected Area Management Plan Development - SAPO NATIONAL PARK - Sapo National Park -Vision Statement By the year 2010, a fully restored biodiversity, and well-maintained, properly managed Sapo National Park, with increased public understanding and acceptance, and improved quality of life in communities surrounding the Park. A Cooperative Accomplishment of USDA Forest Service, Forestry Development Authority and Conservation International Steve Anderson and Dennis Gordon- USDA Forest Service May 29, 2005 to June 17, 2005 - 1 - USDA Forest Service, Forestry Development Authority and Conservation International Protected Area Development Management Plan Development Technical Assistance Report Steve Anderson and Dennis Gordon 17 June 2005 Goal Provide support to the FDA, CI and FFI to review and update the Sapo NP management plan, establish a management plan template, develop a program of activities for implementing the plan, and train FDA staff in developing future management plans. Summary Week 1 – Arrived in Monrovia on 29 May and met with Forestry Development Authority (FDA) staff and our two counterpart hosts, Theo Freeman and Morris Kamara, heads of the Wildlife Conservation and Protected Area Management and Protected Area Management respectively. We decided to concentrate on the immediate implementation needs for Sapo NP rather than a revision of existing management plan. The four of us, along with Tyler Christie of Conservation International (CI), worked in the CI office on the following topics: FDA Immediate
  • Reading Anger in Contemporary British Women's Working-Class Fiction

    Reading Anger in Contemporary British Women's Working-Class Fiction

    0 'The Red Light of Emotion'. Reading Anger in Contemporary British Women's Working-Class Fiction Patricia Ann Wheeler A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Hertfordshire for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The programme of research was carried out in the School of Humanities, Faculty of Humanities, Law and Education, University of Hertfordshire November 2004 Contents Acknowledgments i Abstract ii Introduction Realism and Representation:Women and the Working-Class Novel Pages1-36 Chapter I Anger and Anxiety: Gender and Sexuality in Working-Class Writing Pages37-69 Chapter 2 'An Orange Flame of Rage': Writing with a Vengeance Pages 70-101 Chapter 3 Pat Barker: The Reclamation of Anger Pages102-133 Chapter 4 Anger and Sexual Transgression: Pat Barker's The Man Who Wasn't There Pages 134-169 Chapter 5 Masculinity and Class Antagonism: Billy Prior, Working-Class Hero Pages170-198 Chapter 6 Anger and Alienation: Livi Michael's Invisible Women Pages199-227 Chapter 7 Angry Young Women: Recent Feminist Fictions Pages228- 256 Bibliography Pages 257- 277 i Acknowledgments With very grateful thanks to my two supervisors Dr Nahem Yousaf at Nottingham Trent University and Dr Sharon Monteith at the University of Nottingham (both formerly of the University of Hertfordshire). I fully acknowledge their academic guidance, their rigorous attention to the work in progress and their unfailing support and patience throughout the research and writing of this thesis. I hope they know how much their friendship and guidance means to me. I also thank David Wheeler for his continuing support and for finding the latest IT gadgetsto help in my writing, and for Emily and Benjamin Wheeler for trying to keep me on track.
  • Quantifying the Global Legal Trade in Live CITES-Listed Raptors and Owls

    Quantifying the Global Legal Trade in Live CITES-Listed Raptors and Owls

    Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) Electronic Supplementary Material for: Quantifying the global legal trade in live CITES-listed raptors and owls for commercial purposes over a 40-year period Published in 2019 in Avocetta 43(1) :23-36; doi: https://doi.org/10.30456/AVO.2019104 Authors: Connor T. Panter1,*, Eleanor D. Atkinson1, Rachel L. White1 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author: [email protected] List of contents: ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. ESM 2 - Appendix B. CITES Trade Purposes categories with associated definitions. ESM 3 - Appendix C. CITES Importer and Exporter countries with total reported imported and exported individuals of raptors and owls. ESM 4 - Appendix D. Raptor and owl exporter countries supplying the Japanese trade in live birds for commercial use. ESM 5 - Appendix E. Percentages of number of traded species within global IUCN Red List categories and population trends. ESM 6. Imported raptor species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported raptor individuals. ESM 7. Exported raptor species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported raptor individuals. ESM 8. Imported owl species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported owl individuals. ESM 9. Exported owl species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported owl individuals. 1 Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL (ESM) ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. *The CITES Trade Database does not provide information regarding whether birds declared as “wild- caught” were derived from legal or illegal activities.
  • TRANSFORMATION of PERCEPTION of the GECEKONDU PHENOMENON Mehmet Rıfat AKBULUT, Seher BAŞLIK

    TRANSFORMATION of PERCEPTION of the GECEKONDU PHENOMENON Mehmet Rıfat AKBULUT, Seher BAŞLIK

    TRANSFORMATIONMETU JFA 2011/2 OF PERCEPTION OF THE GECEKONDU DOI:METU 10.4305/METU.JFA.2011.2.1 JFA 2011/2 1 (28:2) 1-44 TRANSFORMATION OF PERCEPTION OF THE GECEKONDU PHENOMENON Mehmet Rıfat AKBULUT, Seher BAŞLIK Received: 19.07.2005; Final Text: 26.06.2010 The aim of this paper is not to redefine the gecekondu phenomenon, nor Keywords: gecekondu; urban history; to describe its historical development, but to discuss and explore the urbanization; urban transformation; Turkey. transformations it is socially perceived with through time. Academic approaches are generally reviewed in a more pronounced manner. Within the frame of this paper gecekondu phenomenon is conceived according to different time periods well-known in gecekondu studies; i.e. from the 1940s to 1970 as the ‘period of innocence and marginalisation’, the 1970s as period of ‘politization’ and ‘first benefits of speculation’, and from 1980 onwards as the period of the “varoş”, of full speculation and complete illegalisation. It is considered a priori that, its perception changed in line with the above mentioned periods through which the phenomenon itself has materially and considerably changed. INTRODUCTION As the title emphasises, the aim of this paper is not to define the gecekondu phenomenon nor to describe its development through history, but to discuss and explore the way it is perceived and explained by public opinion according to transformations it underwent over time. Gecekondu studies always remained as a focus of interest as well as one of favourite and fruitful subjects in Turkish social and urban sciences literature. Numerous papers, researches, articles and books have been produced and published in this field.