Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 01 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01

August 2017, Issue-32, Vol-01

Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap (M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)

Co-Editor Dr. Ravindranath Kewat (M.A. Ph.D.)

 “Printed by: Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd. Published by Ghodke Archana Rajendra & Printed & published at Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd.,At.Post. Limbaganesh Dist,Beed -431122 (Maharashtra) and Editor Dr. Gholap Bapu Ganpat.

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Editorial Board & Advisory Committee

1) Dr. Vikas Sudam Padalkar (Japan) 24) Dr.Sushma Yadav (Delhi) 2) M.Saleem, Sialkot (Pakistan) 25) Dr.Seema Sharma (Indor) 3) Dr. Momin Mujtaba (Saudi Arebia) 26) Dr. Choudhari N.D. (Kada) 4) N.Nagendrakumar (Sri Lanka) 27) Dr. Yallawad Rajkumar (Parli v.) 5) Dr. Wankhede Umakant (Maharashtra) 28) Dr. Yerande V. L.(Nilanga) 6) Dr. Basantani Vinita (Pune) 29) Dr. Awasthi Sudarshan (Parli v.) 7) Dr. Upadhya Bharat (Sangali) 30) Vipin Pandey, Kanpur (U.P.) 8) Jubraj Khamari (Orissa) 31) Dr. Rajendra Acharya (Parli v.) 9) Krupa Sophia Livingston (Tamilnadu) 32) Manmeet Kaur (Uttrakhand) 10) Dr. Wagh Anand (Aurangabad) 33) Dr. Vidya Gulbhile (M.S.) 11) Dr. Ambhore Shankar (Jalna) 34) Dr. Kewat Ravindra (Chandrapur) 12) Dr. Ashish Kumar (Delhi) 35)Dr. Pandey Piyush (Delhi) 13) Prof.Surwade Yogesh (Satara) 36) Dr. Suresh Babu (Hydarabad) 14) Dr. Patil Deepak (Dhule) 37) Dr. Patel Brijesh (Gujrat) 15) Dr. Singh Rajeshkumar (Lucknow) 38) Dr. Trivedi Sunil (Gujrat) 16) Tadvi Ajij (Jalgaon) 39) Dr. Sarda Priti (Hydarabad) 17) Dr.Patwari Vidya (Jalna) 40) Dr. Nema Deepak (M.P.) 18) Dr.Varma Anju (Gangatok) 41) Dr. Shukla Neeraj (U.P.) 19 ) Dr.Padwal Promod (Waranasi) 42) Dr. Namdev Madumati (M.P.) 20) Dr.Lokhande Nilendra (Mumbai) 43) Dr. Kachare S.V. (Parli-v) 21) Dr.Narendra Pathak (Lucknow) 44) Dr. Singh Komal (Lucknow) 22) Dr.Bhairulal Yadav (West Bangal) 45) Dr. Pawar Vijay (Mumbai) 23) Dr.M.M.Joshi, (Nainital) 46) Dr. Chaudhari Ramakant (Jalgaon)

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...... 01) Foreign Direct Investment in India: Some Aspects Prof. K. B. Ingle, Buldhana || 08 ...... 02) Cross Cultural Training-A Study SANTHOSH JANAGAMA, Telangana || 12 ...... 03) ETHNO-MEDICO BOTANY OF MARATHWADA S.V. Kachare, Parli-Vaijnath || 16 ...... 04) Fertility Cult in Early Indian Art Ritika Kamboj, Chandigarh || 20 ...... 05) Cloud Computing Core Concepts Preeti Kamra, Amritsar || 22 ...... 06) A STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONS IN SHASHI DESHPANDE’S NOVEL ‘THE DARK HOLDS NO TERRORS’ GAGANPREET KAUR, LUDHIANA || 25 ...... 07) STUDY ON DALITS IN INDIA: LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES WITH STARK REALITIES Miss. Rekha Pahuja, Jalgaon || 27 http://www.printingarea.blogspot.com

| ......

08) Financial Innovations in Banking Sector in India Dr. Pradip kumar Pandey, Varanasi || 33 ...... 09) A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTER CASTE AND INTER RELIGIOUS MARRIED COUPLES IN... Dr. Sawant Sanjay Dnyanoba, Kolhapur || 38 ...... 10) Role of Emotional Intelligence for Teacher Effectiveness Gopal Singh, Lucknow || 41 ...... 11) STUDIES ON BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, AND FLUORIDE CONTENT IN HARVESTED ROOF TOP... Dr. Suparna Deshmukh, Beed. || 46 ...... www.vidyawarta.com/03 www.vidyawarta.com/03 12) Four new records of marine fungi from Maharashtra coast (India). Sunil A. Gosavi, Mumbai, Kunal S. Borse, B. D. Borse, Dhule || 52 ...... 13) Understanding the Patterns of Unemployment in Ukhrul District of Manipur Sandeep Gupta, Meghalaya || 56 ...... Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 06 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 14) MARKETING OF FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS IN WEEKLY MARKETS: A STUDY OF RURAL ... Vishwnath Pandurang Hissal, Washim | | 62 ...... 15) Textile Trend of Journal of the Textile Institute, 2000–2015: A Bibliometric Study Mrs. Amrit Kaur, Delhi, Sanjay Kataria, Noida || 68 ...... 16) Adjustment among Adolescents in Relation To Self-Concept Jasvir Kaur Grewal, Ludhiana || 73 ...... 17) Analysis of Bibliometric term in Web of Science Gajanan Pralhadrao Khiste, Dr. Rajeev R. Paithankar, Nanded || 78 ...... 18) SERVQUAL in Life Insurance Service - A Study on LIC of India in North Telangana Rajidi Rammohan Reddy, Dr. T. Krishna Kumar, Karimnagar || 84 ...... 19) Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India Rekha Devi, Kaithal || 89 ...... 20) A Payment Banks in India: Concept, Comparison and Challenges Dr. Divyesh D. Sanghani, Gondal || 92 ...... 21) Web Accessibility : A Study of elibrary website of Public System of Rajasthan Dr. Deepak Kumar Shrivastava, Gurnam Singh, Kota || 97 ...... 22) A Scientometric study of Doctoral Dissertations in Bio-chemistry Submitted to the..... http://www.printingarea.blogspot.com Dr. Telke Sudhakar B., Shankarnagar || 106

| ...... 23) ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ˆªÖê•ÖúŸÖê»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ú¸üÖÖ·µÖÖ ‘Ö™üúÖÓ“ÖÖ †³µÖÖÃÖ ¯ÖÏÖ. ‹­Ö. ‡Ô. ³ÖӐÖÖôêû, ¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò. †Ö¸ü. ‹´Ö. ÃÖ¸üÖê¤êü, ³ÖãÃÖÖ¾Öôû || 112 ...... 24) ÖÖ­Ö¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖ ‹úÖêםÖÃÖÖ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖúÖŸÖᯙ “Ö´ÖÖìªÖêÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò. ‹­Ö. ›üß. ³ÖÖ´Ö¸êü, ­ÖÓ¤ãü¸ü²ÖÖ¸ü || 115 ...... 25) ÖÏÖ´ÖßÖ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÖµÖÖ³ÖæŸÖ ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ †Ö×Ö ×“Ö¸Óü•Öß¾Ö ×¾ÖúÖÃÖ :‹ú ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö¿ÖÖáÖßµÖ †¬µÖµÖ­Ö ¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò. ÃÖã¸êü¿Ö ×¾Ö. ¬Ö­Ö¾Ö›êü, ­ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü || 119 ...... 26) •ÖôûÖÖ¾Ö ¿ÖÆü¸üÖ“µÖÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ Ã¡Öß ³ÖÏæÖÆüŸµÖê»ÖÖ úÖ¸üú ÃÖÖ´ÖÖו֍ú ¾Ö ÃÖÖÓÍéúן֍ú •Ö›üÖ‘Ö›üÖß“ÖÖ ‹êןÖÆüÖ×Ã֍ú †³µÖÖÃÖ ÁÖߍéúÂÖ ´Ö¬Öãú¸ü ¸ü֏ÖÖë›êü, ›üÖò.ÃÖã»ÖÖê“Ö­ÖÖ ¯ÖÖ™üß»Ö, •ÖôûÖÖ¾Ö || 122 www.vidyawarta.com/03 www.vidyawarta.com/03 ...... 27) ejkBh dfork % Lo:i o ladYiuk M‚- 'kkarkjke ckcujko pkS/kjh] çojkuxj || 123 ...... 28) fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy MkfGac mRiknd ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k leL;kapk vH;kl MkW- xtkuu dne] iq.ks || 128 Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 07 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 29) BaT@yaa ivamau@t jaatI jamaatItaIla ivaVaqaI-M palakaMcaI samaaijak Aaiqa-k pirisqatI : ek savao-xaNa paokLo ikSaaor hirBaa}, Da^.AiSvanaI krvaMdo, mauMba[- || 131 ...... 30) †Ö¬Öã׭֍ú ×Æü­¤üß úÆüÖ­Öß ´Öë ÃÖÓ‘ÖÂÖÔ¸üŸÖ ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ›üÖò. ×­Ö¾Öé¢Öß ³Ö֐־֟Ö, ­ÖÖ­¤êü› || 140 ...... 31) gfj;k.kk dh lar dkO;&ijEijk vkSj dchj /keZchj] jksgrd || 143 ...... 32) ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; esa vrhr vkSj orZeku dk leUo; izk- MkW- Kkus’oj xaxk/kj xkMs] fgaxksyh || 149 ...... 33) Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkanksyu] xka/kh vkSj fØdsV Ák- MkW- lanhi j- gkrsokj] o/kkZ || 152 ...... 34) viw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj esa foKkiu dk ekax ij izHkko MkW- :fp f}osnh] 'kkgtgk¡iqj || 159 ...... 35) fueZyk iqrqy dh dforkvksa esa vkfnoklh foe’kZ MkW- lat; xMik;ys] ft- ijHk.kh || 164 ...... 36) xjhch mUewyu dh fofHkUu ;kstuk,Wa ,oa uok vatksj ifj;kstuk MkW- egsUnz ‘kekZ] nqxZ || 171 ...... HkfDrdky esa fLFkr izsek[;kud dkO;&/kkjk http://www.printingarea.blogspot.com 37)

| MkW- ‘ks- jft+;k ‘kgukt+ ‘ks- vCnqYyk] fgaxksyh || 176 ...... 38) ihMdI saInaomaa maoM maihlaaAaoM kI badlataI BaUimaka sapanaa saava{kr, kuTI_-faoMDa || 180 ...... 39) ^jkx jkfxfu dk izÒko* D;k dsoy dYiuk gS ! MkW- iwohZ yqfu;ky] fljekSj || 183 ...... 40) mnuSm

www.vidyawarta.com/03 www.vidyawarta.com/03 || 187 ...... 42) fd’kksjksa] O;Ldksa vkSj o`)ks ds fy, vkgkj vk;kstu Mohini Tyagi || 193 ...... 43) izkFkfed Lrj dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fo'ys"k.kkRed--- Dr. Manju Sharma, Mandi New Delhi || 200 Printing Area UGC Approved s...... : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed...... Journal r Jr.No.43053 . Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 08 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 distinguished from portfolio investments in which 01 an investor merely purchases equities of foreign- based companies. The key feature of foreign Foreign Direct Investment in direct investment is that it is an investment India: Some Aspects made that establishes either effective control of, or at least substantial influence over, the decision making of a foreign business. Foreign Prof. K. B. Ingle Direct investment act as a a bridge to fulfill the Associate Professor, Dept. Of Commerce, gap between investment and saving. In the Bhagwan Baba College, Lonar, process of eco Foreign direct investment (FDI) Dist. Buldhana, Maharashtra is an investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests ======***********======in another country, in the form of either Abstract:. establishing business operations or acquiring Foreign Direct investment plays a very business assets in the other country, such as important role in the development of the nation. ownership or controlling interest in a foreign Sometimes domestically available capital is company. Foreign direct investments are inadequate for the purpose of overall distinguished from portfolio investments in which development of the country The paper provides an investor merely purchases equities of foreign- the major policy implications from this analysis, based companies. The key feature of foreign besides drawing attention on the complexities direct investment is that it is an investment in interpreting FDI data in India. . Foreign capital made that establishes either effective is seen as a way of filling in gaps between development foreign capital helps to cover the domestic savings and investment. Foreign domestic saving constraint and provide access investment helps in developing the foreign to the superior technology that promote currency This research paper aims to examine efficiency and productivity of the existing the impact of FDI on the Indian economy, production capacity and generate new particularly after two decades of economic production opportunity. Foreign investment plays reforms, and analyzes the challenges to position a significant role in development of any economy itself favorably in the global competition for FDI. as like India. Many countries provide many The flow of foreign investment is a profit making incentives for attracting the foreign direct industry like insurance, real estate and business investment (FDI). Need of FDI depends on services and serving as a catalyst for the growth saving and investment rate in any country. of economy in India. Foreign capital is seen as a way of filling in gaps Keywords: FDI is the powerful engine between domestic savings and investment. India to develop the Indian Economy. can attract much larger foreign investments than Introduction Foreign direct investment it has done in the past. The study based on (FDI) is an investment made by a company or Secondary data which have been collected individual in one country in business interests through reports of the Ministry of Commerce and in another country, in the form of either Industry, Department of Industrial Promotion and establishing business operations or acquiring Policy, Government of India, Reserve Bank of business assets in the other country, such as India, and World Investment Report. The study ownership or controlling interest in a foreign concludes that Mauritius emerged as the most company. Foreign direct investments are dominant source of FDI contributing. It is Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 09 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 because the India has Double Taxation manufacturing. Avoidance Agreement with Mauritius and most 2) Up to 51% FDI in multi brand retail trading. of the foreign countries like to invest in service • At least 100 million US$ must be sector. invested into Indian company. Objectives of the Study: • At least 50% of the total FDI is to be The research paper covers the following invested in back end infrastructure within 3 objectives: years. 1) To study the need of FDI in India • At least 30% of the value of 2) To discuss the FDI policy framework procurement of processed product shall be in India sourced from Indian small industry. 3) To understand current status of FDI • Fresh agriculture produce is permitted in India to be sold unbranded. 4) To study aspects of taxes in India. • Indian states have been given the Research Methodology : discretion to accept of refuse the The present study is based on the implementation of FDI. secondary data with objectives like to • Retail outlets can be set up in cities understand the need for FDI in India To discuss having population of at least 1 million. the FDI policy framework in India, To identify • Application needs to be approved by the various determinants of FDI. Economic two levels at Department of Industrial Policy and development and how the status of economy Promotion and Foreign Investment has improved after economic reforms. To fulfill Promotion Board. all above said objectives data has been gathered Foreign investments mean both foreign from secondary sources like reports and portfolio investments and foreign direct publication of Govt. and RBI relating to foreign investments (FDI). FDI brings better technology Investment, economic journals, books, and management, access to marketing networks magazines and internet etc. and offers competition, the latter helping Indian CURRENT STATUS OF FDI IN INDIA companies improve, quite apart from being good As of Dec2016, the Government of India for consumers. This efficiency contribution of allowed FDI in single and multi brand retailing FDI is much more important. The parallel process along with the following conditions:- of virtual withdrawal of the Industrial Licensing 1) Up to 100% FDI in single brand retail System and the retreating from the primacy trading. given to public sector also enhanced the scope • only one non-resident entity whether for FDI participation in India. Together with owner or the brand or otherwise. liberalizing the FDI regime, steps were taken to • 30% domestic sourcing requirement allow foreign portfolio investments into the eased to preferable sourcing rather than Indian stock market through the mechanism of compulsory. foreign institutional investors. The On their part, • Further clarification on FDI companies large Indian companies have been allowed to that cannot engage in B2C e-commerce. raise capital directly from international capital • Products to be sold should be of a markets through commercial borrowings and “single brand”. Product should be sold under the depository receipts having underlying Indian same brand internationally. equity. Thus, the country adopted a two-pronged • "Single brand" product retailing would strategy: one to attract FDI and to encourage cover only products, which are branded during portfolio capital flows which ease the financing Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 010 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 constraints of Indian enterprises. As a result of particularly among developing nations. the above-mentioned policy changes, India now Experience of South – East Asian countries by follows an FDI-friendly regime that is quite liberalizing their economies in 1980sbecame comparable to that adopted by most countries. stars of the economic growth and development The changes in the sentiments towards FDI were in 1990s. given effect to in the form of a series of changes ASPECTS OF TAXATION in the policies. These included removing the Direct Taxes: ceilings on foreign equity imposed by the FERA, • The investor is required to pay tax on lifting of restrictions on the use of foreign brand net income earned in India. The rates of taxes names in the domestic market, removing differ among structures. restrictions on entry and expansion of foreign Company: direct investment into consumer goods, • The company incorporated in India is abandoning the “local content” and “foreign required to pay 30% tax+surcharge+education exchange balancing” rules, among others. cess on net income earned. It is also required Importance of FDI to deduct tax on profits distributed Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India @15.5%+surcharge+education cess. has played an important role in the development Branch office/ Project office/ Liaison office or of the Indian economy. FDI in India has in a lot permanent establishment: of ways enabled India to achieve a certain • The fixed place of business in India is degree of financial stability, growth and treated as a permanent establishment and is development. This money has allowed India to required to pay tax @40%+surcharge+education focus on the areas that needed a boost and cess. There is no tax on profits distributed. economic FDIs are permitted. FDI is not Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs): permitted in the address the various problems • LLPs are required to pay tax that continue to challenge the country. India has @30%+surcharge education cess. There is no continually sought to attract FDI from the world’s tax on profits distributed. major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Indian Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): national government announced a number of reforms designed to encourage and promote a • 18.5%+SC+EC- Indian tax law requires favorable business environment for investors. MAT to be paid by corporations in cases where Through financial collaborations, through the tax payable according to the regular tax private equity or preferential allotments, by way provisions is less than 18.5% of their book profits. of capital markets through euro issues, and in However MAT credit (MAT-actual tax) can be joint ventures. The study attempts to analyze carried forward in next 10 years for set-off the important dimensions of FDI in India. The against regular tax payable during the study works out on the pattern and trends of subsequent years subject to certain conditions. the main determinants and dimensions of FDI IN INDIA investment flow in India. July, 1991. , India • 49% FDI under automatic route opened is doors to private sector and liberalized permitted in Insurance and Pension sectors it economy There is a considerable change in • Foreign investment up to 49% in the attitude of both developing and developed defense sector permitted under automatic route. countries towards FDI. They both considered FDI The foreign investment in access of 49% has as most suitable form of external finance been allowed on case to case basis with Increase in competition for FDI inflows Government approval in cases resulting in Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 011 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 access to modern technology in the country or retail trading, including through e-commerce, for other reasons to be recorded has been permitted in respect of food products • FDI limit of 100% (49% under automatic manufactured and/or produced in India route, beyond 49% government route) for • 100% FDI allowed in Asset defense sector made applicable to Reconstruction Companies under the automatic Manufacturing of Small Arms and Ammunitions route covered under Arms Act 1959 • 74% FDI under automatic route • FDI up to 100% under automatic route permitted in Brownfield pharmaceuticals. FDI permitted in Teleports, Direct to Home, Cable beyond 74% will be allowed through government Networks, Mobile TV, Headed-in- the Sky approval route Broadcasting Service • FDI limit for Private Security Agencies • FDI up to 100% under automatic route raised to 74% (49% under automatic route, permitted in Up-linking of Non-‘News & Current beyond 49% and up to 74% under government Affairs’ TV Channels, Down-linking of TV route) Channels • For establishment of branch office, • In case of single brand retail trading liaison office or project office or any other place of ‘state-of-art’ and ‘cutting-edge technology’ of business in India if the principal business of products, sourcing norms can be relaxed up to the applicant is Defence, Telecom, Private three years and sourcing regime can be relaxed Security or Information and Broadcasting, for another 5 years subject to Government approval of Reserve Bank of India would not be approval required in cases where FIPB approval or license/ • Foreign equity cap of activities of Non- permission by the concerned Ministry/Regulator Scheduled Air Transport Service, Ground has already been granted Handling Services increased from 74% to 100% Conclusion: under the automatic route This calls for a judicious policy decision • 100% FDI under automatic route towards FDI at the sartorial level. A large number permitted in Brownfield Airport projects of changes that were introduced in the country‘s • FDI limit for Scheduled Air Transport regulatory economic policies heralded the Service/ Domestic Scheduled Passenger Airline liberalization era of the FDI policy regime in India and regional Air Transport Service raised to and brought about a structural breakthrough in 100%, with FDI up to 49% permitted under the volume of the FDI inflows into the economy automatic route and FDI beyond 49% through maintained a fluctuating and Unsteady trend Government approval during the study period. It might be interest to • Foreign airlines would continue to be note that more than 50 per cent of the total FDI allowed to invest in capital of Indian companies inflows received in India come from Mauritius, operating scheduled and nonscheduled air Singapore and the USA. The main reason for transport services up to the limit of 49% of their higher levels of investment from Mauritius was paid up capital that the fact that India entered into double • In order to provide clarity to the e- taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) with commerce sector, the Government has issued Mauritius were protected from taxation in India. guidelines for foreign investment in the sector. This may be due to the low flow of FDI into India 100% FDI under automatic route permitted in both at the macro level as well as at the sartorial the marketplace model of e-commerce level. FDI is essential in India to grow in foreign • 100% FDI under Government route for income. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 012 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 References: 1. Alam M. S. (2000): “FDI and Economic 02 Growth of India and Bangladesh: A comparative study”, Indian Journal of Economics, vol. Lxxx, Cross Cultural Training-A Study part 1 no 316, 1-15. 2. Annual Survey of Industries, CD Rom SANTHOSH JANAGAMA, (2001): Economic and Political Weekly Research RGNF (UGC) Research Scholar, Foundation, Mumbai. 2013 Dept of Business Management, 3. Aitken, B. G. H. Hansen and A. E. Osmania University, Harrison (1997) Spillovers, Foreign Investment Hyderabad, Telangana, India, and Export Behaviour. Journal of International Economics, 43, pp. 103-32. ======***********======4. Ms. Sapna hooda (2011) a study of ABSTRACT FDI and Indian Economy;Doctor of philosophy Understanding the values, attitudes and from national institute of technology(deemed behaviors of people in various countries is the university) Haryana. key to knowing how to do business with them. 5. www.fdi in india So often, we take for granted that everyone’s culture is similar to ours. To help companies gain  a competitive advantage in the global marketplace by understanding and learning about other cultures, training organizations, such as Windham International, offer cross- cultural training. With this type of training, work can go more quickly and smoothly and companies avoid costly mistakes. Cross-cultural and intercultural training, a marginal idea 30 years ago, has boomed into mainstream acceptance in the past 10 years with international businesses tapping into a large and sometimes expensive array of cross and intercultural training programs for their employees. Trying to do international business without prior cross-cultural training is a recipe for disaster. When organizations become cross- border entities, cross-cultural factors start affecting every aspect of the business. Whether in multi-cultural teams or in business interactions, the variants of cultural nuances eventually end up affecting the business. Key Words: Culture, Training, CCT, Design of CCT, etc. INTRODUCTION The trend of globalization is providing opportunities for Indian firms to reach foreign Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 013 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 markets. The business model of many upcoming competence for aspiring managers. The report industries like the information technology sector attempts to define the possible sources of cross- is dependent heavily on the foreign markets. cultural differences, its impact on business This increases the need of professionals working practices, competencies required for the in foreign cultural settings. The merger and expatriates, evolution of cross-cultural training, acquisition activity especially the cross-border issues to be considered while developing cross- acquisitions have reached much higher levels. cultural training, different ways of training the The trend of acquisitions is not only restricted employees and examples of a few countries to to the new sectors like Information Technology, provide a birds eye view. Telecom and Business Process Outsourcing, but Research Methodology core sector companies like Manufacturing and Objective Mining (For Example: Sterile group acquiring 1. To understand the objectives, mines in Australia) have observed spurt in such 2. To study the benefits of cross cultural activities too. The sheer size of certain deals in training the range of 200-300 Million dollars indicates Type of Research- Exploratory Research global aspirations of the Indian firms. The Data sources: The research is based on Pharmaceutical companies have widened their secondary data and the data is collected from reach in world market with examples like various websites, Journals, Magazines, Articles Ranbaxy and DRL having presence in many and Research Paper. countries. The globalization dreams present a Defining Cross-cultural training and its new challenge for the Indian firms; the challenge objectives to develop competent managers who would be The cross-cultural training in general it able to work in new environments efficiently and can be defined individual‘s capability to cope will act as a bridge between the parent company with and work, Hence cross-cultural training and its subsidiaries. The globalization will also involves all the ways like lectures, simulation bring new employees to the Indian firms, the etc. used to create the person familiar with a ones with different origin, language and national unique culture. The term cross-cultural training culture adding complexities to the culture of therefore is broad enough to incorporate Indian organizations. The firms thus need to differences in areas like language skills, develop systems and processes not only to train business etiquettes, beliefs and values, social managers for expatriate assignments but also system, negotiating styles etc. of any culture. to handle cultural diversity. This task can be The cross-cultural has also been methods to achieved by well designed cross-cultural training prepare people for more effective interpersonal programs which will help employees in coping relations and job success after they move up with the stress and cultural shock while extensively with individuals from cultures aside dealing with a new culture. The need for cross- from their own (Brislin and Y The term job cultural training will be for both: Indian success here seems to be slightly ambiguous, expatriates and employees dealing with as the factors defining success on an expatriate expatriates of other origins. The cross-cultural assignment can include organizational values, training will also be required for the Indian earning respect from peers and subordinates, companies getting into Business Process technical skills, interpersonal and relationship Outsourcing as the clients belong to culturally management skills etc. The advantages from different environments. Working effectively in cross-cultural training have been listed as cross-cultural context is becoming vital following (Zakaria, 2000: 2): Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 014 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 1. A means for constant switching from through learning about others. an automatic, home culture international Encourage Confidence: Cross cultural management mode to a culturally flexible and training promotes self-confidence in people and acceptable one groups through empowering them with a way 2. An aid to improve coping with of controlling over previously difficult challenges unexpected events and cultural shock in a very in the workplace. new culture Break down Barriers: All individuals 3. A means to reduce uncertainty of have certain barriers like preconceptions, interactions with foreign nationals prejudices and stereotypes that impede our 4. A means for enhancing expatriates understanding of people. Cross cultural training coping skill demystifies other cultures through presenting Hence cross-cultural training is seen as them under an objective light. Through learning a tool for improving the corporate culture and about other cultures, barriers are slowly chipped practices by perpetually learning through away therefore allowing for more open induction of foreign nationals within the relationships and dialogue. organizations. Further the cross-cultural training Build Trust: When people‘s barriers are can facilitate reduce the psychological stress lowered, m in greater trust. Once trust is and cultural shock which often lead to failure of established unselfish tendencies naturally expatriates. manifest allowing for greater co-operation and The 10 Benefits of Cross Cultural Training additional productive workplace. How will cross cultural training positively Motivate: One of the outcomes of cross impact individuals and teams? Cross cultural cultural training is that people begin to see their differences and do impede upon communication roles within the workplace more clearly. Through and social relationships. Within the business self-analysis people begin to recognize areas world it happens daily, wherever individuals from in which they need to improve and become different cultures interact and are expected to motivated to develop and progress. perform and make decisions. Cross cultural Open Horizons: Cross cultural training training aims to develop awareness between addresses problems in the workplace at a very individuals wherever a standard cultural different angle to traditional methods. Its framework does not exist in order to promote innovative, alternative and motivating way of clear lines of communication and better analyzing and resolving problems helps people relationships. to adopt a similarly creative strategy when Cross cultural training has several approaching challenges in their work or personal advantages to be gained by both participants lives. and businesses. For participants in cross cultural Develop Interpersonal Skills: Through training, the 10 main advantages are that it cross cultural training participants d can be helps: applied in all walks of life. By learning about People Learn About Themselves: the influence of culture, i.e. the hidden factors Through cross cultural training, individuals are upon people‘s training begin to deal with people exposed to facts and knowledge about their own with a sensitivity and understanding that may cultures, preconceptions, mentalities and have previously been lacking. worldviews that they may otherwise not have Develop Listening Skills: Listening is an contemplated. Cross cultural training helps integral element of effective and productive individuals learn more about themselves communication. Cross Cultural training helps Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 015 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 people to understand how to listen, what to are of high concern. Preparing the employees listen for and the way to interpret what they for a foreign assignment is mutually beneficial hear within a broader framework of to the organization and the employee. For the understanding. By turning good listeners, people employees, a well delivered training can help naturally become good communicators. in managing with the new situations, while for People Use Common Ground: In the the organization this helps in getting the best workplace people have a tendency to focus on of the employee in terms of work output through differences. When cross cultural communication maintaining the employee morale and issues arise the natural inclination is to motivation. With the growing influence of withdraw to opposing sides and to focus on the foreign markets and increasing growth negative aspects of the opposite. Cross cultural prospects for multinational business models, it training assists in developing a way of mutual is of high importance that companies prepare understanding between individuals by their employees to be fit for global assignments. highlighting common ground. Once spaces of References mutual understanding are established, people 1. http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/01/ begin to use them to overcome culturally 24/rcross_ed3_.php challenging situations. 2. Bennet, J. M. (1986). Modes of cross- Career Development: Cross cultural cultural training: Conceptualizing cross-cultural training enhances p employment opportunities. training as education. International Journal of Having cross cultural awareness gives people a Intercultural Relations, 10, 117- 134. competitive edge over others especially when 3. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). applying for positions in international Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review companies with a large multi-cultural staff base. and a theoretical framework for future research. Misinterpretations on account of cultural Academy of Management Review, 15(l), 113- factors can be damaging to a compa is for 136. greater understanding and adaptability. Not 4. Deshpandey, S., & Visweswaran, C. surprisingly, most organizations now consider (1992). Is cross-cultural training of managers the adaptability of candidate‘s right from there effective? A meta analysis. International Journal re in today‘s global business environment. of Intercultural Relations, 16(3), 295-310. Conclusion 5. Kealey, D. J. (1990). Cross-cultural It is imperative that employees who are effectiveness: A study of Canadian technical to be expatriated are well informed regarding advisors crverseas. Hull, Canada: CIDA. the challenges they might face in a foreign land. Websites Coping with a foreign culture both organizational 1. http://www.businessculture.com and national needs well-planned preparation. 2. http://www.learnaboutcultures.com A well structured cross-cultural training will help 3. http://www.learnaboutcultures.com the employees to prepare for coping with the changes in the working styles, beliefs and  values they are expected to face. A large degree of uncertainty which an employee might face while moving to a foreign land and culture can be reduced through organizational support in terms of training. The huge costs that an organization might face due to expatriate failure Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 016 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Marathwada have the best preserved 03 and most extensive climax vegetation in India. The medico-lore of the area is quite rich in about ETHNO-MEDICO BOTANY OF 1000 species have been used for medicine, MARATHWADA including food Marathwada region comprising seven districts Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Aurangabad, Beed, Jalna etc. and its S.V. Kachare located 7005/ - 7805/ t longitude and 1705/ – 20/ Department of Botany Late. L.D. Mahila 5W longitude. Marathwada covers 64567 sq.km. College, Parli-Vaijnath with attitude ranging tribal sharing 6% of total rural population, Ethnobotinical surveys ======***********======revealed fascinating findings of great interest ABSTRACT to researchers and the immediate benefit to An ethnobotanical survey undertaken communes concerned who guard the medicinal among locally respected healers of Marathwada. secreals. Yeided data on ethnomedicinal uses of plant Field tours of 25-30 days. During year species growing there. During survey the tribal’s 2005 conducted in Latur, Nanded, Parli-Vaijnath, and other rural communities were interviewed Ambajogai, Tuppa, Anandwad, Daheli, Kinwat, to record information regarding their lifestyle Mahur, Degloor, Loni, Vocher specimens and medicinal uses of plant species out of a collected photos of Local inhabitants taken. number of plants used by these tribals for The authencity of collected information treatment of various ailments. 30 plants used was verified by repeated enquiries from Vaidyas. to treat various diseases. The local names, Important authentic medicinal literature was localities along with the plant-parts used and also consulted to verify information. (Kirtikar mode of administration for treatment of various and Basu 1975, Jain 1975, 1987 Jain and Modgal diseases are presented here. 1999, Kumar 1999) Keywords : Ethnobotany, Medicinal Screening of data was carried out based plants, Marathwada. on available literature and recent book entitled Introduction “Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Botanically derived medicinal plants ethnobotany” by S.K. Jain (1991) have played a major role in human societies Material & Methods throughout history and prehistory (Lewis & Elvin- During the survey we found out the Lewis 2003) Rural population of Marathwada. names and villages of well knownJantas and India is rich in traditional knowledge with lot of their specialization with the help of people. Then medicinal practices. Marathwada has we visited the villages such as Kinwat, Mahur, recognized a high biological and economical Nanded, Loni, Tuppa, Anandwadi, Daheli, value of its natural forests. Plants are generally Degloor, Parli-Vaijnath etc. Nanded district lies rich sources of many natural herbal products, between 19.09 North and 77.27 East area of which have mostly used for human welfare to Nanded District is 1006.81 Km2. Whereas reduce human pain using phytotheorapy. The population of Nanded is 28.68 Lakhs situated relationship between local communities and at river Godawari.Ethnomedicinal information protected areas has been identified as one of was collected through interviews group the most critical issues in successful park discussion and questionnaires. Interviews management (Kamstra 1994). recorded, Photos were also taken. The medicinal Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 017 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 plants were collected there vernacular names purposes. It is used to cure ‘heat in digestion’. It were noted and identified and their scientific is also used to treat burn paste of leaves and validity was found by referring Ayurveda. The seeds is applied on cuts, wound and piles. plants specimens were identified by using Utilized by Madawi N.R. at different floras: (Naik V.N. 1998, 1979; DaheliDist.Nanded.(Photo A). Maheshwari J.K. 1980, 1989). Swertiaciliata (D. Donex G.Don) B.L. Burt Enumeration (Gentianaceae) ‘Chiretta’ In the enumeration, name of the species It is used to treat hot liver diseases gall fallowed by family name. ‘local name’ followed bladder, disorders caused by wrong food also by the tribes(s) who use the name and the uses. helpful in treating headache due to increase in The parts used consists of leaves, stem, bark, body heat. In Garhwal region plant extract given root, dried plant parts, juice, powder etc. in Malaria (Gaur 1999). Leaves used in fever Thesepreparation are used for internal and utilized by Sharma S.D. at KinwatDist.Nanded. external applications. Cissus discolorBlume (Vitaceae) Lantana camaraL. (Verbanaceae) Leaf paste applied on Knees (3 to 4 ‘Rosa- malasa’ leaf paste applied on times) and washed with hot water to cure knee body for fits. pain. Utilized by Magare K.R. at Centellaasiatica L. Urban (Apiaceae) DaheliDist.Nanded. ‘ManjaKamlaichedi’ – Kadar Leucasvestila Benth (Lamiaceae) Plant paste made into pills (10-25 gm ‘Tumbi’Kucumber each) 4-5 pills 3 time a day for 7 days used by Leaves ground with tobacco and paste Jogi P.B. at DaheliDist.Nanded.(Photo C). applied. Acacia scorpioders (L.) W. Wight (Mimosceae) Andrographis macrobolrys.Nees ‘Bonni’ (Acanthaceae) Decoction of ground seeds is taken orally Leaf paste diluted in 100 ml of water. 2 in chaist pain. to 3 times for diarrhoea utilized by patil D.H. at Cassia podocarpa Guil & perr LoniDist.Nanded. (Caesalpiniaceae) ‘Asuwan’ (Yr) Solanum trilobatumL. (Solanaceae) Decoction of leaves roots, flowers, for ‘Bhejibengan’ verneral diseases womens. Utilized by Gutte Root decoction given two times daily to M.G. at MahurDist.Nanded. children in case of whooping cough.A handful Ipomeabatatas L. (Convalvulaceae) of leaves boiled in water till reduced to one- ‘Ratale’ tenth, cooled and filtered the liquid formed Poultice of leaves applied over boils and drunk for bodyache. Utilized by P. Baswaraj at wounds. Utilized by Narwade G.B. at Parli-VaijnathDist.Beed. (Photo C) TuppaDist.Nanded.(Photo B). Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) Nymphea lotus L.(Nympheaceae) ‘Ber’ ‘Kamal’ Stem bark ground with palm jiggery and Poultice of root, slem and leaves applied given twice a day for three days to cure gastric for rheumatic pains utilized by Madawi M.R. at disorders utilized by Gupta S.M. at DaheliDist.Nanded.(Photo D). MahurDist.Nanded. PlantagodepressaWilld. Cissus quadragularis L. (Vitaceae) ‘Hadjodi’ (Plantaginaceae) ‘Tharam’ ‘Isabgol’ Stem paste eaten, raw for indigestion Aerial parts area used for medicinal utilized by Mukhedkar S.K. at Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 018 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 DegloorDist.Nanded. warm water fruit juice also given to cure Datura metel L. (Solanaceae) ‘Daturo’ Diabetes. Utilized by Madawi N.R. at Daheli Paste of roasted unripe fruit about 15g. Dist.Nanded (Photo A). in one dose given for diarehoea and dysentery Sida cordifolia(L.) (Malvaceae) ‘Barial’ utilized by Jadhav H.K. at LoniDsit.Nanded. Decoction of root harts given with milk Vitex negundoL. (Verbanaceae) ‘Shimli’ and sugar given relief from frequent micturation. Poultice of the leaf applied to cuts and Juice of whole plant is pounded with little water wound as hoemostatic if applied regularly once and given in spermatorrhoea. Utilized by daily till cured. Paste of leaf mixed in water Mukhedkar S.K. at DegloorDist.Nanded. given for breathing trouble, about 10gm in 20ml Centella asiatica L. (Apiaceae) ‘Brahmi’ water twice or thrice every three hours. Utilized Powdered dried leaves aregiven to cure by Lahane G.S. at Parli-VaijnathDist.Nanded. paramnesia and for improving momery. Juice is Dalbergia sissodRoxb. Ex. Dc. (Fabaceae) ‘Sisau’ applied to cure skin eruption. Utilized by Paste of about 200 g leaves with a little common Rangade V.R. at KinwatDist.Nanded. salt given for diarrhoea twice daily for 3 days. Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) Utilized by Madawi N.R. at DaheliDist.Nanded. ‘Bargad’ (Photo A) Young leaves or buds crushed with Cissus latifolia Lam. (Vitaceae) deshighee tied on annus to get relief in simple ‘MoolaKiraani’ pile. Utilized by Rangade V. R. at Kinwat Dist. Stem 2gm ground with ginger and 200ml Nanded. of goats milk for internal piles. Utillized by Nerium indicum mill (Apocynaceae) Madawi N.R. at Daheli Dist.Nanded. (Photo A). ‘Kaner’ Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae) ‘Andhimali’ Latex is applied over affected parts. Rhizome decoction is given orally to cure piles. Thrice a day in case of ring worms utilized by Utilized by Mohanlal Gupta at Jadhave H.K. at Loni Dist.Nanded MahurDist.Nanded. PHOTO [A] Colocasia esculenta(L.) schott (Araceae) ‘SembangiKeerai’ Boiled leaves and petioles mixed with cooked rice and eaten to cure kidney stone utilized by Rangade G.H. at. Anandwadi Dist.Nanded. Capparis roxburghii DC (Cappardaceae) Stem bark and leaves ground into paste rubbed on head in the morning and bath taken PHOTO [B] in evening for eye pain utilized by Narwade G.B. at TuppaDist.Nanded.(Photo B). Butea monosperma(Lam.) Taub. ‘Palas’ Root bark extract given orally to cure blood pressure utilized byNarwade G.B. at TuppaDist.Nanded. (Photo B) Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels, ‘Jamun’ (Myrtaceae) Seeds powdered given orally with Luke Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 019 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 PHOTO [C] reveals that 15 species are potentially valuable and have Lesser known uses not reported before. Acknowledgements The author is thankful to the Director, National Botanical Research Institute, Lauknow and also the persons. Who provided information in the field. References : 1. Jain S.K. (1991). Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and ethnobotany; Deep Publication, New Delhi. 2. Jain S.K. (1995). A manual of ethnobotany, scientific publisher, Jodhpur, Today and Tomorrow printers and publishers, New Delhi, India. 3. Kamstra J. (1994). protected areas ‘Towards a participatory approach. Nethrlan PHOTO [D] committee for IUCN. 4. Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D. (1975). ‘Indian medicinal plants’, Bishen Singh Mahendra Singh Palsinjgh Dehradun, Vol. I, III. 5. Lewis, W.H., Elvin Lewis M.P., M.C. & FFast, D.W. (1988). Role of systematic when studying medical ethonobotany of tropical Peruvian jivaro. Actauniversitatisupsallensess- ymbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 28 : 189-196. 6. Naik V.N.,(1979). ss. , ‘Flora of Osmanabad’, Venus publisher, Aurangabad. 7. Naik V.N. (1998). ss., Flora of Marathwada, AmrutPrakashan, Aurangabad. 8. R.B.MAHATO and P. Chaudhary( 2003) Ethnomedicinal plants of palpa district,Nepal..International journal of ethnobotony., pp 152 to 163.

 Result & discussion :- The present study reveals that the reported species have been in use for longtime. Medicinally these plant species are very effective and popular among local communities for their traditional uses published literature on ethnomedicine as well as in Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and ethnobotany Jain (1991) Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 020 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 observed from the several ringstones obtained 04 from various ancient sites. Scholars also believe that the early woman was worshipped Fertility Cult in Early Indian in the aniconic frame. Thus the Mother goddess Art and its counterpart, the male God are symbolically represented through ring stones and phallic objects. The unification of these two Ritika Kamboj aspects (Prakriti and Purusa) result into the Research Scholar (JRF) progression of life forces on earth. Similarly the Department of Art History and Visual Arts, seed and field are seen as the two important Panjab University, Chandigarh companions for harvest. The seed represented as male, and the field, as female are seen are ======***********======symbols of growth . From the very start, man has idolized The earliest worshipped aspect of power nature. This was primarily due to his was fertility. Earth’s potential to produce food dependency on the earth for its food growing formed basis of the worship rites. Hence in the capacity and its overpowering and destructive primitive society earth and its fertility was nature. He analogized earth with mother who is revered as a Devi: Sakti. This cult started in the a repository of power and creator of the agriculture-oriented areas. It is also said that in universe. Therefore, to furnish his reverence for these regions the status of women was also nature and its bounties with a human like raised because agriculture was their innovation. (anthropomorphic) form, he clothed her into a Similar conception is seen from mother goddess Mother Goddess image. images on the oblong seals. One seal shows Mother goddess is also symbolized as inverted figure over a pipal tree. The separated mother earth. The most ancient evidence of this legs of the figure show a plant emerging from deeply-rooted cult in plastic art is found from it. This represents the vegetal powers of a Harappa culture. Scholars believe that a mother female. On its obverse side a brutal action takes is not only the symbol of generation but actual place. S.J. Marshall relates it to the human producer of life . As a Sakti, she is repository of sacrifice similar to the practices of later power and fountainhead of productivity. Hinduism in Durga or Kali pooja. Such fertility The concept of a deity has evolved rituals are also popular in the Durga worship in gradually. A Goddess is regarded as the mother Bengal even till date. Also, the Navapatrika of universal life and bestower of fertility on the ceremony of the autumnal Durga worship vegetal and animal realms. When man highlights Durga in the personification of understood her fruitfulness he kept her on a high vegetation spirit. In this custom, a Mandala is pedestal for worship. This is clear from the drawn over the ground in which female genitals hundreds of terracotta figurines of the Indus are shown. A Purn Khumba is placed over it, to Valley. They have unusual head projections to symbolize the womb of a fertile mother. Leaves signify their special implication. Also there were of mango tree were placed over it, apparently traces of red color on them. Representing the to link the fertility of plants with that of a female. menstrual blood this color is most appropriate Banerjea described this tree as an asvattha tree, to produce Mother Goddess figurines, which are and the deity as the tree-goddess. He goes on linked with fertility. to say that ‘many seals in the Indus valley show The fertility and worship rites are also the presence of two different forms of tree- Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 021 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 worship among the people of the locality: One Refrences: in which the tree itself is worshipped in its 1. Zimmer, Heinrich, The Art of Indian natural form, the other in which the tree sprit is Asia- Its mythology and transformations, Vol.I, personified and endowed with human shape and New York, 1955, P. 21 human attributes’. 2. Bhattacharya, N.N, Indian Mother For the agricultural fruitfulness woman Goddess, Calcutta, 1971, P.1 plays a great role in the generative aspect of 3. Zimmer, Heinrich, op. cit., P.22 both man and the trees. Therefore, Fertility cult 4. Bhattacharya, N.N, op. cit., P.9 also flourished in form of tree and woman motif 5. Banerjea, J.N., The development of of Salabhanjika (in the later periods). The tree Hindu Iconography, ed.3rd, New Delhi,1974, nymphs called Yakshis embrace the tree trunks P.489: Rajeshwari, D.R., Sakti Iconography, New to ensure their fecundity. They are folk forms, Delhi, 1989,P. 3 derived from the indigenous beliefs. This motif 6. Smithsonian Institution, Aditi- The has allowed the sculptors to bring out the Living Arts of India, Washington, Smithsonian feminine charms of a young lady. The Dohada Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1985, P.44 rite means fertilization given to a tree by woman. 7. Ibid In this ceremony, Asoka tree blossoms by the 8. Marshall S.J., Mohenjo-Daro and Indus kick of a fertile woman. Similarly, Salabhanjika Valley Civilization, Vol.I, Delhi, 1983, P 52 is a special ritual for begetting fertility. Young 9. Banerjea, J.N., op. cit., P. 490 woman holds or breaks branches of Sal tree to 10. Banerjea, J.N., op. cit., P.168,173,174 gain fertility. The barren woman usually repeats 11. Malla,Bansi Lal., Trees in Indian Art the process until the fulfillment of the gift of and Mythology and Folklore, 2000, New Delhi, child. The railings of Bharut and Sanchi, P.66 Mathura and Sarnath are copiously filled with 12. Marshall S.J., op. cit., 1931, London, charming Yakshis. The Dryads of Sanchi Stupa P. 66 are most notable from its Eastern gateway. 13. Smithsonian Institution, op. cit., P.39 Salabhanjikas or Vrikshikas are usually shown holding or plucking flower sticks. This  stance is often linked to the scene of Nativity of Buddha. In the Lumbini garden Queen Maya gave birth to a child while she was plucking flowers of a Sal tree. Her stance (tribhanga) under the Sal tree epitomized the fertility linkage of a tree and woman. The tree worship is known from early times. In an ancient custom woman walk naked around pipal tree to conceive child. The early goddess Laksmi is known to bestow health and prosperity. She is made to stand on Purna Kumbha or the brimming vessel. It is believed that the Purna Kumbha, Purna Ghata or Purna Kalasa is an auspicious symbol, that reflects the state of plenty and perfection. This is why the fertility rites of Saora tribe (in Orissa) are incomplete without the worship of water pot. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 022 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Client computers: Clients are the device 05 that the end user interacts with cloud. There are three types of clients: Mobile, Thick, Thin (Most Cloud Computing Core Popular). Concepts Distributed Servers: Often servers are in geographically different places, but server acts as if they are working next to each other. Preeti Kamra Datacenter: It is collection of servers where Assistant professor, DAV College, PG application is placed and is accessed via Department of Computer Science, Amritsar internet. II. Cloud Stacks ======***********======Cloud Services can be dived into three Abstract stacks. Cloud computing is a recent technology • Infrastructure as a Service: IaaS paradigm that enables individuals to share • Platform as a Service: PaaS various services in a flawless and cost-effective • Software as a Service: SaaS manner. This paper describes basic concepts of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): cloud computing technology; cloud Providers, This is the base layer of the cloud stack. applications and issues along with concept of It serves as a foundation for the other two layers, Virtualization in Cloud Computing. for their execution. The keyword behind this I. Introduction stack is Virtualization. Let us try to understand Cloud computing is a style of computing this using Amazon EC2. In Amazon EC2(Elastic where massively scalable IT-related capabilities Compute Cloud) your application will be are provided as a service across the Internet to executed on a virtual computer (instance). You multiple external customers. It is a pool of have the choice of virtual computer, where you abstracted, highly scalable, and managed can select a configuration of CPU, memory infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer &storage that is optimal for your application. applications and billed by consumption. It is Web The whole cloud infrastructure viz. servers, based processing, whereby shared resources, routers, hardware based load-balancing, software, and information are provided to firewalls, storage & other network equipments computers and other devices (such as smart are provided by the IaaS provider. The customer phones) on demand over the Internet. It is a buys these resources as a service on a need paradigm in which information is permanently basis. stored in servers on the internet and cached Platform as a Service (PaaS): temporarily on clients that include desktops, In this service user don’t need to invest table computers, notebooks, Handhelds millions of $$$ to get that development entertainment centers etc. It puts customer’s foundation ready for your developers. The PaaS information and or applications in a virtual provider will deliver the platform on the web, “cloud” that can be accessed through the web. and in most of the cases you can consume the Users do not have or need knowledge, control, platform using your browser, i.e. no need to and ownership in the computer infrastructure[1]. download any software. Google App Engine and Cloud Components Windows Azure are examples of Cloud OS. It has three components which are OrangesScape & Wolf PaaS are cloud categorized as middleware. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 023 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Software as a Service (SaaS): hardware. Cloud computing, for example, is the This is the Top most layer of the cloud virtualization of computer programs through an computing stack directly consumed by end user internet connection rather than installing – i.e. SaaS (Software as a Service).Next applications on every office computer generation SaaS promises everything as a Virtualization is one of the hardware reducing, service over the internet. Cloud computing cost saving and energy saving technology that started with a similar premise. A computing is rapidly transforming the IT landscape and paradigm where there exists a flexible set of fundamentally changing the way that people computing resources across the internet. compute[7].With VMware virtualization III. Cloud Service Provider solutions you can reduce IT costs while A very huge number of cloud computing increasing the efficiency, utilization and service providers have heightened that provides flexibility of their existing computer hardware.. different services. The various services provided Virtualization can have a drastic change on how depend on user requirements and needs . [3][4] business pays for its technology and handles • Platform as a service (PaaS) the associated risk. First, by removing the Providers:There are number of servive providers hardware associated with IT functions, capital in the market .Some of renowned service costs are virtually eliminated. Second, the providers are amazon’s, flexiant’s public cloud remaining costs are strictly transferred into an platform, force.com, salesforce, gcloud3 operating expense with on-demand or gplatform, gigaspaces, gizmox’s visual webGui, subscription based cloud computing google,. microsoft’s cloud platform, windows applications. fficiency Businesses that focus on azure, open stack.orangescape, out systems, technology can usually leverage their expertise rightScale, thinkgrid, gridgain’s, long jump. to utilize efficient computing and IT resources. • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) For the rest of us, that advantage is not Providers: There are number of servive providers the case. Virtualization firms are specialized in the market .Some of renowned service companies that can pass on cost savings, know- providers are amazon web services, AT&T’s, how, best practices, and energy efficiency to bluelock, CA Technologies, Savvis, enomaly, clients. Operating expenses can be lower with terrremark, opSource, GoGrid, HP, joyent’s, cloud computing than an in-house system. layered tech’s logicworks, naviSite, , late last Virtualization removes the liability from a single, year, verizon, datapipe leverages amazon web physical server that can be subject to natural Services. disasters, power failures, and accidental • Software as a Service (SaaS) Providers: damage. IT best practices and standards provide There are number of servive providers in the up-to-date data security powered by the know- market. Some of renowned service providers are how of specialized technology firms[6]. Oracle’s on demand, MeghaWare,abiquo’s V. Advantages of Cloud Computing[5] cloudswitch, cloudtran, cumulux, marketo, Influenced: Users can retrieve their data Intacct, FinancialForce, Eloqua, Pardot, netsuite, anywhere anytime when they are connected to pardot, Salesforce.com, SAP Business bydesign., the internet. eloqua, cloud9, appdynamics, akamai. Backups: If user system crashes then IV. Virtualization in clouds backup facility is provided. virtualization is an emerging IT paradigm Association : With one user that separates computing functions and acquiescence others can have right of view, and technology implementations from physical modify their documents. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 024 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Ecologically aware: It takes smaller 2. Ramireddy, S; Chakraborthy, R; Raghu, number resources to cloud compute and this T (2010):Privacy and Security Practices in the results in saving energy. Some businesses take Arena of Cloud Computing-A Research in it a step advance and fit in cloud computing into Progress. Proceedings of the 2010 Americas their telecommuting strategies. Conference on Information Systems. Efficiency & Time to marketplace: 3. IBM Introduces Security Services to Building an internet scale application can be Protect Cloud Environments, eWeek, 22 October proficient with swiftness and effectiveness. 2010, via Dow Jones Factiva, © 2010 Ziff Davis VI. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing[2] Enterprise Holdings Inc. Security breaches:Security is main 4. Cloud Computing basics” http:// negative aspect as users have to rely on third www.south.cattelecom.com/Technologies/ party for their private data. CloudComputing/0071626948_chap01.pdf . Steady internet :There must be stable 5. Okuhara, M., Shiozaki, T. and Suzuki, internet connection . T. (2010). Security Architectures for Cloud Outages:Incase service providers site Computing. FUJITSU Science Technology Journal, gets down, users cannot access their important 46(4), 397–402 data or documents at important time, and 6. Mason, S. and George, E. (2011). typically it happens at the most inconvenient Digital evidence and ‘cloud’ computing. times. Computer Law & Security Review, 27, 524-528. Storage limits:Only a small amount of doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2011.07.005 storage is without charge but rest user have to 7. Celesti, A., Fazio, M., Villari, M. and pay for extending storage. Puliafito, A. (2012). Virtual machine provisioning Slow speeds:It takes a lot of time for through satellite communications in federated uploading and downloading of outsized Cloud environments. Future Generation documents . Computer Systems, 28, 85–93. doi:10.1016/ Limited features: If user make use of j.future.2011.05.021 remote software that’s provided by the storage service to maneuver and modify data, it typically  lacks the features of a program running locally. VII. Conclusion The performance requirements of image cloud computing applications have continuously increased the computing power of implementation platforms,.This paper discusses basic concepts of cloud computing such as cloud vendors, virtualization along with advantages and disadvantages . VIII. References 1. Voorsluys, William; Broberg, James; Buyya, Rajkumar (February 2011). “Introduction to Cloud Computing”. In R. Buyya, J. Broberg, A.Goscinski.Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms. New York, USA: Wiley Press. pp. 1– 44. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 025 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 members. She recalls the time when she had 06 left her parents’ house forever, getting married to a man of her own choice. At that time she A STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONS was determined never to come back to her IN SHASHI DESHPANDE’S NOVEL parents’ house again, but many things have changed over the years. Now she is a successful ‘THE DARK HOLDS NO doctor and a mother of two children. Her TERRORS’ husband has turned into a sexual sadist, something that has shaken her from inside and compelled her to seek help from her father. GAGANPREET KAUR, Sarita felt that the entire household was LECTURER IN ENGLISH, enliven with the memories of her dead mother MASTER TARA SINGH MEMORIAL COLLEGE and her dead brother Dhruva . Sarita’s parents FOR WOMEN, LUDHIANA preferred Dhruva whose birthdays were celebrated with special concern while her own ======***********======birthdays were hardly acknowledged. She recalls ABSTRACT how Dhruva’s accidental death by drawning had Shashi Deshpande appeared on Indian made Sarita guilty in the eyes of her parents. fictional scene in 1970s.She is famously known Her mother’s words still sounded in her ears: for having a deep insight into the unexplored “You did it. You did this. You killed him.” regions of female psyche. She projects a real (Deshpande. The Dark 191) picture of the frustration, alienation, Her growing up had become very subjugation and emotional turbulence of Indian embarrassing at her parents’ house for she was women, turning defiant to attain dignity for the secretly held responsible for the death of her tremendous contribution made by them to the brother Dhruva. Her parents’ insensitivity made welfare of the male dominated society, which her defiant to have her own way in everything. in turn ,is playing havoc with the psyche of its She chooses to go to the medical college and female members. Aspires to become a successful doctor some INTRODUCTION day her. Her defiance is further expressed by Shashi Deshpande was born in Dharwad, her wish to marry a man of her own choice. This Karnataka, India. She is the daughter of a autonomous act of marrying Manohar, a budding famous dramatist and writer Shriranga .Her poet and a lecturer in a third grade college, is famous novel “The Dark Holds No Terrors” her first step towards the attainment of brings forth the life and experiences of a middle individual freedom . Blinded by the notions of class, educated and economically independent love and romance she left her parents without woman Sarita , agonised by the failure of her caring to look back, liberating herself from the efforts to find stability and equality in a clutches of a tradition bound life. Dr . K .R patriarchal Indian society which firmly denies .Sujatha and Dr .S. Gokilavani writes about the it. Sarita has come to visit her father’s house condition of women: after a gap of 15 years. A month ago she had “Patriarchal boundaries are so stifling heard about her mother’s death. Receiving a cold that it gives a yearning to come out for a breath reception at her father’s house, she regrets her of fresh air. The women strive to attain their visit. During her stay at her parents’ house, she freedom through rebellion. They break barriers reviews her relationship with her family in their own way.” (Feminine Aesthetics Of Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 026 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Indian Women Writers 65) “Don’t turn your back on things again. No doubt her self confidence had paid Turn around and look at them. Meet him.” her a lot. But her professional status as a doctor Ultimately finding no clear cut solution and her growing respect in society filled her to her problem, she decided to face her situation husband with inferiority complex and turned his as it is, in place of running away from it. She secret resentment into sexual sadism. He thought that she herself was responsible for her behaved like an animal in the bed and forgot miserable condition T.M.J Indra Mohan says: everything about his behaviour once the fit is “Deshpande makes it plain that a over. Deshpande says about her situation at that women’s life is her own and she must develop time the thinking that she is an individual not a “Now she had both the suffering as well dependent but a being capable of withstanding as the guilt. She was cornered. There was no trials in life alone.” (Shashi Deshpande , A place to go to, no room to breathe.”(Deshpande. critical Spectrum 104) The Dark 219 So all Sarita needs was courage to face Though she is socially accepted and the challenges of life. Even her father’s inability recognised as a doctor after marriage but she to help her gives her strength to decide that in becomes extremely busy. And the typical male place of going away ,she will meet her husband ego of her husband destroys the love in their and save her personality from disintegration. marriage, shattering Saru’s romantic illusions. She rebuilds her confidence. She decides to have she has a feeling that she is too tired of being a faith in life and continue to struggle successful doctor, fed up with her monotonous remembering ,all her problems that haunt her. daily routine. She had a strange desire to be She thinks of reaching a possible reconciliation. accepted Again by a family which she had left Deshpande Shashi. The Dark Holds No Behind so easily. She talks to her father about Terrors. Penguin Books India Ltd ,1990 I bid , her husband: 191 “He is cruel to me..... in the I bid.,219 bed”(Deshpande. The Dark 200) I bid.,200 But that was beyond understanding of I bid.,215 her father. Her father clearly stated that he could I bid,217 not do anything to solve her problem. She T .M.J . Indra Mohan(ed.) received a letter from Abhi informing her about Shashi Deshpande: A Critical Spectrum: her husband’s expected visit at her father’s New Delhi Atlantic Publishers and Disributors house . She tries to avoid meeting her husband 2004 by leaving her father’s house as well. She has Dr . K . R . Sujatha, Dr . S . Gokilavani:- to go now, but where can we go now? Caught Feminine Aesthetics of Indian Women Writers , up in the enigmas of human existence she says: New Delhi, Regal Publications 2011 “How odd to live for so long and discover that you have no home at all!( Deshpande .The  Dark215 ) Being too tired to go back she says: “If only I could and it all.”(Deshpande. The Dark217) But her father advised her to face her problem boldly in place of trying to escape them: Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 027 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 (Central India), Mala in Telugu, Paraiya in Tamil 07 and Pulayan in Malayalam (South India).By the British, the Dalits were named ‘the Depressed STUDY ON DALITS IN INDIA: Classes’ and ‘the Scheduled Castes’, in the LEGAL AND JUDICIAL Scheduled Caste Act of India,1935. Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi named Dalits as ‘ Harijans’ PERSPECTIVES WITH STARK which means ‘children of God ’ but this term was REALITIES not welcomed by the Dalits because it did not adequately describe their condition, rather it seen more abusive and derogatory.2 Half of Miss. Rekha Pahuja India’s Dalit population live in four States viz Asst. professor, Uttar Pradesh stands first with 20.5% of the S. S. Maniyar Law College total scheduled caste (SC) population, followed North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon by West Bengal with 10.7%, Bihar with 8.2% and Tamil Nadu with 7.2 % come third and fourth. ======***********======Dalits form around 16.6% of India’s population. • Abstract The 2011 census recorded nearly 20.14 crore The Constitutional philosophy, policy, and people belonging to various scheduled castes goals are to remove handicaps, disabilities, in the country. As per the 2001 census, the sufferings, restrictions or disadvantages to number was 16.66 crore. The dalit population which Dalits or Tribes are subjected, to bring showed a decadal growth of 20.8%, whereas them into national mainstream by providing India’s population grew 17.7% during the same facilities and opportunities for them. In this period.3 article the Constitutional provisions, legislative Dalits in India are the most deprived & framework, the role of judiciary to protect and marginalised communities in Indian society. uphold the rights of Dalits along with the stark They are deprived of basic facilities and survival realities are discussed. to life. They are fighting since time immemorial • Introduction: to recognise as human being and live in this The Indian Constitution does not define universe with dignity. They are largely expelled the term “Dalit”, but uses the term “scheduled and exiled citizen of India and people with no castes” and “scheduled tribes”. Commonly rights in practical and just surviving with food understood, “dalits” are those persons who were and nothing else. denied civil rights and liberties for years together Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Dr. based on “caste” allegedly low caste. The Dalits Babasaheb Ambedkar were the two great social are called by different names in different parts reformers who spend their entire; life for the of the country like Dasa, Dasysa, Raksasa, upliftment of “Dalits”. Ultimately the Indian Asura, Avarna, Nisada, Panchama, Chandala, Constitution proclaimed that”untouchability” is Harijan, and other Untouchables1. Each of these abolished and its practise in any form is names has a history and background. Besides forbidden. The enforcement of any disability these names, there are a number of other titles arising out of “untouchability” has been made or names which have been given to them at the an offence. Discrimination based on caste is level of the regional language. For example, peculiar to India since medieval times. Though Chura in Punjab (North West India), Bhangi or not supported by Hindu religion considered them Lal Beghi in Hindi (North India), Mahar in Marathi selves to be of “upper caste” and the others of Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 028 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 “lower caste” and exploited the latter in and by beings and beggar and other similar forms of all means. The late class came to be known as forced labour and provides that any “Dalits” or “Pad Dalits”, who could be down or contravention of this provision shall be an were downtrodden and the slaves of the feet offence punishable in accordance with law. It (pada) of the upper caste.4 does not specifically mention SCs & STs but since • Constitutional safeguards: the majority of bonded labour belongs to SCs/ The important Constitutional safeguards STs this Article has a special significance for SCs for SCs & STs are mentioned below: and STs. In pursuance of this article, Parliament (a) Directive Principles of State Policy: has enacted the Bonded Labour System Article 46 is a comprehensive article (Abolition) Act, 1976. For effective comprising both the developmental and implementation of this Act, the Ministry of regulatory aspects. It reads as follows: Labour is running a Centrally Sponsored Scheme “The State shall promote with special for identification, liberation and rehabilitation care the educational and economic interests of of bonded labour. the weaker sections, of the people, and in Article 24 provides that no child below particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the the age of 14 years shall be employed to work Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from in any factory or mine or engaged in any other social injustice and all forms of exploitation”.5 hazardous employment. There is Central and (b) Social Safeguards: State laws to prevent child labour. This article Article 17 states that - “Untouchability” too is significant for SCs and STs as a substantial is abolished and its practice in any form is portion, if not the majority, of child labour forbidden. The enforcement of any disability engaged in hazardous employment belong to arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an SCs and STs. offence punishable in accordance with law. Article 25(2) (b) provides that- Hindu To give effect to this Article, Parliament religious institutions of a public character shall made an enactment viz., Untouchability be thrown open to all classes and sections of (Offences) Act, 1955. To make the provisions of Hindus. This provision is relevant as some sects this Act more stringent, the Act was amended of Hindus used to claim that only members of in 1976 and was also renamed as the Protection the concerned sects had a right to enter their of Civil Rights Act, 1955. As provided under the temples. This was only a subterfuge to prevent Act, Government of India also notified the Rules, entry of SC persons in such temples. For the viz., the PCR Rules, 1977, to carry out the purpose of this provision the term Hindu provisions of this Act. As cases of atrocities on includes Sikh, Jain and Buddhist. SCs/STs were not covered under the provisions Educational and Cultural Safeguards of PCR Act, 1955, Parliament passed another Article 15(4) empowers the State to important Act in 1989 for taking measures to make any special provision for the advancement prevent the atrocities. This Act known as the of any socially and educationally backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes classes of citizens or for SC and ST. This (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, became provision has enabled the State to reserve seats effective from 30.1.1990. For carrying out the for SCs and STs in educational institutions provisions of this Act the Govt. of India have including technical, engineering and medical notified the SCs and the STs (Prevention of colleges and in Scientific & Specialised Courses. Atrocities) Rules, 1995 on 31.3.1995. In this as well as in Article 16(4) the term Article 23 Prohibits traffic in human ‘backward classes’ is used as a generic term Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 029 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 and comprises various categories of backward Article 320(4) provides that nothing in classes, viz., Scheduled Castes, Scheduled clause (3) shall require a Public Service Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Denotified Commission to be consulted as respects the Communities (Vimukta Jatiyan) and Nomadic/ manner in which any provision under Article Seminomadic communities. 16(4) & 16(4) A may be made or the manner in Article 330 provides for reservation of which effect may be given to the provisions of seats for SCs/STs in the Lok Sabha. Article 335. Article 332 provides for reservation of Legislative framework: seats for SCs/STs in the State Vidhan Sabhas There are a number of laws, both Central (Legislative Assemblies). and State, which provide for safeguards to SCs/ Article 334 originally laid down that the STs. Some of these emanate from the various provision relating to the reservation of seats for Constitutional provisions. An illustrative list of SCs/STs in the Lok Sabha and the State Vidhan such laws is given below: Sabhas (and the representation of the Anglo- • The Protection of Civil Rights Act, Indian community in the Lok Sabha and the State 1955. Vidhan Sabhas by nomination) would cease to • The Scheduled Castes and the have effect on the expiration of a period of ten Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, years from the commencement of the 1989. Constitution. This article has since been • The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) amended four times, extending the said period Act, 1976. by ten years on each occasion. This provision • The Child Labour (Prohibition and was to expire in January 2000.6 Regulation) Act, 1986. Service Safeguards: • Acts and regulations in force in Article 16(4) empowers the State to different States to prevent alienation of land make “any provision for the reservation in belonging to SCs/STs. In some States such appointments or posts in favour of any backward provision exists in the Land Revenue Code. class of citizens which, in the opinion of the • Acts in different States for restoration State, is not adequately represented in the of alienated land to SCs/STs. services under the State”. • Stark realities: Article 16(4A). Nothing in this Article Despite the abolition of untouchability, shall prevent the State from making any provision allocation of 23 percent quota for SC/ST, they for reservation in matters of promotion to any are discriminated against everywhere. Here is class or classes of posts in the services under an account of some such cases: the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and 1. Dalits suffer social boycott in the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of Maharashtra village7 the State, are not adequately represented in the 2. Dalits throng Deeksha Bhoomi in services under the State”. Nagpur8 Article 335. “The claims of the members 3. Some Rajputs put some dalit houses on of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled fire in Salwan(Karnal)9 Tribes shall be taken into consideration, 4. In Ramnagar,(Lakhisarai district) high consistently with the maintenance of efficiency caste men raped six Dalit women because they of administration, in the making of appointments voted for some other member, defying the to services and posts in connection with the recommendation of high caste Hindus. affairs of the Union or of a State”. 5. In Gulbarga,(Shahapur district), a social Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 030 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 boycott was imposed on Dalits which resulted in objectives of Constitution to be translated into cancellation of all lease agreements, of Dalit action was to take special care of the backward farmers as a punishment of the “sin” of taking classes and the members of Dalits and Tribes water from the community well which was meant by bringing them to the fore through pragmatic for the usage of upper caste Hindus.10 and providing adequate opportunities for their 6. In flood hit Madhubari district , a Dalit amelioration and development, education, man Shiv Kumar was blinded by pouring acid into employment and the like. Hindu social structure his eyes by the husband of a village head for was erected by impregnable walls of separation demanding his bit of the flood relief provided by with graded inequalities between different the government.11 sections amongst Hindus. Caste became the 7. Khairlanji Massacre of Budhist Dalits result of birth. No one wishes to be born in a by Hindutava Terrorists- Wherein four member particular caste or religion. It is the result of of one dalit family were slaughtered on 29th biological act of parents. However in Hindu September 29th, 2006 in Bhandara district that social structure, caste is the result of birth and shows the casteism still flourishes in has become a bane in individual drive, thrive Maharashtra.12 and improvement of excellence which is a 8. Laxamnpur Bathe Massacre- In which fundamental duty under article 51 A (j). The 58 Dalits were gunned down including 27 practice of untouchability, which had grown for women and 16 children at Laxmanpur Bathe in centuries, denuded social and economic status Jehanabad in south Bihar’s Arwal district on and cultural life of the Dalits and programmes December 1, 1997, sending shock waves across evolved under Articles 14, 15(2), 15(4) and 16(4) the country. It is deeply saddened that the 26 aimed to bring Dalits into national mainstream accused in this case, who were convicted on by providing equalitarian facilities and April, 2010 by the sessions judge, are acquitted opportunities. They are designed as “Scheduled now on the basis of the ‘benefit of the doubt’ Castes” by definition under article 366(25) read by Honourable High the court of the State.13 with article 341 and 342 respectively. The 9. Karmachedu Massacre – A one sided Constitutional philosophy, policy and goal are massacre of unarmed and helpless harijans by to remove handicaps, disabilities, suffering, Kamma landlords armed with sticks, axes and restrictions or disadvantages to which Dalits or spears on 17 July 1985 at karamchedu in A.P.14 Tribes are subjected, to bring them into national • Indian Judicial perspective: main stream by providing facilities and It should be understood that Dalits are opportunities for them. As to OBCs, their not necessarily tribal. The NHRC is of the view identification was delegated to commission that the instruments of governance in our appointed under Article 340. country, and the energetic and committed NGOs Consumer Education and Research Center v. can unitedly triumph over the historical Union of India17 injustices that have hurt the weakest sections Social Justice is a dynamic devise to of our country, particularly Dalits and Adivasis.15 mitigate the sufferings of the poor, weak Dalits, James Freeman has stated that Dalits are world’s Tribals and deprived sections of society and to most oppressed minorities. Let us consider the elevate them to the level of equality to live a judicial attitude towards dalits: life with dignity of person. Social justice is not Kailash Sonkar v. Smt. Maya Devi16 simple or single idea of society but is an In this case a Bench of three judges of essential part of complex of social change to Supreme Court stated that one of the important relieve the poor etc. from handicaps, penury to Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 031 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ward off distress and to make their life liveable, acknowledgement is a success of NGO’s working for greater good of society at large. in India for bringing the issue in the limelight. Indra Sawhney v. UOI18 Apart from these efforts, the prevailing systems Reservation is meant exclusively for the in India of democracy and liberalization of Harijans, the Girijans, the adivasis, the Dalits, economy will ease the Dalit problem in the long or the other like “depressed” classes or races run. India in its move towards open market or tribes most unfortunately referred to in the economy will generate jobs, leading to a past as the “untouchables” or the “outcastes” massive shift of rural population to urban areas. by the reason of their being bornin what was This urbanization will help to end discrimination, wrongly regarded as loe castes and associated making everyone equally eligible to participate with what was equally wrongly treated as in national progress. For instance, modernity and demeaning occupations or any other class of liberalization of economy have helped America citizens afflicted by degree of poverty and to reduce discrimination against ‘Blacks’. Some degredation caused by prior and continuing sections of Indian society are taking the massive discrimination and exploitation. conversion of Dalits to Buddhism (27th May State of Karnataka v. Appa Ingle19 2007) as a bad omen for Indian federation, but Poverty and penury made the Dalits as with the phenomenal victory of Mayawati and dependants and became vulnerable to the growing chances of her gaining more power oppression. The slightest attempt to assert will alter the situation altogether. India in its quality or its perceived exercise receives the ire march towards modernity will gradually adopt of dominant sections of the society and the meritocracy, equality and opportunity will help Dalits would become the objects of atrocities fight discrimination. In the meantime, the real and oppression. The lack of resources made the issue of poverty which strengthens the ancient Dalits Vulnerable to economic and social bycott. belief of untouchability needs to be addressed. Not only this, most of the Dalits are continuing Poverty afflicts both Dalits and other upper to languish under the yoke of the practice of castes on the whole. According to an estimate untouchablity. The State has duty to protect them by an NGO, 35,000 people die of hunger and render social justice to them. everyday.Accordingly, poverty needs to be • Conclusion and recommendations: targeted, as overemphasis on caste will further It can be said that Dalit problem has segregate Indian society, on the intangible but become an international concern. In a increasingly powerful basis of religion. India if conference organized by United Nations in it becomes “Bharat Matta” for all of its citizens March 2007 against discrimination, the Asia without discrimination, will surely be able to Director of Human Rights Watch Brad Adams unlock the doors of Progress and development said, “The UN Committee’s concluding with the combined efforts of one billion people. observations confirm that India has failed to References: properly protect Dalits and tribal communities.” 1. Dr. S.A. karandikar & Dr. Ashok The reservation provisions introduced in Yende,”Human rights Law”,Aarti and the Indian constitution are helpful in many ways Co.Mumbai,p-417-418 in bringing Dalits to the land of opportunity. It 2. Dr. J.N. Pandey, “The Constitutional provides them a chance and an opportunity to Law of India”, 47th edn. Central Law publication, appear in both in government and public sector. P- 410 But as a matter of fact, influential Dalits in Indian 3. AIR 1984 SC 600 society can be counted on fingers. This 4. AIR 1995 SC 922 Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 032 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 5. AIR 1993 SC 477 8. http://www.thehindu.com/news/ 6. AIR 1993 SC 1126 national/dalits-throng-deeksha-bhoomi-in- 7. Constitutional safeguards for Dalits- nagpur/article5231936.ece Ambedkar.org 9. Vidya Subramanian “A System against 8. http://www.thehindu.com/news/ dalits”, The Hindu, 14 March 2007 national/other-states/dalits-suffer-social- 10. “Alahal dalits march to Minister’s boycott-in-maharashtra-village/ house, The Hindu, August2007. http:// article5251298.ece ww.thehindu.com /2007/08/12/stories/ 9. http://www.thehindu.com/news/ 2007081252800300.htm45 national/dalits-throng-deeksha-bhoomi-in- 11. “Boiling dal poured on dalit nagpur/article5231936.ece women”,The Tribune, 1 September 2007 10. Vidya Subramanian “A System against 12. http://kherlanji.blogspot.in/ dalits”, The Hindu, 14March 2007 13. http://www.one.in/hindu/aap- 11. “Boiling dal poured on dalit outraged-acquittals-in-laxmanpur-bathe- women”,The Tribune, 1September 2007 massacre-1-2267491.html 12. http://kherlanji.blogspot.in/ 14. APCLC:The karmachedu massacre- 13. http://www.one.in/hindu/aap- University of pune outraged-acquittals-in-laxmanpur-bathe- 15. Ibid note 5, p-421 massacre-1-2267491.html 16. AIR 1984 SC 600 (Footnotes) 17. AIR 1995 SC 922 1. See various amendments, India 2009, 18. AIR 1993 SC 477 A Reference Annual, Publication Divisions, 19. AIR 1993 SC 1126 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Pp. 1218-1232.  2. Harijan word was strictly protested by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other political activists. It mainly means ‘Bustard’. See Harijan Sevak Sangh, ISR, 6 April, 1935,p.501 and Bombay Harijans Resolution, 17 October, 1945, p. 670 3. http://articles.timesofindia.india- times.com/2013-05-02/india/38982948_1_dalits -census-viduthalaichiruthaigal-katchi 4. Dr. S.A. karandikar & Dr. Ashok Yende,” Human rights Law”, Aarti and Co.Mumbai,p-417- 418 5. Dr. J.N. Pandey, “The Constitutional Law of India”, 47th edn. Central Law publication, p410 6. Constitutional safeguards for Dalits- Ambedkar.org 7. http://www.thehindu.com/news/ national/other-states/dalits-suffer-social- boycott-in-maharashtra-village/ article5251298.ece Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 033 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 savers to investor-users of the resources (and 08 the eventual repayment to the savers); the gathering of savings for the purposes of pure Financial Innovations in time transformation (i.e., deferral/smoothing of consumption); and the reduction of risk through Banking Sector in India insurance and diversification. The operation of a financial system Dr. Pradip kumar Pandey involves real resource costs, such as labor, Associate Professor, materials, and capital employed by financial Department of Commerce, H.C.P.G. College, intermediaries (e.g., banks, insurance Varanasi companies, etc.) and by financial facilitators (e.g., stock brokers, market makers, financial ======***********======advisors, etc.). Further, since multiple time Abstract periods are an inherent characteristic of finance, With many previous financial crises, a there are also uncertainties about future states major ingredient in the current financial crisis of the world that generate risks. For risk-averse has been the role of financial innovation. The individuals, these risks represent costs. unique feature of the most recent period of The possibility of new financial financial innovation has been the emergence of products/services/instruments that can better instruments (Securitization, Collateralized Debt satisfy financial system participants’ demands Obligations, Credit Default Swaps, etc.), and is always present. Viewed in this context, a new credit vehicles, all of which purport to shift financial innovation represents something new credit risk from loan originators to other that reduces costs, reduces risks, or provides counterparties including investors in SIVs. The an improved product/service/instrument that literature pertaining to several specific financial better satisfies participants’ demands. Financial innovations appearing over the past two innovations can be grouped as new products decades or so has been specifically driven by (e.g., adjustable rate mortgages; exchange- technological change. traded index funds); new services (e.g., on-line Given the crisis scenario faced globally, securities trading; Internet banking); new financial innovation (in particular the “production” processes (e.g., electronic record- development of structured instruments and keeping for securities; credit scoring); or new credit derivatives) has became a defining organizational forms (e.g., a new type of characteristic of national financial systems over electronic exchange for trading securities; the decade or so before the onset of the crisis. Internet-only banks). Of course, if a new Key Words- Mortgage Loans, Subprime intermediate product or service is created and Loans, Asset Securitisation, technological used by financial services firms, then it may upgradation. become part of a new financial production Introduction process. There are close analogies with familiar “The primary function of the financial forms of innovation in non-financial contexts. system is to facilitate the allocation and The changing paradigm of Banking deployment of economic resources, both Change is the only constant factor in this spatially and across time, in an uncertain dynamic world and banking is not an exception. environment.” This function, in turn, The changes staring in the face of bankers encompasses a payments system with a medium relates to the fundamental way of banking- of exchange; the transfer of resources from which is undergoing rapid transformation in the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 034 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 world of today, in response to the forces of electronic transmission of bank-to-bank retail completion productivity and efficiency of payments, which had modest beginnings in the operations, reduced operating margins better 1970s, have exploded owing to greater retail asset/liability management, any time and any acceptance, online banking and check where banking. The major challenge faced by conversion. In terms of intermediation, there has banks today is to protect the falling margins due been a steady movement toward a reliance on to the impact of competition. Another significant statistical models. For example, credit scoring impact of banks today is the technological has been increasingly used to substitute for upgradation. There is an imperative need for not manual underwriting – and has been extended mere technology up gradation but also its even into relationship-oriented products like integration with the general way of functioning small business loans. Similar credit risk of banks to give them an edge in respect of measurement models are also used when services provided to optimizing the use of funds creating structured financial products through and building up MIS for technology has “securitization”. Statistical modelling has also demonstrated potential to change methods of become central in the overall risk management selling marketing, pricing and distributing processes at banks through portfolio stress financial products of an electronic, self-service testing and value-at-risk models – each of which product delivery channel. All these changes call is geared primarily to evaluating portfolio value for a new, more dynamic, aggressive and in the face of significant changes in financial challenging work culture to meet the demands asset returns. of customer relationships, product Recent service innovations primarily differentiation, brand values, reputation, relate to enhanced account access and new corporate governance and regulatory methods of payment-each of which better meets prescriptions. Decision making and better consumer demands for convenience and ease. management of assets and liabilities and risk Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), which were assumed which in turns have a direct impact on introduced in the early 1970s and diffused the financial position of banks as a whole. rapidly through the 1980s, significantly There we see new products (e.g., DVD enhanced retail bank account access and value players; self-stick postage stamps); new by providing customers with around the clock services (e.g., Internet-based retail shopping); access to funds. ATM cards were then largely new production processes (e.g., improved replaced through the 1980s and 1990s by debit processes for manufacturing computer chips) cards, which bundle ATM access with the ability and new organizational forms (e.g., the “M- to make payment from a bank account at the form” decentralized corporate structure) and point of sale. Over the past decade, remote innovations in producer goods are often access has migrated from the telephone to the essential for innovations in production personal computer. Online banking, which allows processes. Much of the research attention to customers to monitor accounts and originate innovation focuses on the new idea. But at least payments using “electronic bill payment,” is now as important is the adoption and spread of an widely used. Stored-value, or prepaid, cards have innovation — its diffusion — across an industry. also become ubiquitous. Certain important Indeed, faster diffusion means a higher societal Financial Innovations include return on the underlying investments in the 1. Private Equity: innovation. Private equity is as old as the hills—yet The past 25 years have witnessed the Trade Union movement in Europe sees it as important changes in banks, the use of a newly-arrived evil. What they are really Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 035 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 noticing is that it is booming again, as it did in mortgages (ARMs), which had previously been the late 1980s. The reason for the boom is the banned by federal regulators. One mortgage low global cost of capital, making it cheap to innovation more directly tied to technological borrow in order to buy currently (or potentially) change is subprime lending, which was originally profitable companies. The most basic cause of predicated on the use of statistics for better risk the low cost of capital is excess saving in China, measurement and risk-based pricing to Japan and oil producers, together with policies compensate for these higher risks. to fix the exchange rate—or in Japan’s case to 3. Subprime Mortgages: keep it at a low level via their zero-interest-rate Subprime mortgage lending, broadly policy. The recycling of excess saving balances defined, and relates to borrowers with poor credit into the West is a key contributor to low real histories or high leverage as measured by either interest rates, and financial innovation plays a debt/income or loan-to-value. This market grew secondary role through the carry trade rapidly in the U.S during the first decade of the (implemented with derivatives), etc., leading to twenty-first century – averaging about 20% of inverted yield curves and narrow corporate residential mortgage originations between 2004 interest rate spreads. It is Economics 101 that and 2006. At the end of 2007, subprime you can’t fix the price of money and control the mortgages outstanding stood at $940 billion; quantity of it at the same time. Excess liquidity down from over $1.2 trillion outstanding the results in low interest rates and this has opened previous year (Inside Mortgage Finance 2008). an enormous arbitrage opportunity for private Sub prime lending is a new innovation, where equity firms to use debt to buy companies, mortgages are offered to low-income high-risk driving equities prices higher. The whole process borrowers, and banks and other lenders transfer must be unstable if the cost of capital is too the risk off their balance sheets by slicing and low—that is, it could become a ‘bubble’ in the dicing the principal and income streams into end, and these always end badly. So matching securitised tranches to suit investors seeking innovation with old-fashioned distorting policies yield. Some of the high-yield notes are rubber of fixing prices like exchange rates and not stamped by credit rating agencies, and end up controlling quantities is risk—it’s like a giant in yield-hungry pension funds insurance patchwork balloon with flexible and inflexible companies and hedge funds. The big benefit is patches—if you keep pumping in the air the that people who previously could not dream of tension between flexible and inflexible patches owning a home share in the benefits of financial will, in the end, will cause the balloon to burst. innovation. But when rates rise and they can’t 2. Mortgage Loans pay, the end buyer of the high yield notes-having Mortgage loans are products that have had blind faith in the credit rating agency experienced a great deal of change over the past suddenly ends up with a problem. 25 years in the United States. In 1980, long-term 4. Hedge funds: fully amortizing fixed-rate mortgages were the Hedge Funds too have been around for norm and this product was offered primarily by a long time—remember George Soros taking on thrift institutions. Moreover, these loans the Bank of England over sterling targets; well required substantial down payments and a good hedge funds had already been around some time credit history and the accumulated equity was by then. Of course they have proliferated since relatively illiquid. These characteristics have those days and asset under management are markedly evolved. The first big change occurred around $1.4 trillion in mid 2007. But the leverage in the early 1980s with the widespread hedge funds use alongside of this is much bigger. introduction of various types of adjustable-rate In my view official estimates are way too low. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 036 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Leverage could be well over $5trillion, if “pay later”). The monetary value of the prepaid derivatives are taken properly into account. Once card resides either of the card or at a remote again, low interest rates and low volatility are database. According to Mercator Advisory part of the reason why leverage is so high. Group, prepaid cards accounted for over $180 Fortunately hedge funds actually play a very billion in transaction volume in 2006. positive role in financial markets by buying and Prepaid cards can be generally selling miss-priced assets, which reduces delineated as either “closes” systems (e.g., a financial volatility. They also offer alternative retailer-specific gift card, like Macy’s or Best Buy) investments for pension funds that are very or “open” systems (e.g., a payment-network desirable, as they are less correlated with other branded card, like Visa or MasterCard). Closed- assets, and perform very well in market system prepaid cards have been effective as a downturns (since their style is often one of cash substitute on university campuses, as well arbitrage plays, and not betting on the direction as for mass transit systems and retailers. of the market). If the global cost of capital were 8. Asset Securitization: suddenly to rise however, we could expect hedge Asset securitization refers to the process funds to play a role in rising volatility and the by which non traded assets are transformed into possibility of failures like LTCM crisis. This will the U.S., securitization is widely used by large not be due to hedge funds being a flawed originators of retail credit – specifically concept, but rather because the bubble in mortgages, credit cards and automobile loans. liquidity went on for too long and leverage In the Securitisation model, loans are packaged became too extreme—the patchwork balloon together and sold as bonds to various Securitisation vehicles in a parallel banking again. system. These Securitisation vehicles (such as 5. Debit Cards: conduits, SIVs, limited purpose finance Debit cards are essentially “pay-now” companies, collateralised loan obligations, instruments linked to a checking account CDOs, collateralised bond obligations, etc) act whereby transactions can happen either as a secondary layer of intermediation between instantaneously using online (PIN based) ultimate borrowers and ultimate investors: the methods or in the near future with offline originating banks and the Securitisation vehicles (signature based) methods. Consumers typically act as a dual structure form of intermediation have the choice of using online or offline 9. Risk Management: methods, and their selection often hinges on the Advances in information technology respective benefits. Online debit allows the (both hardware and software) and financial cardholder also to withdraw cash at the point- theory spurred a revolution in bank risk of-sale, and offline provides float. management over the past two decades. Two 6. Online Banking: popular approaches to measuring and managing As households and firms rapidly adopted financial risks are stress-testing and value-at- internet access during the late-1990s, risk (VaR). In either case, the idea is to identify commercial banks established an online the level of capital required for the bank to presence. remain solvent in the face of unlikely adverse 7. Prepaid cards: environments. As the name implies, prepaid cards are 10. Organisational Forms: instruments whereby cardholders “pay early” New bank organizational forms have and set aside funds in advance for future emerged in the United States over the past few purchases of goods and services. (By contrast, decades. Securities affiliates (so-called “section debit cards are “pay-now”, and credit cards are 20” subsidiaries or the creation of “financial Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 037 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 holding companies”) for very large banks and different risk profiles. Taking the banking Subchapter S status for very small banks, were industry to the heights of international the by product of regulatory/legal evolution. excellence will require a combination of new Indeed, only one new organizational form, the technologies, better processes of credit and risk internet-only bank, arose from technological appraisal, treasury management, product change. These institutions, which quickly diversification, internal control and external emerged and disappeared, may represent an regulations and not the least, human resources. interesting laboratory for the study of “failed” Fortunately, we have a comparative advantage financial innovations. We believe that in almost all these areas. Our professionals are understanding such experimental failures may at the forefront of technological change and hold important insights for understanding the financial developments all over the world. It is keys to successful innovations. time to harness these resources for Future Challenges development of Indian banking in the new Innovation in technology and world-wide century. revolution in information and communication References: technology are perceived to be the catalyst of • Mohd. Arif Pasha, “Financial Markets productivity growth. The relationship between and Intermediaries”, Kalyani Publishers, New IT and Banking is fundamentally symbiotic. It is Delhi, 2009 expected to reduce costs, increase volumes and • Mohan, Rakesh. 2004 a. “Finance for facilitate customized products. Technology Industrial Growth.” RBI Bulletin, March.2004b. adoption is a dire necessity for the public sector • “Ownership and Governance in Private banks to complete with new generation private Sector Banks in India.” RBI Bulletin, October. sector and foreign banks. It is a ‘compulsion’ • “Financial Sector Reforms and rather than a ‘choice’. Retention of existing Monetary Policy: The Indian Experience.” RBI customer is the primary concern of majority of Bulletin, July. the banks today. • “India’s Financial Sector Reforms: The major challenge for banks is to fall Fostering Growth while Containing Risk.” Yale in line with the emerging scenario and adopting University; the require technology to provide stake-of-the- • www.rbi.org.in art services to the customers. Introduction of • “Transforming Indian Banking: In on-line, inter-connected automatic teller Search of a Better Tomorrow.” RBI Bulletin. machines (ATM), telephone banking, on-line bill January. payment and Internet banking are some of the • Montiel, Peter J. 2000. “What Drives high tech facilities. Banks have to provide in Consumption Booms?” World Bank Economic order to survive in the competitive scenario. Review, 14(3): 457- 80. September. Technology should ultimate results in better • Bencivenga, V. and B. Smith. 1991. customer service, low cost and quick delivery. “Financial Intermediation and Endogeneous Conclusion Growth.” Review of Economic Studies, 58(2):195- Over the last three decades the role of 209, April. banking in the process of financial • Reddy, Y. V. 2005. “Banking Sector intermediation has been undergoing an Reforms in India: An Overview.” RBI Bulletin, important transformation, owing to changes in June the global financial system. It is now clear that • “Reforming India’s Financial Sector. a thriving and vibrant banking system requires Changing Dimensions and Emerging Issues. RBI a well developed financial structure with Bulletin. multiple intermediaries operating in markets with  Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 038 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Review of Literature 09 The information pertaining to inter caste and inter religious marriage has been published A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF in various journals and news Kannan c. t. has INTER CASTE AND INTER studied 200 inter caste and 50 inter religious married couples for his research. It was RELIGIOUS MARRIED COUPLES published in 1963.Usha Bambawale 100 inter IN GADHINGLAJ CITY religious married couples in Pune city. Many other researchers have studied the topic namely Mokashi P. R. Deshpande C.G., Mrs.Suchitra Dr. Sawant Sanjay Dnyanoba S.R.,Urmila Anand, Kherde Ramesh,Kendre RESEARCHER, Mansing,A brief review of there literature will Assistant Professor, Dept.of Sociology, be taken. Shivraj College of Arts, Commerce and Observation of the present study D.S.Kadam Science, Gadhinglaj Dist.Kolhapur The principal investigator has undertaken preliminary visits of the areas of the intercaste ======***********======and inter religious married couples in Gadhinglaj Introduction city for general information. The list of leading Indian Society is divided in various caste intercaste married couples is prepared. He has and religion. In order to bring change to reduce also undertaken some extension activities .He the impact about of Religion and caste, to has also undertaken a pilot study in the cultivate human values ushering is social concerned topic which will helps him to prepare equality. The right and opportunities for all the final interview schedules. To conclude on Neglecting caste and religion and to all create the general observations on the inter caste and the process of social transmission ‘inter caste, inter religious couples. inter religious marriage’ is one of the measures Research work to be done: that often suggested. At present the principal investigator is The material development of cities finalizing the interview-schedules. After propagates social change. The traditional finalizing and printing extensive visits will be inhibitions and religion gets relaxed. made for field work. The data will be collected Individualistic attitude gets developed and the at maximum level by both primary and attitude towards life gets changed in cities secondary sources. The collected data will be people of different caste and religious get ample proceed and analyzed with the help of tables. opportunities to mingle and come together. Required couples will prepare. There fore, of favorable ground for social. Objectives of the project Transmission gets prepared keeping in view the 1) To present the general data about the above scenario them inter caste and inter age, caste, religion, educational status, religious married couples of Gadhinglaj city were profession and income of inter-caste and selected for sociological study. interreligious married couples. The marital relationship of the people 2) To explain the process of positive changes in the marital, familial, religious and of opposite sex coming from two different caste economic structures of the married couples. and religions is called as inter caste- 3) To study the extent to which inter- interreligious marriage. caste-interreligious marriages help in dowry Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 039 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 system, since most of such marriages are live It was found that inter-caste & marriages interreligious marriages completely eradicate 4) To study how positively the inter- dowry system. caste-inter-religious marriages eradicate the 5) It was studied whether the inter-caste dowry system, since most of such marriages are & inter-religious married couples create love marriages. awareness among society parents to allow such 5) To promote the public awareness marriages. about such marriages. It is seen that the inter-caste & Objectives were achieved interreligious married couples are not promoting In the minor research the project that such marriages are important for national objectives were studied as follows: integration and eradication of caste 1) The general information regarding 35 discrimination. The married couples are not seen inter-caste and 15 interreligious married couples to be willing to do so. in Gadhinglaj City was studied. The age of the Achievements from the Project: couples at the time of marriage, educational, The minor research project helped to qualification, educational qualification of achieve following things:- parents, religion, information about 1) Change in the attitude of inter-caste interreligious marriages, caste, mother tongue, & interreligious married couples to look at the professions, addictions, monthly income, etc. traditional notion of caste. facts were studied. With the help of this 2) Eradication of dowry system. information the researchers studied inter-caste 3) Interaction of thoughts and practices. & interreligious married couples. 4) Assistance in reducing caste disparity. 2) The changes in the marital, familial, 5) Compromises in religious practices. religious and economical structures of inter- 6) Compromises in family decision. caste & interreligious married couples were Summary of the findings studied. The researcher had studied the problem After studding 50 inter-caste & titled “A Sociological Study of Inter-caste and interreligious married couples the researcher interreligious Married Couples in Gadhinglaj found that the marital, familial, religious and City” and came to following conclusions: economical structures of these couples are 1) The proportion of inter-caste & positively changing. Their attitude towards life interreligious married couples acquainted seemed to be progressive. through neighbors and friends are highest. 3) It was studied whether inter-caste & 2) In these inter-caste & interreligious interreligious marriages help in eradicating marriages the male respondents have preferred caste disparity or not. attractive personality and the female Although inter-caste & interreligious respondents have preferred passionate love. marriages help in demising caste disparity, no 3) The marriage proposals were majorly marriage is taken place with the intention to put forth by male respondents. abolish caste disparity. But the attitude of the 4) The parents of majority of female couples about caste and religion seemed to be respondents did not give permission to inter- progressive. caste & interreligious marriages. 4) It was studied whether inter-caste- 5) Majority of male respondents were interreligious marriages eradicate dowry accepted by their families. system. 6) The proportion of inter-caste & Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 040 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 interreligious married couples living in joint 21) Among inter-caste-interreligious families and nuclear families is identical. married couples the proportion of Hindu men 7) The proportion of the children who and women is maximum. know caste and religion of their inter-caste & 22) In the present research of inter-case- inter-religious married parents is higher. interreligious married couples 35 are inter caste 8) Majority of male-female respondents and 15 are interreligious marriages. are involved in prayers and worshiping. 23) Among these inter-caste- 9) Majority of children of inter caste and interreligious marriages the proportion of the interreligious married couples mention the caste men and women of Maratha caste is highest. or religion of father in school records. 24) The inter-caste-interreligious 10) All the children of inter-caste of inter- married men and women belong to Hindi, caste-interreligious married couples mention the Canada, Lamani, Konkani, Guajarati and Marathi caste or religion of father in school records. language groups. 11) Majority of inter-caste-interreligious 25) Among these inter-caste- married couples did not apply to governments interreligious married men-women the for any rewards. proportion of Marathi speakers is highest. 12) Majority of male-female 26) The proportion of the relatives of respondent’s demand for reservation to the inter-caste-interreligious married respondents children of inter-caste-interreligious married who did not have inter-caste-interreligious couples. marriages is highest. 13) Majority of inter-caste-interreligious 27) Among inter-caste interreligious married couples do not regret for their married couples the proportion of the female marriages. respondents who do not have any addictions is 14) Majority of inter-caste-interreligious highest. married men and women never think of divorce. 28) Majority of male respondents are 15) Majority of female respondents are employed and majority of female respondents declined of property right by their parents are housewives. because of inter-caste-interreligious marriage. 29) The proportion of male respondents 16) The dowry system is totally who have monthly income above 15000 and eradicated because of inter caste-interreligious 21000 is highest. marriages. Contribution to the society: 17) The inter-caste-interreligious In the research project titled,’ A married couples do not try to get social Sociological Study of Inter-caste and acceptance for such marriages through Interreligious Married Couples in Gadhinglaj conferences, seminars, lectures etc. City’ the impact of inter-caste-interreligious 18) Inter-caste-interreligious marriages marriages on family and social life was studied. did not take place with the intention of national Inter-caste-interreligious marriages help for integration. social transformation and social reconstruction. 19) Majority of inter-caste-interreligious If caste based on birth is to be eradicated inter- married male-female respondents decided to caste-interreligious must take place. The social marry when they were in the age group 21-30. reformers tried to eradicate caste by organizing 20) The parents of majority of inter-caste- group meals. It is necessary to arrange interreligious married male-female respondents marriages between different castes. Because are illiterate. such marriages create the felling of oneness in Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 041 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 the minds of people. If more inter-caste marriages take place, it will help in changing 10 the social system. By neglecting caste system one cannot think of social transformation. Role of Emotional Intelligence Different castes in Hinduism observe for Teacher Effectiveness different practices. The couples compromised above religious practices. Although the people Gopal Singh from different religions married one another, the Research Scholar, Department of Education, disagreements did not happen about religious Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, practices. But they learnt to respect others A Central University, Lucknow, U.P. religions. In male dominated culture family decision depended on the opinions of men but because of inter-caste and ======***********======interreligious marriages women got importance ABSTRACT in decision making process regarding family The concept of emotional intelligence matters. (EI) is relatively a new idea in popular culture. It was observed that every male and The term emotional intelligence was launched female respondent had liberty to behave when people started to realize that a high according to his or her religious, Customs and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is no guarantee practices. against failure in everyday life. Emotional No male respondent’s regrets for not Intelligence is the ability to understand own getting dowry through inter caste - interreligious emotions and those of people around. The marriage. It means that inter-caste-interreligious concept of emotional intelligence means must marriages eradicate dowry system. persons have a self-awareness that enables to The conclusions to which the researcher recognize feelings and manage your emotions. came by studying the problem will help thinkers, An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the leaders, government, social reformers, voluntary concept of emotional intelligence, benefits of organizations, social institutions, organizations, improving EI, teachers’ effectiveness in the class researchers, readers, students, etc… It will help room of schools and universities, Role and the to carry on the work of social awareness. qualities of the teachers, Importance of EI for Considering changing nature of inter- teacher education and ideas for improving the caste-interreligious marriages the research will situation of the teachers etc are also discussed. help the governments in making laws from time Keywords: Emotional intelligence, to time. Teacher Effectiveness, Teacher Education INTRODUCTION  The hope of a nation lies in the proper education of its youth, in preparing the young to fare better in life. Proper education is not only instruction in school subjects and cannot take place in isolation from the emotions of the child. Being Emotionally Intelligent is as important as learning any other subjects. Here Emotional Intelligence means the ability to retain emotional impulses, to read other person’s Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 042 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 innermost feeling and to handle relationships particular student “tick” emotionally can be smoothly. The ability to control impulses is the important in helping with individual learning. base of character. Goleman (1995) says there is Further, by being mindful of students’ emotions an old fashioned word for the body of skills that and helping students to regulate their emotions, Emotional Intelligence represents: Character. teachers can ease interpersonal conflicts and Who will take the responsibility of creating a contribute to the students’ emotional and social nation whose foundation is character? Teachers development. Importantly, emotionally play the central role in cultivating character by intelligent teachers also have the ability to inculcating selfdiscipline and empathy. The perceive and regulate their own emotions, which teachers who will be imparting these skills in might help to increase workplace engagement schools also need to practice them. For putting and reduce burnout. this to practice, at the first place, teachers need BENEFITS OF IMPROVING EI to be trained to be Emotionally Intelligent. For More recent literature has shown that this, teacher educators should be aware of the gaps in emotional intelligence skills affect importance of Emotional Intelligence in students both inside and outside the school Education. In fact, most educators know about context (Brackett, Rivers, Shiffman, Lerner & the importance of imparting Emotional Salovey, 2006; Mestre & Fernandez-Berrocal, Intelligence training to the students. But little 2007; Sanchez-Nunez, Fernandez-Berrocal, effort is made to implement this. Many models Montanes & Latorre, 2008. there are four basic of Emotional Intelligence exist inside and areas where a lack of EI provokes or facilitates outside educational mainstream, which can be the appearance of behaviour problems in used. Boyatzis (2008) finds in his study that students: Emotional Intelligence competencies can be • Emotional intelligence and developed in students. Singh (2003) found that interpersonal relationships different professionals need different levels of • Emotional intelligence and Emotional Intelligence for success. The result psychological well-being says that teachers need to be highly Emotionally • Emotional intelligence and academic Intelligent to be successful. performance WHAT IS EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE • Emotional intelligence and the The term emotional intelligence (EI) was appearance of disruptive behaviour. popularized by Goleman (1995) who claimed TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS that emotional intelligence “can be as powerful, Performance is basically the ability of and at times more powerful, than I.Q.” There individual to use its knowledge efficiently and are a number of different definitions of effectively. When researchers discuss the emotional intelligence in the psychological teacher’s performance, it is based on both literature, but in general, it is defined as an aspect the intellectual and physical. Baliessman ability to identify, regulate, and manage and Pugh (1984) studied the teacher’s emotions in the self and in others. Research performance according to the teacher’s activities indicates that higher levels of emotional regarding the writing on board, spelling, and its intelligence are associated with a range of class room management. In regarding positive outcomes, such as better workplace performance, Burden (1991) also identified the performance and physical and mental health. role of teachers in different three areas like as Good teachers need a strong emotional job skill, attitude toward job, and involvement intelligence. Understanding what makes a in professional development. Basically the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 043 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 performance of the teachers is the effectiveness the providing the guideline to the students in of teaching performance. For the evaluation of their academic problems. To provide the effectiveness different methods are used. Some guideline to the student is also the important systems focus on the teacher’s performance aspect of the teacher’s performance. The teacher which can be observed in classroom whenever is good problem solver for the students. some systems focus on the evaluation by Teaching method is an important function in examination system. They consider the marks classroom. HaroonaJatoi (1989) discussed the of the students in exams which are conducted relationship of teaching method with at the end of the annual educational period. effectiveness of the teacher. She explained the Brophy and Good (1992) presented an appealing direct teaching method. Teachers must know, approach for the evaluation of teachers that what he is teaching, and what he is to teach, performance. He included the socialization of he must have the ability to present in best way, students and personal development of the in result of it, the good class control is gained. student in teacher’s performance. Class Fullen and Hargreaves (1988) quoted that “a management is also an important aspect of stronger and surer knowledge base and a greater teacher’s performance in class. It is related to command of methodology contribute to a this that at what level the teacher manages the teacher’s power. They lend authority of the sort classroom environment. Berliner (1983) that allows a person to teach with confidence described the classroom management as and to command the respect of students and prerequisite to effective instruction. It is also colleagues.” So, according to the literature some very important for a new teacher. In managing aspects of the teacher’s effectiveness- the environment the teacher observe the class 1. Classroom management critically, develop the rules for the students 2. Consider the individual differences according to the behaviors and requirement of 3. Sustained use of motivational tools teachers goals. The teacher’s effectiveness is 4. Use of direct teaching method also concerned with to focus on individual 5. Good teaching style differences. The reason is that the behavior of 6. Problem solving the students every human is changed, so it is also the 7. Provide the sustained guideline to the responsibility of teacher to focus on the students behaviors of the students. Robin (1984) IMPORTANCE OF EI IN TEACHER EDUCATION described that extraordinary teacher’s focus on Many psychologists and educationists measuring the students with their practical eye. have been trying to bridge the gap between the So, the individual attention is also considered success and discomfiture caused by head the important aspect of performance in teaching (value) and heart (devalue). This logical inquiry process. Brophy (1983) focused on sustained use continues over the years not only in developing of motivational tools in class room so, it is also countries like India but all over the world, an aspect of teachers performance. psychologists Mayer, et al (1989) came with an Teaching style is also considered answer by introducing the concept of Emotional important in teaching process. It is developed Intelligence, through it was referred by various with emotional strength, peer relationship and names – from smartness and personality to soft commitment. Lunerbrug (1996) described that skills and competence.It is need of time to it is possible to differentiate a competent introduce the concept of emotional intelligence teacher with others. It is just possible with and competencies in teacher education teaching style. Teachers also play their role in curriculum.The importance of emotional Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 044 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 intelligence has been recognized as a vital part ensure that students enjoy it too. Teacher can of the educational process for well over a be developed by encouraged to student to open decade. Teachers, as key players in the communication, can foster openness and pedagogical process.The role of a teacher in the flexibility in the classrooms and make teaching education can be vital. Emotional intelligence a two-way process rather than one-way. Teacher is an ability to express, manage and control gets regular feedback from the students in order emotions of self and others. Teaching is an to know if the students really understand what emotional practice which involves emotional the teachers are trying to put across. By the body relationships, emotional understanding and language of the students, the teachers come to emotional labor. Teachers have to value know the students are confused or bored. emotional bonds with students and educate Teacher can change their methodology and students as emotional and social beings. It pedagogy to suite with their students’ needs. requires high level of emotional intelligence. Understanding these individual differences and Teacher with high emotional intelligence use dealing with different students in a different more positive, well adapted coping strategies way can increase the effectiveness of teaching. when dealing with different sources of stress Emotional Intelligence Training must be at school, and feel greater satisfaction with their made a Part of Teacher Training Considering the work. They are more productive, and they spur fact that the teachers lead, and teach the future productivity in others. At school, they help create youth, who provide for a wide range of a safe, comfortable classroom atmosphere that increasingly sophisticated and ever changing makes it easier to learn. In recent researchers variety of manpower needed, their job is a more found that more emotionally intelligent responsible one, implying that the teachers be employee had higher level of job satisfaction high on El and well-being to be performing and greater commitment to their organization. effectively. Studies stated earlier imply that El Emotional competence of teachers is necessary, can be enhanced, cultivated through training. both in general for their own wellbeing and for Hence the training modules for teachers at all effectiveness and quality in creating out levels must include components on enhancing teaching learning process in classroom and in their El. An Emotionally Intelligent teacher will particular for the socio-emotional development be able to: of students. Teachers’ emotional intelligence • Monitor and manage negative plays a key role in making learners’ more emotions like anger, frustration, irritability etc..... motivated in the process of learning. It builds better which will help her remain calm in the positive learning environment for the students. classroom situations which evoke the negative understanding the students, and managing them emotions. in order to make the environment in the • Being optimistic — There are individual classroom more conducive to teaching and differences among students and only an learning.Teachers should recognize the signs of optimistic teacher will be able to sustain in her emotional distress in their students, It is teacher efforts towards the betterment of students who to create enthusiasm and interest and to remove are relatively weak. Understand emotions any fear that of student. among their students helping them to identify Emotional intelligent teacher is better students in distress and give them the required able to manage their behavior in the classroom attention and refer them for further help if and develop nurturing relationships with their needed. students. And find teaching enjoyable and • Motivate the students — the teacher Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 045 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 will be able the help the students become process. There is ample scope for its optimistic and set and achieve high goals for development at any age. So the results of this themselves. study will be useful to the secondary school Emotional intelligence can be developed teachers to improve their emotional intelligence. and promoted by making training programs that Emotional intelligence gives new approach to aid the teachers in exercising control over their teachers. This approach embraces the learner emotions and act in suitable ways rather than and learning in a more complete way than to react in a negative one. Training programs traditional schooling. Quality emotions and can focus on eliminating any ambiguity in feelings help teachers to give their best potential stressful conditions and help the teachers to in the classroom. combat them by facilitating the capacity to make REFERENCES informed choices about what should be done • Edannur,Sreekala(2010); “Emotional and how to implement it. The teachers might Intelligence of Teacher Educators” Int J Edu Sci, benefit from these programs in that they might Vol.2(2), 115-121. be able to deal with professional and personal • Ogoemeka, Obioma Helen(2011); situations more effectively. The teachers at the “Emotional Intelligence and Creativity in Teacher university during their studies are not given Education” International Journal of Social enough chance to practice what they studied Sciences and Education, Vol.1(4),591-604. during training courses. This might have a • Patil, Ajaykumar.B(2015); “Emotional negative affect on the teachers when they start Intelligence and Teacher Education” Research to work at the schools as they may feel unsure Front, Vol.1(2),17-24. how to deal with demands at work. Training • Ramana, T.V.(2013); “Emotinal courses are needed at the university to give Intelligence and Teacher Effectiveness-An more information for the teachers relating to Analysis” Voice of Research, Vol.2(2),18-22. their jobs, including which kind of problems they • Sharma, R. A.(2015); Teacher might have at the schools and how they can cope Education and Training Technology, R. Lall Book, with them. The reform in the teaching process Meerut. should not only be dependent on a new • Woolfolk, Anita (2013). Educational curriculum but should also concentrate on its Psychology(12th ed.). Pearson Publication, Delhi. quality and focus on more interaction between • Yadav, Sukesh(2015); Teacher teachers and their students. It is necessary to Education, Sahitya Publication, Agra. create various projects, in order to give teachers more information about burnout and how they  can overcome it and to understand how they can deal with the problems of their students and at work generally. CONCLUSION As a result, the role of teacher becomes extremely important and involves understanding the emotional aspect of learning and using it for teaching and helping the students.Emotional intelligence is totally dependent on the environment. It is related neither to development of some organ nor to physiological Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 046 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 KEYWORDS : Rain water harvesting, E. 11 Coli, Thermotolerant bacteria, Fluoride, Iron INTRODUCTION : STUDIES ON BACTERIOLOGICAL All over the country Rain Water ANALYSIS, AND FLUORIDE Harvesting has been made mandatory since 1996 as over extraction of ground water and CONTENT IN HARVESTED ROOF wastage of rainwater have led to severe water TOP WATER: crisis. Hydrogeologists says that, it makes ecological and financial sense to harvest rain A COMPARITIVE STUDY water or roof top water, for short term use and long term improvement of the water table. Dr. Suparna Deshmukh Nature has blessed earth generously with the S. K. Gandhi College, gift of water. About 3/4th part of the earth is Kada, Dist. Beed. covered with water. Out of total availability of water for mankind, only a meager 1% is available ======***********======for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. ABSTRACT 97% is found as sea and salty water, while 2% Rain Water Harvesting is a very effective is entrapped by the polar ice caps. Due to remedy over water crisis. It is in Delhi, Andhra overpopulation, there is always overexploitation Pradesh, Chennai, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat of water available for drinking and irrigational and Madhya Pradesh where its implementation or industrial purposes. Water scarcity has been has become successful in water conservation prime concern at present as water is the main and water shed management. Kada is a village source of livelihood. Over past 100 years, the which lies in district Beed of Maharashtra, and consumption of fresh water has increased by is famously known as a strong drought prone more than 500%, resulting in fresh water area. It is in this concern, present studies have scarcity. It is estimated that by 2025 two third undertaken for conservation of natural rain water of population will live in water stressed areas. and its storage in surface water or in tubewells. Rain is natural source of water which is known By constructing Rain Water Harvesting systems to all of us but most have ignored it for years at five different locations in Kada, which together. Importance of rain water harvesting includes schools and public places. Researcher has gained momentum because of depletion in has found successful rise in water levels of the groundwater levels on account of rapid borewells and people are enjoying the results. urbanization, industrialization & massive The researcher tried out to find the water quality population growth. and its purity of harvested rain water as well as The Water Act, (1974), for prevention non harvested ground water. Researcher and control of Pollution, was put forwarded which assessed potability as per IS 15200 for drinking was amended later in 1981 and 1986.This Act, water quality assessment, and comparative centers round the effective prevention, control, studies have shown that water gets more and abatement of water pollution in the country. purified naturally when rain water is harvested. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have Studies on bacteriological analysis and on iron resulted in degradation of the environment content as well as fluoride contents were carried which is the cause of several diseases, mental out. Fluoride and Iron contents are within tensions, and other miseries. Therefore, efforts permissible limits. should be made to ensure that common man Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 047 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 gets sufficient pure water, pure air, and pure tankers supplies this water. Looking towards the food. Seven billion people on the earth today severity of problem of water scarcity in village are dependent on ground water for irrigation, KADA, situated in District Beed of Maharashtra industrial, environmental and domestic State, INDIA .Rain water harvesting will improve applications. If some efficient, scientific and water supply, food production and ultimately cost effective ways and means are provided to food security. Water insecure households or people then it will be helpful to harvest, individuals in rural areas will be benefited the conserve, reuse and recharge our aquifiers by most from Rain Water Harvesting system. Since rain water. Rain water harvesting is a technique rainwater harvesting leads to water supply of collection and storage of rain water into which leads to food security, this will greatly natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of contribute to income generation. If 80% of total surface water into subsurface aquifiers( before rain water can be collected then 40,000 litres it is lost as surface runoff). One of the most of rain water is available for collection. efficient method of rain water harvesting is Roof Depending on the size of the rain water Top Water Harvesting. Implementing this fact , collecting tank, & the distribution of rainfall it it has been decided to procure Rain Water is easy to collect all this 40,000 litres of rain Harvesting system at some public places in water. The existing roof is made use of to collect Kada town, in district Beed of Maharashtra state rainwater. in India. Many schools do not have a reliable RATIONALE BEHIND CHOOSING THE source of water for drinking and other use. The PROBLEM: school rooftop rainwater harvesting system Kada is a village in Ashti Tahsil of Beed seeks to provide a source of water for all district of Maharashtra State, in India This region purposes such as domestic uses, water for is known to be adversely drought prone area. hygienic uses, and finally treated water if the The total population of the village is about rainwater is required for drinking purposes. On 15,000, and there are near about 3000 houses.. the basis of advantages of Rooftop Rain Water It belongs to Marathwada region and also Harvesting System, the researcher has Aurangabad division. It is located 83 Km towards constructed Rain Water Harvesting System on west from district head quarters of Beed and 6 buildings of all schools, at some public places Km from Ashti, as well as 274 Km from State like Police Station in the town and also on a bank capital, Mumbai. Its height from sea level is 552 situated in the village Kada. The main purpose meters above sea level. There is a Lignius type behind selection is that all these areas are of rock, all over in the town, which is a Primary always crowded and are facing water scarcity rock, and thus water does not get percolated badly. Bacteriolgical analysis has been carried properly. Total rainfall per annum in the village out to prove the utility of rain water harvesting. and vicinity is very less and is near about 500- 600 mm only. The main source of water supply in the village is Bore-well or Tube-well which are about 400 to 700 feet in depth. Among these more than 80% of Bore-wells gets dried out completely during the months of November or December only. Villagers have to pay Rs.5 to Rs. 7 per five litres of water during the period of January to June. At maximum places water Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 048 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 harvesting consists of two types: 1. is the method in which rain water is stored in the above ground or underground sumps or overhead tanks and is used directly for flushing, gardening, washing , and all likewise domestic purposes, while in another method rain water is recharged to ground through recharge pits, dug wells, borewells, soak pits etc. In the present study the researcher used the method of ground water recharge in which 5x5ft. pit was dug, plasterd with concrete and pipeline connecting all the roof outholes has been introduced in it. Water storing in this pit is directed to enter into borewell through drilled holes and through the percolations. The tank is sealed from the top either with Cuddappah slabs or Concrete slabs or any local stone. Since rainwater is pure as it falls from the sky, it is necessary that the roof be kept clean for it to remain pure when it is collected. The only precaution to be taken is the roof needed to be swept and cleaned daily during the rainy season in the district. The gutters of PVC collect the rainwater from the Map Of Kada; (source : Department of Land roof and transfer it to filter. On sloping roofs, Records, Ashti) PVC gutters can pick up leaves, dust, small twigs, OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY and other organic matter. The gutters should be The objectives of the present study are inspected and cleaned daily. The entry point of as under. water from roof to gutter is provided with a filter a) To carry out studies on Rain Water or the pit is filled with gravels so that water Harvesting for water conservation and water entered gets naturally filtered. The filter is very management. important in keeping rain water clean before b) Rain water harvesting(RWH) system entering to storage tanks. The researcher has is to be constructed on the crowdy public places selected five public sites which includes schools, suffering badly from water crisis. college, bank and police station situated in Kada c) To know the results of Rain water town. For understanding the biological purity, after six months, the researcher has collected harvesting system. the samples from five sites where rain water d) To make a comparative study of was harvested and also from non water Bacteriological status, and on iron, and fluoride harvested sites in the vicinity. The researcher content of harvested rain water and non has also interviewed the concerned authorities harvested water to know their purity. of the sites of study to understand how much e) To educate and aware people about water level has been increased. After six months the problem of water crisis. comparative study on bacteriological analysis METHODOLOGY : was carried out to assess potable quality of Roof top rain water harvesting is the harvested and non harvested rain water at 10 process of collecting rain water falling on sites. rooftops in a tank or sump for future productive Sites at which RWH is done : 1.Bhagini use. Thus in brief, the methods of rain water Nivedita Kanya Vidyalaya, Kada, 2.Z. P. School, Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 049 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Kada; 3.Rasiklal Dhariwal Pharmacy College, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Kada; 4.Police Station, Kada; 5.State Bank Of After completion of the work, researcher India, Kada. has conducted the interviews of the beneficiaries Water Sample Collection sites : 1.Bhagini to ascertain or to get feedback of the project, Nivedita Kanya Vidyalaya, Source : Borewell, 2. the beneficiaries opined that they are enjoying Z. P. School, Source Borewell 3.Residence of Mrs. the increase in water levels of borewells. At all Anita Takale Source :Main Stream Of Water supply, Tap Water; 4. Residence Besides Z.P. of these sites 5 persons at each site were School: Source : Tap water; 5. Gram Panchayat interviewed and questions were asked regarding Office Main Stream; 6.S. B. I, Kada, Source : the increase in levels of water of borewell Borewell; 7.Restaurant at S.T. Stand Source : where RWH was done. The sites were where Tanker water which is supplied throughout town; RWH was not done they are still facing the 8. Motilal Kothari Vidyalaya, Source : Drinking problem of water scarcity. Z. P. School Water Tank; 9.Police Station ; Source : Borewell authorities,who are enjoying now the results of 10. R. D. College Of Pharmacy : Source : RWH, told that till now they were facing lot of Borewell. Among these sites at above stated 5 shortage of water and the only source was sites only RWH was done while other sides are Tanker water which was supplied on either their neighbouring sites. alternate days or twice a week. After RWH has been implemented there is absolutely no need remaining for using tanker water. Authorities at B.N.Vidyalaya said that; they are enjoying ample use of water, even in the month of March, as otherwise their water in the borewell gets dried in the month of November itself. People at Police Station said they did not have the water at all for their regular use like for using toilets, washing purposes etc. but now after applying RWH not only the daily requirements of water are fulfilled , but also, water can be used for gardening purposes etc. Underground Collection Tank for collecting Rain All the methods used for bacteriological Water At Site R.D. Pharmacy College, Kada analysis of harvested rain water and non harvested one , are according to Water Quality Monitoring –Edited by J. Bartram and R. Balance, A Practical Guide to the design and implementation of Fresh Water Quality Studies And Monitoring Programmes, Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organisation@ 1996 UNEP/WHO. The discharge of wastes from municipal sewers which contains human faeces forms the important basis of bacteriological pollution of water.Water (Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Oct). contaminated with such effluents may contain The method adopted is same as shown in fig. pathogenic microorganisms which cause health Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 050 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 hazard to human health. Such feacal rain water and a non harvested one. To detect contamination of water is routinely determined the presence of coliforms in water, two by conducting microbiological analysis. The techniques are commonly used. In these studies, contamination is supposed to be severe when “Multiple Fermentation Tubes also called as the indicator organisms are present in large MPN,” technique is used as it can be easily numbers. Such bacterias are present in clumps applicable to all types of waters.In this method in large numbers and do not present as portions of a water sample are placed in test- individual bacteria. Hence the number of clumps tubes containing a culture medium. The tubes of bacteria are to be counted while enumerating are then incubated for at 270C for 48 bacteria. Total coliforms refers to a large group hours.Feacal coliform bacteria, or of Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that thermotolerant bacteria are studied, for their share several characteristics. The group includes presence, in the laboratory by their ability to Thermotolerant coliforms and bacteria of faecal ferment lactose, with production of acid and gas origin, as well as some bacteria that may be at 44.50C, for 24hours by using Brilliant Green isolated from environmental sources. Hence the Lactose bile broth media. Confirmatory tests presence of coliforms may or may not indicate were repeated by following ring tests using faecal contamination. Total coliforms including Covax Reagent. All the results obtained were E. Coli,is the working name of a small class of compared with permissible limits laid by WHO- gram – negative Enterobacteriacea that ferment UNEP-1996. The results obtained are given in lactose to produce gas and acid when incubated Table1 at 350C for 24 – 48 hours. Faecal coliform is the TABLE 1 heat inhibited thermotolerant form of E. Coli Bacteriological Analysis Data At Ten bacteria that continue to ferment some lactose Different Sites Coliforms/ Thermotolerant E. Coli / to produce some gas and acid when incubated Sample Description 100ml Coliforms/100ml 100ml at 44.50C for only 24 hours. Thus more than 95% Bhagini Nivedita Vidyalaya(B.N.V) 00 00 00 Residene beside B.N Vidyalaya More than 16 16 16 of thermotolerant coliforms isolated from water Zilla Parishad School, 03 00 03 Residence beside Z. P school 09 06 06 are the gut organisms. According to WHO, it is Mainstream Of Gram Panchayat Office 09 06 06 observed that the mortality rate of water State Bank Of India 00 00 00 Motilal Kothari Vidyalaya More than 16 More than 16 16 associated diseases exceeds 5 million per year. Police Station Office 03 00 00 Hotel at S. T stand More than 16 More than 16 06 In general, the greatest microbial risks are Rasiklal Dhariwal College Of Pharmacy 00 00 00 associated with ingestion of water that is Among these ten sites at only 5 sites contaminated with human animal faeces. The RWH was done. The water supply at MK major source of faecal microorganisms is the Vidyalaya was suggested to stop immediately discharge of wastewaters in fresh water as students of the school used to drink it resources. An adequate and accessible water everyday. Immediate cleaning of the water tank resources must be available to all as water is was done followed by standard dosing of an essential entity for life. Improving access to chlorination to purify the water. At two safe drinking water can result in significant residences, and at Gram Panchayat office also benefits to health. Thus to achieve safe drinking immediate actions were taken. Tanker water water quality, all efforts should be taken. To users were also educated and asked to do improve water quality, Rain water harvesting Chlorination immediately. It can be seen that could be a possible way. In the present research, the borewells were RWH was done, the sources an effort has been made to carry out comparative gets diluted and disinfected naturally. Iron is the study on Bacteriological analysis of harvested second most abundant element present in the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 051 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 earths crust. Rainwater dissolves iron as it CONCLUSION : infiltrates the soil as well as the underlying 1. After completing the Project, the geological formations. Due to this iron seeps researcher has conducted interviews of the into aquifiers that serves as sources of ground beneficiaries to ascertain or to get feedback of water for wells. It may cause trouble in domestic the Project, the beneficiaries opined that the water supplies. Concentrations of iron as low water level in their borewells has been increased as 0.3 mg/L leaves reddish brown colour to substantially. water. As such, its permissible level in drinking 2. These borewells were providing water water is 0.3mg/L in drinking water without any upto the month of Dec- Jan only. After relaxation. completion of Rain Water Harvesting project, Fluoride shows significant effects on these borewells provided the water upto the human health through drinking water. month of May. These people faced the scarcity Concentrations lower than 0.5mg/ L of fluoride of water in the month of May only. The however have shown to intensify the risk of tooth researcher has not carried out scientific decay. Among the most alarming effect of its calculations for measuring increase in water higher contents is fluorosis and osteoporosis. level as the data for previous years for water Skeletal fluorosis is a significant cause of level was not available. morbidity in certain regions of the world. 3. It is found out that water gets naturally Depending upon the nature of rocks and natural purified by effective means of Rain Water fluoride carrying minerals at certain depths, Harvesting as the Total Coliforms , which are fluoride content in ground water is found out. main indicators of water contamination Thus high fluoride concenterations generally can decreases to negligibility. be expected from calcium poor aquifers and 4. Both Fluoride and Iron contents are where cation exchange of sodium for calcium found within permissible limits in almost all occurs. Fluoride shows detrimental effects water samples except MKV School and Water exceeding 1.5-2 mg/L in water. Methods used sample at restaurant has shown slightly on for analysis are as per IS10500.Analysis for higher level. fluoride content and Fe content has also been REFERENCES : carried out in the water samples at these sites.. 1. Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance ; Fluoride content was determined by SPADNS Water Quality Monitoring, A Practical Guide to method while Fe content by using 1,10 Design and Implementation of Freshwater phenanthroline. Quality Studies; Published on behalf of United Table 2 shows results for iron and fluoride Nations Environment Programme and the World contents in different water samples at Kada. Health Organisatio @ 1996 UNEP/WHO, ISBN 0 TABLE 2 419 22320 7 0 419 21730 4 (pbk). Fluoride and Iron Content In Drinking Water 2. Fenwick A. , Water Borne Diseases- Could Thet Be Consigned To History- Science; Iron Permissible Fluoride Permissible Sample Description Content as Limit Content Limit 313 1077-81; 2006. Fe2+mg/L as/10500 mg/L as/10500 Bhagini Nivedita Vidyalaya(B.N.V) 0.1 0.3 0.66 1.5 3. George I., Crop P, Servais P, ; Use of B- Residene beside B.N Vidyalaya 0.18 0.3 0.52 1.5 Zilla Parishad School, 0.13 0.3 0.71 1.5 D- Galactosidase and B-D- Glucuronidase Residence beside Z. P school 0.20 0.3 0.69 1.5 Mainstream Of Gram Panchayat Office 0.11 0.3 0.50 1.5 Activities for Quantitative Detection Of Total State Bank Of India 0.10 0.3 0.72 1.5 Motilal Kothari Vidyalaya 0.25 0.3 0.75 1.5 and Faecal Coliforms in Waste Water., Can. J. Police Station Office 0.11 0.3 0.60 1.5 Hotel at S. T stand 0.26 0.3 0.55 1.5 Microbiol. 47, 670-75; 2001. Rasiklal Dhariwal College Of Pharmacy 0.13 0.3 0.65 1.5 4. Seas C; Alarcon M,Aragon J C, Beneit Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 052 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 S, etal; Survillence Of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Acute Diarrhoea in Lima, Peru. 12 Int. J. Infect. Dis.4, 96-99, 2000. 5. Gupta S. K, Deshpande R D,; Water Four new records of marine for Indian 2050: First order assessment of fungi from Maharashtra coast available option, ; Current Science; 86(9); 1216- 23; 2004. (India). 6. Sharma S., Where every drop of rain contents : A case study on natural resources Sunil A. Gosavi, regeneration and management in Sargunja Sathaye (Parle) College, Vile-Parle (East), district of Chattisgarh; 2001. Mumbai (M.S.), India 7. Jalja. ; A report on watershed development programme in Sangli district, pp Kunal S. Borse 5-9. SSVPS’s L. K. Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, 8. https://www.researchgate.net/ Dhule, (M.S.) India publication/265567218 Impact Of Fluoride Content In Drinking Water B. D. Borse 9. http://www.idph.state.il.us/ U. P. Arts & Science College, Dahiwel, Dhule, envhealth/factsheets/ironfs.htm (M.S.) India 10. Rain Water Harvesting,’, Tamil Nadu State Government, India, Retrieved 23Jan.2012. ======***********======Key words: foam samples, intertidal  wood, marine fungi Abstract Present paper deals with four marine fungi: Corollospora besariospora, C. fusca, Savoryella malanospora and Trichocladium melhae which were isolated form intertidal wood and foam samples from the coast of Maharashtra and form new record for the state. Introduction Marine fungi are major decomposers of woody and herbaceous substrates in marine ecosystems. Their importance lies in their ability to aggressively degrade lingo-cellulose. They are also important in the degradation of dead animals and parts of animals and pathogens of plants and animals and forming symbiotic relationships with other organisms. From marine habitats, majority of the fungi recorded so far were Ascomycetous forms. Jones et al. (2015) classified this group as 805 species in 352 genera. Using data from molecular studies, a number of new families Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 053 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 have been added to the list of marine taxa within of polar spine, 12-26 mm long and around the the Dothideomycetes (Kohlmeyer et al. 1995; central septum, 14-18 mm long. Secondary Inderbitzin et al. 2001; Mugambi and Huhndorf, appendages formed by fragmentation of an 2009; Suetrong et al. 2009, 2011; Zhang et al. exosporial sheath. 2009a, b). The biodiversity of other marine fungi Material examined- Ascospores in foam were studied by various researchers like Borse samples, Bordi, S. A. Gosavi 1105 (PGDB), 15 and Tuwar (2006), Borse et al. (2012, 2013, March 2013. 2016), Sarma and Raghukumar (2013), Nambiar Remarks: The present species is and Raveendran (2014), Sohal and Negi (2015), described by Sundari (In: Sundari et al., 1996). and Tuwar et al. (2016). The descriptions of the ascospores examined Material and Methods- Samples of in foam samples agree well with the description intertidal woody debris drift wood, dead stems, of ascospores of C. Besarispora Sundari (Sundari roots, leaves and fruits of mangroves, and foam et al., 1996). Hence, it is assigned to that samples from sandy beaches were collected species. The present fungi are rare in during 2012-2013 at low tide at study sites along occurrence. Previous record of the present the coastal regions of Thane district and placed fungus is from Goa coast (Tuwar et al. 2016). It in polythene bags. Samples were transported to is being reported for the first time from the laboratory. Collections contaminated by Maharashtra coast. sediments or fouling organisms were washed with seawater. Specimens were observed for sporulating structures (Ascomata and conidia). After initial observations, samples were placed in plastic boxes and after two weeks examined for the presence of fungal fruiting bodies. Permanent voucher slides were made by using double cover glass method (Volkmann- Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1996). Identifications of marine fungi were confirmed with the help of Monographs and illustrated taxonomic keys Fig. 1 provided by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1979), Kohlmeyer and Volkmann - Kohlmeyer (1991), Hyde et al. (2000), Jones et al. (2009), Borse et 2) Corollospora fusca Nakagiri &Tokura al. (2012) and other relevant published (Fig.2) literature. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 28: 424 (1987). 1) Corollospora besarispora Sundari Ascomata are not seen. Asci also not (Fig.1) seen. Ascospores are 78-168 x 22-34 mm In: Subdari et al., Mycol. Res. 100: 1259- (excluding polar appendages), fusiform, 1262 (1996). muriform with transversally septate, dark brown, Ascomata are not seen. Asci also not longitudinally finely striated on the surface. seen. Ascospores are 108-164 x 24-38 mm, Appendages of two kinds-i) a single terminal fusiform, 7-8-septate, hyaline markedly appendage at each end of the spore, 26-66mm constricted at the septa. Appendages of two long thorn like, hyaline;ii) fibrous, peritrichous kinds- i) primary polar, spine-like appendage at appendages (26-56 mm long) and around the each end of the spore, 11-34 mm long; ii) fibrous, central septum (24-72 mm long) developed by peritrichous secondary appendages at the tip fragmentation and peeling of the exospore. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 054 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Material examined- Ascospores in foam intertidal mangrove wood agree well with the samples, Dahanu, S. A. Gosavi 1108 (PGDB), 7 description of S. melanospora. Hence, it is August 2013. assigned to that species. Previous record of the Remarks : The morphology and present fungus is from Goa coast (Borse et al. description of the ascospores observed in foam 2016). It is being reported for the first time from samples is agree with that of the C. fusca Maharashtra coast. Nakagiri &Tokura (1987). Therefore, it is assigned to that species. Previous record of the present fungus is from Goa coast (Tuwar et al. 2016). It is being reported for the first time from Maharashtra coast.

Fig. 3 A- Ascomata , B-Ascus, C- Ascospores Fig. 2 4) Trichocladium melhae E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & Vrijmode 3) Savoryella melanosopra Abdel- 2001. Fungal Diversity, 7: 50 (2001). (Fig.4) Wahab & E.B.G. Jones (Fig.3) Hyphae are sub-hyaline to light brown, Mycoscience, 41: 379-388 (2000). septate and branched. Conidiophores are 5-20 Ascomata are 158-290 mm high, 180-218 x 2-5 µm, macronematous, simple, one (two) mm in diam. Subglobose, ostiolate, dark brown, celled, light brown, lateral (apical), and short. Necks are 84-270 mm long and 72-150 mm in Conidia are 6.5-14 x 3.5-9 µm, dark brown to diam. Peridium- brown, a textura angularis fuscous, and constricted at the septa,. Apical when viewed from the surface, while in section cell are 6.5- 13 x 4-9 µm, elongated to composed of two layers of thick-walled angular ellipsoidal in shape, Middle cell are 4-13.5 x 2.5- cells. Paraphysesare present but sparse. 6 µm, while Third cell: 5-7 x 4.5- 5 µm. Solitary Ascus168-205 x 16-24 mm, 8-spored, cylindrical, conidia sometimes born directly from the stalked, unitunicate, persistent, with an apical mycelium. truncate non-amyloid apical thickening Material examined- On intertidal containing a pore. Ascospores are 34-42 x 14- mangrove substrates, Dahanu; S. A. Gosavi 1129 18 mm, uniseriate, ellipsoidal, tri-septate, (PGDB), 16 April 2013. constricted at the septa, central cells black, Remarks-The present species is apical cells smaller and hyaline to subhyaline. described by Jones et al. (2001). The description Material examined- On intertidal of the fungus isolated from intertidal mangrove mangrove wood, Dahanu; S. A. Gosavi 1115 wood agree well with the description of (PGDB), 16 April 2013. Trichocladium melhae. Hence, it is assigned to Remarks-The present species is that species. Previous record of the present described by Abdel-Wahab and Jones (2000). fungus is from Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, The description of the fungus isolated from Orissa, and West Bengal (Borse et al. 2012). It Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 055 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 is being reported for the first time from Approach” (eds. K. D. Hyde and S.B. Pointing), Maharashtra coast. Fungal Diversity Research Series 1, Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong. pp. 172-204. Inderbitzin, P., Landvic, S., Abdel-Wahab, M.A. & Berbee, M.L. (2001) Aliquandostipitaceae, a new family for two new tropical ascomycetes with unusually wide hyphae and dimorphic ascomata. Amer. J. Bot., 88: 52-61 Jones, E.B.G., Abdel-Wahab, M.A. & Vrijmoed, L.L.P. (2001) Trichocladium melhae sp. nov., a new tropical marine fungus. Fungal Fig. 4 Diversity, 7: 49-52. Jones, E.B.G., Sakayaroj, J., Suestrong, S., Acknowledgement- Somrithipol, S. & Pang, K.L. (2009) Classification Authours are thankfull to the of Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and management of N.S.Sanstha Dhule’s U. P. Basidiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 35: 1-187. College, Dahiwel, Tal.-Sakri, Dist.- Dhule, Jones, E.B.G. ,Suetrong S,, Sakayaroj J. Maharashtra and Prinipal of Sathaye college Vile ,Bhalkali A.H., Abdel-Whahab MA., Boekhout Parle (East) Mumbai. Dr. Mrs. Kavita Rage for Teun., & Pang K.L. (2015) Classification of marine providing necessary laboratory facilities. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladi- Referenceses - omycota and Chytridiomycota. Fungal Diversity- Abdel-Wahab, M.A. & Jones, E.B.G. 73:1-72. (2000) Three new marine Ascomycetes from Kohlmeyer, J. & Kohlmeyer, E. (1979) driftwood in Australian sand dunes. “Marine Mycology- The Higher Fungi”, Academic Mycoscience, 41:379-388. press, New York, pp. 689. Borse, B.D. & Tuwar, A.R. (2006) Marine Kohlmeyer, J. & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. fungi from Goa coast (India) - I. Bioinfolet, 3: (1991) Illustrated key to the filamentous higher 251-264. marine fungi. Bot. Mar., 34: 1-61. Borse, B.D., Borse, K.N., Pawar, N.S. & Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. & Tuwar, A.R. (2012) “Marine Fungi of India Eriksson, O.E. (1995) Fungi on Juncusroe- (Monograph)”, Broadway Book Centre merianus. 2. New dictyosporous ascomycetes. Publishers and Distributors, Panjim, Goa, pp. 1- Bot. Mar., 38: 165-174. 471. Mugambi, G.K. & Huhndorf, S.M. (2009) Borse, B.D., Borse, K.N., Pawar N.S. Molecular phylogenetics of Pleosporales- &Tuwar, A.R. (2013) Marine fungi from India – Melanommataceae and Lophiostomataceae re- XII. A Revised check list. Ind. Jour. Geo-Mar. Sci., circumscribed (Pleosporomycetidae, 42: 110-119. Dothideomecetes and Ascomycota). Studies Borse, B.D., Tuwar, A.R., Patil, V.R., Mycology, 64: 103-121. Pawar, N.B., Patil, S.Y. & Borse, K.N. (2016) Nakagiri, A. &Tokura, R. (1987) Aquatic Ascomycetes from India: The genus Taxonomic studies of the genus Corollospora Savoryella. Sci. Park Res. J., 3: 1-5. (Halosphaeriaceae, Ascomycotina) with Hyde, K.D., Sarma, V.V. & Jones, E.B.G. description of seven new species. Trans. Mycol. (2000) Morphology and taxonomy of higher Soc. Japan, 28: 413-436. marine fungi.In- “Marine Mycology– A Practical Nambiar, G.R. & Raveendran, K. (2014) Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 056 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Marine mycoflora on Avicennia sp. and Kandeliacandel along Kerala coast (India). 13 Geobios, 41: 84-90. Sarma, V.V. & Raghukumar, S. (2013) Understanding the Patterns Manglicolous fungi from Chorao mangroves, Goa, West coast of India- Diversity and of Unemployment in Ukhrul frequency of occurrence. Nova Hedwigia, District of Manipur 97:533-542. Sohal, S.S. & Negi, S. (2015) Biodiversity Sandeep Gupta of manglicolous fungi in mangrove ecosystem, PhD. Head, Department of Sociology, Proc. UGC Sponsored Nat. Seminar on University of Science and Technology, “Wetlands-Present Status, Ecology & Meghalaya Conservation, pp-113-118. Suetrong, S., Schoch, C.L., Spatafora, J.W., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Phungreishang Chithung Sakayaroj, J., Phongpaichit, S., Tanaka, K., Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, Hirayama, K., Jones, E.B.G. (2009) Molecular University of Science and Technology, systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Meghalaya Stud. Mycol., 64: 155–173. Suetrong, S., Hyde, K.D., Zhang, Y., Bahkali, A.H. & Jones, E.B.G. (2011) ======***********======Trematosphaeriaceae fam. nov. Abstract (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Cryptog. The reason or causes of unemployment Mycolg., 32: 343-358. may differ in different settings, but in order to Sundari, R., Vikineswary, S., Yusoff, M. address the crisis of unemployment in any & Jones, E. B. G. (1996) Corollosporabesarispora, setting one has to first understand the patterns a new arenicolous marine fungus from Malaysia. of the unemployment in the area. One of the major mistakes that are often committed by Mycol. Res., 100: 1259-1262. policy makers is of looking at unemployment as Tuwar, A.R., Patil, V.R., Pawar, N.B., one homogeneous concept and attends to it Borse, K.N. & Borse, B.D. (2016) Marine fungi accordingly. But as unemployment has different from India-XIII. The genus Corollospora types and patterns so its cure is also different. Werderm. Sci. Park Res. J., 3: 1-8. Hence the present study attempts to understand Zhang, Y., Wang, H.K., Crous, P.W., the patterns of unemployment in Ukhrul district Pointing, S.B. & Hyde, K.D. (2009a) Towards a of Manipur where it is one of the pertinent phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma / impediments the youths are facing. Massarina and morphological similar genera in The study reveals that most of the the Pleosporales. Fungal Diversity, 38: 225-251. educated respondents are facing the problem Zhang, Y., Schoch, C. L., Fourneor, J., of underemployment. Moreover, the huge rise Crous, P.W., de Gruyter, J., Woudenberg, J.H.C., in the number of educated unemployment is Hirayama, K., Tanaka, K., Pointing, S.B. & Hyde, encouraging the employers to pay even low K.D. (2009b) Mult-locus phylogeny of wage to the respondents and force them to work Pleosporales- a taxonomic, ecological and in poor working condition. It is also revealed evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies Mycology, that the instances of entrepreneur endeavours 64: 85-103. is not coming up mainly because of lack of  infrastructure as communication facility, loan Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 057 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 facility, electricity supply etc., which is why most Ukhrul district as on 2016 (till October). The of the respondents are thinking of joining population of Ukhrul, according to the 2011 insurgent groups and it also reveals the real census, is 183,998. Political observers say that, reason for the increasing participation of youths due to absence of industries in Manipur, of the area in these insurgent movements. employment opportunities are very limited in Key words: Unemployment; Education; Ukhrul district. Consequently, the government Youth; Employment. sector over burdened and the state government The quality of human resource decides now holding that it does not have enough funds the fortune of the overall development of any to recruit such large numbers of education nation. Though the quality of the human resource youths. But the reality shows that till 2014-15 is determined by many factors as quality of in Ukhrul district the number of micro, small & education, vocational skills, the demand of the medium enterprises is nil. market etc, but the motivation for youth to District-Wise number of EM (Part-II) pursue ambitious, expensive and challenging Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises at District educational training is a good secure job at the Industries Centre under the various State UT end of the course. The impediments of Commissioner ate/Directorate of Industries unemployment often demotivate youth to pursue for the year 2014-15 educational training and remain unskilled. The Sl.No District Micro Small Medium Total reason or causes of unemployment may differ 1 Senapati 11 0 0 11 in different settings, but in order to address the 2 Tamenglong 10 01 0 11 crisis of unemployment in any setting one has 3 Churachanpur 18 0 0 18 to first understand the patterns of the 4 Bishnupur 79 0 0 79 unemployment in the area (Abbott, T., 2016) One 5 Thoubal 07 02 0 09 of the major mistakes that are often committed 6 Imphal West 20 06 01 27 by policy makers is of looking at unemployment 7 Imphal East 31 10 0 41 as one homogeneous concept and attends to it 8 Ukhrul 0 0 0 0 accordingly. But as unemployment has different 9 Chandel 02 0 0 02 types and patterns so its cure is also different. Total 178 19 01 198 There are diverse types of unemployment as Source: Nucleus Cell / Comm. & Industry frictional unemployment, chronic .Manipur unemployment, casual unemployment, Moreover when we look at the trend of underemployment, technological the number of micro, small & medium unemployment, educated unemployment, cyclical unemployment, seasonal enterprises over the period from 2007-16 in unemployment, classical unemployment, Manipur, it shows that the growth is significantly disguised unemployment, open unemployment, slowing down. involuntary unemployment, voluntary District Industrial Potential Survey Report unemployment etc. Any attempt to actually of Imphal West District 2014-15 address the issue of unemployment in any area Sl.No Year Micro Small Medium Total first demands the proper understanding of the 1 2007-08 53 1 - 54 pattern of unemployment that is prevalent in the 2 2008-09 131 6 1 138 place. 3 2009-10 76 4 1 81 The present study is attempt to 4 2010-11 117 5 - 122 understand the patterns of unemployment in 5 2011-12 111 10 1 122 Ukhrul district of Manipur where unemployment 6 2012-13 174 7 - 181 is one of the major crisis that the people are facing and the government is almost unable to 7 2013-14 164 13 1 178 address. According to official reports of 8 2014-15 178 19 1 198 Employment Exchange Office Report, there are 9 2015-16 23 0 0 23 33,918 educated youth seeking employment in Total 849 82 5 1097 Source: DIC,Imphal West Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 058 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 District Industrial Potential Survey Report blocks, i.e. Chingai, Ukhrul central, Phungyar, of Imphal West District 2014-15 Kamjong, Kasom. The study is carried out to The extent of the crisis is giving birth to explore the patterns of the problem of other problems as corruption, to quote from unemployment in the Ukhrul District. Hence it Singh (2011), “The estimated rates for various follows an exploratory and descriptive research posts are discussed in private conversations design as the study attempts to explore a new range between Rs 3-4 lakh for a primary teacher, territory. The study area i.e Ukhrul district of Rs 10-15 lakh for a sub-inspector/assistant SI Manipur is divided in to strata of five (5) of police, up to 15 lakh for a supervisor (women subdivisions. From the specified subdivisions, and child welfare), and Rs 15-25 lakh (or even youths belonging within the age group of 20 to higher) for a state civil services post.” Therefore, 38 years are taken as sample. The size of the it can be said that it is alleged that every Universe is 33,918 according to 2016 October government job has a price tag in Manipur. Those that has registered in the Employment Exchange youths whose family cannot afford huge record in Ukhrul District, Manipur. Therefore, the amounts to be paid as bribes are not shortlisted Sample size for the study is 600 with 4% margin and many of them become sensitive and of error and 95% confidence level. vulnerable to anti-national propaganda. It is also Youth registered in the Employment Exchange expressed by the educated youth of Ukhrul record in Ukhrul District, Manipur. district that they cannot even start small-scale Year Male Female Total industries in their own district as power supply 2014 (Till December) 20,205 8,736 28,941 is erratic and infrastructure facilities like road 2015 (Till December) 21,154 9,264 30,418 2016 (Till October) 23,380 10,538 33,918 connectivity are extremely bad. Source: Employment Exchange, Ukhrul 2016, Therefore, many of the unemployed The data is collected from both primary educated youths had gone to other states or and secondary sources. For primary sources the country seeking employment and a large number methods of data collection are interview and of educated youth who got job placements in observation. Interview is conducted with the many industrial and services sectors in the help of interview schedule and non participatory mainland India forgot their own tradition and observation method is used. Moreover other culture as they don’t come back to their own tools used for data collection are camera and state. After having attempt in many job and voice recorders. For secondary sources the data being disqualified, frustrated youth either get is collected from books, government addicted to drugs, started committing crime and documents, archive materials, internet sources bandit, or finally join insurgency and some other etc. The researcher has used non probability youth depend on their parents for everything sampling method i.e purposive sampling as the including daily expenditure. As the state unemployed youth are difficult to be traced government cannot bring a positive change to particularly in the study area as they spend most intervene the youth that is left in the middle of of their time outside their house. nowhere, youth fall easy prey to anti-social and Result and Analysis anti-national elements. Socio economic background of the Therefore the present study is an respondents attempt to understand the patterns of To understand the patterns of the unemployment in Ukhrul district of Manipur, so unemployment in any social setting one has to that we can reach to some answer to the crisis. understand the social background of the The study is focussed in Ukhrul district of 5 unemployed as it plays a significant role in Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 059 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 determining the pattern. The data for the present of them (63%) have big family with 5-7 members study has been collected from 600 respondents (Vikash, P. 2014). The type of household of the who are unemployed and from the age group unemployed youth who are taken as a 20-40. The study is conducted on 64.0% of male respondent, majority of the respondents (52.7%) and 36.0% female respondents. The age group have semi concrete type of house followed by of the respondents shows that majority of them katcha house 42% and finally concrete houses (48.8%) are from 26-30 age group, followed by 5.3%. When asked about the occupation of the 20-25 (26.5%). The study is conducted at Ukhrul respondent parents, it shows that (49.0%) are where majority are from Tangkhul tribe, which practicing agriculture, (Tilak, V. R. K.,1965) is one of the largest Naga tribe in Manipur. All followed by (13.3%) of government servant, the respondents for the study are from Tangkhul whereas the occupation of the respondent tribe, who practice Christianity. The educational mother reveals that 36.22% are engaged in level of the respondent reveals a optimistic housework whereas 36.2% are engaged in picture as majority of the respondents has agriculture work. completed their bachelor degree (54.0%) Patterns of Unemployment followed by master degree (30.0%), higher As the study already established the fact secondary 10+2 with (14%) and Ph.D with (2%) that the educational background of most of the in the study area (Uriah, O.A.; Ololube, N.P. & respondents is good with majority have atleast Egbezor, D.A. 2015). Because of their educational graduation or above educational qualification, background they are also mostly (95%) it is going to have an impact on the aspiration multilingual who knows Manipuri, Hindi and of the respondents towards the employment English. When asked about the main reason for they are seeking. The study reveals that majority discontinuing from studies, it reveals that 50.3% of the respondents (36.5%) wants to be in an respondents have discontinued as they finished administrative position and job, followed by their course and want to start working after that. (27.7%) professional job, manual job (24.2%). Moreover, 21.7% have discontinued as they But the aspiration has clearly not reflected in finished their course/studies and don’t want to their present status as majority of them (86.2%) continue any more. are supporting themselves without any paid The economic status of the respondents employment, and the source of income for also plays a vital role in capturing the patterns supporting them without any paid employment of unemployment and measuring its impact on is mostly parents (37.8%), followed by other them and their family (Khan, J.H., & Hassan, T., family members (27.8%), agriculture (26.3%) and 2011). The monthly household income of the so on, hence family is playing a significant role respondents reveals that most of them (37.7%) in keeping this unemployed youth attached with have income of Rs 30,001 – Rs 45000, followed their aspirations and not get distracted, (Peek, by (17.2%) Rs 15,001- 20,000, (16.8%) Rs P. 2007). The source of information for getting a 10,000-15000, (16.2%) Rs 25,001-3000 and job, shows that the respondents are mostly finally (12.2%) Rs 20,001- 25,000.The monthly (29.0%) looking for jobs through seeking households income is also reflected in their assistance of friends, relatives, colleagues, household consumption pattern as majority followed by public employment office (22.5%) (66.2%) of them have very low consumption and direct application for employers, pattern, followed by low household consumption participation in a competition (18.5%). When pattern (14.2%), average 12.13. The size of the asked the respondent about any assistance from family of the respondents reveals that majority the employment office they are getting, it Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 060 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 expose that (82.9%) most of the respondents movements, therefore the respondent that have did not get any help or assistance from the mainly been doing while looking for job (18.2%) employment office but only 7.2% of them are thinking of joining insurgency, followed by received an advice on how to search for job (17.7%) of spending time with friends, (15.3%) whereas 5% of them received a guidance on helping in family business, (14.2%) staying at education and training opportunities, regarding home and also responsible for household chores, information on vacancies (3.5%) and (3.2%) (12.7%) taking additional education courses are received placement at education or training some of the percent that the youth have been programmes. Hence employment exchange role doing while looking for job. As the respondent in addressing the crisis of unemployment is did not get any job yet, it was asked about the found to more than wanting as majority of the satisfaction level with their area of a place to respondent did not received any assistance from live but it reveals that it depends on according the employment office. It is asked again whether to the situation. There are respondent with fairly they had any vocational or technical training satisfied (30.8%), neither satisfied nor which reveals that majority of the respondents dissatisfied (25.8%), very dissatisfied (15.5%), (64.8%) did not have any vocational or technical very satisfied (15.0%), slightly dissatisfied school training whereas 35.2% of them received (12.8%). It is also found that there are people vocational or technical school training. From who leave their job in the area. When asked those who had vocational training, majority about the reason, it shows that it’s because of (84.0%) found the education / training very low wages (65.7%) followed by poor working useful. On the other hand, 16.0% feels that it is condition of (8.2%). It is revealed that the somewhat useful. The past work experience of problem of low wages and poor working the respondent shows that, most of them condition is a encouraging youths to leave their (27.7%) were engaged with community jobs. When asked about the type of volunteer work followed by (19.2%) in a private unemployment that is mostly seen in the study company, (17.3%) in non profit organisation. area, it makes known that the type of When asked about whether refused any job that unemployment mostly seen in the study area is was offered, they hold that 88.3% of respondent under employment (53.8%), followed by have not got any chance to refuse any job as it seasonal unemployment (26.0%), casual is yet to be offered to them (European Youth unemployment (13.8%), (Khan, J.H., Tarique, H. Forum, 2010) . On the other hand a mere 11.7% 2012). It also specify from the response about of the respondent had refused a job that was the respondent that the main reason for not offered. As 88.3% of the respondent did not got working or looking for work is because of lack any chance to refuse any job, it was asked to employer’s requirements (23.2%), could not find describe about the type of unemployment but suitable job (18.0%), believe no suitable work unfortunately, it reveals that (45.0%) are available (17.0%), personal family educated unemployment and underemployed at responsibilities (15.0%). As the lack of the same time followed by seasonal employer’s requirement is high in the study area, unemployment (23.0%) where it represent that it was asked to the respondent that what makes all respondents who do not get job are mostly them stop from availing opportunities outside in the category of underemployed. Therefore, Ukhrul. The prime reason for not availing the educated youths who are unemployed and opportunities outside Ukhrul district is financial if their rights are violated they can be vulnerable problem (47.7%), followed by family problem to fall into the prey of crime and insurgency (23.5%), personal issues (22.5%). Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 061 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Conclusion Paper on Young People and Poverty. Ukraine: The study shows that though most of the General Assembly KYIV. respondents are educated, they mostly have 3. Himanshu (2008). Growth, only educational degree; the numbers of Employment and Poverty Reduction: Post- respondents with vocational training is very few, Reform Indian Experience. London : Asia though most of them who have the training find Research Centre. it useful. Moreover most of the respondents feel 4. Khan, J.H., & Hassan, T. (2011). that the reason for their unemployment is the Unemployment and Levels of Socio-Economic lack of the requirements of the employers which Deprivation in India: A Regional Perspective. raises a question on the quality of the education British Journal of Humanities and Social that is provided in the state making them almost Sciences, Vol. 3, ISSN 2048-1268 unemployable (Dev, S. M., & Venkatanarayana, 5. Khan, J.H., Tarique, H. (2012). M. 2011, Himanshu ;2008.) In the present study Unemployment and Levels of Socio-Economic most of the educated respondents are facing Deprivation in India: A Regional Perspective. the problem of underemployment where they are British Journal of Humanities and Social underemployed because their qualification does Sciences, Vol. 3 (2), pp. 126 – 140. not match the job due to failure of carrier 6. Peek, P. (2007). Beyond the guidance, lack of skills, mismatch of salary Employment/Unemployment Dichotomy: negotiation etc. The huge rise in the number of Measuring the Quality of Employment in Low educated unemployment is encouraging the Income Countries: Geneva: ILO. employers to pay even low wage to the 7. Tilak, V. R. K. (1965, January 2). respondents and force them to work in poor Unemployment Statistics in India. The Economic working condition which are why they are forced Weekly, pp. 27-30. to leave jobs and remain idle. Even after the 8. Uriah, O.A., Ololube, N.P., & Egbezor, amplification of the crisis of unemployment in D.A. (2015). Academic Background, Socio- the area the instances of entrepreneur Economic Status and Gender: Implications for endeavours is not coming up mainly because of Youth Restiveness and Educational lack of infrastructure as communication facility, Development in Rivers State. International loan facility, electricity supply etc., which is why Journal of Applied Sociology, DOI: 10.5923/ most of the respondents are thinking of joining j.ijas.20150501.03. insurgent groups and it also reveals the real 9. Vikash, P. (2014). Unemployment in reason for the increasing participation of youths India. Retrieved November 22,2016: http:// of the area in these insurgent movements. The www.importantindia.com/10338/short-essay- only optimistic result of the study is the role on-unemployment-in-india/ played by the institution of family who are Accessed on 02.01.2017 at 7:20 pm helping these youths financially and emotionally to carry on with chasing their dreams and not to  lose hope. References 1. Dev, S. M. & Venkatanarayana, M. (2011). Youth Employment and Unemployment in India. Mumbai: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. 2. European Youth Forum. (2010). Policy Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 062 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Cause of Emerging Market: 14 The Indian market is an emerging market in the world because of: MARKETING OF FAST MOVING 1) Rapid growth in population CONSUMER GOODS IN WEEKLY 2) Rising Income 3) Increase in Per-Capita Income MARKETS: A STUDY OF RURAL 4) Increase in Communication facility MAHARASHTRA 5) Change in Social Attitude 6) Increase in Awareness 7) Increase in Education Vishwnath Pandurang Hissal, 8) Existing back-log of Satisfaction Assistant Professor, The Rural India: Department of Commerce, Shri Vasantrao Naik The Indian market is segmented into two Arts and Shri Amarsing Naik Commerce College, main parts viz. the Rural and the urban market. Mangrulpir Dist.-Washim “Indian rural population is pegged at 741.6 million where as urban market consist only ======***********======285.4 million people”. The facts and figures Introduction: indicate that more than 70 percent of the Indian India is a country of villages. There are population lives in rural area, with substantial approximately 6.3 lakh villages in 29 States and purchasing power. 7 Union Territories. It consists of people The rural market of India is spread in its belonging to various castes, cultures and creeds. length and breadth in comparison to the urban There are 33 regional languages and 1632 market. In term of population Indian rural market dialects in the country. The country is spread is almost twice as large as the entire market of over an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. In terms of USA or former USSR. It can be said that more area it is 7th largest country in the world and in people with purchasing power will result in more terms of population it stands next to China. demand. The ORG – Marg have shown that “the There is a trend of continuous increase in rural marketing is growing as five times the rate population of India. As per the 2001 census data, of urban market. The total size of the rural market India has a total population of 1027 million of is estimated at Rs 123,000 crore. (Rs.65000 crore which rural population is large anis 742 million. for FMCG’s, Rs.45000 crore for Agri-inputs, The success of rural marketing is depending on Rs.5000 crore for durables and Rs 8000 crore effective marketing and resource generating. for Two and Four wheelers). Hence companies should analysis first real rural Research Methodology: market through periodic market. A) Objectives of the Study: Table No. 1 1. To study the structure and type of Indian Population and its Growth markets in rural areas. Population Growth Sr. No. Year (in crore) ( in crore) 2. To understand the Socio-Economic 1 1951 36.19 status and purchasing pattern of rural consumer 2 1961 43.91 + 7.72 visiting weekly market. 3 1971 54.80 + 10.89 4 1981 68.51 + 13.71 3. To study the marketing strategies 5 1991 84.43 + 15.92 adopted by FMCG company in rural market. 6 2001 102.70 + 18.27 7 2011 121.01 + 17.64 4. To evaluate the potential of weekly (Source: Census of India 2011, New Delhi.) markets in the study area. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 063 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 5. To study the distribution pattern that A) Primary Data: exists in rural area. Primary data was collected from the B) Hypothesis Tested : rural consumers and shopkeeper of weekly 1. Income & Culture of the customers are markets from the study area i.e. Vidhrabha, the main factor affecting the buying behaviour Marathwada, Kokan, Khandesh and Western- of rural customer. This hypothesis was tested Maharashtra region. Two structured and found correct. questionnaire were prepared for the respondent. 2. The quantum of sales is more in Interview and free discussion method was weekly market and it is having huge potential. followed to get insight. This hypothesis is valid from secondary data as The number of rural customers and well as the primary data. shopkeepers are visiting the weekly market 3. Small sachet packs are sold & infinite. The present study purpose 10 rural purchase on large scale in weekly markets. This customers and 5 shopkeepers dealing in FMCG hypothesis justified and found correct in product were surveyed per weekly market. In all research work. 750 rural customers and 375 shopkeepers were C) Scope of the Study: interviewed. Therefore the above size was The study had take into account the giving optimum results and the sample size is marketing of FMCG products in weekly markets. justified. The target group was consisted of rural customer B) Secondary Data: and shop keeper of weekly markets. The study In order to conduct research, secondary is help to understand the buying behaviour of data is of prime significant. To get deep insight rural consumer as well the distribution pattern of the study books, Journals, Magazines, in rural area. The study is restricted to the Periodicals, Newspapers, Reports and Internet Vidhrabha, Marathwada, Kokan, Khandesh and was used. Western-Maharashtra region and will deal only C) Data Interpretation: with the marketing aspect of FMCG’s and no Collected data were tabulated, analyzed other products / services are considered. and presented in the form of Table, Charts, and D) Sample Design: There are in all 3,758 weekly markets Pie - Chart etc. Statistical Tools were used as held in Maharashtra. Out of this 15 weekly per the requirement of the data. The analysis markets per region were selected by deliberately was carried out with the help of Statistical sampling method (5 Region x 15 Weekly Markets Package for Social Science (SPSS), Mini Tab and = 75 Weekly Markets). The sample size selected Atlas_ti software. is justified to know the trends in weekly market Importance of the study: and behavioural pattern of the customers. From The research titled “Marketing of fast the selected markets, 10 respondents were moving consumer goods in weekly markets: a selected from weekly market on purposive study of rural Maharashtra” dealt with issue sampling method (75 Weekly Markets x 10 which were emerging due to Periodic Markets. respondents =750 respondents). To get idea It is important to analysis in this time because from the Shopkeeper, 5 Shopkeepers from each Periodic Markets played major role to develop weekly market were selected (5x 75 = 375), rural background in Indian context. totally 375 shopkeepers was visited. Present study has focused on the Data Collection: changing socio-economic background of the The said study was based on primary consumer and shopkeeper in rural markets. It data as well as secondary data. has disclosed the determinants, causes, trends Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 064 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 and factors associated with the rural markets frequency is quite considerable in all regions i.e. periodic markets. The researcher has except in western Maharashtra. In western analysis real ground position of periodic market Maharashtra the numbers of female visiting is for help those FMCG companies which are considerably less than that other part. This is continuously engaging to tap rural market because western Maharashtra is comparatively through periodic market. developing then other regions of the study area. This study is also useful for FMCG Table No. 3 companies to adopt proper Marketing Mix and Educational Qualification. Western strategies for tap unused potential in Periodic Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Educational Maharashtra Qualification Markets. Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Illiterate 11 19 27 17 10 The study will be useful as a reference Primary 78 69 62 79 67 Secondary 32 30 43 27 45 to further research by other researchers. Some Degree 12 09 06 03 19 Not reported 17 23 12 24 09 policy and strategies implications have been Total 150 150 150 150 150 suggested by the researcher that could help to The Table No. 03 depicts the education solve the problem or to get recovered from it. qualification of the respondents in the study Following are some significant data area. The numbers of respondents who are interpretation and analysis. illiterate are 84 in numbers which comes to more Table No. 1 than 10 percent. It is strange to learn that even Age group of the respondent after 65 years of Independents illiteracy exists. Western Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Age group Maharashtra The respondents are mostly having primary Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Less than 15 years 16 19 14 21 11 education and secondary education which comes 16-35 years 27 23 32 43 29 36-50 years 73 81 59 36 26 to 70.93 percent. As far as the question 51 years And above 34 27 45 50 84 Total 150 150 150 150 150 regarding education concern many of the The Above table indicates that the age respondent denied to answer it. This may be group of respondents visiting weekly markets is because they don’t want to express it. The above from 18 years to 51 and above. As far as data indicates the mix class of education of the customers less than 15 years age also come and respondents. purchase the require products. The more number Table No. 04 of customers visiting this market fall in the age Income group (Per Month) Western group of 35 to 50 years. From the view point of Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Income group Maharashtra FMCG this group plays a vital role. To Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Below 20000 59 72 68 46 56 concentrate on this group should be an 20000 to 50000 32 27 36 57 32 50000 to 80000 30 25 20 17 14 important marketing strategy. 80000 to 100000 15 07 05 14 16 100000 above 04 03 04 04 23 Table No. 2 Not reported 10 16 17 12 09 Gender of the respondents Total 150 150 150 150 150 The table no 04 shows that the Western Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Gender Maharashtra respondents are from the income group of 20000 Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Male 82 110 76 86 118 and above i.e. 40.13 percent. As far as the Female 68 40 74 64 32 Total 150 150 150 150 150 respondents having income more than 100000 rupees are 5 percent only and that to majority Table no. 2 indicates that for purchasing of them are from western Maharashtra. The the FMCG products both male and females visits data given above shows that the purchasing the nearest weekly market. It observed that power parity of the respondents is quite good males go for shopping in weekly market more in and are ready to spend their income for the daily numbers. As far as female are concern the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 065 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 needs. FMCG marketers can promote their so as to understand the parameters of purchase products targeting this income group. and demand of the customers. The shopkeepers Table No. 05 reported that the respondent in the study area Buying decision is rural area are mostly utility cautious and vary few ask for Western Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh quality. Quality is demanded only by respondent Decision maker Maharashtra Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency belonging to Western Maharashtra. Western Head of the family 68 71 64 67 65 Earning male 36 38 45 42 49 Maharashtra being a irrigated and developed Earning female 30 21 20 18 14 Children 05 03 07 04 09 area, the income of the respondent is more than Not reported 11 17 14 19 13 Total 150 150 150 150 150 compare to the regions of study area. In the The table no 5 depict that still in rural question also some respondents were reluctant areas the head of the family is given importance to answer. When ask personal to respondent in buying decisions. In some families the earning they reported that FMCG product should be long male and in some families the earning females lasting and hence utility is considered. are dominating the purchase decision. Children’s Table No. 8 also has their influence in decision making for Advertising of FMCG products purchasing the FMCG products. The above data Sr. No. Type / method advertisings Frequency Percentage makes clear that 46.66 percent decision maker 1 Word to mouth 42 56.00 2 Wall painting 12 16.00 are the head of the family they may either be a 3 Display of product 08 10.66 earning male or female or somebody else. It can 4 Other forms of ads 09 12.00 be said that in the study area the hade of the 5 No advertisement 04 5.34 5 Total 75 100 family (Karta) has to play a major role in the life The mouth-to-mouth publicity is the of the family members. mode of advertisement on which most of the Sample Data Analysis of Weekly market shopkeepers rely. Word to mouth advertisement Table No. 06 is done by customers who purchase the product Gender of the respondent and are satisfied by it. Word to mouth Western Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Gender Maharashtra advertising has its influence in marketing of Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Male 59 65 58 62 67 FMCG products. The other form of advertisement Female 16 10 17 13 08 is self-explanatory. Total 75 75 75 75 75 Table No. 8.52 The table No. 6 illuminate that more than The barter exchange 60 Percent of the respondent are male and rest of the respondent are females. The distribution Sr. No. Reply Frequency Percentage 1 Yes 41 54.66 pattern of shopkeeper indicates that it is male 2 No 23 30.67 dominating. Why survey the researcher has 3 Not reported 11 14.67 observed that female shopkeeper are also having 4 Total 75 100 sizable share but the shops are of vegetables, The village customers are yet short of fruits, earthen ware etc. cash. Currency as a mode of exchange is yet Table No. 07 not become a reality of interior rural life. Hence Basis of purchase agriculture goods are exchanged with FMCG Western Marathwada Vidarbha Kokan Khandesh Basis Maharashtra products as a barter system. Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Major Findings: Quality 17 08 11 21 39 Price 19 17 28 08 21 1. The major customer visiting weekly Utility 33 41 31 35 07 Not reported 06 09 05 11 08 markets are in the age of 16 to 51 and above Total 75 75 75 75 75 FMCG manufacturer should take in account the A question was asked to the shopkeepers Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 066 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 age group and market the product accordingly. Suggestions: 2. The purchaser in weekly markets are 1. Branding: A brand name and logo is males and females the physiology of this very essential for the rural consumer. While customer call the attention while marketing deciding the brand name companies should take products. into account. The socio-economic and cultural 3. The education qualification and background as well as the rural values, attitudes, purchasing pattern are co-related with each and likings and believes of rural consumers, other’s in the study area still illiterate which are distinctly different from their urban respondents come to do shopping. In view of counter part. this the advertising packaging should be easily 2. Small is beautiful: The economy and understandable. utility of the rural people makes large pack size 4. Income of the respondents has a redundant. If it is available in small size and low direct bearing on pattern of purchase. It is price then it comes into the zone of economic observed that the income of respondents ranges feasibility of the rural customers. This is even from rupees 20,000 to 1,00,000 and above. true with premium brands of FMCG products. Taking in to consideration the income product 3. Affordability: The marketers should should be made available to on segments. design and develop a product taking into 5. In rural area of the study head of the consideration the price factor which rural family (Kaka) is supposed to take major decisions consumer can afford. of the family. This is for education, occupation; 4. Discounts: Discounts attracts rush of marriage etc. marketing of FMCG is not exception customers. Discount is tempting in nature. Rural to this. customers are also interested in discounts and 6. Agriculture is the main occupation of scheme purchase. Printing of original and the people in the study area. They get the discounted price on the package will attract rural earning from this sector. Being agriculture a customers. So the marketers should focus on the gamble of monsoon is unpredictable and hence original price and the discounted price, which income uncertain. will make a difference. 7. The FMCG companies have adopted 5. Selective focus: It was observed that a strategy to sell the product in sachet packs most manufacturers and marketers do have taking in to consideration the per capita income distribution arrangement for villages with a of the rural people. population of at least 5000 people where as 8. While survey it is observed that fake below it are left out on their fate. Companies products are sold in the bulk quantity. should focus on such remote villages having Particularly the products are loos tea powder, population of 2000 plus villages, which will be bath soap shampoo washing soap and powder. an effective strategy. This is eating out share of branded products. 6. Use of Co-operative societies: There 9. It is observed that, there is need to are over 4 lakh co-operative societies operating adopt the proper product strategy, pricing in India, which deals in consumer services, strategy and distribution strategy FMCG dairy, credit co-operative in rural area. If companies, while placing their product in companies contact them, they can start mini weekly markets. super market for rural consumers where FMCG 10. In rural weekly markets the products can be sold. They are already having customers gives priority to long lasting products constructed space in rural areas. and then after quality and price. 7. Use of Public Distribution System: Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 067 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Public Distribution system is a well-organized 5. Philip Kotler, 1996, “Marketing distribution system in India. There are 4.37 lakh Management, Analysis Planning, fair price shops of which 3.48 lakh are operating Implementation and Control”, Prentice Hall of in rural areas. Government must allow these India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. shopkeepers to trade FMCG products. 6. Sanal Kumar Velayudhan, “Rural 8. Sales Force Recruitment: For rural Marketing”, Sage Publication Asia-Pacific Pvt. market only those people should be selected Ltd. who are willing to work in rural areas. They must 7. J.S. Panwar, “Beyond: Consumer be aware of local language and must have Marketing (Sectoral Marketing and Emerging patience to deal with rural consumers. The Trends)”, Response Book Publication, New Delhi. people operating in rural areas should be 8. Sian Reynolds, 1992, “The Wheels of invariably from the rural background and should Commerce”, University of California Press, Los possess nativity. Angeles. 9. Media Mix: With reference to 9. Neelamegham, 2004 “Marketing marketing communication in rural areas, the Management and Indian Economy”, Vikas companies should concentrate on mix media. Publishing House, Mumbai. We know that T.V. is very popular in rural area, 10. G. Srinivas Rao, 2002, “Rural but due to poor electricity supply Radio is Marketing in India”, Anmol Publications. performing significantly better. So promotional Magazines: activity through radio is a better and cheaper 1. “Marketing Mastermind”, The ICFAI option. University press. 10. Advertising in rural areas: While 2. “Advertising Express”, The ICFAI advertising the product in rural areas marketers University press. should keep in mind the following points – 3. “The Indian Journal of Commerce”, A) The advertisement should be in local 4. “Indian Journal of Marketing”, New language. Delhi. B) Bright colors should be used for 5. “The Economist”, packaging. 6. “Business Today” C) The advertisement must show rural 7. “Business Line” orientation. D) Message to be communicated should  be simple. Bibliography 1. K. S. Habeeb-Ur-Rahman, 2008, “Rural Marketing in India” Himalaya Publishing House, Nagpu. 2. H. M. Saxena, 1988, “Rural Markets and Development (Cast study of Rajasthan state)”, Rawat Publication, Jaipur. 3. Philip Kotler, 2003, “Marketing Management”, Person Education, Singapore. 4. C.R. Kothari, 1989, “Research Methodology (Second Edition)”, Wishant Publication, Mumbai. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 068 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 JTI is a leading textile institute journal 15 being published by SCOPUS. This journal publishes articles, documentation notes and Textile Trend of Journal of the research reviews on textile, information systems, services and products, information technology, Textile Institute, 2000–2015: information users, bibliometrics, scientometrics A Bibliometric Study and informetrics, education and training and other related topics (www.scopus.com). Therefore a bibliometric study of this journal is Mrs. Amrit Kaur of immense significance. Assistant Librarian, Review of Literature National Institute of Fashion Technology Though the statistics was applied to National Resource Centre study the literature in any subject but the first Head Office, Hauz Khas, Delhi recorded study of Bibliometric topic was in 1917 by Coles and Eales (1917) with the title Sanjay Kataria, ‘Statistical analysis of literature of history of Ph.D, Commonwealth Fellow –UK, Librarian, comparative anatomy’ which served as a model Jaypee Institute of Information Technology for applying the counting technique in the Deemed University, A-10, Sector-62, evaluation of international activities. Pritchard Noida, UP, India (1969) first introduced the term ‘Bibliometrics’ in 1969 to mean ‘the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other ======***********======media of communications’. Roy (1983) has Introduction defined bibliometrics as a ‘study of the process Research publications are the of information use by analyzing the embodiments of the intellectual thought characteristics of documents and their contents expressed in published literature distribution by statistical methods. whose key objective is to transmit innovative The review of literature is an initial but ideas or information to any specific field of very important step for any research scholar to knowledge towards the further development of understand the nature of a subject and its a subject or a discipline. In this respect related problems. Therefore, researcher has bibliometric study is regarded as one of the made an effort to collect and tried to trace out any study being conducted on textile industry crucial areas of research in the field of textile or related fields. research. Moreover, bibliometrics study is used Kotar (1998) conducted a study of as an instrument in the collection building policy Tekstilec 1989-1997 for bibliometric and content by providing the precise and much needed analysis of articles. His study reported that information to the managers to take the right during the period of 1989 to 1997, 202 authors decision in right time as to what documents they published 338 articles on textile. Kareem (2001) should select and what documents they should analyzed determinants of India’s machinery discard from the existing collections of their exports from 1970- 87 at aggregate and respective libraries. Contextually, the present disaggregate level by using secondary data. study attempts to measure the publication traits Multiple regression analysis was applied and of a premier Indian referred journal namely, no unanimity was found as far as significance Journal of the Textile Institute (JTI) from 2000 of the variables was concerned like world to 2015. demand, domestic demand and import substitution. It was found that domestic demand Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 069 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 was not significant in case of non electrical measures. machinery and world demand was significant Carrera-Gallissa and Capdevila (2011) in case of agricultural machinery and conducted a study on Textile-related research implements, for Nigeria and Nepal. in Spain: a case study applying micro Ganesh (2002) commented that the bibliometric indicators. Their analysis focussed Indian textile industry was in a state of decay, if on citation study and h-index dependencies of seen from the perspective of preparedness for 74 researchers at 6 institutions of Spain. The the opening of the world textile market in 2005. results of the study show a significance Those not so concerned with the importance of relationship between citation and h-index value. loss in exports, would still need to consider the Hazarika, Goswami and Das (2003) made serious implications for local industry and a bibliometric analysis of the 1402 research employment when textile imports opened up papers published in ‘The Indian Forester’ from further and import duties came down. For almost 1991 to 2000. In their study the state-wise fifty years, government policy weighted scales distribution indicated that the Uttar Pradesh had against the organized sector including the state contributed maximum number of papers with sector, first by limiting the growth of composite 35.16%. Nagaland and Sikkim counted the mills, and then by encouraging excise duty lowest number of contribution with 0.14%. avoidance and evasion as the basis of building Multiple authorship papers were dominant in the competitive advantage in the Indian market. field of Indian Forestry with 64.55%, while single Apparel Fortnightly (2002) mentioned that authored papers were 35.45%. Gupta and Sujit phasing out of the MFA was foreseen as a big Bhattacharya (2004) attempted to highlight the achievement in the liberalized world trade and method of biblometrics in studying the dynamics a boom for developing nations including India. of Science and Technology Tools and Techniques However, the effect of such liberalization would available in biblometrics. They concluded that not be the same for all nations of developed the wider acceptance among academicians and world. Some will emerge as major gainers while policy makers. others will be worst hit by the time, the textile Objectives of the Study trade is integrated with the WTO regime. Those The present study intends to analyze the countries, which were well established in the publication trends in JTI during the period 2000 world, apparel markets enjoyed a high. to 2015. According to a study by Nair (2004), the The key objectives of the study are: emerging scenario was that EU (European To study the year wise distribution of Union) and USA (United State of America), who articles; together accounted for over sixty percent of To study the citation pattern of articles; world imports of textile and clothing and for most To study the bibliographical forms of of the textile quotas, fortified their market with documents; preferential arrangements, mostly providing for To study the authorship pattern; production sharing by their own industries or for To study the length of articles; offshore processing of their raw materials. Both To study the geographical distribution of had kept their MFN(Most Favoured Nation) authors; and import duties on textile products several times Methodology higher than their average industrial tariff, in For the analysis of the study, “Journal of order to make imports from non-preferential Textile Institute” published during the year 2000 sources even more difficult. All this gave a clear to 2015 have been taken up for evaluation. The message that abolition of quotas should be details with regard to each published article expected to accelerate all other forms of Non such as number of articles in each issue of the Tariff Barriers (NTB) and trade defense journal, number of authors, name of authors, Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 070 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 place of authors, number of references and their the maximum numbers of articles are reported forms, number of pages, etc., were recorded and to have been published in the year 2013 and analyzed for making observations. The data 2015 (148 articles; 11.25%) while the least were collected; organized and analysed using number of articles have been published in the MS-Excel spreadsheets. The tables and graphs year 2003 (16 articles; 1.22%). were generated in accordance with the Table 2 objectives of the study. The gathered data after Year Wise Distribution of Articles and Citation Total Averages Cum Average due scrutiny, were tabulated and processed for Total no. Cum/ total Cum. Total of Year Citations/ Citations/ Citations/ of articles of articles Citations analysis and subsequent interpretation. The year Article Article 2000 72 1339 72 1339 18.60 18.6 degree of collaboration (DC) of the contributors 2001 59 1241 131 2580 19.69 38.29 2002 34 753 165 3333 20.20 58.49 was derived using the Subramanyam (1983) 2003 16 326 181 3659 20.22 78.71 2004 32 537 213 4196 19.70 98.41 formula which states that the degree of 2005 56 967 269 5163 19.19 117.6 2006 63 1034 332 6197 18.67 136.27 collaboration is the ratio between the number 2007 65 1060 397 7257 18.28 154.55 2008 58 1105 455 8362 18.38 172.93 of multiple authored papers and the number of 2009 25 357 480 8719 18.16 191.09 2010 128 2537 608 11256 18.51 209.6 multiple authored papers plus number of single 2011 114 2627 722 13883 19.23 228.83 2012 153 3266 875 17149 19.60 248.43 authored papers. This formula can be 2013 148 3470 1023 20619 20.16 268.59 2014 145 3170 1168 23789 20.37 288.95 represented as follows: 2015 148 3600 1316 27389 20.81 309.76

NM Table 2 shows the year wise distribution DC= ——————— of articles, the corresponding total number of NM + NS citations and the average number of citations Where, DC = Degree of collaboration per article. It is found that there is a total of NM = Number of multiple authored 3600 citations distributions of carrying a total papers of 3600 articles. Moreover, it is found that the NS = Number of single authored papers rate of citations of articles has witnessed an Analysis and Discussion increasing trend. The lowest number of average Table 1: Year Wise Distribution of Articles citations per article is found in the year 2000 Cum. Total Cum % Year Total No. % (nearly 18.60 citations per article) and the of Article of Articles highest number of average citations per article 2000 72 5.47 72 5.47 is reported in the year 2014 (20.37 citations per 2001 59 4.48 131 9.95 2002 34 2.58 165 12.53 article). 2003 16 1.22 181 13.75 Table 3: Bibliographical Forms of Documents Bibliographical Total no. % of Cum. 2004 32 2.43 213 16.18 Sr.No. Total % Form of Cum. Documents 2005 56 4.26 269 20.44 Article 1283 97.49 1283 97.49 2006 63 4.79 332 25.23 Editorial 11 0.84 1294 98.33 2007 65 4.94 397 30.17 Erratum 6 0.46 1300 98.79 2008 58 4.41 455 34.58 Note 2 0.15 1302 98.94 Review 14 1.06 1316 100 2009 25 1.90 480 36.48 1316 100.00 2010 128 9.73 608 46.21 Table 3 depicts the distribution of 2011 114 8.66 722 54.87 bibliographical forms of citations. It is observed 2012 153 11.63 875 66.5 2013 148 11.25 1023 77.75 that unlike other related studies, the article form 2014 145 11.02 1168 88.75 is the most predominant form followed by 2015 148 11.25 1316 100 editorial and review. Out of the total documents, 1316 100.00 articles carry the highest number of documents Table 1 reveals that there is a steady rise (1283 citations; 97.49%) followed by editorial in the number of publications of articles ranging (11-0.84%), erratum (6-0.46), note (2-0.15), note from 2000 to 2015. Out of the total 1316 articles (2-0.15) and review (14-1.06). Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 071 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Table-4 Authorship Pattern Table 6 shows that the minimum average Authorship No. of Cum. Cum. % length of article is 38.67 pages which is reported Sr.No. Rank Pattern Articles Articles of Articles for the cumulative issues of 2009 while, the 1 1 One 150 150 11.40 2 2 Two 361 511 38.83 maximum average page of the article is 1 pages 3 3 Three 379 890 67.63 for the year 2000. Taking all the issues from 2000 4 4 Four 259 1149 87.31 to 2015 into account. 5 5 Five 131 1280 97.26 6 6 Six 36 1316 100 Table 7: Geographical Distribution of Table 4 indicates that majority of Contributors authors preferred to publish their research Sr.No. Rank Country No. of Contributors results in individual authorship mode (11.39%) 1 1 India 229 and two authorship mode (38.82), three 2 2 China 199 3 3 UK 134 authorship mode (67.62%), four authorship 4 4 Iran 130 mode (87.31) and five authorship mode (97.26). 5 5 US 125 Table 5: Year-wise Authorship Pattern 6 6 Turkey 74 Total no. % of Cum. no. Cum % of Years 7 7 Australia 63 of Author Authorship of Total Authroship 8 8 Japan 48 2000 189 4.83 189 4.83 9 9 Hong Kong 47 2001 132 3.37 321 8.2 2002 86 2.20 407 10.4 10 10 Tunisia 45 2003 37 0.94 444 11.34 11 11 Russian Federation 27 2004 85 2.17 529 13.51 12 12 France 26 2005 167 4.26 696 17.77 13 13 Egypt 23 2006 188 4.80 884 22.57 14 14 Germany 21 2007 184 4.70 1068 27.27 2008 169 4.32 1237 31.59 15 15 South Korea 19 2009 50 1.28 1287 32.87 16 16 Taiwan 16 2010 392 10.01 1679 42.88 17 17 Brazil 12 2011 334 8.53 2013 51.41 18 18 Poland 12 2012 482 12.31 2495 63.72 19 19 Spain 10 2013 470 12.00 2965 75.72 20 20 Isreal 9 2014 456 11.64 3421 87.36 2015 495 12.64 3916 100 21 21 Italy 9 3916 100.00 22 22 New Zealand 9 Table 5 shows that the minimum 0.94 % 23 23 Canada 8 of authorship of article in 2003 and the 24 24 Slovenia 8 maximum 12.64% in 2015. Taking all the issues 25 25 Belgium 6 26 26 Portgual 5 from 2000 to 2015 into account. 27 27 Bangladesh 3 Table 6: Length of Articles 28 28 Algeria 2 No. of Cum. Total of Cum. Total Average Pages Cum. Averages Year Pages Articles Articles of Pages Per a Pages no. of Pages 29 29 Argentina 2 2000 72 72 927 927 1.00 1 2001 59 131 675 1602 2.37 3.37 Table 7 it is evident that there are a total 2002 34 165 482 2084 4.32 7.69 2003 16 181 213 2297 10.78 18.47 of 1316 authors representing 29 different 2004 32 213 334 2631 7.88 6.35 2005 56 269 413 3044 7.37 33.72 countries. This method assigns one point to each 2006 63 332 523 3567 6.82 40.54 2007 65 397 549 4116 7.50 48.04 article which is equally shared among authors. 2008 58 455 480 4596 9.58 57.62 2009 25 480 122 4718 38.67 96.29 For example, if an article has been contributed 2010 128 608 1084 5802 5.35 101.64 2011 114 722 1107 6909 6.24 107.88 2012 153 875 1359 8268 6.08 113.96 by n authors, then each author will earn 1/n 2013 148 1023 1325 9593 7.24 121.2 2014 145 1168 1336 10929 8.18 129.38 points for his country. For instance, 229 authors 2015 148 1316 1359 12288 9.04 138.42 1316 12288 from India, 119 authors from China, 134 authors Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 072 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 from UK, 130 authors from Iran, 125 authors from 68(8), pp. 460-467. US, 74 authors from Turkey, 63 authors from • Simpson, V. (2001). India Textile and Australia, 48 authors from Japan and minimum Apparel Industry growth Potential and trade and no. of 2 authors from Algeria and Argentina. investment opportunities. Summary of findings • Factsheet from International Monetary The number of articles published in JTI Fund 4 April, 2014. on an average per year has consistently • Gereffi, G. (2002). Outsourcing and witnessed an up and down trend during the Changing Patterns of International Competition period of 2000-2015. The top three countries in the Apparel Commodity Chain, Paper were India 229, China 199 and UK 134. Single- presented at the conference on Responding to authored contributions (150, 11.40 %), two- Globalization: Societies, Groups, and Individuals, authored contribution (361, 38.83%), Hotel Boulderado, Boulder, Colorado, 7 contribution from three authors (379, 37.63%), April,2002. contribution from four authors (259, 87.31 %), • Brenton, P., & Hoppe, M. (2007). contribution from five authors (131, 97.26 %) Clothing and Export Diversification: still a route and more than five contributions are found (131, to growth for low income countries? World Bank 97.26% ). The highest number of contributions Policy Research Working Paper 4343. with citation in year 2015 no. of citation (3600, • Dicken, P. (1998). Global Shift: 20.81%) and lowest number of contributions Transforming the World Economy, Paul with citation in year 2003 no. of citations (326, Chapman, London. 20.22%). The minimum average length of article • Kaplinsky, R (2005). ‘Globalization, is 38.67 pages which is reported for the Poverty and Inequality: Between a rock and a cumulative issues of 2009 while, the maximum hard place’, Polity Press, 2005. average page of the article is 1 pages for the • Gibbon, P. (2003). ‘The African growth year 2000. and Opportunity Act and the global commodity Conclusion chain for clothing’ World Development, 31 (11), The Journal of Textile Institute has pp1809-1827. successfully completed 15 years of publications. • Gereffi, G and Memedovic, O., The study aimed at studying the trend of textile (2003).‘The Global Clothing Value Chain: What research taking place at global level by analyzing Prospects for Upgrading by Developing the data from the globally known indexing Countries’, UNIDO, Vienna. database SCOPUS cover prestigious high impact • Potter W.G. (1998). “Introduction to research publications. There necessaciates Bibliometrics”, Library Trends, 30, pp.5-7, 1988. extensive research in this area. The present • Price Derek, J., & de Solla (1963). “Little study reveals that the highest number of articles Science”, Big Science, New York: Columbia have appeared in the area of textile. This study University Press, 1963. is to measure and track the quantity and output • Garfield Eugene, (2001). From of research and publications in recent times in Bibliographic Coupling to Co-Citation Analysis India and other countries via Algorithmic Historio-Bibliography presented References at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA. • Kairon, M.S, Rao, M.R.K.venugopal, • Lotka, A.J. (1926). “The frequency M.V., Singh (1998). Cotton (Gossypium species) distribution of scientific productivity”, Journal of research – A pursuit towards self-sufficiency and the Washington Academy of Sciences, 16, p. export, Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 323, 1926. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 073 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 • Kotar, M. (1998). Tekstilec 1989 - 1997: bibliometric and content analysis of articles. 16 Tekstilec, 42(1/2), pp. 24-35. • Kareem P.Abdhul (2001) “Determinants Adjustment among of India’s machinery export, 1970-87", The Indian Adolescents in Relation To Economic Journal, .48, (Oct-Dec), pp 39-48. • Ganesh, S (2002), “Indian Textile Self-Concept Industry: Stifled by Warped Policies,” Economic and Political weekly, 36(12), pp. 1095-1100. Jasvir Kaur Grewal, • Apparel Fortnightly Report (2002), Research Scholar, Desh Bhagat University, Review of Export Performance, Apparel Ludhiana Fortnightly, April, pp. 63-64. • Nair, D.K (2004); -”Textile Trade – ======***********======Under And After ATC” Focus WTO, March-April. Abstract pp 1-3. The present study aimed to find the • Carrera-Gallissa E., & Capdevila X. significance of relationship in adjustment as (2011). Textile-related research in Spain: a case well as self-concept of adolescent boys and girls. study applying micro bibliometric indicators. The sample of the study was 200 students (100 Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientifica boys and 100 girls) of Government Schools of 34 (4) 581-596 Ludhiana city of Punjab. Correlation approach • Hazarika, Tilak, Goswami, Kusuma, & was adopted to ascertain the relationship Das, Pritimoni (2003). ‘Bibliometric anaylsis of between adjustment and self-concept among Indian Forester’: 1991-2000, IASLIC Bulletins. adolescents. Significance of relationship 48(4), 213-223. between means was worked out to know the • Gupta, B.M., & Bhattacharya, S. (2004). difference between boys and girls adolescents ‘A Bibliometric Approach Towards Mapping the regarding adjustment and self-concept. In this Dynamics of Science and Technology’. DESIDOC study adjustment inventory scale (2007) by Bulletin of Information Technology, 24: 3-8. Singh A.K and Gupta A.S. and children’s Self • Jena, K.L. (2006). ‘A Bibliometric Concept Scale (1986) by Ahluwalia S.P .are used analysis of the journal of the Indian Society for to collect the data. The study concludes that Cotton Improvement’ Annuals of Library Science there is significance of relationship between and Documentation 43(1), 11-25. adjustment as well as self-concept of adolescent boys and girls.  Introduction Adolescent is the most crucial period between childhood and adulthood marked by all round intensive growth and development. It is a transitional stage in which an adolescent is stepping into a world which is full of competition. Adolescents are indeed marked by greater turmoil than the proceeding and the subsequent stages of life. If adjustment are proper, there is contentment. On the other hand, if the adjustment is not proper, it would lead to the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 074 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 development of maladjustment and is found that there exist positive and significant discontentment. There has been a steady relationship between adjustment and self- increase in research that analyze problems of concept of adolescents (Mavi,1997; Kaur,1999; adjustment among adolescents. The process of Leena,2001; Kaur,2004, Kaur ,Rana & Kaur,2009; adjustment starts from the birth of a child and Prasadh, 2005; Shalu&Audichya2006; Surekha, continues till death. Adjustment refers to the 2007; Azim&Buchh,2009; Lavakare,2009 ; Punia extent in which an object fits the purpose for & Sagewan,2011; Choudhary,2012) which it is intended. According to Parmeswaran There exist no significant relationship and Beena (2004), “Adjustment is a process by between adjustment and self-concept of which a living organism acquires particular way adolescents. (Dutta,1998; Packiam & of acting or behavior or change an existing form Alexander,1998; Renu Aunuradha,2004; Gupta of behavior or action. This adjustment is if two & Shagufta,2007; Usha,2008; Ramanchandran types viz. adjustment to external conditions and & Patel, 2011; Devi,2013; Kumar,2013). As, the adjustment to internal conditions. A balance investigator found no study related to the study between these two adjustments becomes adjustment among adolescents in relation to necessary as a person grows older.” self-concept so it motivated the investigator to Self-concept conduct the present study. Self-concept is one of the most dominant OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY element in personality pattern of an individual. 1. To find the difference in adjustment Self-Concept has been subject of enquiry of adolescent boys and girls. because it forms an integral part of human 2. To find the difference in self-concept development. It is significant how people of adolescent boys and girls. become, what they are, how the change and 3. To find the relationship between how they make decisions. Self-Concept plays an adjustment and self-concept of adolescent boys important role in adjustment. Without an and girls. appropriate level of self-concept we cannot have HYPOTHESES adolescents because it directly affects the Ho1.There exists no significant personality of child. Self-concept is a general difference between Adjustment of adolescent term used to refer to how one thinks about, boys and girls. perceive and evaluate oneself. Self-concept is Ho 2.There exists no significant the image that people have of themselves. It is difference between Self-concept of adolescent a composite belief they have about themselves, boys and girls. thin physical, psychological, social and Ho 3.There exists a significant emotional characteristics, their aspirations and relationship between Adjustment and Self- their achievements. The self-concept is the apex concept of adolescent boys and girls. and culmination of all the social and personal SAMPLE OF THE STUDY experience in the child themes around revolves In the fields of education, the population a large number of multiple aspects of person’s under study is quite large, which is practically though and feeling. According to Merriam& impossible to contact and study individually. Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2001) Keeping in view the limited resources of time, described self-concept as the mental image of money and test material at disposal of one has of one self. investigator, a convenient portion of the total EMERGENCE OF THE STUDY population to be investigated is selected From the review of related literature it randomly with assumption that they truly Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 075 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 represent the total population. In order of collect Group N M SD SEm t-value the data, a sample of 200 students (100 boys Boys 100 100.44 17.43 1.74 0.24 and 100 girls) of government schools of Girls 100 100.97 14.22 1.42 Ludhiana district. Table 1.3 Significance of the difference ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION between mean scores of adjustment of Table 1.1(a) and 1.1(b) Showing Mean, adolescent boys and girls (N=200) Median, Standard deviation, Skewness and The t-value is 0.24, which is not Kurtosis of scores of Adolescent boys and girls significant at 0.05 levels with df=198.It indicates on variable Self –concept and Adjustment that the mean scores of adjustment of (N=200) respectively. adolescent boys and girls do not differ Variable Mean Median S.D. Skewness Kurtosis significantly. Self-concept 25.89 26.00 5.34 -0.23 -O.22 Hence the hypothesis one stating that, Table 1.1(a) Showing Mean, Median, “There exists no significantly difference Standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis of between adjustment of adolescent boys and scores of Adolescent boys and girls on variable girls, “is accepted Self- Concept (N=200) 2. Second objective was to find out the The values of mean and median of the difference in self-concept of adolescent boys scores of adolescent boys and girls of self- and girls. The data was analyzed with the help concept as 25.89 and 26.00 respectively which of independent t-test. The results are given are quite proximate to each other. The values of Table 1.4 skewness and kurtosis in this case are -0.23 and -0.22 respectively showing the distribution as Group N M SD SEm t-value Boys 100 51.70 8.28 0.83 negatively skewed and platykurtic. But the Girls 100 49.77 8.37 0.84 1.64 distortion is quite small. There the distribution Table 1.4 Significance of the difference can be taken as normal. between mean scores of Self-concept of Table 1.1(b) adolescent boys and girls (N=200) Variable Mean Median S.D. Skewness Kurtosis The t-value is 1.64, which is not Adjustment 24.53 24.50 5.68 -0.02 -0.43 significant at 0.05 levels with df= 198, it The value of means and median of the indicates that the mean scores of self-concept scores of adolescent boys and girls of variable of adolescent boys and girls do not differ adjustment as 24.53 and 24.50 which significantly. respectively which are quite proximate to each Hence the hypothesis two stating the other. The values of skewness and kurtosis in “There exists no difference between self- this case are -0.02 and -0.43 respectively concept of adolescent boys and girls”, is showing the distribution as negatively skewed accepted. and platykurtic. But the distribution is quite 3. The third objective to study the small. Therefore the distribution can be taken relationship between adjustment and self- as normal .Scores of Adjustment of Adolescents concept of adolescent boys and girls. The data was tested for Normalcy. related to this objective was analyzed with the 1. First objective to find out the help of Pearson’s Product Movement difference in adjustment of adolescent boys and Correlation. Pearson’s correlation was girls. The data analyzed with the help of calculated between adjustment and self-concept independent t-test. The results are given below: of adolescent boys and girls. The results are Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 076 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 given in the Table 1.5: adolescent boys and girls. Group N Correlation • As the mean scores of adolescent girls Total 200 .41** was found to be higher than that of adolescent Boys 200 .39** boys, it may be further concluded that adolescent Girls 200 .45** girls who have better self-concept been to be ** Significant at .01 level more adjustable in life. Table 1.5 Coefficient of correlation • There exists no significance difference between adjustment and self-concept of between mean scores of self-concept of adolescent boys and girls (N=200) adolescent boys and girls. Table 1.5 shows that • As the mean scores of adolescent boys • The coefficient of correlation between was found to be higher than that of adolescent adjustment and self-concept of adolescent boys girls, it may be further concluded that adolescent and girls as .41 which is positive and significant boys who have better self-concept been to be at .01 level of confidence which shows that there more adjustable in life. exists a significant positive relationship • The adjustment of adolescent boys and between adjustment and self-concept of girls was found to be significantly correlated adolescent of boys and girls. with self-concept. • The coefficient of correlation between Educational Implications adjustment and self-concept of adolescent boys Complete development of adjustment and girls as .39 which is positive and significant and self-concept among children, there should at .01 level of confidence which shows that there be cooperation between home and schools. The exists a significant positive relationship teachers and parents through their love, between adjustment and self-concept of affection, individual attention, appreciation adolescent boys providing healthy and peaceful environment ,at • The coefficient of correlation between home and schools, can develop adequate level adjustment and self-concept of adolescent boys of Adjustment and Self-concept and teacher’s and girls as.45 which is positive and significant sympathetic attitude,understanding,friendly at .01 level of confidence which shows that there behavior can help the students in developing exists a significant positive relationship field independent cognitive style. between adjustment and self-concept of Biblography adolescent girl Allport,G.W. (1961). Pattern and growth As the adjustment of adolescent boys in personality.Holt Rinch winstan inc, 110-138. and girls was found to be significantly correlated Choudary,M.(2012). Self-concept of with self-concept, adolescents in relation to their cognitive style. Hence the hypothesis 3 stating that Unpublished M.Ed.Dissertation, Panjab “There exists a significant relationship between University,Chandigarh. adjustment and self-concept of adolescent boys Coopersmith,S.(1967). The antecedent of and girls,” is accepted. self-esteem. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. Conclusion Eysenck,H.J.(1972). Primaries of second • The adolescent boys and girls are order factors. British Journal Of Social and normally distributed on the variables adjustment Classical Psychology,256-269. and self-concept. Goldenson, G. (1984) A survey of self- • There exists no significance difference concept and the achievement motivation of between mean scores of adjustment of early adolescents.Ph.D Thesis, Osmania Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 077 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 University,India. and strictness. Perspectives in Psychological Good, C.V.(1959). Adjustment.Dictionary Researches, 17 & 18 (12), (93-98). of Education, New York: McGrew Hill Book Srivastava, S.K. (19960. Adjustment Company Inc. personality and self-perception among Good,C.V., “Dictionary of Education”, 3rd emerging and medical student. Journal of Edition, McGraw Hill Publication, New Education Research and Extension, 33(2). York(1973). Stanly Hall (1904). Adjustment among Haloren, J. & Santrock, J. (1997). Home science and arts students in relation to self- Adjustment. Boston: McGraw-Hill. concept. Unpublished M.ED. Dissertation, Kaur,A.(1999). Alienation and Panjab University, Chandigarh. adjustment of school going adolescents. Surekha (2007). Relationship between Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation. Chandigarh: students adjustment and academic Panjab University. achievement. Edu Tracks. 7(7), 26-27. Kaur, J., Rana, J.S. & Kaur, K. (2009). Vishnoi, K.(2001). A Self Concept as Home environmental and academic related to academic achievement of secondary achievement as correlates of self-concept school students of Lucknow City. Indian Journal among adolescents. Home communication of Educational Research, 19(2), 42-49. science 3(1), 13-17. Retrieved from Woolfok, A.(2001). Educational www.krepublishers.com Psychology. (8thed.), U.S.A: Allyn and Bacon. Kaur, R. (2004). Self-Concept as related to family climate. M.Ed. Dissertations, Panjab  Unversity, Chandigarh. Lavakare, N.A. (2009). Background factors in the adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Community Guidance and Research. 26(2), 185-198. Merriam-Webster (2001). Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, USA; Encyclopedia Britannica Pvt. Ltd. Mythilli, B. (2004). Adjustment problems of adolescent students. Journal of Community Guidance and Research, 21(1), 54-61. Packiam, S. & Ponraj, J.P. (1993). Adjustment problems of the adolescents. The progress of Education. 68(2), 42-43. Roger, Dorsthy & Chauhan, S.S. (2002). Advanced Educational Psychology, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. Santrock, J. (1990). Adolescence. Duduque: Wm.C.Brown. Singh,A. (1983) Personality Adjustment. School Education, 9(4), 15-17. Sinha, Bisheshwar & Singh. (1995). Adjustment as the factor of parent’s aggression Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 078 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 research potential of a particular field and so 17 on. Bibliometrics has become a standard tool of science policy and research management in Analysis of Bibliometric term the past decades. Many extensive bibliometric in Web of Science studies of important sci-ence fields have appeared during the last two decades. The aims of these studies were to measure national Gajanan Pralhadrao Khiste research performance in the international Research Scholar, contexts or to describe the development of a Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada science field with the help of bibliometrics. University, Nandede Therefore considering the importance of Bibliometric the study is taken for research Dr. Rajeev Rameshchandra Paithankar purpose. Research Guide, Bibliometric Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada The word ‘bibliometric’ has been derived University, Nanded from the Latin and Greek words ‘biblio’ and ‘metrics’ respectively which refer to the ======***********======application of mathematics to the study of Abstract bibliography. The word ‘’bibliometrics’’ At present Bibliometric Study is a constitutes one of the major thrust areas of dynamic area of research in which majority of research in the field of library and information research work is being done. Thomson Reuters science. It utilizes quantitative analysis and Web of Science is a premier research platform, statistics to describe patterns of publications helping to find, analyze, and share information within a given field or body of literature. The in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and term statistical bibliography was first employed humanities. The present study discusses the by E.W. Hulme in 1923, to refer to the application “Bibliometric” as reflected in Web of Science of quantitative techniques to libraries. The word for the period from 1989–2016. This study bibliometrics appeared in print in 1969 in Alan investigates the highly productive authors, Pitchard’s article statistical bibliography or Document Type wise, Country wise, Language bibliometrics in the December issue of the wise, Publication year wise, Research area wise, Journal of Documentation. Source Title or Journal wise. Documents by Web of Science Language wise. Web of Science, provides access to the Introduction world’s leading citation databases. It searches Bibliometrics is a truly interdisciplinary over 10,000 journals from over 45 different research field; bibliometric comprises languages across the sciences, social sciences, mathematics, social sciences. Initially, and arts and humanities with back files to 1900. bibilometric study was a simple statisti-cal The citations (or footnotes) allow one to navigate method of counting to evaluate and quantify the forward, backward, and through journal articles growth of a subject. Bibliometric techniques are and both journal and book-based proceedings. now being used for a variety of purpose like Its Analyze Tool also helps in finding hidden determination of various scientific indicators, trends and patterns, gain insight into emerging evaluation of scientific output, selection of fields of research, identify leading researchers, journals for the libraries, fore-casting the institutions, and journals, and trace the history Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 079 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 of a particular field of study. The access to Web in Nigerian universities from 2000 to 2014 in of Science is available on perpetual access basis terms of the trend in publication output in LIS to members subscribing prior to 2016, and new research, the most visible (productive) members were provided access to 20 year back- universities and authors, the most cited files on lease basis. universities and authors, and publication Purpose of Study sources. The Web of Science was used as the To analysis of Bibliometric term in Web source of the data. The findings of the study of Science database in various angel by Author revealed a fluctuating and unpredictable trend wise, Document Type wise, Country wise, in the annual publication output in LIS research Language wise, Publication year wise , Research in Nigeria. The University of Ibadan, University area wise , Source Title or Journal wise. of Nigeria, and Delta State University were found 1. To Study the Document types and to be the three most visible (productive) number of documents in which bibliometric term universities in LIS research. Based on the used. findings of this study, it is recommended that 2. To find out highly productive authors there should be increased investment in LIS on bibliometric term. research by Nigerian universities towards a 3. To Know Document Type geographical steady increase in sustained quality publication distribution by country on Bibliometric term. output to support national development. 4. To Find out Language wise documents Aswathy S. and Gopikuttan A. (2014) At in Web of Science on Bibliometric. present spacecraft propulsion is a dynamic area Scope & Limitation of Study of research in which majority of research work This Study is limited to search results on is being done. Thomson Reuters Web of the term of ‘Bibliometric ’ in Web of Science Knowledge is a premier research platform, database during 1989 to 2016.Document types helping to find, analyze, and share information and number of documents in which bibliometric in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and term used humanities. The data for the present analysis Methods and Materials has been retrieved for a period of 14 years during The growth of publications in the 1999 to 2012 from this database. This study Bibliometric research was derived from the Web aims to analyse the Indian contribution in the of Science Electronic Database published by subject area. The study also analyses year-wise, Thomson Reuters Web of Science for the period language-wise, document type-wise distribution from 1989–2016. During the period, a total of and also the country-wise analysis which 5448 records were found for the keyword provides the percentage of Indian share to this ‘Bibliometric’. Necessary data was tabulated into subject. The analysis also includes institution- separate sheets in terms of authorship pattern, wise categorization; Degree of Collaboration geographical distribution of contributors, and also verifies the fitness of Bradford’s Law ranking list of journals and collaborative of Scattering. measures. Baskaran C. and Sivakami N. (2014) Review of Related Literature Quantitative analysis is carried out to identify Ani, O. E., Ngulube, P., & Onyancha, O. the literature growth, authorship pattern, B. (2017) discussed in paper used bibliometrics collaboration and journal distribution on Swine to examine patterns of publication output in influenza disease research based on data library and information science (LIS) research obtained from Pubmed databases for a period Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 080 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 from 2006–2010. A total of 2360 articles were Table No.2 downloaded from Pubmed database using the Top 10 Authors which write highest search term “Swine*” subjected to bibliometric documents on the term Bibliometric Sr. No. of data analysis techniques. Findings – A number Author Name of research questions pertaining to publication No. Documents frequency, country, and institution productivity 1 Ho Ys 88 and collaborative were proposed and answered. 2 Glanzel W 68 Analysis shows that majority of the scientists 3 Bornmann L 61 preferred to publish research papers in multiple 4 Abramo G 50 authorship. It also analyses the characteristics 5 D'angelo Ca 49 of most productive institutions, languages and 6 Moed Hf 42 journals. 7 Bordons M 41 8 Van Leeuwen Tn 40 Table No.1 9 Aleixandre-Benavent R 37 Document types and number of documents 10 Van Raan Afj 37 in which bibliometric term used Table 2 depicts highly productive Sr. Document Type No. of authors. It is observed that Ho Ys ranks first who No. Documents has contributed a maximum number of 88 1 Article 4532 articles followed by Glanzel W with 68 articles 2 Review 357 & on 9th & 10th Rank 37 articles published by 3 Proceedings paper 241 Aleixandre-Benavent R & Van Raan Afj. 4 Editorial material 129 Table No.3 Top 20 Country which highest 5 Meeting abstract 76 documents on Bibliometric term 6 Letter 63 7 Correction 16 Sr.No. Country Documents 8 Note 12 1 USA 888 9 Book review 7 2 Spain 764 10 Biographical item 4 3 China 501 11 Book chapter 4 4 England 392 12 Bibliography 2 5 Germany 347 13 Reprint 2 6 Netherlands 318 14 Art exhibit review 1 7 Brazil 277 8 Italy 259 15 News item 1 9 Canada 204 16 Retracted publication 1 10 Taiwan 203 Total = 5448 11 Australia 190 12 France 170 Table No.1 shows that the maximum 13 Belgium 150 number of papers published under the category 14 India 142 of article is 4532, whereas 357 under the 15 Sweden 114 category Review. There are 241 Proceedings 16 Switzerland 84 paper and the Editorial material is 129 . A small 17 Denmark 81 number of contributions are categorized under 18 Hungary 80 Art exhibit review , news items & Retracted 19 Mexico 78 publication are respectively. 20 South Korea 73 Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 081 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Table 3 depicts the geographical Table No.5 distribution of authors. Among 5448 articles, Publication year wise documents published USA tops the list with 888 articles, followed by in Web of Science on Bibliometric SPAIN with 764 articles to its credit. China published 501 articles and England produced Sr. Publication Year Documents 392 articles. India’s contribu-tion to Bibliometric No. research is 142 articles during 1989–2016 which 1 2016 786 is ranked Fourteen and South Korea published 2 2015 711 73 articles. 3 2014 465 Table No.4 Language wise documents in 4 2013 460 Web of Science on Bibliometric 5 2012 405 Sr. Language Documents 6 2011 392 No. 7 2010 313 1 English 4524 8 2009 284 2 Spanish 416 9 2008 198 3 Portuguese 129 10 2007 153 4 German 48 11 2006 137 5 French 29 12 2005 106 6 Russian 17 13 2004 78 7 Turkish 9 14 2003 73 8 Czech 5 15 1999 69 9 Italian 3 16 2001 64 10 Japanese 3 17 2002 62 11 Lithuanian 3 18 2000 60 12 Slovenian 3 19 1998 58 20 1996 55 13 Catalan 2 21 1992 53 14 Croatian 2 22 1997 47 15 Swedish 2 23 1995 44 16 Chinese 1 24 1993 37 17 Dutch 1 25 1994 33 18 Finnish 1 26 1991 28 19 Malay 1 27 1989 16 20 Polish 1 28 1990 15 21 Serbian 1 22 Serbo croatian 1 Table No.5 Shows the year-wise The languages in which the articles distribution of articles. The highest number of contributed in Web of Science in Bibliometric articles was published in the year 2016 i.e., 786 related topics have been analysed and the data and the next one with 711 articles was published presented in Table 4. From the table it is evi- in the year 2015 & lowest number of articles - dent that English is the most preferred language 15 was published in the year 1990. The present and there are 4524 documents. study indicates that there is an increase in the research articles year by year. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 082 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Table No.6 Table 7 indicates that a total of 5448 Top -20 Research area used highest number articles were distributed among 1706 journals. of Bibliometric term Among the 1706 journals, Scientometrics ranks first with 1043 articles to its credit, followed by Sr. Research area Documents no. Journal of informetrics ranking sec-ond with 169 1 Library science 2156 articles. Investigation bibliotecologica ranks 2 Computer science 1702 Twenty with 24 articles. 3 Business economics 429 Table No.8 4 Science technology other topics 262 5 Environmental sciences ecology 189 Institution-wise Distribution of Articles 6 Public environmental occupational health 184 Sr. Organization Articles 7 Psychology 176 No. 8 Engineering 165 1 Consejo Superior De 9 General internal medicine 162 Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC 194 10 Neurosciences neurology 128 2 11 Surgery 121 Leiden University 181 12 Education educational research 120 3 University of Granada 142 13 Social sciences other topics 105 4 University of Valencia 88 14 Public administration 104 5 Asia University Taiwan 81 15 Health care sciences services 84 16 Chemistry 82 6 Ku Leuven 78 17 Psychiatry 72 7 Indiana University System 72 18 Cardiovascular system cardiology 58 8 Max Planck Society 71 19 Operations research management science 54 9 Hungarian Academy of Sciences 70 20 Nursing 52 10 Peking University 70 Table 6 presents the subject-wise 11 IMEC 69 categorization of the documents retrieved. 12 University of London 68 Subject-wise analysis indicates that maximum 13 Indiana University Bloomington 64 number of contributions was in the area of 14 Chinese Academy of Sciences 59 library science i.e. 2156 followed by Computer 15 University System of Georgia 56 science with 1702 records .The article 16 University of Rome Tor Vergata 53 contribution in the area of Nursing is less i.e. 52. 17 University of Barcelona 52 Table No. 7 18 Consiglio Nazionale Delle Highest ranking Journals in which highest Ricerche CNR 50 number of documents published on 19 Council of Scientific Industrial Bibliometric term. Research CSIR India 49 Sr. Highest Ranking Journals Documents 20 Russian Academy of Sciences 48 No. 1 Scientometrics 1043 2 Journal of informetrics 169 Table 8 presents the list of top twenty 3 Journal of the american society for information science and technology 133 4 Research evaluation 87 organization con-tributions on the subject 5 Plos one 80 Bibliometric. The institution affiliation from the 6 Revista espanola de documentacion cientifica 56 7 Journal of the association for information science and technology 44 address field is taken as the data for this 8 Research policy 43 9 Journal of documentation 35 categorization. Among 3303 organizations the 10 Profesional de la informacion 34 11 Journal of information science 33 top listed institutions are only considered in this 12 Information processing management 31 study. Consejo Superior De Investigaciones 13 Journal of the american society for information science 31 14 Technological forecasting and social change 31 Cientificas CSIC contributed 194 articles which 15 Medicina clinica 29 16 Current science 26 is the highest while Council of Scientific 17 Malaysian journal of library information science 26 18 Neural regeneration research 26 Industrial Research CSIR India has 49 articles 19 Qualitative quantitative methods in libraries 26 to its credit & Russian Academy of Sciences 20 Investigation bibliotecologica 24 contributed 48 articles. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 083 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Conclusion Management, Vol 51(1), February 2014, Pp. 13– In Web of Science, under the category 20 Bibliometric, 5448 items were retrieved among Hadagali, Gururaj S., Kumbar, B. D. and which maximum number of articles was Keshava (2014) Scientific Productivity of contributed in the year 2016 and minimum in Polymer Science Research: a Scientometric 1990. Subject-wise analysis indicates that Study, SRELS Journal of Information maximum number of contributions was in Library Management, Vol 51(1), February 2014, Pp. 51– Science i.e. 2156 & Minimum in Nursing with 57. 52 records. Language-wise analysis shows that Jeong, Geum Hee & Huh, Sun (2017) English is the most preferred language and there Bibliometric analysis of publications from North are 4524 documents. Document-wise study Korea indexed in the Web of Science Core reveals that the maximum numbers of papers Collection from 1988 to 2016, Science Editing, published are under the category “article”. 2017;4(1)Pp.24-29 Institution-wise distribution shows that CSIC is https://apps.webofknowledge.com/ the top contributor with 194 articles & CSIR India WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?product=WOS& has 49 articles to its credit. Country-wise search_mode=GeneralSearch&SID=1CvfnjtoldJ7a analysis indicates that USA tops the list with gqMMFP&preferencesSaved= 888 articles, followed by Spain with 764 articles to its credit. China published 501 articles and  England produced 392 articles. India’s contribu- tion to Bibliometric research is 142 articles during 1989–2016 which is ranked Fourteen and South Korea published 73 articles. The data suggest that there was a significant research activity in the field of Bibliometric during the study period. The contributions of authors indicate a healthy pattern of progress in this field. References Ani, O. E., Ngulube, P., & Onyancha, O. B. (2017). A Bibliometrics Analysis of the Visibility of Library and Information Science Research in Nigeria in the Web of Science, 2000- 2014. African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science, 27(1), 41-51. Aswathy S. and Gopikuttan A. (2014) Scientometric Analysis of Research Output in Spacecraft Propulsion during 1999–2012: a Study with Special Reference to Web of Science, SRELS Journal of Information Management, Vol 51(1), February 2014, Pp. 27–37 Baskaran C. and Sivakami N. (2014) Swine Influenza Research Output: a Bibliometric Analysis. SRELS Journal of Information Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 084 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 pivotal in influencing and attracting more 18 customers which helps develop the organization to face the competition from the private sectors SERVQUAL in Life Insurance who have recently entered in this business. The Service - A Study on LIC of India researchers have selected the North Telangana region. The region being the backward in in North Telangana industrial and socio-economic development, it may the fittest one to measure the SERVQUAL Rajidi Rammohan Reddy of LIC of India, the lapses or lacking of services, Research Scholar, if any, to take the strategically good decisions Career Point University, Kota to improve the business by filling up the gaps. In this study SERVQUAL model (Parasuraman et Dr. T. Krishna Kumar al., 1985) was used. Even though this study is Assistant Professor, mainly on theoretical one, primary data were Department of Management Studies, collected and the construct validity was Satavahana University, Karimnagar established through confirmatory factor analysis. ======***********======Objectives: Abstract 1. To test the SERVQUAL model among In the event of severe competitions in insured in North Telangana region. the Insurance sector, in India, an attempt has 2. To prioritize the critical factors been made to analyze the SERVQUAL of Life according to the geographical area. Insurance Corporation of India, a public 3. To prepare bibliography of latest enterprises, through the perceptions of insured studies related to SERVQUAL in Life Insurance in North Telangana Region. This study presents industry. mainly the reviews and the concepts. However, Review of Literature: to establish the construct validity of the Service Quality in Life Insurance Industry SEVQUAL model with reference to the insured Sachdev and Verma (2004) attempted to in the study area, confirmatory factor analysis explore the relative importance of service was done. quality dimensions in Banking, Insurance, Fast Key Words: SERVQUAL, Insurance, food, and Beauty salon. The study results Insurer, Insured, Premium, Customer Service, suggested that in all areas under study, the Customer Expectation, Customer Value, and dimensions; tangibility, reliability, Customer Satisfaction. responsiveness, assurance, and empathy are INTRODUCTION important and there is no significant difference Insurance industry plays strategically an among sectors in the ranking of the dimensions. important role contributing to the economic Barkur et al.,(2007) identified past experience, development of the country besides sharing the personal needs, external communication, word responsibility of funding major projects of the of mouth, and active clients were the key Central and State Governments. In this study, parameters of Service Quality. Life Insurance industry, particularly the Life Sandhu and Bala (2011) concluded that Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) the public the three factors namely, proficiency; physical sector organization has been taken. The service and ethical excellence; and functionality have quality of the organization is considered to be significant impact on the overall service quality Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 085 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 of Life Insurance Corporation of India. insurance services. The results indicated that Mittal et al.,(2013) observed that the higher perceived innovation of insurance perceived service quality of Life insurance company was associated with higher perceived services is a multi-dimensional second-order reputation of insurance company. construct consisting of the primary dimensions Shamsher Singh et al., (2014) studied the of service delivery; Sales, Agent Quality, customer perception towards Service Quality of Tangibles and Value of Core Service. Reza; Life Insurance Companies in Delhi NCR Region. Pashaie et al., (2013) attempted to evaluate The primary data was collected from 139 service quality in insurance industry based of respondents of Delhi NCR Region. The factor customer and personnel view in Kavsar analysis and correlation were used to find the insurance institute, Iran. The study utilized the perception of the customers. The study has survey approach. The sample consisted of 319 found that there were four major factors which respondents. The results showed huge gap for influence customer perception of service quality reliability, responsiveness and empathy in which namely, responsiveness and assurance, reliability showed highest gap between convenience, tangibility and empathy. Only age customers perception and expectation. This of respondents have been found to be research illustrated that reliability emerged as significantly related with the customer the most critical determinant of SERVQUAL perception and other demographic factors had measure of service quality. no significant impact. Guru Murthy and Chilar Mohamed Kuldheep Chaudhary et al., (2014) (2013) studied the level of service quality of Life examined the Expected and Perceived Service Insurance Corporation of India with special Quality in Life Insurance Corporation of India. reference to Chennai District with seven The findings suggested that there exist a dimensions namely, assurance, personalized significant negative gap in service quality financial planning, competence, corporate expected and perceived by the customers of the image, tangibles, technology and ethics. selected company. Arul and Kannan (2014) Rajamani (2013) assessed the Service conducted a research study to understand the Quality in Insurance Sector in Virudhunagar Policyholders preconception towards Service district, Tamil Nadu through a SEM approach. Quality of Life Insurance Companies in The result of the assessment revealed that Tamilnadu. The study identified eight service customers rated „reliability as the most quality factors such as Employee Competence, important dimension. Pramod Kumara Singhal Credibility, Timeliness and Promptness, (2013) studied the service quality in Insurance Convenience, Accessibility, Communication, sector taking private companies of Haryana Customer Orientation, and Responsiveness. The State. This study was based on the SERVQUAL analyses revealed that the demographical model covering 500 customers of private variables of the respondents and the eight insurance companies of 7 districts of Haryana. service quality factors were significantly related. The study concluded that the people are still Prakash and Sugumaran (2014) assessed carrying a negative impression towards the the perception and expectations of customers private insurance companies. Urban Sebjan and in Servqual parameters with reference to Life Polona Tominc (2014) studied the relationships Insurance Companies in Chennai, India. The among components of Insurance Companies and sample size of the study was 150. They have Services Quality through SEM approach. The used stratified random sampling technique. The sample size was 200 Slovenian users of factors which are significant are Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 086 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Communications, Competence, Reliability, performance (or perceptions) rather than Security and Courtesy and the expectation levels perceptions minus expectations. They tested of these dimensions are significantly higher. this alternative scale empirically, along with the Concerning the definition of the term SERVQUAL scale, in four previously untested Parasuraman et al. (1988) defined service settings and argued that the results perceived service quality as “global judgment, proved the superiority of their performance- or attitude, relating to the superiority of the based measures of service quality. service”. Specifically, Cronin and Taylor (1992) Brown and Swartz (1989) drew some tested the ability of their performance-only distinctions between different views on service measurement scale, SERVPERF (1) compared to quality, drawing from the work of Gronroos SERVQUAL (2). (1983) and Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1982) Service quality = (perceptions) (1) concerning the dimensions of service quality. Service quality = (perceptions - expectations (P “What” the service delivers is evaluated after - E)) (2) performance (Brown and Swartz, 1989, p.190). Construct Validity This dimension is called outcome quality by The construct validity of the instrument Parasuraman et al. (1985), technical quality by in the light of profile insured in North Telangana Gronroos (1983), and physical quality by region was tested by using confirmatory factor Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1982). “How” the service analysis. is delivered is evaluated during delivery ((Brown In the present study, the confirmatory and Swartz, 1989,p. 190). This dimension is factor analysis method with Orthogonal Varimax called process quality by Parasuraman et al. Rotation is used to identify the significant set (1985), functional quality by Gronroos (1983), of quality system factors. and interactive quality by Lehtinen and Lehtinen The Rotated Factor Matrix for the (1982) variables relating to service quality of the On SERVQUAL Model selected life Insurance companies included in Carman (1990) was the first to criticize the study as perceived by the insureds of these the perceptions-minus-expectations Insurance companies is given in Table 1. operationalization of SERVQUAL. His criticisms Table 1 gives the loadings received by were based on theoretical considerations rather the factors under F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 for life than empirical evidence, which supported the insurance LIC of India. SERVQUAL measure. He attempted to answer these criticisms from within the framework of the original service quality model with important extensions to the SERVQUAL measure. Cronin and Taylor (1992) also criticized the perceptions-minus-expectations operationalization of SERVQUAL. They argued that the theoretical considerations evidence suggests that the underlying service quality model developed by Parasuraman et al. (1985) is flawed. Therefore, using their own service quality model, they developed an alternative measurement scale based on service Factor Analysis exhibits the rotated Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 087 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 TABLE 1. ROTATED FACTOR MATRIX Questions Factor 3 Factor 2 Factor 1 Factor 4 Factor 5

Modern looking Equipment 0.77801 0.01960 0.05848 0.10619 0.02542

Visually appealing physical facilities 0.75157 0.09122 0.20815 0.09246 0.09497

0.15548 Visually appealing materials 0.56960 0.07885 0.53233 0.02564

Neat in appearance 0.53421 0.00265 0.09146 0.09282 0.54141

Insurance companies insist on error- 0.16835 0.75170 0.04036 0.05635 0.24903

free records

Personnel of insurance company tell 0.11472 0.69452 0.31989 0.20425 insured exactly when services will be 0.12201

performed Behaviour of personnel of insurance 0.07326 0.66044 0.20602 0.37191 0.19841 company instills confidence in insured Gives insured’s prompt service 0.13506 0.58267 0.53117 0.07027 0.07162 Convenient operating hours 0.32288 0.47175 0.10039 0.03099 0.44841 Personnel of insurance companies always 0.07907 0.12551 0.70945 0.03875 0.19648 willing to help insured Gives personal attention 0.17319 0.17996 0.63257 0.00007 0.22101 When insured’s have a problem, the 0.20242 0.59410 0.14595 insurance company shows a sincere 0.27823 0.10099

interest in solving it Never be too busy to respond to insured’s 0.10331 0.00100 0.57110 0.26607 0.06062 requests Insurance companies have insured’s best 0.09707 0.09285 0.53242 0.38666 0.15447 interest at heart Gives individual attention 0.29840 0.21691 0.46772 0.20396 0.31817 Insured’s feel safe in dealing with the 0.17766 0.32569 0.00026 0.59455 0.09638 insurance company Promises to do something by a certain 0.06669 0.10709 0.39060 0.53059 0.25166 time, and does so Financially stable 0.07012 0.50252 0.13551 0.52301 0.17350 Personnel of insurance companies have 0.14108 0.25019 0.22361 0.39311 knowledge to answer the insured’s 0.19288

questions Consistently courteous with the insured 0.05647 0.08219 0.18906 0.36541 0.64364 Understand insured’s specific needs 0.07981 0.41433 0.45517 0.20959 0.49391 Gets things right the first time 0.04327 0.24567 0.33973 0.23581 0.41879 Eigen value 1.33999 2.00043 6.74001 1.01647 0.96736 Percentage of variance 6.1 9.1 30.6 4.6 4.4 Cumulative % 45.8 39.7 30.6 50.4 54.8 factor loadings for the 22 statements (variables) Performance, Tangibles, Trust Worthiness, and of quality of service rendered by LIC. It is clear Courtesy. from the table 2 that all the twenty two 1. Derivation of Revised dimension clusters statements have been extracted into five critical using factor analysis factors namely F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. The factors The result of the factor analysis throws identified with new names which influence the a new dimension by way of the variables moving quality of service rendered by the life insurance one dimension to another. companies are; Individualized attention, Table 2, shows the revised dimension clusters Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 088 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 using factor analysis. This table compares and 1. Barkur.G., Varambally,K.V.M., and projects the difference between standard Rodriques. L.L.R.(2007), “Insurance Sector SERVQUAL dimensions and factor extracted Dynamics: towards transformation into learning through factor analysis. organization”, The Learning Organization, Vol.14, TABLE 2. REVISED DIMENSION CLUSTERS No.6, pp.510-523. USING FACTOR ANALYSIS 2. Brown. S.W. and Swartz, T. (1989), “A gap analysis of professional service quality”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 53, April, pp. 92-8. SERVQUAL standard dimension Factor extracted from primary data Questions Dimen-sions / Questions Dimen-sions / 3. Carman, J.M. (1990), “Consumer critical factors critical factors 1. Modern looking Tangibles 1. Modern looking Tangibles perceptions of service quality: an assessment equipment equipment 2. Usually appealing 2. Usually appealing of the SERVQUAL dimensions”, Journal of physical facilities physical facilities 3. Neat in appearance 3. Neat in appearance Retailing, Vol. 66 No. 1, pp. 33-55. 4. Visually appealing 4. Visually appealing Materials Materials 4. Cronin, J. Joseph and Steven A. Taylor 5.Promises to do Reliability 6. Sincere interest in Individua-lized something by a certain solving the insured?s Attention (1992), “Measuring Service Quality; time and does so problems 6. Sincere interest in 12. Willing to help you reexamination and extension,” Journal of solving the insured?s 13. Never be too late to problems carry out insured?s requests Marketing, Vol. 56, pp. 55 – 68. 7. Gets things right the 18. Gives insured first time individual attention 5. Guru Muthry. R and Chilar Mohamed, 8. Financially stable 20. Personnel gives 9. Error free records personal attention P (2013), “ A Study of Level of Service Quality of 21. Insurance company has insured?s best interest at heart Life Insurance Corporation of India – with 10. Tell exactly when Responsive- 9. Error free records Performance services will be performed ness 10. Tell exactly when Special Reference to Chennai District”, GRA- 11. Gives insured prompt services will be performed services 11. Gives insured prompt Global Research Analysis, Vol.2, Issue 4, pp.28- 12. Willing to help you services 13. Never be too late to 14. Instils confidence in 33. carry out insured?s insured requests 19. Convenient operating 6. Kuldeep Chaudhary, Jagdeep Singla hours 14. Instils confidence in Assurance 5. Promises to do Trust and Nisha Chaudhary (2014), “Examining insured something by a certain time worthiness 15. Feel safe in dealings and does so Expected and Perceived Service Quality in Life with the insurance 8. Financially stable company 15. Feel safe in dealings Insurance Corporation of India”, International 16. Consistently courteous with the insurance company with insured 17. Personnel have Journal of Application or Innovation in 17. Personnel have knowledge to answer the knowledge to answer the insured?s questions Engineering & Management, Vol.3, Issue 1, insured?s questions 18. Gives insured Empathy 7. Gets things right the first Courtesy pp.274-282. individual attention time 19. Convenient operating 16. Consistently courteous 7. Lehtinen, J.R. and Lehtinen, O. (1982), hours with insured 20. Personnel gives 22. Understand the specific “Service Quality : A study of Quality personal attention needs of the insured 21. Insurance company Dimensions”, Unpublished Working Paper, has insured?s best interest at Service Management Institute, Helsini. heart 22. Understand the specific needs of the 8. Mittal.S., Gera.R., and Singhvi. S.R insured (2013), “Developing and Testing a Hierarchical CONCLUSION: Model of Customer Perceived Service Quality for In this study, the loadings of the 22 Life Insurance Services”, Asia-Pacific Journal of variables were higher than 0.5 and hence the Management Research and Innovation, Vol.91, construct validity was established. However, the pp.63-76. variables under the original SERVQUAL 9. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. and instrument were transformed and grouped under Berry, L. (1985), “A Conceptual Model of Service five dimensions namely, Individualized attention, Quality and its Implications for Future Performance, Tangibles, Trust Worthiness, and Research”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 49, No.4 Courtesy. pp.41 – 51. REFERENCE: 10. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. and Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 089 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Berry, L. (1988), “SERVQUAL: a multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of 19 service quality”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 12-40. Goods and Services Tax (GST) 11. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. and Berry, L. (1988), “SERVQUAL: a multiple item in India scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64 No. Rekha Devi 1, pp. 12-40. D/o Pirthi Singh, 12. Praksh, N and Sugumaran, G (2014), VPO Jadaula, District Kaithal (Haryana) “ An Assessment of Perceptions and Expectations of Customer in Servqual ======***********======Parameters with Reference to Life Insurance ABSTRACT Companies in Chennai, India”, International GST also known as the goods and Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary services taxes is defined as the giant indirect Studies (IJIMS), Vol1, No.6, pp.181-184. tax structures designed to support and enhance 13. Pramod Kumar Singhal and Assitha the economic growth of a country. More than Gupta (2013), “Assessment of Service Quality 150 countries have implemented GST so far. On in Insurance Sector – A Case Study of Private bringing GST into practice there would be Companies of Haryana State”, International amalgamation of centre and state taxes into a Journal of Research in IT & Management, Vol.3, single tax payment .it would also enhance the Issue 1, pp.118-131. position of India in both domestic as well as 14. Rajamani, M (2013), “Assessment of international market. Service Quality in Insurance Sector – A Sem INTRODUCTION Approach”, Research Journal of Social Science As the GST bill has been passed now & Management, Vol.3, No.8. pp.107-11. everyone is interested to know about it 15. Sachdev S. B., and Verma, H.V (2004), .introduction of the value added tax vat at the “Relative Importance of Service Quality centre and the state level has been considered Dimensions: A Multi-Sectoral Study,” Journal of to be a major step an important step forward in Services Research, Vol.4, No.1, pp.59-82. the globe of indirect tax reforms in India. If the 16. Sandhu. H.S., and Bala, N (2011), vat is a major improvement over the pre existing “Customers Perception towards Service Quality of Life Insurance Corporation of India – A Factor Central Excise Duty at the national level and the Analytic approach”, International Journal of state level , then the goods and services tax GST Business and Social Science, Vol.2, No.18, will indeed be an additional important perfection pp.219-231. the next logical step towards a widespread 17. Shamsher Singh, Naveen J Sirohi and indirect tax reform in the country .Initially it was Kumkum Chaudhary (2014), “ A Study of conceptualized that there would be a national Customer Perception towards Service Quality of level services tax however with the release of Life Insurance Companies in Delhi NCR Region”, first discussion Paper by the Empowered Global Journal of Management and Business Committee of the state Finance Ministers on 10- Research: E Marketing, Vol.14, Issue 7, Version 11-2009, it has been made clear that there would 1.0, pp(contains 14 pages). be a Dual GST in India ,taxation power both by  the centre and the state to levy the taxes on the goods and services. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 090 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 LITERATURE REVIEW COMPONENTS OF GST

Shefali Dani,Bus Eco J 2016,a research COMPONENTS OF GST paper on Impact of Goods And Services Tax GST

Central GST Integrated GST on Indian economy and found that it will State GST (CGST) (IGST) enhance the position of India in domestic and (SGST) international market. Girish Garg Feb 2014 a research paper GST is a tax levied when consumer buys on Basic Concepts and Features of Good and any good or service. As GST combines all state Service Tax in India and found various and central taxes into one, there are three opportunities for Indian economy. components of GST. Jaspreet Kaur IJAR 2016 a research paper 1. Central GST: levied by centre on Good and Service tax GST and its Impact and 2. State GST: levied by state found the expected changes in the prices of 3. Integrated GST: levied by Central goods and services. Govt. on intestate supply of goods and services. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Following is the list of the taxes that are 1. To study the components of GST subsumed by GST 2. To study various features of GST Central Level taxes 3. To study benefits of GST Central Excise Duty 4. To study the impact of GST Additional Excise duty Service Tax RESEARCH MATHODOLOGY Countervailing Duty This research paper is descriptive in State Level Taxes nature. Data collected for this paper is gathered State value added Tax or sales tax from news websites, articles published in Entertainment Tax different journals and periodicals working Purchase Tax papers Luxury Tax GST IN INDIA Tax on Lottery, Betting The Goods and Services Tax Bill is one So this means that GST clubs all indirect of the remarkable changes in Indians indirect taxes together that are levied by Central tax changes since the beginning of the economy. Government and State Government. It includes all central and state taxes into one. EXCLUSION IN GST There are many indirect taxes for example Following products are excluded from service tax ,VAT, Luxury tax etc ,GST combines GST all these taxes into one i.e. subsumes all other 1. Petroleum products indirect taxes. It is expected that the introduction 2. Alcoholic beverages of GST will increase the tax base but lower the 3. Diesel tax rates and removes the multiple point. This 4. Tobaccos. will lead to higher amount of revenues to state Example: and the union. Goods and Services Tax was XYZ Pvt. Ltd introduced as the Constitution Act 2017, Material cost Manufacturing cost Profit Final cost nd 1,00,000 20,000 30,000 1,12,000+20,000+30,000=1,62,000 following the passage of constitution 122 Tax 12%=12000 No tax No tax Tax 12%=19,440 Amendment Bill.GST has been implemented From Rs 19,440 tax of Rs 12,000 is st from 1 July 2017 Remarkable thing about GST already paid hence remaining tax is (19440- is that it avoids cascading of taxes” 12000) 7440. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 091 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 KEY FEATURES OF GST removes the cascading of taxes and thereby • One point single tax eliminates the hidden cost. • Dual GST: Central GST and State GST The followings are the some benefits of GST: • Common bases One Point Single Tax: GST is a one point • Uniform classifications single tax gives a lot of comforts and confidence • No cascading of central and state to business community that they would focus taxes on business rather than worrying about the • Tax levied from production to taxation that they may crop at later stage. consumption Eliminate the Multiplicity of Taxation:

GST LEVIED ON One of the great advantages that a taxpayer can expect from GST is “Elimination of multiplication of taxes”. The reduction in the number of Manufacturer wholesaler retailer consumer taxation applicable in a chain of transaction will

Claim back claim back claim back consumer will pay GST help to clean up the current mess that is brought by existing indirect tax laws. As today some taxes are levied by the Reduce Transaction Costs and state government and some are levied by the Unnecessary Wastage: If government works in central government. How nice it would be if there an efficient made it may be also possible that a is only one unified tax rate instead of all these single compliance with suffice for both SGST and taxes. GST is applied on goods and services at CGST provided government produces effective the place where actual consumption happens IT infrastructure and integration of such .It is based on the Destination Principle GST infrastructure of state level with the union. would be levied and collected at each stage of An End to Cascading Effects of Taxes: sale and purchase of goods and services .Goods Because GST will tax only value addition across and services are not distinguished and are taxed the whole of value chain, the cascading effects at single rate in supply chain till the goods and of taxes will be removed and eliminating the services reach consumer. It is the consumer who hidden costs. bear the GST .The manufacturer, wholesaler, or Easy Administration: Administration retailer will pay the applicable GST rate but will becomes easy for both state government and claim back through tax credit mechanism. central government because instead of several IMPACT OF GST indirect taxes, there will be one single indirect As the Lok Sabha has finally passed the tax. GST Bill, it is expected to have a significant Reduce the Corruption: It is one of the impact on every industry and every consumer. major problems that India is facing. We cannot GST will no longer differentiate between services expect anything substantial unless there exist and goods. Both services and goods will be a political will to root it out. This will be a step looked upon as same and tax uniformly. As a towards corruption free Indian Revenue Service. result of this some services will become In single line we can say that GST will expensive while some goods will become simplify administration, improve compliance, cheaper. and remove distortion in production, trade and As GST is a Dual Tax levied by the central consumption. Although there are noticeable and state government it is expected that it would benefits of GST, it doesn’t mean that it is perfect. enhance the economic growth of India in both There are some disadvantages also which can’t domestic as well as in international market. It be ignored: Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 092 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 The tax on services has gone from 15 to 18% after the implementation of GST. 20 There will be control on every system by the central and state government. A Payment Banks in India: SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Concept, Comparison and • GST Council to fit tax rates to various categories of goods and services. Challenges • Rules relating to registration, return, valuation, transitional etc to be finalized. Dr. Divyesh D. Sanghani • Migration and handholding of existing Assistant Professor, tax payers M.B. Arts and Commerce College - Gondal • Change management. • Consumers should be aware of GST. ======***********======CONCLUSION: ABSTRACT At the end we can say that no doubt it is In the era of 21st century every sector the biggest ever change in tax structure of India. has a great challenges i.e. customer This will place India on the list of those countries satisfaction, productivity, profitability, etc. The where index of ease of doing business is very banks are also facing these challenges and high. This means that GST regime will invite banks are handling these challenges very more and more foreign companies as they will effectively for the betterment of service banks find Indian market to be tax neutral and hence, are also providing innovative services to the beneficial for their businesses. There will be fall customer so that they can get proper benefit in prices of some commodities but on the other from this sector. In the 2014, Nachiket hand prices of some other goods and services committees recommended the formation of new will rise .There is a threat of inflation too but category of bank called payments banks. On GST will eventually reduce the overall tax burden Aug. 19, 2015 RBI grant in principle license to on consumers by killing the evil of cascading 11 entities to launch new category of payment tax burdens. But overall GST is good and it will bank. This paper has analyzed concept of change the face of Indian market forever. payment banks and made a comparisons REFERENCES: between Airtel Payment Bank and India Post Shefali Dani S (2016) Impact of Goods Payment Bank. Also draw out some challenges and Services Tax (GST) on Indian Economy .Bus of new category of payment bank. Eco J: 264.do: Introduction Girish Garg (2014) Basic Concepts and In the era of digitalization, for the paper Features of Goods and Services Tax in India less transactions cellular phone is a most IJSRM volume 2 issue 2. suitable devise. The couple of other reason force Jaspreet Kaur (2016) Goods and Services for necessity of initiatives and in the year 2014 Tax (GST) and Its Impacts IJAR 2016; 2(8):385- first time finance minister talk about payment 387 bank in union budget 2014-15 on 10th july 2014. http://www.studydhaba.com>gst_bill. Reserve Bank of India says - The objectives of http://www.jaagore.com setting up of payments banks will be to further http://www.taxpayment.com financial inclusion by providing (i) small savings www.pradanmantriyojana.in>gst_bill_e accounts and (ii) payments/remittance services www.cbec.gov.in>htdoc_cbec>gst to migrant labour workforce, low income Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 093 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 households, small businesses, other through their own branch network or through unorganized sector entities and other users. Business Correspondents (BCs) or through They can accept demand deposits from networks provided by others. They will add value individual and small business up to Rs. 1 lakhs. by adapting technological solutions to lower They are also provide secured technology driven costs. environment for utility bill payment, insurance The entities eligible to set up a Payments and pension product etc. Bank include existing nonbank Pre-paid The Payments Bank will be registered as Instrument Issuers (PPIs), Non-Banking Finance a public limited company under the Companies Companies (NBFCs), corporate BCs, mobile Act, 2013, and licensed under Section 22 of the telephone companies, super-market chains, Banking Regulation Act, 1949, with specific companies, real sector cooperatives, and public licensing conditions restricting its activities to sector entities. The entities eligible to set up a acceptance of demand deposits and provision Small Bank include resident individuals with ten of payments and remittance services. It will be years of experience in banking and finance, governed by the provisions of the Banking companies and societies, NBFCs, Micro Finance th Regulation Act, 1949, Reserve Bank of India Act, Institutions and Local Area Banks. Finally on 19 1934, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, Aug 2015, the RBI “In Principle” cleared 11 Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, entities to set-up payment banks. Thus in present other relevant Statutes and Directives, paper concepts, comparisons of two leading Prudential Regulations and other Guidelines and payment banks and challenges are the focusing instructions issued by RBI and other regulators part of the study. Review of literature from time to time, including the regulations of Dr. J.C. Pande (2015) Write a research SEBI regarding public issues and other guidelines paper on “Payment Banks” – A Newer Form of applicable to listed banking companies. Banks to Foster Financial Inclusion in India” The Reserve Bank of India accordingly Innovation and enterprise form the essence of formulated and released for public comments opportunities and find reflection in every facet draft-guidelines for licensing of payments banks of our functions. With ethos of innovation the in the private sector on July 17, 2014. Final bankers have constantly endeavored to develop guidelines were subsequently issued by the RBI new products which are suitable for their clients and the process of inviting applications for prospective clients’ base and conditions. The setting up of Payments Banks and Small Banks evolving economic landscape and aspirations of was initiated after receiving feedback, the people have driven the Govt. to plan comments and suggestions on the draft seamlessly for inclusive banking for realizing the guidelines. Both, Payments Banks and Small opportunities that lie within. Considering the Banks are ‘niche’ or ‘differentiated’ banks, with long outstanding need for reaching out to the the common objective of furthering financial far flung non-banked areas of the country, the inclusion. While small banks will provide a whole Reserve Bank of India has done well to introduce suite of basic banking products, such as, more competition among banks by authorizing, deposits and supply of credit, but in a limited in principle, a new kind of bank. On 19th Aug area of operation while payments banks will 2015, the RBI announced eleven approvals for provide a limited range of products, such as, Payment Banks. This paper focuses on the likely acceptance of demand deposits and remittances banking revolution in the country as a result of of funds, but will have a widespread network of clearance for establishment of 11 Payment access points particularly to remote areas, either Banks in India. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 094 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Vishal R. Sandanshive, Dr. Vivek V. two payment banks in India (Airtel Payment Katdare(2015) “Analysis of In–Principle License Bank and India Post Payment Bank) Entities to Act as Payments Banks: Financial 3. To identify challenges of payment Inclusion Perspectives providing access to banks in India financial services to low income households and Concepts of payment bank in India small businesses is not a new objective for India. • Up to payments banks Recently, RBI has given in-principle approval to For all the section of society, saving, 11 entities to set up as ‘Payments Banks’ in credits and payment are appropriate tactics for India. This paper evaluates the differentiated the economic growth of nations. The well banking structure & highlights the importance established financial services are necessity of of payments banks in India. individual as well as society as whole. The Varun kesavan, (2015) “The banking sectors are primary force of this diversification of banks to the era of payment purpose. In the nationalization phase of banking banks by reserve bank of India with specific sectors was opened branches across the country reference to Indian banking sector” Now a day’s also set up RRB in India. During review on 2005 banking sector plays a very vital and crucial role it was observed that the financial services need in human life, especially since banks motivates not met only through to branches. Therefore people save money for their future. It provides branchless banking through business a number of facilities to the people, where by correspondents (BC Model) was proposed in banking service has become a necessity of the 2006. In the year 2013 it was observed that the society. In this era of 21st century every sector BC model needs to drastically overhaul. So in has a great challenges i.e. customer the year 2013 government introduced direct satisfaction, productivity, profitability, etc. Are benefits transfer scheme. This scheme was aim being a part of the society banks are also facing to transfer any benefits to customer’s accounts these challenges, and banks are handling these directly. The Jan Dhan Yogna was planned to challenges very effectively for the betterment cover entire country and ensure bank accounts of service banks are also providing innovative for every house hold. services to the customer so that they can get In the 2014, Nachiket committees proper benefit from this sector . Banks have recommend the formation of new category of influenced the economics and politics for bank called payments banks. On Aug. 19, 2015 centuries. The objective of this paper is to RBI give in principle license to 11 entities to analyze the services provided by banks, and to launch new category of payment bank. observe how innovative, and new services are • List of 11 companies to whom RBI has being given to the society. It also tries to granted approval to be a Payment Bank: understand these facilities or services are 1. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. beneficial to the society and as well as the 2. Airtel M-Commerce Services Ltd. banks. This paper is descriptive in nature, and 3. Cholamandalam Distribution Services data has been collected from various secondary Ltd. sources. 4. Department of Post Objectives 5. Fino Paytech Ltd. The Sole objectives of this paper are: 6. National Securities Depository Ltd. 1. To demystify concepts of payment 7. Reliance Industries Ltd. banks in India. 8. Dilip Shantilal Sanghvi 2. To compare functional aspect of first 9. Vijay Shekhar Sharma Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 095 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Banks App. and online card in  DBT program aims to transfer subsidies 10. Tech Mahindra Ltd. collaboration with master card for the directly to people through their bank accounts. convenient banking and cash less  Provide doorstep banking services like 11. Vodafone M-Pesa Ltd. payment. cash deposits, cash withdrawal, balance inquiry and adhaar to adhaar funds transfer with “Aapka • Features of payment banks Bank Aapke Dwaar” 4. Other Promotional Facility 1. Capital requirement for the entry will  Quick and paperless account  With “Aapka Bank Aapke Dwaar” IPPB opening using adhaar based e- KYC. proved doorstep banking services with nominal be Rs.100 crore.  For the easy access customer fees. Airtel mobile number will be his/her  Provide current accounts and access to 2. Low income households and small bank account number. third party financial serve ices like insurance,  Interest rate of 7.25% P.A. mutual funds and pension, credit product and businessman are the target audience of payment  Money transfer to any bank more. accounts in India.  Annual Interest Rate is 5.5 % for all three bank.  Personal accidental insurance types of accounts. of Rs. 1 lakh with every saving account.  Provide all round connectivity with bank 3. Payment bank can’t hold more than  Easy deposit and withdrawal and help to access bank accounts details instantly. facilities across a wide network of 1,00,000 Rs. Per accounts. Airtel retail outlets. 5. Charges of servicing and transactions 4. Mobile phone companies, post office Servicing Fees Servicing Fees Cash Withdrawal Doorstep Banking system, schedule commercial banks, consumer Rs. 10 – 4000 Rs. 5 – 25 Cash < INR 2001: INR 15 per visit Above Rs. 4000 0.65% of Deposits INR 2001-5000: 25 per visit goods companies and business correspondents withdrawal and INR 5001- 10,000: 35 per visit amount Withdrawal Cash transaction above INR are the potential entities to run payment banks. Fund Transfer 10,000 will not be offered at Within Airtel Free doorstep 5. Guideline of CRR and right and Payment Bank Fund Transfer digitally NEFT Up to INR 10,000: INR 2.5 per From Airtel 0.05 % of the transaction responsibility are same as schedule commercial Payment Bank to transfer INR 10,000 to INR 1 Lakh: INR other bank digitally amount 5 per transaction banks. Within Airtel 0.05 % of the IMPS Up to 1 INR Lakh: INR 5 per Payment Bank from transfer transaction 6. No any types of credit risk. bank point amount AEPS Up to INR 10,000: Free From Airtel 1% of the UPI Up to INR1 Lakh: INR 4 per 7. They cannot offer loan therefore not Payment Bank to transfer transaction other bank using amount *99# Up to INR 5000 : INR 4 per a questions of NPA. bank point transaction Account Closer Rs. 50 ATM Monthly transactions Charges 8. Payment can be investment approved Account opening Free with At India Post ATMs All Free minimum AT Punjab National All Free securities for SLR purpose under section -24 of first deposits Banks ATMs of Rs. 100 At Other Banks ATMs 3 Transaction Free the banking regulation act- 1949. Cash deposit Free metro At Other Banks ATMs 5 Transaction Free Comparison of Two leading Payment Banks Non- Metro Additional at other Financial: INR 20 • Airtel Payment Bank Ltd. and India Post banks ATMs Non Financial: INR 08 Payment Bank 1. Incorporations and Aims Challenges of Payment Banks in India  Airtel payment bank Ltd. is a  India Post Payment Banks incorporated as subsidiary of Bharti Airtel Ltd. has said public sectors bank under the department of post on November 23, 2016 that is has rolled will 100% GOI equity, IPPB has launched on Jan Available fund for payment banks will out pilot of its banking services in 30th, 2017 in Ranchi and Raipur with the Rajasthan. The pilot is aimed to at objectives of being present in all corner of India by not be enough for expansion. So necessity of testing system and process ahead of full the end of the year. scale plan Indian launch. Additionally huge long term capital is a prime challenges for on Jan. 12, 2017 live in all 19 states of India. the payment bank. However payment bank 2. Philosophy  A wide network of merchant  To make banking a simple affordable and allowed to raising capital. So they will need to across country will accept digital convenient experience for Indians across the payment from Airtel Payment Bank nations. So citizens across the nations get benefits find out risk taking investors which stay long from day one. of government directly from their respective IPPB  Offering customers the accounts. time in market. Investor also must be patient convenience of cash less purchase of  IPPB encourage smart saving and goods and services via their mobile investment habit with our easily accessible with them till payment bank go for IPO. phone in quick and secure manner. banking services. IPPB aims to simplify banking  To expand it’s merchant and brings prosperity to every doorstep. For running the payment bank effectively network in Rajasthan up to 1,00,00 by  Provide the most effective, accessible and end of the year giving a big boost of readily available banking network across the cost will be as important concern area where digital payment ecosystem. nation. Through digital channels like mobile UPT, debit card, can be used at ATM, POS and mobile- infrastructure facility is not available, otherwise POS. 3. Functions and Services they pose great threat. The partnership with  Airtel Payment Banks commits  IPPB offer 3 distinct accounts, tailored to initial investments of Rs. 3000 crores to suit the requirement of people everywhere service providers like Airtel, M- Pesa etc.. has develop a plan India banking network Regular Accounts- Safal and digital payment eco-system. Basic Saving Bank Deposits Account-Sugam also provide similar system which has been  Provide 2, 50,000 banking BSBDA Small- Saral points across 29 states from day one. While Safal account is packed with features, already in Kenya.  Develop nations –wide digital the Sara account is aimed at people with limited payment ecosystem with over five banking experience. Similar has other bank payment bank million merchant (Over a one million  IPPB will provided an inexpensive and merchant already boarded) secure medium to transfer fund via its domestic also comply with rules and regulation provided  PrintingLaunches Airtel Payment Area remittance offering. UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 096 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 by the RBI, maintain norms of SLR, CRR, and and comply with rules and regulation same as capital adequacy. other schedule bank are toughest challenges of Finding a right leadership and designing payments banks. the right product is biggest threat for success • References of payment banks because without the right mix • Dr. J.C. Pande (2015) Payment Banks– of people they may become a juggernaut hurting A Newer Form of Banks to Foster Financial toward failures. If payment bank does not Inclusion in India”, Global Journal for research differentiate them for existing business then analysis Volume-4, Issue-11, Nov-2015 ISSN No may not be a right path because banks provide 2277 – 8160. outsources remittance service to them. So here • Saba Abid (2016) Payment Banks: A innovative means is to design customer centric Revolutionary Step in Indian Banking System IOSR product and also offered innovative product Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) , delivered via mobile phone. e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 7, In India most of customers owns a debit Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov. - Dec. 2016), PP 81-83. card and prefer ATMs transaction rather than • Nidhi Chandarana (2015) Payment mobile banking. So for success in India need to Bank – A Need of Digital India, Abhinav National migrate in digital alternative. For this purpose Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in will require behavioral changes rather than Commerce & Management, Volume 4, and Issue technological changes. 11. Conclusion • Varun Kesavan (2015) The The formation of payment bank in India Diversification of Banks to The Era of Payment is a big positive reform in banking sector and Banks By Reserve Bank of India With Specific would be surely help for the end users Reference to Indian Banking Sector, particularly for transfer of money, convenience International Journal of World Research, Vol: I and other services etc… Issue XX, August 2015, Page 7. The RBI gives a license to different types • Mor, D. N. (2013) Committee on of business correspondents like mobile phone Comprehensive Financial Services for Small companies, post office, commercial banks and Businesses and Low Income Households, consumer goods companies. So creation of Reserve Bank of India. common infrastructure and collaboration is • Pahawa, N. (2015, August) Payments necessity for the cost structure. Banks: Paytm, Airtel, RIL, Vodafone, Fino among Another surprising conclusion is the 11 to get RBI approval, retrieved from individual payment bank work with their own www.medianama.com. philosophy with established objective of • Shivapriya, N. (2015, February) payment banks .i.e. Airtel Payment Bank- Payments Bank: How it is possible to build a provides a digital payments ecosystem while business around financial inclusion, retrieved IPPB – most effective accessibility and readily from www.economictimes. indiatimes.com available banking network across nation with • Licensing of 11 Payments banks will “Aapka Bank Aapke Dwaar”. Additionally Airtel advance financial inclusion, (2015, Aug), Payment Bank provides a withdrawal facility retrieved from through retail outlet while IPPB through ATMs www.economictimes.indiatimes.com. and doorstep banking. • Payment Banks: A Step closer Finally payment banks is really game towards Financial Inclusion. (2015, August). changer in Indian banking sector but retrieved from www.bankersadda.com. requirement of behavioral changes from society  Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 097 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 for months, and no engine indexes more than 21 about 16% of the web. As the web becomes a major communications medium, the data on it Web Accessibility : must be made more accessible A Study of elibrary website of Keywords Archival Science Commons, Collection Public System of Rajasthan Development and Management Commons, Information Literacy Commons, Scholarly Dr. Deepak Kumar Shrivastava Communication Commons, and the Scholarly Divisional Librarian and Head Publishing Commons Govt. Divisional Public Library, Kota Introduction Public Library System of Rajasthan is Gurnam Singh performing well after passing Library legislation Ph.D. Scholar, Carrier Point University Act in year 2006, although started working in 2001 when the govt of Rajasthan established ======***********======the separate Department of Public libraries in Abstract merging with pre established “Bhasha Vibhag” This study focuses on the existing and finally now Department is working as scenarios of the website of Public library System Department of Language and Library since 2001. of Rajasthan. It provides results of the Analysis After passing the act Directorate of Language of the Home page of elibrary software used to and Library move towards automation and automation of Public libraries. It reveals that the started to feeding details of Books in library importance that Information Technology (IT) software’s designed by Rajcomp for Public plays in people’s lives today cannot be libraries. overstated. IT is used in facilitating education, No doubt now work of libraries is more disseminating information and supporting access by computers by their clientele globally creative endeavors of various kinds. It is also but in India it’s in baby stage because public used as a tool for entertainment and a means libraries are suffering for basic amenities. For of connecting people to each other regardless over 25 years, libraries have been moving of distance. In such a scenario, it is necessary information resources to the Web. When a patron that this tool be accessible to people from all visits a library Web site, they will most likely be walks of life so as to make the country’s economy able to find information about the library, the robust, lively and fulfilling for all. One of the online catalog, research databases, tutorials, requirements that would have to be satisfied is reference services, and so much more. The that IT tools and accessories are accessible to movement of print resources to electronic people regardless of their physical, mental, format benefits many people who have intellectual and economic conditions and disabilities that limit their use of print materials. educational backgrounds. While IT is slowly Because of the many obstacles faced by becoming accessible to persons with widely individual Public libraries with disabilities, the differing economic and educational Directorate of language and library, Govt of backgrounds, much remains to be done for Rajasthan has established many provisions to persons with disabilities. Search engines do not help equal access to Web sites, also known as index sites equally, may not index new pages Web accessibility. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 098 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 automatically check Web site content against accessibility standards. Many other tools, including Web 2.0 and tutorials, have introduced different and better ways to offer information in a variety of formats that meet the needs of In Simple word Web accessibility mean all individuals. improving web for everyone like sighted as well Purpose of the Study as visually impaired, hearing impaired and etc. The purpose of this study is to analyze “Web accessibility is the degree to which a Web- the elibrary website of Rajasthan public Library based resource is widely usable” (Encyclopedia System in terms of web accessibility and of Special Education, 2007, para.1). Web determining that how accessible they are for accessibility is often directly associated with persons with disabilities and what kind of useful people with disabilities, but in fact, it benefits links such as tutorials and Web 2.0 applications many users without disabilities. can be found on the home pages. Statement of the Problem The focus of this study is to analyze Homepage of elibrary website of Rajasthan public Library System in terms of degree of accessibility, complexity, and readability, as well as find out what types of links are offered for online tutorials and Web 2.0 links from the home page. Research Questions R1. How accessible are elibrary website home pages for people with disabilities, based on online accessibility software? R2. How do public library home pages compare to web accessibility sustained? R3. How does the complexity and readability of public libraries System compare Info graphics 1: W3C and Web Accessibility to elibrary library home pages? Initiative (WAI) R4. What types of Web 2.0 links were The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), located on the home pages of libraries examined is a subgroup of the World Wide Web in this study? Consortium (W3C), which looks at different R5. What types of online tutorials were situations in order to develop ideas and found on the home pages of the libraries in this guidelines to make Web accessibility possible study? for people with disabilities, as well as the aging Definitions population that experience different barriers. India – Persons with Disabilities Act Two main standards have been developed and Act may be called the Persons with are used as guidelines for creating Web sites Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of that are accessible. These regulations and Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. guidelines have prompted the development of (2) It extends to the whole of India many different accessibility “checkers,” which except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 099 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 (3) It shall come into force on such date Wikipedia is one of the oldest and best-known as the Central Government may, by notification, wiki-based sites. appoint. • The increasing prevalence of Software Disability Right Education and Defense Fund as a Service (SaaS), web apps and cloud DREDF is dedicated to improving the computing rather than locally-installed programs lives of people with disabilities through legal and services. advocacy, training, education, and public policy • Mobile computing, also known as and legislative development. Your gift makes it nomad city, the trend toward users connecting possible for us to continue to protect and from wherever they may be. That trend is advance the civil and human rights of people enabled by the proliferation of smartphones, with disabilities. Thank you. DREDF is a non- tablets and other mobile devices in conjunction profit, tax-exempt charitable organization under with readily accessible Wi-Fi networks. Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. • Mash-ups: Web pages or applications We manage and expend donated funds that integrate complementary elements from professionally and prudently. Donations are tax- two or more sources. deductible. • Social networking: The practice of Web 2.0 expanding the number of one’s business and/or Web 2.0 is the current state of online social contacts by making connections through technology as it compares to the early days of individuals. Social networking sites include the Web, characterized by greater user Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+. interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive • particular themes or topics. Social network connectivity and enhanced content curation sites include Reddit, Digg, communication channels. One of the most Pinterest and Instagram. significant differences between Web 2.0 and the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) traditional World Wide Web (WWW, The Web Accessibility Initiative is a retroactively referred to as Web 1.0) is greater program sponsored by the World Wide Web collaboration among Internet users, content Consortium (W3C), “that is designed to make providers and enterprises. Originally, data was the Web more accessible to people with limited posted on Web sites, and users simply viewed vision, hearing, or dexterity” (“WAI”, 2003, or downloaded the content. Increasingly, users Webster’s New World Computer Dictionary). have more input into the nature and scope of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG Web content and in some cases exert real-time 2.0) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines control over it. provide an outline to help authors implement The social nature of Web 2.0 is another successful techniques to make information major difference between it and the original, accessible to all users. The guidelines are first static Web. Increasingly, websites enable laid out with four principals for Web accessibility: community-based input, interaction, content- perceivable, operable, understandable, and sharing and collaboration. Types of social media robust. Twelve guidelines are further broken sites and applications include forums, micro down under the four principles to help authors blogging, social networking, social bookmarking, implement and better understand how to create social curation, and wikis. a successful Web site (WCAG 2.0, 2008). Elements of Web 2.0 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Wikis: Websites that enable users to The World Wide Web Consortium is a contribute collaborate and edit site content. nonprofit organization that works with its Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0100 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 members as well as the public to develop Web 1998 and 2000 to include the federal standards that make Web sites accessible to all government’s standards addressing accessible (Reitz, J.M., 2007, W3C. ODLIS). information technology (Vandenbark, 2010). Limitations of the Study Providenti and Zai (2007) state that Section 508 This study was limited to Directorate, is based off of the WCAG 1.0, which mandates Department of language and library, govt of accessibility for federal Web sites only. Section Rajasthan elibrary Web pages only. The study 508 directly impacts accessibility of federal Web included only the home page for each Public sites, Section 504 of the RA calls for “effective library and the information that could be found communication,” which is ample for mandating on the elibrary’s home page. Public libraries that Web accessibility guidelines for higher did not have their own library Web page were education institutions in the United States. In excluded. addition to the laws above, ADA became Assumptions effective in 1990 and requires that places that It is assumed that the list of Books accommodate the public must be accessible. available in concern public libraries of Web accessibility for academic institutions has Rajasthan is current and up to date based on been required for many years for persons with elibrary online database. It is also assumed that disabilities (p.479). the library Web pages in this study are an Perceivable accurate reflection of the libraries’ resources • Provide text alternatives for any non- and services and that the accessibility checking text content so that it can be changed into other software used in this study is accurate. forms people need, such as large print, braille, Importance of the Study speech, symbols or simpler language. The importance of this study is to • Provide alternatives for time-based determine the accessibility and readability of media. Public library Web site home pages based off of • Create content that can be presented the current WCAG 2.0 guidelines, as well as the in different ways (for example simpler layout) availability of Web 2.0 tools and tutorials on without losing information or structure. library home pages. By studying the results of • Make it easier for users to see and hear the Web site accessibility software, Public content including separating foreground from libraries will be able to better accommodate and background (“Principle 1”, para.1). serve all kinds of Readers. Looking at the results Operable for the Web 2.0 tools and tutorials will give an • 2.1 Make all functionality available overall idea of the advancements and changes from a keyboard. Public library Web sites are making to bring more • 2.2 Provide users enough time to read information, in a variety of ways to their and use content. students. • 2.3 Do not design content in a way that Review of Related Literature is known to cause seizures. Standards and Guidelines • 2.4 Provide ways to help users Libraries today have many of their main navigate, find content, and determine where resources located on the Web; this makes it even they are (“Principle 2”, para.1). more important that they conform with Section Understandable 508 guidelines to create Web pages that are • 3.1 Make text content readable and accessible to all individuals. Section 508 of the understandable. 1973 Rehabilitation Act (RA) was changed in • 3.2 Make Web pages appear and Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0101 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 operate in predictable ways. example, a key principle of Web accessibility is • 3.3 Help users avoid and correct designing Web sites and software that are mistakes (“Principle 3”, para.1). flexible to meet different user needs, Robust preferences, and situations. This flexibility also • 4.1 Maximize compatibility with current benefits people without disabilities in certain and future user agents, including assistive situations, such as people using a slow Internet technologies (“Principle 4”, para.1). connection, people with “temporary disabilities” When a Web page is tested for such as a broken arm, and people with changing accessibility, it is assigned a level based on abilities due to aging. The document several different factors. The levels are simply “Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case labeled as A, AA, and AAA. Level A satisfies all for Your Organization” describes many different of the Level A criteria. Level AA satisfies both benefits of Web accessibility, including benefits Level A and AA criteria. Level AAA satisfies for organizations. Levels A, AA, and AAA criteria. AAA conformance Why Web Accessibility is Important is not required due to the inability for entire sites The Web is an increasingly important to meet all requirements with some content resource in many aspects of life: education, (Reid & Snow-Weaver, 2008). employment, government, commerce, health Web Accessibility care, recreation, and more. It is essential that Web accessibility means that people the Web be accessible in order to provide equal with disabilities can use the Web. More access and equal opportunity to people with specifically, Web accessibility means that disabilities. people with disabilities can perceive, An accessible Web can also help people understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, with disabilities more actively participate in and that they can contribute to the Web. Web society. The Web offers the possibility of accessibility also benefits others, including older unprecedented access to information and people with changing abilities due to aging. Web interaction for many people with disabilities. accessibility encompasses all disabilities that That is, the accessibility barriers to print, audio, affect access to the Web, including visual, and visual media can be much more easily auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, and overcome through Web technologies. The neurological disabilities. The document “How document “Social Factors in Developing a Web People with Disabilities Use the Web” describes Accessibility Business Case for Your how different disabilities affect Web use and Organization” discusses how the Web impacts includes scenarios of people with disabilities the lives of people with disabilities, the overlap using the Web. Millions of people have with digital divide issues, and Web accessibility disabilities that affect their use of the Web. as an aspect of corporate social responsibility. Currently most Web sites and Web software Another important consideration for have accessibility barriers that make it difficult organizations is that Web accessibility is or impossible for many people with disabilities required by laws and policies in some cases. to use the Web. WAI Web Accessibility Policy Resources links to As more accessible Web sites and resources for addressing legal and policy factors software become available, people with within organizations, including a list of relevant disabilities are able to use and contribute to the laws and policies around the world. Web more effectively. Web accessibility also Making the Web Accessible benefits people without disabilities. For Much of the focus on Web accessibility Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0102 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 has been on the responsibilities of Web accessibility guidelines is much more complex. developers. However, Web software also has a There are evaluation tools that help with vital role in Web accessibility. evaluation. However, no tool alone can Software needs to help developers determine if a site meets accessibility produce and evaluate accessible Web sites, and guidelines. Knowledgeable human evaluation is be usable by people with disabilities. One of required to determine if a site is accessible. The the roles of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) document “Evaluating Web Sites for is to develop guidelines and techniques that Accessibility” provides guidance on preliminary describe accessibility solutions for Web reviews using techniques to quickly assess software and Web developers. These WAI some of the accessibility problems on a site. It guidelines are considered the international also provides general procedures and tips for standard for Web accessibility. The document evaluating conformance to accessibility “Essential Components of Web Accessibility” guidelines. describes the different Web accessibility roles, Web 2.0 technologies and how specific improvements could Web 2.0 technologies have a big impact substantially advance Web accessibility. on users with disabilities. Fairweather and Making Your Web Site Accessible Trewin (2010) looked at the impact these Making a Web site accessible can be technologies had on users with cognitive simple or complex, depending on many factors impairments. Unfortunately, Web 2.0 such as the type of content, the size and technologies can actually degrade the user complexity of the site, and the development experience for this group of individuals. Many tools and environment .Many accessibility new technologies like mashups, social features are easily implemented if they are networking, user- created content, and dynamic planned from the beginning of Web site page updates require users to have certain development or redesign. Fixing inaccessible perceptual abilities in additional to basic Web sites can require significant effort, auditory and visual. The article clarifies many especially sites that were not originally “coded” different problems associated with Web 2.0, and properly with standard XHTML markup, and sites also offers many solutions and suggestions for with certain types of content such as developers to consider when creating these multimedia. The document “Implementation programs that will help make them more Plan for Web Accessibility” lists basic steps for accessible. Brown, Jay, Chen, and Harper (2012) addressing accessibility in Web projects. The investigated the impact Web 2.0 technologies Web Content Accessibility Guidelines and have on visually impaired users. The authors techniques documents provide detailed note that accessibility is always changing information for developers. because technology is always changing, and the Evaluating the Accessibility of a Web Site Web is always evolving. The main challenge is When developing or redesigning a site, keeping assistive technologies up to date evaluating accessibility early and throughout the enough to handle the continuous changes. The development process can identify accessibility authors performed research to get a better problems early when it is easier to address them. understanding of the evolution of the Web, as Simple techniques such as changing settings in well as the use of technologies that deal with a browser can determine if a Web page meets dynamic updates for disabled users. Current and some accessibility guidelines. A comprehensive historical Web sites were evaluated to determine evaluation to determine if a site meets all trends on popular Web sites. Assistive Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0103 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 technologies were analyzed to determine which The applications that were examined were the tools were the most helpful for visually impaired following: photo streams, blogs, wikis, podcasts, users. social media, and virtual reference chats. Data Content Analysis Methodology were also collected and evaluated to determine Similar methodology has been used in which home pages offer links to Web tutorials many studies over the past decade to determine and in what format the tutorials were offered. Web accessibility. Still (2001) conducted a This portion of the research was also concluded content analysis of library Web sites in English within a one week time frame to give a more speaking countries. The three major problems concise reflection of all of the Web sites at one causing Web sites to fail the accessibility time. checker included a lack of alternative text for Findings images, Web sites with image map shots failed R1. How accessible are elibrary website to provide alternate text, and Web sites using home pages for people with disabilities, based frames failed to provide titles. Although the on online accessibility software? results seem staggeringly high on failure rate, After the research was completed, a total the author notes that of the sites that failed the of Eight Public library home pages(State Central test, fifty-five had five or fewer accessibility Library and all Divisional Public Libraries) were errors. These were generally errors that were evaluated by using the Vision Australia Web easily fixed with proper coding. Accessibility Toolbar. Based on the five main Research Methodology categories that broke down the accessibility of A Web site analysis was completed to each Web sites home page, HTML Standards and determine if Public libraries of Rajasthan were Scripting ranked the highest for “completeness” accessible for people with disabilities.. After amongst the pages. Navigation and Text searching for each library home page, it was Equivalents both ranked the lowest for “partial determined that there were 33 District Public R2. How do public library home pages libraries of Rajasthan did not have their own compare to web accessibility sustained? home page; therefore, those institutions were Among the five categories, public library eliminated from the results. home pages had a score that was Eight percent Vision Australia (2012) offers a Web lower than expected web accessibility in library Accessibility Toolbar for IE – 2012 that was used home pages on completeness .elibrary home to test the accessibility of each library home pages had a score that was seven percent lower page to check for compliance with the WCAG than expected home pages in the area of almost 2.0. The Web Accessibility Toolbar assists in complete. Public library home pages also had a evaluating Web pages by identifying the lower number of home pages that were only components of a Web site those are not partially implemented. Overall, the numbers for compliant with WCAG 2.0 standards, so that all all public libraries in Rajasthan are very close of the work does not have to be done manually. and comparable. If one takes only the numbers The software allows the user to run a report to based on 100 percent completeness, public identify specific problems and also gives library home pages come out as slightly more information on how to fix the problems to meet accessible, but if one combines the overall WCAG 2.0 standards. completeness and almost complete categories, A checklist was created in Excel to the Public libraries home pages become slightly compile the results of the Web 2.0 applications more accessible. that were visible on each library’s home page. R3. How does the complexity and Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0104 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 readability of public libraries System compare being used by both public and private university to elibrary library home pages? libraries are Lib Guides. Eleven of the fifteen On an average comparison, the public university libraries that offer online complexity and readability of library home pages tutorials use Lib Guides, five out of the eight is comparable The averages of each category private university libraries that offer online indicate less than one point dividing each of the tutorials use Lib Guides. Video tutorials ranked three categories. Breaking down the results by second as a method for online tutorials for both individual Divisional Public libraries within private and public libraries. PowerPoint and Web Rajasthan shows a larger difference in scores. Guides were the least used by both types of The Gunning Fog Index scores for public library university libraries. home pages ranged from 10.74 to 17, with an Conclusion average readability of 13.39. Overall, the results were fairly positive R4. What types of Web 2.0 links were for State Central and all Divisional Public located on the home pages of libraries Libraries of Rajasthan and all of the pages were examined in this study? assigned a degree of completeness .The problem Each library home page was evaluated areas that showed failing grades for public for Web 2.0 tools, which included photo streams, libraries of District level. The end results showed blogs, wikis, podcasts, social media links, and that District libraries home pages ranked within links for virtual reference services. It shows the percentage points of each other on accessibility. Web 2.0 tools located on the home pages of Vision Australia’s Web Accessibility Toolbar for public library Web sites. Social media links and IE – 2012 was utilized for this research. The links for virtual reference were found on more software scans specific Web pages for potential than eighty-five percent of public library home problems, many which are easily fixed by Web pages, those numbers decreased on private administrators. The results of this study indicate university library Web sites, with social media both the importance and the need for Web 2.0 links appearing on approximately sixty percent technologies on university Web pages .Public of the Web sites, and virtual reference links university library home pages yield links to blogs, were found on a little over forty percent of the social media, virtual reference, and broadcast Web sites. With the exception of wikis and important information through the use of photo podcasts, the percentage for Web 2.0 usage was streaming on their home pages. Many factors greater for public academic library home pages must be considered when creating a Web page, than private academic library home pages. especially the home page of a Web site that R5. What types of online tutorials were offers navigation to several different areas. found on the home pages of the libraries in Many helpful tools are available for free on the this study? Web to analyze Web page content to find out Online tutorials of many formats were what problems may potentially exist for persons located on library home pages. Library tutorials with disabilities. Continued studies in this area were broken up into four different formats: will help boost the care and attention brought PowerPoint, Video, Lib Guides, and Web Guides. forth to creating accessible Web pages. Ninety-four percent of public university libraries References offered some type of online tutorial from their • Brault, M.W. (2012). Americans with home page. The results were significantly disabilities: 2010. Current Population Reports, different with only forty-seven percent of Public p70-131. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC. libraries offering some format of an online • Brown, A., Jay, C., Chen, A.Q., & Harper, tutorial. The most popular type of online tutorial S. (2012). The uptake of Web 2.0 technologies, Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0105 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 and its impact on visually disabled users. Research, 7(1). Universal Access in the Information Society, • Providenti & Zai III. (2007). Web 11(2), 185-199. accessibility at academic libraries: Standards, • Clyde, L.A. (2004). School library Web legislation, and enforcement. Library Hi Tech, sites: 1996- 2002. The Electronic Library, 22(2), 25(4), 494-508. 158-167. • Reid & Snow-Weaver. (2008). WCAG • CollegeSource Online. (2012). 2.0: A Web accessibility standard for the Retrieved from: http://www.collegesource.org/ evolving Web. W4A ’08 Proceedings of the 2008 • Comeaux, D. & Schmetzke, A. (2007). International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web accessibility trends in university libraries Web Accessibility (W4A), 109-115. New York, NY: and library schools. Library Hi Tech, 25(4), 457- ACM. 477. • Reitz, J.M. (2007). ADA. ODLIS: Online • digital-access/resources/tools- dictionary for library and information science. todownload/ web-accessibility-toolbar-for-ie— Retrieved from http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/ -2012 odlis_a.aspx#ada • Disability data for Alabama. (n.d.). • Schmetzke, A. (2003). Web PASCenter. Retrieved from: accessibility at university libraries and library • Erickson, W., Lee, C., & von Schrader, schools: 2002 follow-up study. Design and S. (2012). 2010 Disability Status Report: Implementation of Web-Enabled Teaching Tools. Alabama. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Information Science Publishing: Hershey, PA. pp. Employment and Disability Institute (EDI). 45-189. • Fairweather, P. & Trewin, S. (2010). • Spindler, T. (2002). The accessibility of Cognitive impairments and Web 2.0. Universal Web pages for mid-sized college and university Access in the Information Society, 9(2), 137-146. libraries. Reference & User Services Quarterly, • Flesch Reading Ease. (n.d.). Juicy 42(2), 149. Studio: Readability Test. Retrieved from: • Still, J.M. (2001). A content analysis of • Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. (n.d.). university library Web sites in English speaking Juicy Studio: Readability Test. Retrieved from: countries. Online Information Review, 25(3), http://juicystudio.com/services/readability.php 160-165. • Gunning-Fog Index. (n.d.). Juicy Studio: • Tip Sheet. (2010). Association of Readability Test. Retrieved from: Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies, • Juicy Studio: Readability Test. (n.d.). a division of the American Library Association. Retrieved from: http://juicystudio.com/services/ • Vandenbark, R.T. (2010). Tending a wild readability.php garden: Library Web design for persons with • Lilly, E.B. & Van Fleet, C. (1999). Wired disabilities. Information Technology and but not connected: Accessibility of academic Libraries, 29(1), 23-29. library home pages. The Reference Librarian, 67/ • Vision Australia. (2012). Web 68, 5-28. Accessibility Toolbar for IE – 2012. Retrieved • Miller, R. (2006). Web content takes from: http://www.visionaustralia.org/business- the access ramp: Designing sites accessibility andprofessionals/ in mind. Econtent, 29(1), 20-24. • WAI: Web Accessibility Initiative. • Oud, J. (2012). How well do Ontario (2003). In Webster’s New World Computer library Web sites meet new accessibility Dictionary. Retrieved from: http:// requirements? Partnership: The Canadian www.credoreference.com Journal of Library and Information Practice and  Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0106 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 technological effects on the society. 22 The scientometric study is the new branch of studies. It is used as an important A Scientometric study of factor in the evaluation of scientific Doctoral Dissertations in Bio- development. In this research work most of the data is chemistry Submitted to the collected from the selected five non-agriculture Universities in Maharashtra Universities in Maharashtra, it consists 152 Doctoral Dissertations in the subject of Bio- chemistry are used in the study to analyze the Dr. Telke Sudhakar B. information & draw conclusions by the Librarian, ACS, Cllege, Shankarnagar researcher. Definitional Analysis ======***********======Scientometric ABSTRACT a) "Scientometric /Bibliometrics is the The paper presents the results of a study quantitative study of literature as they are of citations compiled from the theses submitted refelected in bibliographies. Its task, immodestly to the Biochemistry in the universities in enough, is to provide evolutionary models of Maharashtra. The scientrometric characteristics science, technology, & scholarship.”(Mahapatra, including Types of Documents, Authorship Gaytri, 2013) pattern,Chronological. Geographical, Language b) “Scientometric is defined as wise, half life of Journals, rank list of Authors, quantitative evaluation & inter-comparison of Publishers, Journals & verify the results with the scientific activity, productivity & progress” ( Bradford’s law of scattering etc. has been Beck, M.T., 1978) presented. Thesis Keyword- 1) “A proposition that one essays to Scientrometric, Doctoral Dissertations , prove, composition supporting means Biochemistry, Bradford’s Law etc. thesis” (Dhawale K.B., 1996) 1. Introduction 2) “A thesis is a statement of The terms scientometric & Bibliometric investigation of research presenting the authors are used as synonyms .While presenting findings & any conclusions reached submitted Studious & Structural information about the by the author in support of his candidate for a subject or while presenting the information in a Ph.D. degree in science.”( Sengupta , I.N., 1991) scientific method at the end of the theses This is one of the prime degrees offered by the researchers takes a support of the previous university for which aresearch proposal is authors & his or her articles. submitted to the university. The author gives a list of literatures used Review of Literature- during his research. The researcher feels it Though there are countless number of necessary to give a list with a special method articles available on scientrometric, but a review that proves the authenticity of the document. of closely related literature is presented in the With help of scientometric method of article are as fallows- study the development & the level of Ravichandra Rao(1974) has observed the development of a particular subject is studied, growth of periodicals & obsolescence of articles & also studied the scientific experimental & in the field of sociology. Jones J.F. & Jones L.M. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0107 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 (1986) According to Jones citation studies are The bibliographical account of the frequently used to examine the status of theses submitted to the Universities in journals.Gahi Daljeet.(2001) in library & Maharashtra offering Ph.D. in Biochemistry Information Science Nattar S.(2009) has done subject,in the present research ,scientometric the study is the Scientometric analysis of 829 research is applied for the persuasion of articles published in the Indian Journal of Physics research study. This scientometric research during the year 2004-2008. Ardanuy, Urbano & method depends upon statistical & Quintana (2009) in their paper studied the mathematical method is used in library & situation of research on Catalan Literature information science ,for the present study between 1976& 2003 by carrying out a applying stratified sampling under restricted bibliometric & social network analysis of Ph.D. random sampling. The theses were examined Theses defended in Spain. Sudhir Pillai &Kumar to collect data on relevant features required for Dileep (2010) conducted a study on the study. scientometric study of doctoral dissertation in Result & Discussion- Bio-chemistry in the University of Kerala. Velvizhi The data analysis & discussion of the N.M., Surulinathi M. & Srinivasaragavan (2011) study are given below- an analysis of the Indian literature output 1] Forms of Literature scanned in web of science during 1999-2011. The literature of Biochemistry Anil Ramchandran (2011) conducted dissertations are published in different “scientometric analysis of doctoral dissertation bibliographic form such as Journals, Books, in physical education in Kerala & Tamilnadu” Symposium, Patent, Theses, Conference, were awarded during the period up to 2010. Abstract, Website , Report, Bulletin & Others Nasir & Kumar (2011) & Kalbande, KD.T. & etc. Table No.1 presents analysis of different Sonwane, S.S. (2012) in Economics. Gawande, format of document cited by the research Shilpa R. & Choukhande, Vaishali.(2013) has scholars in their research work. done the study citation use pattern of doctoral Forms of Literature (Table No. 1) theses of Library & Information Science of Sant Sr. No. of Cum. Forms Cumulative Gadge Baba Amravati University Amravati. No. Citations & % Percent 1 Journal 19893 (87.36) 19893 87.36 during the period 1983-2010. 2 Book 2022 (8.88) 19915 96.24 Aims &Objectives of the study- 3 Symp./Papers 202 (0.89) 22117 97.13 The aims & objectives of this study are 4 Patent 177 (0.78) 22294 97.91 5 Theses/Diss. 135 (0.59) 22429 98.50 as follows- 6 Conference 125 (0.55) 22554 99.05 a. To know the quantum of document 7 Abstract 76 ( 0.34) 22630 99.39 used in the research of Bio-Chemistry. 8 Website 53 (0.23) 22683 99.62 9 Report 44(0.19) 22727 99.81 b. To analyze the citations by authorship 10 Bulletin 27 (0.12) 22754 99.93 pattern, Chronological. 11 Others 16(0.07) 22770 100.00 Geographical, language wise etc. Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage c. To measure half life of journals used to total in the study. It is observed from the Table No.1, shows d. To prepare a rank list of authors, that large average numbers of references are publishers and Journals used in the Study. used by the research scholars from Journals e. To verify the results with the (87.36%) followed by the books (8.88%) & the Bradford’s law of scattering next source of information in the subject of Methodology- biochemistry used by research scholars was the Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0108 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Symposium/Papers, Patent, Theses, Conference, Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage abstract, Bulletin & Others together constitute to total 3.76% of all the citations cited by the research It can be observed from the above Table No.3 that nearly 67.63% of the journals cited by scholars. research scholars is of the period ranging from 2] Authorship Pattern 1971-2000. Journal pertaining to earlier period The distribution of Authorship pattern are least cited & latest journals are also less cited in journals, in the domain of the subject of cited. Majority of 11.99% of citations are of the Biochemistry Theses was collected in the period of 1986-1990. selected Universities in Maharashtra. The data 3.1] Obsolescence of the Journals Studies of aging or obsolescence of was analyzed & presented in the Table No. 2 documents commonly assess the decline in the Authorship Pattern Cited in Journals use of representative set of documents over time. (Table No. 2 ) It is clear that from the above graphical

Sr. No. of Cum. representations the half life of journals cited by Nature of Authors Cumulative No. Citations & % Percent Biochemistry researcher from the different five 1 Single Author 3855 (19.38) 3855 19.38 Universities in Maharashtra. The obsolescence 2 Two Authors 5900(29.66) 9755 49.04 3 Three Authors 4329(21.76) 14084 70.80 of journals cited reveals that half of the total 4 More Than Three Authors 5809(29.20) 19893 100.00 19893 citations which work out to 9946.5 are Total Citations 19893 (100.00) 49 years old. Hence, half-life period is calculated Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage 49 years. to total. 4] Geographical Distribution of Citations- By analyzing the data in the Table No.2, The study of Geographical area wise distribution cited in Journals in the subject of it is observed that the majority of cited journals Biochemistry Dissertations, selected five were by two authors with 5900(29.66%) universities Non- Agricultural Universities in followed by Three authors with 4329(21.76%), Maharashtra is the other to be discussed for single author with 3855 (19.38%), & more than bringing out faithful facts given below Table three authors with 5809(29.20%) respectively. No.4 3] Chronological Distribution of Citations Geographical Distribution of Cited in Chronological distribution of cited in Journals (Table No. 4) Sr. No. of Cumulative Name of Country Cumulative journals citations were given in the Table No.3. No. Citations & % Percent The Journals citations are divided into 15 groups 1 USA 13111(65.91) 13111 65.91 2 UK 3755(18.88) 16866 84.79 having periodicity of five years each. 3 India 1070(5.38) 17936 90.17 Chronological Distribution cited in Journal 4 Netherland 791(3.98) 18727 94.15 5 Japan 285(1.43) 19012 95.58 (Table No.3) 6 Canada 145(0.43) 19157 96.31 Sr. No. of Cumulative 7 Germany 203(1.02) 19360 97.33 Time Span Cumulative No. Citations & % Percent 8 Denmark 114(0.57) 19474 97.91 1 1936-1940 241 (1.21) 241 1.21 9 Ireland 48(0.24) 19522 98.14 2 1941-1945 135(0.68) 376 1.89 10 Switzerland 94(0.47) 19616 98.61 3 1946-1950 238(1.20) 614 3.09 11 Russia 26(0.13) 19642 98.74 4 1951-1955 524(2.63) 1138 5.72 12 Sweden 22(0.11) 19664 98.85 5 1956-1960 735(3.69) 1873 9.41 13 Australia 104(0.52) 19768 99.37 6 1961-1965 1201(6.04) 3074 15.45 14 Chile 05(0.03) 19773 99.4 7 1966-1970 1847(9.28) 4921 24.73 15 Spain 03(0.02) 19776 99.42 8 1971-1975 2148(10.80) 7069 35.53 16 France 05(0.03) 19781 99.45 9 1976-1980 2212(11.12) 9281 46.65 17 Brazil 09(0.05) 19790 99.50 10 1981-1985 2164(10.88) 11445 57.53 18 Poland 03(0.02) 19793 99.52 11 1986-1990 2386(11.99) 13831 69.52 19 Italy 01(0.01) 19794 99.53 12 1991-1995 2380(11.96) 16211 81.48 20 Taiwan 01(0.01) 19795 99.54 13 1996-2000 2165(10.89) 18376 92.37 21 Mexico 09(0.05) 19804 99.59 14 2001-2005 1173(5.90) 19549 98.27 22 China 03(0.02) 19807 99.61 15 2005-2010 322(1.62) 19871 99.89 23 Turkey 02(0.01) 19809 99.62 16 Year Not Mentioned 22(0.11) 19893 100.00 24 Place not Mentioned 84(0.42) 19893 100.00 Total Citations 19893(100.00) Total Citations 19893(100.00) Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0109 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage to total. to total. It is observed from the Table No. 4 that Above Table No.6 provides a rank list of USA, UK & India occupy top position followed publishers (top 10) that were cited in journals. by Netherland, Japan, Germany & Canada It is observed from the study focuses on the rank respectively. first on Elsevier with 1304(6.56%) citations , 5) Language-wise Distribution of Citation stand second rank on American society for The language wise distribution cited in Biochemistry & Mol. Biology with 1285(6.46%) journals related data was analyzed & presented citations & stands third rank on Peragmon press in the Table No. 5. with 1242(6.42%) respectively. Language-wise Distribution of Cited in 7) Rank List of Authors Journals (Table No. 5) The rank of Authors cited in the Journals

Sr. Name of No. of Cumulative by the Biochemistry research scholars in their Cumulative No. Language Citations &% Percent Ph.D. theses submitted to the selected five Non- 1 English 19374(97.39) 19374 97.39 2 Japanese 285 (1.43) 19659 98.92 Agricultural Universities in Maharashtra is 3 Germany 203(1.02) 19862 99.84 provided in Table No.7. 4 Russian 27(0.13) 19889 99.97 5 Italian 01(0.01) 19890 99.98 Rank List of Authors Cited in Journals 6 Chinese 03(0.02) 19893 100.00 (Table no.7) Total Citations 19893(100.00) Sr. No. citations Cumulative Rank Name of Authors Cumulative No. & % Percent Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage 1 1 Lowery OH 53 (0.27) 53 0.27 to total. 2 2 Daniel TM 46(0.23) 99 0.5 3 3 Laemilli UK 36(0.18) 135 0.68 From the Table No. 5 it is observed that 4 4 Lu AYH 28(0.14) 163 0.82 out of the total citations cited in journals 5 5 Grange JM 25(0.13) 188 0.95 6 6 Kato R 24(0.12) 212 1.07 19893,19374 (99.39) percent occupy top 7 7 Omura T 23(0.12) 235 1.19 8 8 Harboe M 21(0.11) 256 1.3 position in English language followed by 9 8 Conney AH 21(0.11) 277 1.41 Japanese, German belong to his account for 10 9 Ohsen EA 20(0.10) 297 1.51 11 10 Cline TW 17 (0.09) 314 1.6 1.43% and 1.02% respectively. 12 10 Xadival GV 17(0.09) 331 1.69 6) Rank List of Publishers 13 10 Maizela RM 17(0.09) 348 1.78 14 10 Schenkman JB 17(0.09) 365 1.87 A rank list of publishers in the Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage Universities in Maharashtra frequently used by to total. research scholars in Biochemistry, arranged in Above Table No.7 Indicates that the decreasing order of frequency is analyzed & ranking of authors cited in journals, it found presented in the following Table No. 6. that the Lowery OH, with 46(0.27%) citations, Rank List of Publishers cited in Journals Daniel TM, with 46(0.23%) citations, Laemilli UK, (Table No.6) with 36(0.18%) citations, followed by Lu AYH, Sr. No. of Cumulative Rank Name of Publishers Cumulative No. Citations &% Percent Grange JM, Kato R, Omura T, Harboe M, Conney 1 1 Elsevier 1304(6.56) 1304 6.56 2 2 American Society for 1285(6.46) 2589 13.02 AH, Ohsen EA, Cline TW, Xadival GV, Maizela Biochemistry & Mol. Biology RM. & Schenkman JB. respectively. 3 3 Pergamon press 1242(6.24) 3891 19.26 4 4 Academic Press 1232(6.19) 5063 25.45 8) Ranking of Journals 5 5 American Society & 768(3.68) 5831 29.31 Microbiology A rank list of Journals in the Universities 6 6 Williams & Wilkins 675(3.39) 6506 32.7 7 7 American Chemical Society 565(2.84) 7071 35.54 in Maharashtra frequently used by research 8 8 Agricultural Chemical 478(2.40) 7549 37.94 Society scholars in Biochemistry, arranged in decreasing 9 9 Springer 449 (2.26) 7998 40.2 10 10 Springer-Verlag 427(2.15) 8425 42.35 order of frequency is analyzed & presented in the following Table No. 8. Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0110 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Ranking of Journals in the Universities It is observed from the Table 9 that there under study in Maharashtra are 20 (1.09%) journals in the Nucleus and they (Table no. 8) are the most productive journals devoted to Sr. No. of Cum. Rank Journal Title Country Cum. Biochemistry sharing 6935 (34.88%) of the total No. Citations & % Percent 1 1 Journal of Biological USA 1266(6.36) 1266 6.36 citations. Chemistry 2 2 Biochemistry Journal UK 801(4.03) 2067 10.39 The next zone is represented by 3 3 Biochem. Et. Biophys. Netherland 532(2.67) 2599 13.06 Acta 58(3.45%) journals which shares 6382 (32.08%) 4 4 Nature UK 420(2.11) 3019 15.17 5 5 Proc. Of National USA 362(1.82) 3381 16.99 of the total citations and the third zone is Academy of Sciences 6 6 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. USA 330(1.66) 3711 18.65 represented by 1605 (95.46%) journals which 7 7 Plant Physiology USA 296(1.49) 4007 20.14 8 8 Lancet UK 288(1.45) 4295 21.59 shares 6576 (33.05%) of total cited citations. 9 9 Science USA 282(1.42) 4577 23.01 10 10 Biochem. Biophys. Res. USA 273(1.37) 4850 24.38 Each zone has approximately one third of the Comm. total citations, hence the journal distribution as Note- Figures in bracket indicates percentage per the Bradford’s law of scattering reveals the to total. ratio 20:58:1605. From the above Table no.8, it can be 9) Finding- ascertained that journals, The Journals of 1] The distribution of citations among the Biological chemistry published from USA different types of documents indicates that occupies the first rank as the most preferred journals are most favored category of journals having been cited 1266 times. documents of researchers, out of 22770 total Biochemistry journal (UK) cited 801 times citations, citation from journal articles is 19893 occupies the second rank, followed by Biochem. (87.36%) citations followed by books 2022 et. Biophys. Acta (Netherland) with 532 (8.88%). citations, Nature (TK) with 420 citations, The citations of Symposium/Papers, proceeding of National Academy of Sciences Patents, Theses/Dissertations representing (USA) with 362 citations, Arch Biochem. Biophys 2.26% of the total occupy important place in (USA) with 296 citations, Lancet (UK) with 288 usage. Conference, Abstract, Website, Report, citations, Science (USA) with 282 citations, and Bulletin and other representing 1.5% of total Biochem. Biophys. Res. communication (USA) citations exhibit variety of forms of literature with 273 citations. used by researchers in their research work The first ten journals in the ranking list 2) The author wise analysis of citations together account for 24.38% of total citations of journals reveals that, 5900 (29.66%) citations and 149 journals listed in the table represents document cited references represent two author 73.88% of total number of citations. document & 4329 (21.76%) citations documents 8.1] Distribution Journals in Bradford’s Various are authored by three authors & lastly 3855 Zones (19.38%) citations documents are authored by Bradford’s Distribution of Journals (Table 9) single author. Cum. no. Cum. no. Zone No. of Citations Journals & % 3) The finding of chronological of Citations of Journals 1 st. 6935(34.88% 6935 20(1.09) 20 distribution of cited journals, focuses on the 2nd 6382 (32.08%) 13317 58(3.45) 78 researcher in their research work ranging from 3rd 6576(33.05%) 19893 1605(95.36%) 1683 1971-2000. Number in Parentheses Indicates Percent 4) The estimated half life of journals 49 Bradford’s Distribution of Journals (Figure years. no.1) 5) The geographical distribution of citations reveals that journals published in USA, Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0111 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 UK, & India. Dictionary. Mumbai: Dhawale. Publisher’s.p.969 6) From the language wise distribution 5] Ghai, Daljeet. (2001). Citation of citations focuses on the journals. It can be analysis of Ph.D. dissertations in Library & observed that maximum numbers of citations Information Science submitted to the are used in their research work in English Universities of Madhya Pradesh &Punjab(1975- Language. 99). Jiwaji University, Gwalior 7) The rank list of publishers the 6] Mahapatra, Gaytri.(2013). majority of journals published by Elsevier with Bibliometric Studies.NewDelhi:Indiana, pub.P-7 1304(6.56%) citations ,followed by American 7] Sengupta, I.N.(1991).Four Measuring Society for Biochemistry & Mol. Biology with techniques in Library & Information Science. 1285(6.46%)citations & Pergamon Press with Indian Journal of 139 Information & Library 1242 ( 6.24%) citations. Society,4(3-4),pp.197-227. 8) The rank list of author-wise 8 ] Shilpa R. & Choukande, Vaishali. distribution citations of journals reveals that the (2013). Citation use pattern of Doctoral Theses Lowery OH, with 53(0.27%) citations, Daniel TM, of Library & Information Science of Sant Gadge with 46(0.23%) citations & Laemilli UK, with Baba Amravati University, Amravati Library 36(0.18%) citations respectively. Science Research Journal, 1(4),1-12. 9) The top three cited journals are found 9] Jones, J.F. & Jones, L.M. (1986). to be Journals Biological Chemistry, Ranking journal: A citation study of social work Biochemistry Journals & Biochem. et. Biophys & related periodicals. Journal of the Hong-Kong Acta. respectively. Library Association, 4(10), 9-16 10) The distribution of journal citations 10] Kalbande, D.T. & Sonwane, S.S. moderately confirms to Bradford’s Law. (2012).Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Theses on 11) Conclusions- Economics submitted, to Dr. Babasaheb The findings of the present research will Ambedkar Marathwada University definitely be useful for the faculty members, 11] Nasir & Kumar,D. 2011 Citation Officers, Librarians, Scientists, Professional Staff Analysis of Doctoral Dissertations Submitted & researchers. between 1990& 2010 in the Department of This sort of information is not available Economics, Aligarh MuslimUniversity ,Aligarh anywhere. (India). Chinese Librarianship: An International References- Electronic Journal,40 (10),41-50 1] Anil, Ramchandran. (2011). 12] Nattar, S. (2009). Indian journal of Scientometric analysis doctoral dissertation in physics: A scientometric analysis. International physical education in Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Journal of Library & Information Science, 1(4), International journal of behavioural social & 55-61. movement sciences, 1 (4), 174-184 13] Ravichandra Rao, I. K. (1974). Growth 2] Ardanuy, J. Urbano C. & Quintana, L. of periodicals & obsolescence of articles in (2009) The evolution of recent research on periodicals: A case study in sociology. Library Catalan Literature through the production of Ph. Science with a Slant to Documentation, 11 (2), D. Theses. A bibliomeric & social network 92-96. analysis. Information Research, 14 (2). 3] Beck, M.T.(1978) Editorial  Statement.Scientometric,1,pp.3-4 4] Dhawale, K.B.( 1996). Student Modern Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0112 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ¯ÖÏêµÖÃÖß †ÃÖê»Ö ´ÆüÖ•Öê“Ö ÛáֵÖÖ ´ÖÆüŸ¾Ö֍úÖӁÖß ¯Öã¹ýÂÖÖÓ­ÖÖ ˆªÖê•Öú 23 ²Ö­ÖµÖ֍ú¸üߟÖÖ ¯ÖϾÖé¢ŸÖ ú¸üŸÖÖŸÖ. 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EgVys dh iksokMs vkf.k yko.;k v'kh fo'kq) Hkkodfork fyfg.kkjs lar doh Eg.kwu gs nksu jpuk çdkj pVdu MksG~;kleksj ;srkr- iksokMk lar Kkus'oj] lar rqdkjke] lar ukenso] lar xksjk vkf.k yko.kh ;kaps eqG vLly egkZVh vkgs- 'kkfgjh dqaHkkj] lar ,dukFk] lar pks[kkesGk] leFkZ jkenkl ok³~e;kph lq#okr f'kodkykr >kyh vkf.k ukVî] bR;knh loZp larkapk mYys[k djk;ykp gok- u`R;] laxhr ;k vaxkus frpk fodkl is'kokbZr >kyk- lar dof;=h % eq[;r% tuleqnk;kP;k jatuklkBh Eg.kqu yko.kh] Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0125 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 iksokMs jpys fu xk;ys 4.002xsys- eUeFkLokeh] T;ksrhjke] 'kkfgjh dkO; jkts&jtokMîkaP;k LrqfriyhdMs ikspr çHkkdj] gksukth ckGk] lxuHkkÅ] ij'kjke] jketks'kh uOgrs- v'kk ik'kZ~oZHkqehoj ds'kolqrkauh ,sfgd fo"k;; gs R;k dkGkrhy egÙokps 'kkfgjh doh gksr- ykSfdd HkkoHkkouk ;kaph vkiY;k dkO;ke/kwu çkphu ejkBh dkO;kpk gk bfrgkl ikfgyk vfHkO;äh dsyh- Hkkoxhr gsp dkO;kps [kjs {ks= rj rks lar] iar vkf.k rar v'kk dohaP;k dkefxjhoj vkgs gs çFker% ds'kolqrkauh nk[koqu fnys- ds'kolqrkaP;k foHkkxysyk vkgs- ifgY;k dky[kaMkus v/;kRekph o dkGkr ukjk;.k okeu fVGd gs gh ,d egÙokps fuo`Ùkhph f'kdo.k fnyh- iqkyk ,doVysY;k gksR;k- vfHktkrokn vkf.k lkSan;Zokn vkf.k ejkBh dkO;gh fuLrst >kys- 1885 iklqu ;kaps ,d peRdkfjd feJ.k R;kaP;ke/;s fnlrs- ek= iqUgk ,dnk ejkBh dkO; tksekus iqkyh- ;k vk/khP;k dky[kaMkr lardkO;] iafMrh ;k dohalkscr doh nÙk] ek/kokuqt] jsankGdj] dkO; vkf.k 'kkfgjh dkO;] v'kk rhu dkO;/kkjk ch- ukxs'k jgkGdj] —- uk- vkBY;s] eks- ok gksR;k- ;k rhugh ijaijk gGwgGw {kh.k gksr xsY;k- dkfuVdj] x-t-vkxk'ks] lqear] lk/kqnkl ;k dohauh 1885 P;k lqekjkl egkjk"Vªke/;s ik'pkR; vk/kqfud ejkBh dforsP;k tM.k?kM.khl gkrHkkj fopkjlj.khpk çHkko fnlw ykxyk- 1885 e/;sp ykoyk- vk/kqfud dforsph pkgwy fo".kq eksjs'oZj egktuhaP;k LokraR;Zohj fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdjkaP;k dqlqekatyh vkf.k egknso eksjs'oZj dqaVs ;kaP;k thoukr lkfgR;fufeZrhyk nq¸;e LFkku vlys rjh jktkf'kokth ;k nksu dkO;kae/kwu ykxyh- vk'k; ejkBh dkO;{ks=kr R;kaps uko dksjys xsysys vkgs- vkf.k vfHkO;fä ;k nksugh vaxkus ejkBh dforsps ohjjl] ns'kHkäh] dYiusps HkO;Ro] fopkjç/kkurk] #i vkeqyxz cny.kkj ;kph fpUgs fnlw ykxyh- rjy Hkkoqdrk bR;knh n'kZu R;kaP;k dkO;kr ?kMrs- ds'kolqr % vk/kqfud ejkBh dforsps tud lkxjkl ¼us etfl us---½] ek>s e`R;wi=] deyk] ds'kolqrkaph fikysyh ifgyh LokraR;Znsorsps xhr] rlsp N=irh f'kokth egkjktkaph fikysyk gksrk- LokraR;Zohj lkojdjkaP;k LQwfrZnk;h dkO;çfrHksph ds'kolqrkaP;k vk/kh ejkBh dkO;kps fo"k; tk.kho vkiY;kyk gksrs- nso&nsork] uhfr&vuhrh] jkts&jktokMîkaP;k Hkk- jk- rkacs ;kauh vfr'k; foyksHkuh; ijkØekps o.kZu ;kaiqjrsp e;kZfnr gksrs- lardkO;kekxhy ç.k;xhrs fyfgyh- vuqHkokaph fofo/krk] dYidrk] ys[kuçsj.kk eq[;r% vk/;kfRed gksrh- iafMrh dohauh js[kho xs; jpuk] xwkysyk feGkyh- ;kp dkGkr ç- ds- v=s mQZ ds'kodqekj vk/kqfud dky[kaMkpk bFks 'ksoV gksrks- dkj.k ;sFkojph ;kaps >saMqph Qqys gs foMacukRed dkO; xktys- dfork jkse¡fVd tkf.kosrwu LQqjr gksrh- ;kuarj ek= ;kf'kok; x-y- BksdG ;kaps lqxh] rlsp x-g- ikVhy] vWUVh jkse¡fVd tkf.kosyk egÙo feGkys- 1947 ds- ukj[ksMs] lksikunso pkS/kjh] fo- fHk- dksyrs] uk- ?k- lkyh ekys- 1960 P;k lqekjkl LokraR;ZçkIrhuarjpk /kkj.k dsysY;k #ikph n[ky ;kae/;s ?ksryh xsysyh Hkzefujkl vf/kd rhoz >kyk- nfyr tkf.kosyk vkgs- gh ?kVuk ejkBh dforsP;k fodklkP;k vu;k;kph ç[kj tkf.ko >kyh- csdkj r#.k oxZ okVpkyhe/;s egÙokph ekuk;yk gohr- Hkkjrke/;s larIr gksrk- ;k vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktfd; fofo/k çkarkar yksdxhrs] lar&lRiq#"kkauh jpysyh ifjfLFkrhpk ok³~e;koj çHkko iMr gksrk- larIr xhrs] ekSf[kd ijaijsrwu vkti;aZr fVdwu jkfgysyh r#.k fikyh frph ç[kj vfHkO;äh eq[;r% dforsrwu LokraR;ksZÙkj dfork] vk/kqfud dfork & vls vusd >kyh- ;k larIr r#.kfikysys fnlrkr- pGoG dsyh- frpk vkjaHk 'kCn ;k vfu;rdkfydkus vf/kdkf/kd okLrooknh dfork] lkSan;ZewY;sgh ti.kkjh dsyk- vfu;rdkfydkaph gh pGoG eqacbZr lq# dfork] dkykuq:i vk/kqfud gksr tk.kkjh dfork--- >kyh o iqkMkps egRo okkMkaP;k fidkis{kk tkLr vkgs- xkokrhy efgykis{kk iq:”kkaps izek.k tkLr vkgs- 2½ fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy o ifjljkrhy xkokrhy lk{kjrsps izek.k gs 69-31 VDds rj fuj{kjrsps MkfGac mRiknd ‘ksrdÚ;kauk vusd leL;k tk.korkr- la'kks/ku in~/krh o uewuk fuoM %& izek.k 55-87 VDds vlwu L=h lk{krsps izek.k la’kks/kdkus la’kks/ku leL;spk vH;kl 44-13 VDds vkgs- dj.;klkBh izkFkfed o nq¸;e nksUgh in~/krhpk voyac fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy ,dw.k ‘ksrdjh dsyk vkgs- ‘kklfd; vgoky] fofo/k iqLrds] ekflds] la[;siSdh 40-62 VDds ‘ksrdÚ;kadMs 1 gsDVj is{kk o`Rri=h; ys[k v’kk nq¸;e rF;kapk okij dj.;kr deh tehu {ks= vkgs- ;kpkp vFkZ xkokrhy vkyk vkgs- rj fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy o 40-62 VDds ‘ksrdjh vYiHkw/kkjd vkgsr- ifjljkrhy MkfGac mRiknd ‘ksrdÚ;kadMwu ekfgrh vH;klklkBh uewuk Eg.kwu fuoMysY;k izkIr dj.;klkBh iz’ukoyh rlsp fujh{k.k in~/krhpk ‘ksrdÚ;kaps iqkY;kl MkfGac fidkaoj vusd jksxkapk izknwZHkko 5½ MkfGac mRiknukl vko’;d mRiknukaP;k lokZr tkLr gksrks- fdaerhoj vuqnku n;kos- 3½ MkfGackoj ej jksxkpk izknwZHkko lqn~/kk fuexko vH;klkrhy fu”d”kZ %& dsrdh Hkkxkr fnlwu ;srks- ;k jksxkeqGs MkfGackps 1½ fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy o ifjljkrhy >kM iw.kZ okGwu tkrs- cjhp tehu [kMdkG vkgs- v’kk tfeuhpk MkfGac 4½ MkfGac fidkoj okrkoj.kkrhy cnykpk fidkalkBh pkaxyk mi;ksx gksrks- yxsp izHkko gksrks- R;keqGs vusd jksx ;k fidkoj 2½ fuexko dsrdh xkokrhy o ifjljkrhy ;srkr- fdVduk’kdkaP;k fdaerh okkys] ijarw tj ljdkjus MkfGac mRiknd ‘ksrdÚ;kauk ivaVaqaI-M palakaMcaI samaaijak Aaiqa-k FkksMh enr ¼vuqnku Lo:ikr½ dsyh rjh MkfGac pirisqatI : ek savao-xaNa mRiknd ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k vusd leL;k deh gksrhy- rlsp MkfGac mRiknu okkMs] dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku] iSaxaNa ho maanavaacao ivakasaacao saaQana Aaho Asao iq.ks- AapNa maanatao. “saa ivaVa yaa ivamau@tyao” mau@t krto tI 4½ xzkeiapk;r dk;kZy;] fuexko dsrdh ivaVa ASaI ek iSaxaNaacaI vyaa#yaa Aaho. BaartIya samaajaat rk- bankiwj ft- iq.ks ASaaca karNaanao ivaiSaYz t%va&ana janmaalaa Aalao. %yaatUna jaatI vyavasqaa inamaa-Na JaalaI va AajahI tI samaaja manaavar Aaplaa p`Baava gaajaivat Aaho va yaatUnaca samaajaat Aaihoro va  naaihro Asao daona vaga- inamaa-Na Jaalao Aahot. BaT@yaa ivamau@taMcaa samaavaoSa dusaáyaa vagaa-t haotao. P`astut saMSaaoQana ivaYaya BaT@yaa ivamau@t jamaatIMSaI saMbaMiQat Aaho.ha ivaYaya saMSaaoQana kayaa-saazI maud\damahUna SaaoQaavaa laagalaa naahIÊ tr gaolyaa kahI vaYaa-pasaUna krIt Asalaolyaa AQyaapna kayaa-tUna SaOxaiNak xao~atIla sqaganaÊ gaLtIÊ duba-la GaTkaMcaI SaoOxaiNak pirisqatI yaaMsaar#yaa p`SnaaMcao gaaMBaIya- va vaastvata spYT haot gaolaI. BaT@yaa ivamau@t jamaatIMcyaa vyaqaaÊ vaodnaaMcaI ivaivaQa $po saaih%yaatUna vaacaayalaa va AnauBavaayaalaa imaLalaI. yaa vyaqaaÊ vaodnaa paMZrpoSaa maanaisaktolaa Aklpinaya Asalyaa trI AitSaya vaastva va itt@yaaca dahk hao%yaa. svatM~ BaartIya samaajaacaa iktI maaoza Baaga daird`ya A&anaÊ inarxartaÊ Anyaaya AaiNa AsqaOyaacyaa gat-ot gaaoto Kat Aaho ho yaava$na laxaat yaoto. Aaja AapNa saMgaNakIya Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0132 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 saaxartocyaa gaaoYTI krt Asatanaa4.002 dusarIkDo ho Asao ivadark saamaaijak Aaiqa-k ]trMDIcao AaQaarBaUt GaTk zrtat. ica~ idsaUna yaoto.yaamaagaIla karNaaMcaa gaaMBaIyaa-nao ivacaar kolaa SaaLotIla ivaVaqaI- jyaa kuTuMbaatUna yaotat %yaa kuTuMbaamaQyao Garacaa Asata Asao idsaUna yaoto kIÊ Qaaima-k saamaaijakÊ Aaiqa-kÊ AakarÊ GaracaI ikMmat Aa[-vaiDlaaMcao ]%pnna iSaxaNa vyavasaaya saaMskRitk sauQaarNaaMcao vaaroca yaa jamaatI pya-t paohcalaoca AaiNa kuTuMbaacao saamaaijak sqaana GaratIla saaMskRitk patLI naahIt.BaT@yaa ivamau@t jamaatIt Asalaolaa iSaxaNaacaa ABaava yaabaabatIt Kupca iBannata Asato. ho yaa maagaIla ek p`mauK karNa Aaho. maulaaMcyaa kuTuMbaacaI jaI saamaaijak Aaiqa-k pirisqatI svaatM%y`aaohuk jkLrk jke dk] pkysa fojys ‘kwjA buds iq=ksa dk uke Øe’k% j?kqchj flag vkSj cychj jkLrs esa Bx cgqr gSa] >xM+k djs t:jAA12 flag gSA lar th dk LoxZokl vkf’ou d`”.k n’keh gfj;k.kk ds jksgrd ftys ds cknyh uked laor~ 2052 dks gqvkA lar th us ts-ch-Vh- rd xzke esa T;s”B cnh pkSnl laor~ 1932 esa tUesa lar f’k{kk izkIr dh Fkh izkjaHk ls gh lar jkeflag ^vjeku* gjnsnkl gfj;k.kk ds egÙoiw.kZ lar gSaA mudk cpiu lk/kq lsok esa yhu jgrs FksA mudh bl o`fr ls izHkkfor dk uke gj}kjhey FkkA os cpiu ls gh ferHkk”kh FksA gksdj lar Lokeh ijekuan th us mUgsa egf”kZ f’koozr tc os nqdku ij cSBrs Fks rks xzkgdksa ls cgqr de yky ls nh{kk ysus dks iszfjr fd;kA mUgksaus jk/kkLokeh ckr djrs FksA mUgksaus Hkkax] xkatk] ‘kjkc vkfn ihus iaFk ds lqizfl) lar egf”kZ f’koozr yky ls lar er okyks dh [kwc [kjh [kksVh lqukbZ gSA os dchj ds Hkkafr dh nh{kk yh vkSj mUgsa ^vjeku* miuke Hkh izkIr yksxksa dks psrkouh nsrs FksA gqvkA gfj;k.kk ds fHkokuh ftys dh nknjh rglhy lar jke flag ^vjeku* lar er ds izpkj ds iSarkokl dyka esa Hkknksa ‘kqDy v”Beh laor vkSj lk/ku esa yxs jgrs FksA lu~ 1930 esa egf”kZ 1939 esa tUesa lq/kkuan gfj;k.kk dh lar ijaijk ds f’koozr yky us bldh izxfr esa izlUu gksdj bUgsa egÙoiw.kZ dfo gSA buds firk dk uke tksejke vkSj ftyk fglkj esa ukenku rFkk lRlax ds izpkj dk ekrk dk uke dqfUnuh FkkA os ijekuan ds ije f’k”; vf/kdkj ns fn;kA FksA mudk nsgkar laor~ 2018 esa gqvkA laor~ 1956 esa cknyh esa tUesa ia- }kjdknkl laor 1940 ds yxHkx gfj;k.kk ds fglkj jk/kkLokeh iaFk ds egÙoiw.kZ lar FksA budh nks jpuk,a ftys ds ukjukSan uked xkao esa tUesa lar ‘khrynkl izfl) gS& lrxq: Hksn rFkk lrxq: dFkkA ^lrxq: ?kqjk.kk dh dchj xíh ds izfl) egar gq, gSaA buds Hksn* 172 i`”B dh iqLrd gS ftlesa larey dh }kjk fy[ks x, Hktuksa dh ,d iksFkh feyrh gS] Js”Brk izfrikfnr dh xbZ gSA lar th dh nwljh ftlesa yxHkx 50 Hktu gSaA ^lrxq: dFkk* esa lrlax dh efgek dk o.kZu fd;k jsokM+h ftyk ds uSuiqjk uked xkao esa laor~ x;k gSA 1950 esa tUesa xksikynkl th csukeh laiznk; ds gfj;k.kk dh >Ttj rglhy ds ekrugsy egÙoiw.kZ lar FksA muds xq: dk uke ukjk;.knkl FkkA uked xzke esa dkfrZd ‘kqDy =;ksn’kh laor~ 1959 mUgksaus ikap o”kZ dh vk;q esa gh oSjkX; /kkj.k dj esa tUesa lar fxj/kkjhnkl ckck [kwch nkl ds f’k”; FksA fy;k FkkA mUgksaus 12 o”kZ dh vk;q esa >Ttj ds muds firk dk uke jkethyky rFkk ekrk dk uke ^nsoky;* dh xq: xíh laHkkyhA muds peRdkjksa dh cwuh nsoh FkkA lar th vkthou vfookfgr jgsA vusd dFkk,a feyrh gSA lar th dh ok.kh gLrfyf[kr mudh ok.kh gLrfyf[kr :i esa feyrh gSA okxh ds :i esa feyrh gS ftlds nks Hkkx gSa& nks Hkkx gS& izFke Hkkx esa 12 vax gSaA nwljs Hkkx esa vax Hkkx vkSj nqljk i| Hkkx 146 in gSaA 1- vax Hkkx esa lkf[k;ka gS vkSj i| Hkkx esa laor~ 1960 rn~uqlkj 24 uoacj 1903 esa Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0147 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 jkoyfi.Mh ¼ikfdLrku½4.002 ds xaxksfB;k uked xzke esa ebZ] 1973½ dh cq) iwf.kZek ¼oS’kk[k lqnh iwf.kZek½ tUesa lar eaxr jke gfj;k.kk ds egku lar Fks] ftUgksaus ds fnu vksíe~ dk mPpkj.k djrs gq, os eks{kk/kke gfj;k.kk dh /kjrh ij vkthou ^lerk iaFk* dk igqap x,A izpkj izlkj fd;kA lar eaxrjke dh Hkk”kk vjch] gfj;k.kk ds fljlk ftys ds tykyvk.kk Qkjlh fefJr [kM+h cksyh gSA mUgksaus lgt] ljy uked LFkku esa ek|cnh uoeh laor~ 1975 esa tUesa ‘kCnksa esa vius iaFk dh fopkj/kkjk dks O;Dr fd;k gSA ckck lruke flag gfj;k.kk ds egÙoiw.kZ lar gSA mUgksaus thou vkSj txr dh xw<+ O;k[;k djrs gq, mudk cpiu dk uke gjcal flag crk;k tkrk gSA ekuorkokn dk lqanj mins’k fn;k gSA vkthou os lar eLrkuk th ds lPps HkDr gSA eLrkuk th ds gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc dh /kjrh ij jgrs gq, mUgksaus lc LoxZokl ds ckn lruke flag ds funsZ’ku esa ^Msjk vk/;kfRed psruk dk izpkj izlkj fd;kA lPpk lkSnk* us vk’krhr izxfr dh gSA lar th dh gfj;k.kk dh >Ttj rglhy esa equls uked Hkk”kk lgt ljy vkSj izHkkoksRiknd gSA xzke esa QkYxqu ‘kqDyk uoeh laor~ 1962 esa tUesa vklkst cnh vekol laor~ 1980 ¼flracj nqyunkl dchj iaFk ds egÙoiw.kZ dfo gSaA buds lu~ 1962½ dks gfj;k.kk izns’k fHkokuh ftys ds firk dk uke jkeyky rFkk ekrk dk uke ukugVh fnuksn uked xkao esa tkV ifjokj esa tUesa lar rkjkpUn nsoh FkkA budk ikfjokfjd uke nqyhpan FkkA buds gfj;k.kk ds fof’k”V lar dfo gSA mudh ekrk dk xq: dk uke lwchnkl FkkA blh dkj.k os lar lekt uke Jherh pkoyh nsoh rFkk firk dk uke Jh esa Lokeh Hkh”e ds uke ls izfl) gq, D;ksafd dgk ewypan FkkA ckY;koLFkk esa gh ekrk dk nsgkar gks tkus tkrk gS fd oSjkX; vfrjsd ds dkj.k bUgksaus viuh ds dkj.k budh nknh us gh budk ikyu iks”k.k tusfUnz; Hkh dkV yh FkhA mudk nsgkar ‘kqDyk uoeh fd;kA lar rkjkpan th us dHkh fo|ky;h f’k{kk lar 2019 dks gqvkA xzg.k ugha dhA vius vuqHko vkSj vH;kl ds dkj.k laor~ 1961 ¼rnuqlkj 13 fnlacj 1904½ v{kj Kku izkIr djds dqN i<+uk fy[kuk lh[k dks gfj;k.kk izkar ds dq:{ks= vapy ds icukok fy;k FkkA lar jkeflag *vjeku* dks viuk xq: uked xkao esa tUes lar lk/kqjke gfj;k.kk ds yksdfiz; ekudj mUgksaus budh vkKk ls er dk izpkj&izlkj lar gSaA mudk xzgLFk dk uke ia- lk/kqjke vkSj laU;kl fd;kA muds lRiz;klksa ls fnuksn esa ^jk/kk Lokeh dk uke Lokeh ukjk;.k fxfj FkkA mudh izkjafHkd lRlax* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA f’k{kk ckj.kk ¼dq:{ks=½ fuoklh Jh f’k{kkjke osn laor~ 2054 ¼3 tuojh lu~ 1979½ esa osnkaxkpk;Z ds funsZ’ku esa gqbZA mUgksaus ^vkpk;Z* dh mUgksus viuk pksyk NksM+k mudh lekf/k ij vn~Hkqr mikf/k iatkc fo’ofo|ky; ls izkIr dhA Lokeh rkjk&e.My cuk gqvk gSA cãuan ohrjkxh Fks tks gfj;k.koh lar&ijaijk ds dchj %& xkSjo gS*] mudk tUe dq:{ks= vapy ds pwM+ ektjk* dchj HkfDrdky dh fuxqZ.k dkO;/kkjk ds uked xzke esa jksM+ tkfr ds Jh cknke flag pkS/kjh ds izorZd dfo ekus tkrs gSA budh tUe frfFk e`R;q ds ?kj laor~ 1956 ¼24 fnlacj] 1980½ dks gqvk FkkA lEcU/k esa fo)kuksa esa vusd erHksn gSA budk tUe mudk cpiu dk uke NksVk jke FkkA laor~ 1455 foØeh esa dk’kh esa gqvkA dgk tkrk gS mudh izkjafHkd f’k{kk&nh{kk dq:{ks= ds lqizfl) fd dk’kh esa Lokeh jkekuUn dk ,d HkDr czkã.k Fkk xq:dqy esa gqbZA ckY;dky esa gh ekrk dk nsgkolku ftldh fo/kok dks Lokeh us Hkwy ls iq=orh gksus dk gks tkus ds dkj.k muds eu esa oSjkX; Hkkouk iuius vk’khZokn ns fn;k FkkA mlus ,d ckyd dks tUe yxhA pkSng o”kZ dh vk;q esa ?kj ckj R;kx dj os fn;kA ftls og yksdykto’k ygjrkjk rkykc ds czãk dh [kkst esa fudy iM+sA laor~ 2030 ¼16 fudV Qsad vkbZ] ftldk ikyu&iks”k.k fu%larku Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0148 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 tqykgk naifr uhek vkSj4.002 uh: us fd;kA iznku fd;k gSA gfj;k.kk vf/kdka’k lar lkfgR; dchj jkekuUn ds f’k”; ekus tkrs gSA ftuls eafnjksa] eBksa vkSj O;fDrxr laxzgkY;ksa esa yky&ihys bUgs osnkUr vkSj mifu”kn~ dk Kku feykA dqN fo}ku cLrksa esa can iM+k gSA vko’;drk gS muds iqujkUos”k.k ‘ks[k rdh dks budk xq: crkrs gS tks lgh ugha gSA vkSj iquewZY;kadu dhA dchj x`gLFk thou esa ugha yx ik,A os vkthou lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %& ,d QDdM+ ds :i esa tulk/kkj.k dks HkfDr vkSj 1- MkW- gfjvuar QM+ds] Lekfjdk i`- 72 Kku dk ve`r forj.k djrs jgsA budh e`R;q laor~ 2- lqjtu th ukao esa] okdka dk] m)`r] MkW- 1575 foØeh esa exgj esa gqbZA budh e`R;q ij ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] tkaHkksth% laiznk; vkSj lkfgR; nkg&laLdkj dks ysdj fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa i`- 640 fookn mB [kM+k gqvkA fgUnq bUgsa tykuk pkgrs FksA 3- xksfcUnjke ds dfoÙk] ogh i`- 645&46 vkSj eqfLye nQukukA bl ?kVuk dks ysdj yksdfo’okl 4- ohYgks th] ohYkgks th dh ok.kh] 213@16 gS fd bl >xM+s ds le; dchj dk e`r ‘kjhj yqIr 5- gLrfyf[kr fganh iqLrdksa dk laf{kIr gks x;k Fkk vkSj ogka ij flQZ Qwy jg x,A fooj.k] izFke Hkkx] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klh ^efl dkxn Nq;kS ufg dye xgh ugha gkFk* i`- 224 ls Li”V gS fd os iko ds dkj.k gh dchj dh Hkk”kk 10- Jh Kkukuan fujok.kh] Jh Hkxor~ iqjk.k dks jktLFkku okys jktLFkkuh vo/k okys vo/kh] ,dkn’k fda/k Hkk”kk] i`- 130 Hkkstiqj okys Hkkstiqjh] iatkc okys iatkch] czt izns’k 11- fu’pyknkl fopkj&lkxj] i`- 238 okys czt iwoZ okys iwohZ rFkk fnYyh] esjB] vkxjk] 12- NksÙkjke] ‘kqHk deZKku izdk’k i`- 104 gfj;k.kk okys [kM+h cksyh crkrs gS] dchj dkO; dk 13- izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu fgUnh dkO; is tks dke ugha og fufgr gSaA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkSj iqjk.kksa dh yksdfiz; vk;sxkA dFkk,¡ Hkkjrh; tuekul esa bruh xgjkbZ rd cSBh gS ;g esjk ‘kki] le; ij mls Hkwy rw gqbZ gS fd] dksbZ Hkh dfYir dFkkud ml xgjkbZ dks tk;sxkAÞ2 ugha Nw ldrkA bu ikSjkf.kd dkO;xzaFkksa ds ik= gekjs bl tkr&ikr ds nqjkfHkeku us dbZ xq.koku euksHkkoksa dks ifjofrZr djus esa l{ke gSA jke] y{e.k] yksxksa ds lkFk vU;k; fd;k gS vkSj djrk vk jgk gSaA lhrk] Ñ”.k] guqeku] jk/kk] f’ko] ikoZrh] vtqZu] ;fn fdlh fuEu tkfr ds O;fDr ds xq.k fdrus Hkh ;qf/kf”Bj vkfn gekjh laosnukvksa dks Li’kZ djus esa mPp gks ijarq tkfr NksVh gksus ds dkj.k mlds xq.kksa ftrus leFkZ gks ldrs gSa] mrus dfYir ik= ughaA dks Hkh lekt us NksVk gh cuk fn;k gSaA NksVh tkfr Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0150 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 dh ;g dSlh Hkh”k.krk gS\ izLrqr [kaMdkO; esa dfo gSaAÞ5 fnudj th us Hkh ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; esa fnudj ijkpjkxr lkekftd ewY;ksa dk fojks/k djrk jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gq, fy[kk gSA mudk dguk gS fd] ßgekjh iqjkuh ijEijk esa dqy gS& vkSj tkr dk cMk egRo jgk gSaA euq”; dks vf/kdkj ßblfy, /;s; esa ugha] /keZ rks vkSj in dh izkfIr] dqy ds vk/kkj ij gksrh jgha gSAÞ3 lnk fufgr lk/ku esa gS] vc ;g lekt fo?kkrd ijEijk lekIr gksuh pkfg,A og ugha fdlh Hkh iz/kku deZ] O;fDr vius futh xq.kksa ds dkj.k fdlh in dk fgalk] foxzg ;k j.k esa gSaAÞ6 vf/kdkjh gksuk pkfg,A ekrk&firk ;k tUe ds bl izdkj orZeku dky esa jktuhfr esa dkj.k blesa ck/kk ugha vkuh pkfg,A fnudj th d.kZ /kks[kk&ckth vkSj Ny&diV djusokys dqVuhfrKksa ds pfj= ds m)kj }kjk u;h ekuork dh LFkkiuk dk dh deh ugha gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ns’k esa iz;kl djrk gS & iztkrkfU=d O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk gksus ds ckotwn ns’k ßeSa mudk vkn’kZ] dgha tks O;Fkk u [kksy dk izk;% gj izcq) vkSj laosnu’khy O;fDr cMh ldsaxs] cspSuh ds lkFk ;g vuqHko djrk gSa fd] ns’k dk iwNsxk tx] fdUrq] firk dk uke u cksy iztkrU=] voljoknh] Hkz”Vkpkj vkSj fufgr LokFkksZa ds ldsaxsA fy, vUrjkRek dh vkokt dks nck;k tk jgk gSaA Je ls ugha foeq[k gksaxs tks nq[k ls ugha Mjsaxs] blfy, Lora=rk ds ckn jk”Vª dh jktuhfr u gksdj lq[k ds fy, iki ls tks uj lfU/k u dHkh O;fDr dh jktuhfr gks xbZ gSaA bl y dj fn;k fd _.k ds vHkko esa ns’k lkekftd ewY;ksa ds leku bl dkO;xzaFk esa jktuhfrd dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk BIi gh iM tkus ds [krjs c< ewY;ksa dh Hkh vfHkO;fDr dh gSaA egkHkkjr esa JhÑ”.k x;s rFkk rhljh vksj lkaLÑfrd :i esa Hkkjrh; Lo;a ;q) ds eSnku esa vtqZu ds lkjFkh ds :i esa mifLFkr dks vtuch vuqHko djus yxkA /khjs&/khjs jktuhfr gksrs gSA d.kZ ds }kjk ikaMoksa dk fouk'k ns[kdj os bruh iz/kku gks xbZ gS fd lk/kkj.k O;fDr us jktuhfr vtqZu dks dgrs gS & ;q) esa lc dqN ;ksX; gSA bl ds ?ksjksa esa Lo;a dks filrk gqvk eglql fd;k gSaA uhfr ds os leFkZd gSaA tc d.kZ dk jFk dhpM esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh ijEijk cgqr izkphu gSaA /k¡l tkrk gS] rc Ñ”.k dqfVy jktuhfrK dh rjg mlesa thou ds izk;% lHkh lkaLÑfrd i{kksa ds n”kZu ml ij izgkj djus ds fy, vtqZu dks dgrk gS vkSj gksrs gSA rRdkyhu f’k”;ksa esa xq: ds izfr vikj J)k d.kZ ekjk tkrk gSaA Hkkjrh; ;q) ijEijk esa fdlh gksrh FkhA æks.kkpk;Z ds izfr dkSjoksa&ikaMoksa dh J)k fugRFks ij gfFk;kj ugha pyk;k tkrk FkkA ‘k=w ds Fkh fdUrq mlls cdks lekt ds Hk; ls] ‘kks”k.k ds dkj.k lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa esa fo?kVu gqvkA f/kDdkj] Xykfu] dqRlk] iNrkos dks gh fnudj tSls izcq) dfo us fons’kh laLÑfr dh vksj ysdj rks chrk gSa] thou fueksZaghAÞ9 ns[kk mlds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjrh; vkSj fons’kh bl izdkj fnudj th us ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ds lqesy ls u;s lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa esa vrhr dh dFkkoLrq dks ysdj mldk orZeku dk mn; gqvkA nksuksa egk;q)ksa] vkS|ksfxd Økafr vkSj ;qxhu ukjh lekt dh voLFkk ds lkFk lqesy yxkdj] oSKkfud vuqla/kku tSlh ckrksa us u dsoy Hkkjrh; nkuksa ds leUo; ls fu”d’kZ izLrqr fd;k gS vkSj fdUrq leLr fons’kh ;q)&fiz; ,oa e’khuh laLÑfr vkt dh ukjh dks egkHkkjr dh dFkkoLrq dks viuh dks Lohdkj ugha dj ik;hA gekjs ;gha mfnr u;s fuxkgksa ds lkeus j[kdj] thou esa vPNs&cqjs vkpj.k lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa us /kkfeZd va/kfo’okl dk frjLdkj dkSuls gSa ;g le>us ds fy, vklkuh gks tkrh gSaA fd;kA lkFk gh gekjs lEiw.kZ n`f”Vdks.k esa oSKkfudrk ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; esa fnudj us d.kZ ds vk x;h] tks ik’pkR; f’k{kk dh nsu gSaA /keZfujis{krk ek/;e ls ekuo dY;k.k dh ckr dgha gSA fnudj gekjs u;s lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dh nsu jgh gSaA lcls th us ^d.kZ* ds pfj= ds ek/;e ls ges crk;k gS fd] egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gSa fd] laLÑfr ds cnyrs gq, O;fDr dh iwtk] lUeku mlds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ekuo ewY;ksa esa ekuorkokn dk mn; gqvkA gksuh pkfg,A dfo dgrs gSa fd] ß;g ;qx nfyrksa ^jf’ejFk* [kaMdkO; ds ek/;e ls ukjh thou vkSj misf{krksa ds m)kj dk ;qx gSA vr,oa ;g dh ihMk dh vfHkO;fDr dh gSa] tks vkt ds ;qx ls LokHkkfod gS fd jk’Vª Hkkjrh ds tkx:d dfo;ksa dk fHkUu ugha gSaA bl [kaMdkO; esa ukjh ik=ksa esa izeq[k ik= /;ku ml pfjr dh vksj tk;] tks gtkjksa o”kksZa ls dqUrh gSaA mlus lw;Z ls d.kZ dks fookg iwoZ tUe fn;k gekjs lkeus misf{kr ,oa dyafdr ekuork dk ewd FkkA fookg ds ckn dqUrh us ;ejkt ls ^/keZ* dks] baæ izrhd cudj [kMk jgk gSaAÞ10 ^jf’ejFkh* dk ^d.kZ* ls ^vtqZu* dks] ok;w ls ^Hkhe* dks tUe fn;k FkkA nfyr] ifrr] ihfM+r lekt ds m)kj dk mn~xkrk lR;;qx dh ^lhrk* vius eu&eafnj esa vius ifr gSaA og dgrk gS& jke dk gh fpUru djrh gSa( fdUrq }kij ;qx dh ßvKku&’khy dqyrk dk fo?u u ekuk] dqUrh fookg ds ckn Hkh ifr dks NksM nsorkvksa dk Hkqtcy dks eSaus lnk] HkkX; ij tkukA D;ks u gks ij ijk;ksa dk fpUru dj lUrku izkIr Ckk/kkvksa ds Åij p<+ /kwe epkdj] Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 Factor Printing Area 0152 ISSN: 2394 5303 International Research journal ik;k lcdqN eSaus4.002 ikS:”k(IIJIF) dks ikdjA Issue-32, Vol-01 tUek ysdj vfHk’kki] gqvk ojnkuh] 33 vk;k cudj daxky] dgk;k nkuh] Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkanksyu] ns fn;s eksy tks Hkh thou us ek¡xsAÞ11 la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gS fd] jke/kkfjflag xka/kh vkSj fØdsV fnudj th us ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; esa iqjk.k dh dFkkoLrq dks nksgjkdj vius ;qxhu lR; dks mldh INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT, laiw.kZrk ds lkFk vfHkO;fDr dh gSaA fnudj th us GANDHI AND CRICKET bl [kaMdkO; esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] Ák- MkW- lanhi j- gkrsokj /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gq,] ;s ewY; bfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k] euq”; ds thou esa fdruk egRo j[krs gS vkSj mlh dyk ,oa foKku egkfo|ky;] ls euq”; dk thou Hkjk iwjk gksrk gS] bls nksgjk;k gSaA iqyxkaorg- nsoyh] ft- o/kkZ] egkjk”Vª dfo us ijaijkxr :i esa pyh vk jgh o.kZO;oLFkk ^d`”.kkbZ*] 42&,]ehjk dkyksuh] dh mikns;rk dks vLohÑr fd;k gSaA o.kZO;oLFkk rFkk m¡p&uhp Hkkouk dh mUgksaus fuank dh gSaA Hkkjrh; iqyxkao rg- nsoyh] ft- o/kkZ] egkjk”Vª ukjh ds fy, lekt esa ,dkaxh n`f”Vdks.k jgk gSaA mls dsoy Hkksx dh oLrq ekudj] mlds izfr ekuo dh ======***********======n`f”V ugha fn[kk lds] ftl deh dks fnudj th us fØdsV ds laf{kIr bfrgkl ds ckjsa esa ;fn ge bl [kaMdkO; esa iwjk fd;k gSA ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; tkuuk pkgs rks gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd fØdsV igyh esa ;qxkuq:i izxfr’khy fopkj gesa izkIr gksrs gSaA vr% ckj 16oha lnh esa nf{k.kh baXySaM esa [ksyk x;kA vkxs fnudj th us ^jf’ejFkh* [kaMdkO; esa vrhr dh bldh yksdfiz;rk chj vyh ,oa fØdsV rks NksfM;s mudh vkRedFkk esa fdlh Hkh [ksy o>hj vyh tSls vusd f[kykfM;ksa dks viuh Vhe dk mYys[k ugha feyrkA lu~ 1889 esa 21 o”khZ; esa ‘kkfey dj fy;kA vkxs ;gh HkwfiUnj flag ^fØdsV eksgunkl djepan xka/kh ,d Nk= ds #i esa izFker% Dyc vkWQ bafM;k* ds v/;{k Hkh cusaA4 baXySaMx;s] ml le; igpku ds #i esa os vius lkFk 1892&93 esa ‘kq# gq, ^ckWEcs izflMsUlh* tks rhu i= ys x;s Fks muesa ls ,d i= dkfB;kokMh izfr;ksfxrk* ds eWpsl Hkkjr essa [ksys x;s izFke Js.kh jktdqekj j.kthrflag ds fy, Hkh Fkk AWhen Gandhi dseqdkcys gh gS] ,slk vc ekuk tkrk gSaA izfro”kZ first went to England as a student, "one of the three baXySaM ds Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds ^;qjksfi;Ul la?k* ds fo#/ letters of introduction that he carried was to Ranji". n Hkkjr ds ^ikjlh la?k* ds chp nks eqdkcys r; gkykWafd ;g Kkr ugha gks ldk fd os ,d&nwljs ls Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0154 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 feys Hkh vFkok ughaA 18914.002 esa tc xka/khth us yaMu fQj /khjs&/khjs og fØdsV ds izfr xaHkhj gksrk pyk NksMk rc j.kth [ksy ds eSnku ij viuk uke djus x;kA9 ds fy, dWaczht fo’ofo|ky; pys x;sA ;gka ;g bafXy’k fØdsV la?k dh vksj ls [ksyusokys mYys[k djuk vuqfpr ugha gksxk fd xka/khth vkSj ds-,l-j.kthrflag vFkkZr j.kth igys Hkkjrh; Fkstks j.kthrflag nksuksa gh jktdksV esa iys&c vykSfdd FkhA os crkrs gS] tc os fopkjksa ds lkFk nksuksa gh Hkkjr ds ckgj pys x;s Fks*A Nk= Fks rc mUgksaus vkSj xka/khthus jktdksV flVh vkSj egkfo|ky; ls fudyus ds i'pkr j.kth vkSj jktdksV Nkouh ds chp [ksyk x;k ,d eSp lkFk gh xka/kh nksuksa ds gh jkLrs vizR;{k #i ls vyx gks ns[kk FkkA fØdsV ds laca/k esa xka/khth dh le> ds ckjs x;sA7 esa crkrs gq, os vkxs dgrs gS] ^^blh eSp ds ,d gka] ;g ek= la;ksx gh gS fd j.kth VªkQh ds egRoiw.kZ {k.k esa ,d f[kykMh ds laca/k esa xka/khth us iapdks.kh; eqdkcyksa dks yksdfiz;rk fnykus esa iw.kZ vk’oLr gksdj ^bl f[kykMh dks rks fuf’pr xka/khth dk ;ksxnku jgkA8 rkSj ij vkÅV djkj nsuk pkfg,*] ,slk dgk] vkSj lu~ 1880 ds le; jktdksV fLFkr jktdqekj okLro esa og cYysckt vkÅV djkj fn;k x;kA** dkWyst Hkkjrh; ;qojktksa ds fy, ,d izf’k{k.k i=dkj jfryky esgrk us cYysckth vkSj xsanckth LFky¼ihp½ dk dke dj jgk FkkA lk/kkj.k lh i`”BHkwfe nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa xka/khth ds dkS’ky dh iz’kalk dh gS] ls vk, vkB o”khZ; j.kthr flag dkstkeuxj ds gkykafd vius bl [kqykls ds laca/k esa mUgksaus [ksn Hkh jktk us xksn fy;k Fkk fdUrq vkxs tkeuxj ds jktk O;Dr fd;k FkkA dks iq=jRu dh izkfIr gqbZ Qyr% j.kthrflag dh Hkys gh i=dkj esgrk us fØdsV ds laca/k esa fojklr tkrh jgh rc vaxzstks dh lgkuqHkwfr mls xka/khth dh le> vkSj #fp dk mYys[k fd;k gks feyh vkSj vaxzstksa dh vksj ls mlsf’k{kk izkIr djus ijarq bl lPpkbZ ls utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsrq baXySaMHkst fn;k x;k x;kA ysfdu j.kthrflag fd ftl [ksy dss iz’kaldksa dh la[;k ns[krs gh ns[krs dks is Hkh yxrk gSa fd eqdkcyksa ds euksjatu ds fy, viuh ckgksa esa Hkj fy;k vkSj dgk fd ;fn bl ;g le; mi;qDr ugha gSa vr% bl ckj ;g eqdkcys eqdkcys esa eqfLye la?k ijkLr gks tkrk rks ;g u gks bl ckr ls eSa lger gwWaA* vkSj vkf[kjdkj ^;g fuf’pr gh U;k;laxr u gksrkA15 izfr;ksfxrk ewyr% /kkfeZd Hksnksa ij vk/kkfjr izfr;ksfxrk cacbZ] mldh jktuhfr] ogka ds [ksy buesa gS] vr% D;k ,sls eqdkcys gksus pkfg,\*] ,slk cMs Lrj ij ifjorZu rks gks jgs Fks rFkkfi blls izfriz’u fd;kA fojks/k izn’kZu esa dksbZ deh ugha vk;h vkSj varr% xka/khth ds bu erksa ds fo#/n tcjnLr xka/khth dks Lo;a ,d c;ku nsuk iMkA mUgksaus dgk] izfrfØ;k meMhA Hkkjr ds vusd fganw DyCl us ^mudh iw.kZ lgkuqHkwfr izn’kZudkfj;ksa ds lkFk gS tks xka/khth dh tedj vkykspuk dhA ,d i=ys[kd us pkgrs gS fd bl rjg ds lkEiznkf;d eSp can dj rks ;gka rd fy[k fn;k fd xka/khth us dHkh fØdsV fn;s tk,A* cacbZ dh turk ls Hkh mUgksaus bl rjg ds [ksyk Hkh gSa\ fQj]bl fo”k; ij cksyus dk] mUgsa D;k lkEiznkf;d eSpksa dks [kRe dj bl [ksy ds fu;eksa esa vf/kdkj gS\ la’kks/ku djus ds fy, dgkA muds vuqlkj] ^eSa rkRi;Z ;gh gS fd jktuhfr ds eSnku ds dkWystks ,oa laLFkkuksa ds chp eSpksa ds ckjs esa rks le> f[kykMh egkRek xka/kh] muds }kjk pyk, x, jk”Vªh; ldrk gWwa ijarq fganw Vhe] ikjlh Vhe] eqfLye Vhe vkanksyu vkSj mudh yksdfiz;rk ds pyrs fØdsV ds rFkk vU; lkaiznkf;d Vheksa ds chp eqdkcys D;ksa gks eSnku esa Hkh ?klhV fy, x,A bfrgkl xokg gS fd jgs gSa] ;g le> ls ijs gSaA* bl eqdkcys ds i{k/kj yksdfiz;rk ds f’k[kj ij fo|eku gj O;fDr ds Hkh vR;ar etcwr ,oa laxfBr FksA ifj.kkeLo#i ftrus iz’kald gksrs gS mrus vkykspd Hkh gksrs gSA egkRek xka/kh ds iz[kj fojks/k ds ckn Hkh ;g eqdkcyk ifj.kkeLo#i tgka ,d vksj egkRek xka/kh dh fØdsV lu 1946 rd [ksyk x;kA ;gka ;g crkuk mfpr ds laca/k esa le> vkSj yxko ds C;kSjs feyrs gS ogha gksxk fd blds ,d o”kZ ds Hkhrj vyx ikfdLrku dqN ys[kdksa us xka/khth ds rFkkdfFkr fØdsV izse dh dh uhao j[k nh x;hA16 vkykspuk Hkh dh gSA muds vuqlkj] egkRek xka/kh crkSj jkepanz xqgk] vius le; ds egku Lo;a dks vke vkneh ds #i esa ns[krs FksA mUgsa u rks f[kykMh fot; epsZsaV dh cgu y{eh us dHkh egkRek fØdsV dh dksbZ tkudkjh Fkh vkSj u gh bl [ksy ds xka/kh ds gLrk{kj ekaxs Fks rc xka/khthus mldh vkWVksxzkQ fu;e fo’ks”k dh tkudkjh FkhA blds ckotwn foMacuk iqfLrdk ds ml i`”B dk p;u fd;k ftlesa ;g Fkh fd os fØdsV vkSj fØdsVj ds thou ij Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0157 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 viuh fujFkZd ijarq vfgalkRed4.002 c;kuckth djrs jgs fudkyk ftlesa fy[kk Fkk fd egkRek xka/kh ds fo/kku gSasA ,d lPpkbZ ;g Hkh gS fØdsV gks ;k xka/kh nksuksa gh dk xyr vFkZ u fudkyk tk, vkSj dk¡xzsl dks bl ,d&nwljs dks dHkh utjvankt ugha dj ldsA18 rjg ds eqdkcys ysus esa dksbZ vkifRr ugha gSA21 fØdsV [ksy dh mRrstuk bruh vf/kd Fkh Lora= Hkkjr ds izkjafHkd fnuksa esa ,sls vusd fd blesa yksxksa dks jk”Vªh;rk utj vkus yxhA jk”Vªh; f[kykMh Fks tks xka/khth ls] muds dk;kZsa ls vR;ar vkanksyu ds pyrs fodflr gksrh ;g u;h jk”Vªh;rk izHkkfor FksAfØdsV dh nqfu;k esa ftUgsa I;kj ls ^ckiw* yksxksa dks vkSj ns’k dks dgk ys tk,xh ;g ,d iz’u dgk tkrk Fkk os jes’kpanz xaxkjke ukMd.khZ vFkkZr gh Fkk vr% xka/khth jk”Vªh;rk dh bl ubZ Hkkouk dks ckiw ukMd.khZ gekjs ^ckiw* egkRek xka/kh ls brus u”V djus ds fy;s la?k”kZ dj jgs FksA jktuhfrd izHkkfor Fks fd os yaxksVh igudj fØdsV [ksyk djrs okrkoj.k rIr gksus yxk FkkA jktdqekj j.kth bl FksA xkSjryc djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd ukMd.khZ dks xka/khoknh vkanksyu ds fo#) Fks ifj.kkeLo#i Hkys gh I;kj ls ^ckiw* dgk tkrk Fkk fQj Hkh ^xka/kh* xka/khthus Lo;a dks vyx Fkyx ik;kA19 ;g uke ftl O;fDr dks fn;k ;k og ,d vaxzst egkRek xka/kh vkSj lqHkk”k ckcw ds chp erHksn f[kykMh Fkk ftldk uke Fkk b;ku jsMikFkA dn esa dh ckr ls dksbZ vufHkK ugha gSaA caxky izkar esa ÅWapk] ‘kjhj ls nqcyk&iryk vkSj yach xnZu okys O;kid #i ls ;g ekuk tkrk jgk Fkk fd xka/khth us b;ku dh ‘kkjhfjd jpuk xka/khth feyrh&tqyrh Fkh fØdsV dks Hkkjr dk jk”Vªh; [ksy cukus esa enn dhA blhfy, muds iz’kaldks us mUgsa ;g uke fn;kA xksjh ljdkj dks ‘kkafriw.kZ rjhds ls Hkkjr ds ckgj gkykafd xka/kh ;g uke muds lkFk cgqr vf/kd fnuksa m[kkM Qsadus dh ctk; ;fn fgald ,oa Økafrdkjh ds fy, ugha jgkA rjhds ls m[kkM Qsadk gksrk rks fØdsV dh txg tc b;ku Hkkjr ds nkSjs ij igyh ckj vk,] QqVckWy Hkkjr dk izeq[k [ksy cu x;k gksrkA ckr ,slk r; fd;k x;k fd mUgsa fn;k x;k ^xka/kh* ;g 1920 ds n’kd dh gS] rc caxky izkar esa QqVckWy uke vuqfpr gSa D;kasfd Hkys gh mudh ‘kkjhfjd dk [ksy vius pje ij Fkk] ;Wwa dfg, dh bl [ksy jpuk xka/khth ls feyrh gks fQj Hkh xka/kh ;g uke Fkk dks uacj ,d dk ntkZ gkfly FkkA xka/khth dh vusd rks Hkkjrh; uke gh tcfd b;ku vaxzst FkkA blds ikjlh ,oa xqtjkrh iwathifr;ksa ls fudVrk FkhA ;s vykok b;ku ,d fØdsV f[kykMh Fkk tcfd iwathifr fØdsV ds izseh FksA fefgj cksl ds vuqlkj] xka/khth dk jk”Vªizse txtkfgj FkkA xka/khth dh ^blh fudVrk ds pyrs xka/khth jktuhfr dk dsUnz thou’kSyh ls b;ku dh thou’kSyh fuf’pr gh dydRrk ls if’pe Hkkjr ys vk,A n’kd ogh Fkk vR;ar fHkUu Fkh ifj.kkeLo#i vc mUgsa ^jsMlZ* ds 1920 dkA jktuhfrd ‘kfDr ds dsUnz esa ifjorZu uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA22 ds lkFk gh lkaLd`frd dsUnz Hkh ifjofrZr gksrk pyk Hkkjr esa jk”Vªh; vkanksyu vius rsoj fn[kkus x;kA ifj.kke--- yksdfiz; [ksy QqVckWy us viuk yxk FkkA /keZHksn ds fo#/n tksjnkj erizn’kZu gksus uacj ,d dk ntkZ [kks fn;k vkSj fØdsV lokZf/kd yxkA ifj.kkeLo#i 1946 ds izkjaHk esa gh ;g yksdfiz; gh ugha cfYd jk”Vªh; [ksy cu x;kA*20 eqdkcys can dj fn;s x;sA blesaa dksbZ nks jk; ugha ysfdu Hkkjr ds dbZ jktk&egkjktk vkSj fd foHkktu dh ppkZ gh blds ihNs dk ewy dkj.k fj;klrdkjksa us xka/khth ds erkssa ls viuh lgefr FkkA gkykafd blls iwoZ bu eqdkcyksa esa dgh Hkh trkbZ ftlesa j.kth] fo>h] ifV;kyk ds egkjkt Hkh /keZHksn ugha fn[kkbZ fn;kA loZ/keZleHkko rks tSls bu ‘kkfey FksA Hkkjrh; fØdsV cksMZ us Hkh xka/khth dks eqdkcyksa dh tku FkhA fQj Hkh bl rjg ls ;g viuk leFkZu fn;kA bu lHkh fooknksa ls nwj jgus dh eqdkcys jn~n djuk vusdksa dks ukxokj xqtjkA n`f”V ls Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dk¡xzsl us ,d ifji=d xka/khth dh fØdsV ds izfr fnypLih] bl Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0158 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 [sky ds laca/k esa muds 4.002fopkj] mudh izfrfØ;kvksa ds lykg nhA if’pe esa] blh rjg ds yksxksa ds fy, eÌsutj ,d ckr vkSj lkeus vkrh gSA mudh utj fØdsV tSls [ksyksa dk vfo”dkj fd;k x;kA bruk gh esa fØdsV dk ;g [ksy okLro esa ‘kkjhfjd O;k;ke ugha NqfV~V;ksa ds le; o”kZ esa dqN fnuksa ds fy, tc ,oa Je ds fy, cuk gSA izR;sd ns’k dh viuh vf/kd [ksy [ksys tkrs gS rc bu [ksyksa dk fujh{k.k t#jrs gksrh gS] ns’k dk fodkl mldh vFkZuhfr ij djus ds lkFk&lkFk dqN gYdk&QqYdk ikA23 og lqLr gks tkrk gSaA xk/akhth ds erkuqlkj] Hkkjr xka/khth dks viuh lkaLd`frd fojklr ij tSls xjhc ns’k esa fØdsV tSls [kphZys [ksy ds fy, vR;ar xoZ FkkA gekjs iwoZtksa us O;fDr dh ‘kkjhfjd dksbZ LFkku ugha gSaA gekjs vius ns’k esa fdrus gh [ksy ,oa ekufld {kerk cqd tkus ds 22. rFkSo Dr. Yadav Yogendra Vol.5 : 6 No- mn~ns'; ls lacksa/kfr fd;s tkrs gSA vember, 1905 - 3 November, 1906, Page- 391 vr% foKkiu ,d ,slh dyk ekuh tk 23. Indian Opinion, 3 -9-1910 ldrh gS ftlls xzkgdksa dks mRikfnr vFkok lsokvksa 24. rFkSo Dr. Yadav Yogendra Vol.13 : 12 dks Ø; djus vFkok miHkksx djus ds izfr ykylk March, 1913 – 25 December, 1913, Page – 63 c<+rh gS vkSj lkFk gh ,slh oLrqvksa dh mRrerk vkSj Vol.16 : 1 September, 1917 - 23 April, 1918, Page – Js”Brk esa fo'okl Hkh terk gSA 62 izLrqr 'kks/k i= fo'ys”k.kkRed izd`fr dk 25. rFkSo Mukherjee Abhishek losZ{k.k vk/kkfjr 'kks/k dk v/;;u gS ftlds vUrxZr tuin 'kkgtgk¡iqj ¼;w- ih-½ dh mu 400 efgykvksa  ij losZ{k.k fd;k x;k tks okf'kax ikmMj dk iz;ksx djrh gSA Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0160 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 eq[; 'kCn& 4.002viw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj] ekax ftls ,d fuf’pr dher ij rFkk ,d fo’ks”k le; vkSj foKkiuA vof/k esa Øsrkx.k Ø; djus ds fy, rS;kj gksaA izLrkouk oLrq dh ekax vusd rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS ewY; fu/kkZj.k izfØ;k fdlh Hkh vFkZ iz.kkyh fQj Hkh fdlh oLrq dh ekaax dks izHkkfor djus okys dks le>us ds fy, vko’;d gS D;ksafd ewY; vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ rhu rRo gSa & fu/kkZj.k gh lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/kkj gS vkSj oLrq dh dher] miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk leLr vkfFkZd fØ;k,a izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :i ls lEcfU/kr oLrq dh dhersa bUgh rhu rRoksa ds vk/kkj ewY; fu/kkZj.k izfØ;k }kjk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ewY; ij ekax rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS& fu/kkZj.k izfØ;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ekax gSA ekax 1- ekax ds izdkj %& ls vk’k; oLrq dh ml ek=k ls yxk;k tkrk gS ftls Û ^dher ekax* ls vk’k; oLrq vFkok lsok Øssrk ,d fuf’pr le; vof/k esa ,d fu’pr dh ml ek=k ls yxk;k tkrk gS ftudks vU; ckrsa dher ij Ø; djus dks rS;kj gSA ekax o iwfrZ ;FkkfLFkj jgus dh voLFkk esa ,d miHkksDrk fofHkUu vFkZO;oLFkk ds nks vk/kkj LrEHk gSA ^^ekax esa rhu ifjdfYir dherksa ij ,d fuf’pr le;kof/k esa ckrsa fufgr gksrh gSa %& Ø; djus dks rRij jgrk gSA tc dher ekax dk 1- fdlh oLrq dks izkIr djus dh bPNk fo’ys”k.k fd;k tkrk gS rks vU; rRo tSls vk;] 2- ml oLrq dks Ø; djus ds fy, lk/ku lEcfU/kr oLrq dh dhers] :fp] QS’ku] jhfr&fjokt 3- ml oLrq dks Ø; djus ds fy, mu vkfn dks fLFkj eku dj ekax dk v/;;u dsoy lk/kuksa dks Ø; djus dh rRijrkA dher ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS] rksa ekax] O;fDrxr ^lkekU;r%* ekax “kCn dk vFkZ oLrq dh ml ekax rFkk tc lHkh miHkksDrkvkssa ds lUnHkZ esa dh ek=k ls gS tks ,d fuf’pr ewY; ij Ø; dh tkrh tkrh gS cktkj ekax cu tkrh gSA gS rFkk tks ewY; esa ifjorZUk ds lkFk&lkFk ifjofrZr Û ^vk; ekax* ls vk’k; oLrq rFkk lsokvksa gksrh jgrh gSA** dh mu ek=kvksa ls gS ftudks vU; ckrs ;FkkfLFkj vr% ekax dgykus ds fy, fuEu rRoksa dk jgus ij ,d fuf’pr~ vof/k esa miHkksDrk fofHkUu lek;kstu vko’;d gSA vk; Lrjksa ij Ø; djus dks rS;kj gSA tc vk; ekax Û izks- isUlu us ekuk gS fd ekax ,d izHkkoiw.kZ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] rks ekax dks izHkkfor bPNk gSA vr% ekax ds fy, fdlh oLrq dks izkIr djus okys vU; rRoksa dks fLFkj eku fy;k tkrk gSA djus dh izHkkoiw.kZ bPNk dk gksuk vko’;d gS rFkk vk; ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds lUnHkZ esa ekax dk vuqeku mls izkIr djus gsrq lk/ku rFkk mu lk/kuksa dks O;; yxkdj vk; ekax oØ cuk;k tkrk gSA vk; Lrjksa djus dh rRijrk vko';d gSA esa tc ifjorZUk gksrk gS rks miHkksDrkvksa dh izfrfØ;ka, Û fdlh oLrq dh ekax dh foLr`r ppkZ ml fofHkUu izdkj dh gks ldrh gS vk; esa ifjorZUk ds oLrq dh dher ds lUnHkZ eas gh dh tkrh gSA dher QyLo:i miHkksDrk dqN oLrqvksa dh ekax c<+k nsrk dh tkudkjh ds fcuk oLrq dh ekax dk vuqeku ugha gS rFkk dqN dh de dj nsrk gSA miHkksDrk vk; eas yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ifjorZUk gksus ij fdl oLrq dh ekax esa o`f) djsxk Û fdlh oLrq dh ekax v/;;u ,d le; rFkk fdl dh ekax eas deh ;s ^oLrq ds LoHkko* ij fo’ks”k ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd le; esa fuHkZj djrk gS LoHkko ds vk/kkj ij oLrq nks izdkj ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk ekax esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tkrk dh gksrh gS& gSA ¼i½ ^Js”B oLrq;sa ftuds lEcU/k esa miHkksDrk vr% ekax ls rkRi;Z oLrq dh ml ek=k ls gS vk; ds Lrj esa ifjorZu dh fn’kk esa gh fu.kZ; ysrk Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0161 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 gS vFkkZr~ vk; c<+us ij4.002 Js”B oLrqvksa dh ekax c<+ Û O;qRiUu ekax ls rkRi;Z oLrq dh mu tkrh gS rFkk vk; de gksus ij de vr% bu ek=kvksa ls gS ftudh ekax bl dkj.k dh tkrh gS fd oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa vk; ekax oØ /kukRed

Okkf'kax ikmMj dh ekax dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa Okkf’kax ikmMj okLrfod izR;kf'kr la[;k vUrj ifjdfYkr dkbZ foKkiu dh D;k Hkwfedk gS? ;g tkuus ds fy, dk iz;ksx la[;k oxZ foKkiu ns[kdj gk¡ 240 200 $40 8 izfrn'kZ bdkb;ksa ls fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwNk x;k Ukgha 160 200 &40 8 D;k vkius okf”kax ikmMj ds foKkiu ns[kus ;ksx 400 400 16

;k i<+us ds ckn bl okf”kax ikmMj dk iz;ksx izkjEHk Lo=~;U=ka'k = 1 fd;k lkFkZdrk Lrj = 5 % ? dksbZ oxZ dk rkfydk ewY; = 3.841 rkfydk la[;k 1 ijh{k.k = 16 > 3.841 ijh{k.k ifj.kke = ifjdYiuk vLohd`r ¼lkFkZd vUrj½ foKkiu dk Øsrkvksa ij izHkko Rkkfydk la[;k 2 ls Li”V gS fd foKkiu ns[kdj okf'kax ikmMj dh ekax djus okys miHkksDrkvksa foKkiu ns[kus@i<+us ds Øsrk la[;k izfr'kr ckn iz;ksx izkjEHk fd;k dh okLrfod la[;k izR;kf'kr la[;k ls 40 vf/kd gk¡ 240 60% gSA dkbZ oxZ dk ifjdfyr ewY; 16 gS tks Lo=~U=ka'k Ukgha 160 40% lkFkZdrk Lrj ij fu/kkZfjr dkbZ oxZ 400 1 d s fy , 5% ;ksx 100-00% rkfydk ewY; 3-841 ls vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k rkfydk la[;k 1 ls Li”V gS fd 400 lkFkZd gSA vr% ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gqbZ gSA okLro O;fDr;ksa esa ls 240 O;fDr;ksa us crk;k fd mUgksuas esa foKkiu dk miHkksDrk ekax ij izR;{k izHkko iM+rk foKkiu ns[kus ds ckn bl okf'kax ikmMj ¼vius }kjk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa foKkiu ekax dk izHkko”kkyh iz;ksx fd;s tk jgs okf'kax ikmMj½ dks [kjhnuk izkjEHk fu/kkZjd gSA fd;k tcfd 160 O;fDr;ksa us foKkiu ls izHkkfor Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0164 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 fu"d"kZ & 4.002 leLr fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy 35 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa viw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj gh O;ogkj fueZyk iqrqy dh dforkvksa esa esa ik;s tkrs gSaA viw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks”krk dher izfr;ksfxrk dk vHkko vkSj vkSj vkfnoklh foe’kZ oLrqvksa dh fudV LFkkukiUurk gksrh gSA oLrqr% oLrqvksa dh fudV LFkkukiUurk ds MkW- lat; xMik;ys dkj.k gh dher izfr;ksfxrk laHko ugh gks ikrh gSA v/;{k fgUnh foHkkx ,slh fLFkfr esa fdlh fof'k”V mRiknd dh viuh ek/kojko ikVhy egkfo|ky; ikye oLrq dh ekax c<+kus ds fy;s dher ifjorZu uhfr ds ft- ijHk.kh- ¼egkjk"Vª½ LFkku ij fujUrj uohu foKkiu dh uhfr viukrh gSA fo'ys”k.k ls ;g Li”V gqvk gS fd viw.kZ izfr;ksxh ======***********======cktkj ifjLFkfr;ksa es foKkiu fdlh mRikn fo'ks”k dh fo’o esa flQZ Hkkjr gh ,slk jk”Vª gS tgk¡ gesa ekax mRiUu djus vFkok c<+kus dk lcls vf/kd fofo/krk esa ,drk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A Hkkjr es fofo/k izHkko'kkyh midj.k gksrk gSA oLrq ds fudV fodYiksa /keZ] iaFk vkSj tutkfr;k¡ gS ftudh viuh&viuh dh mifLFkfr dher fLFkj mRiUu djrh gS ftlds laLd`fr gS A vkfnoklh tutkfr igkMksa] taxyks vkSj QyLo:i dher fopyu 'kwU; gks tkrs gSa vr% nwxZe Hkkxks esa leqg dj fuokl djrh gS A ^^vkfnoklh miHkksDrk ekax dher ls izHkkfor u gksdj foKkiu ls ;kuh ewy fuoklh ;kuh Hkkjr dk ckf’kUnk] bl /kjrh izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr% viw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj ekax esa dk iq=] /kjrh vkSj izd`fr ds lkFk iSnk gqvk] iuik foKkiu dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA 1 cus esa mikns; fl/n gqvk gS A viuh vuqHkwfr ,oa Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ gS A mudh ;g lp gS fd] ^^fueZyk ds dkO;lalkj esa vkfnoklh mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck dfork esa lqtku ,oa L=h dh vfLerk ds ljksdkj uxkMs dh rjg ctrs gSA le>nkj yMdh dk fp=.k gS tks viuh firk dh ;g ,slh iqdkj gS ftlus fganh dfork dk Hkwxksy xfjch ,oa okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjphr gS blfy, cny fn;k gS A blesa yxkrkj Nys x, lcls Hkys og ugh pkgrh fd mldk firk mlds fookg ds yksxksa dh osnuk vkSj ukjktxh gS vkSj lcls cM+h ckr fy, egktu ls _.k ys A fookg ds ckn Hkh og bl Ny dks le>us vkSj mlls tw>us dh rS;kjh vius firk] xk¡o] tehu ,oa yksxks ls twMh jguk gSA**2 laosnu’khy dof;=h us vkfnoklh;ksa dh ewy pkgrh gS A xjhc firk ds fy, csVh ,d cks> ds leL;k dks izLrqr djrs gq, fuf’pr lek/kku dh leku gksrh gS A csVh l;kuh gksrs gh firk fnu&jkr vis{kk dh gS A mldh fpark esa yxk jgrk gS ij csVh firk dh lHkh Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0166 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr gS A blfy, og vius firk cl jgus nks] dqN er dgks ltksuh fdLdwA5 ls dgrh gS *tgk¡ ekuoh;rk] taxy] isM] unh] eqxsZ taxyksa es jgusokys ;g vkfnoklh LokFkZ ,oa dh ckx] [kwyk vk¡xu] u gks ,Slh txg esjk fookg NydiV ls nwj vR;ar /kkfeZd vkSj fl/ks&lk/ks LoHkko u djuk A tks yMdk iksad nsrh gS A fueZyk blh ‘kks”k.k] esa lkFk jgs* dof;=h ds ‘kCnksa esa & vU;k;] vR;kpkj ds fo#/n vkokt cqyan dj mlh ds lax C;kguk tks] vkfnokfl;ksa dks lpsr djrh gS & dcqrj ds tksMs vkSj i.Mqd i{kh dh rjg] vkSj gk¡ igpkuks] vius gh chp dh ml jgs gj ne lkFk] dbZ&dbZ Å¡ph ?kj ckgj [ksrksa esa dke djus ls ysdj] lS.Myokyh LVsyk dqtqj dks Hkh] Tkks rqEgkjh jkr lq[k&nq[k ck¡Vus rd A4 Hkksyh&Hkkyh fueZyk dh dqN er dgks ltksuh fdLdw cguksa dks] dj jgh gS dPps eky dh rjg dfork vkfnoklh fL=;ks ij iapk;r] egktu vkSj lIykbZ6 ifr}kjk gksusokys vekuq”k vU;k;] vR;kpkj vkSj vkfnoklh lekt dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa laosnukvks ‘kks”k.k dks Li”V djrh gS A tc Hkh bl vkfnoklh dks lnSo dqpyk x;k gS vkSj HkkSfrdoknh laLd`fr us L=h us vius firk ;k ifr ls vius gd dh] taxy bl lekt ij vU;k; gh fd;k gS A f’k{kk ls oafpr dh voS/k dVkbZ dh ;k xzkeh.k MkWDVjks ds }kjk ywV bl lekt dh thfodk taxy dh mit ls tqMh dh ckr dgh rc&rc mldh vkokt dks nck;k gksrh gS A igkMksa vkSj taxyks esa jgusokys bl vkfnoklh x;k A og egktu] Bsdsnkj ,oa iapk;r }kjk nUMhr lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vR;ar n;uh; gksrh gS A gqbZ A idyq ejkUMh uked L=h us tc bl vU;k; ;g vkfnoklh viuh vR;ar ewyHkwr vko’;drk ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZ rks iapk;r us mls fooL= vUu ds fy, [kkukcnks’k gksus ij foo’k gS A gksus ds ltk nh A vkfnokfl;ksa dh cLrh esa lHkh jksVh] diMk] edku] ty] f’k{kk] lapkj] egktuks ,oa iapk;rks ds Mj] ncko vkSj vkrad es vkokxeu vkfn ls oaphr ;g lekt fnu ds mtkys thrs gS blfy, os ,d&nwljs dk lkFk ugha ns ikrsA esa taxy ls iRrs] ydfM;k¡] tMh&cwVh ykdj mUgs bl vekuoh; O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkusokyh cspdj viuk xqtj clj djrk gS A vkfFkZd vHkko dk vatke tks gksrk gS mls fueZyk Li”V dgrh gS & esa thusokys bl lekt dh nqfu;k mudh utj rd Hkjh iapk;r esa ljsvke] gh e;kZnhr gksrh gS A taxy vkSj xk¡o ds ckgj dh upk u nh tkvks uaxh] idyw ejk.Mh dh nqfu;k og ugh tkurk A oks ugh tkurk ‘kgj dh rjg] pdkpkSa/k A buds }kjk cukbZ xbZ phts tSls iRry] Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0167 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 >kMw] ckWl tMh&cqVh ‘kgj rd igw¡p tkrs gS ysfdu ykndj viuh xkfM;ks esa rqEgkjh csfV;ksa dksA*9 mldh mphr fder u feyus ds dkj.k vkfnoklh egktuksa vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa us vkfnoklh ifjokj vkfFkZd vHkko dks lgrs gS ftls dof;=h us ckgkequh ds eqf[k;k ,oa cLrh ds iz/kku dks ‘kjkc vkSj #i;ks dfork esa cgqr ekfeZd ‘kCnksa esa dgk gS & dk ykyp nsdj ukckfyd vkfnoklh yMfd;ksa dh rqEgkjs gkFkks ls cus iRry ij Hkjrs gS isV bTtr dks csvkc# fd;k gS A ‘kgj ls xk¡o ;k taxy gtkjks] esa vkusokys vkne[kksj HksfM, bu Hkksyh&Hkkyh xfjc ij gtkjks iRry Hkj ugh ikrs rqEgkjk isV A7 vkfnoklh yMfd;ksa dks #i;ks dk ykyp nsdj Hkkjrh; iztkra= es vkfnokfl;ks ds fodkl mudh vkc# ywV ysrs gS A ;g yM+fd;k¡ chu C;kgs ds lUnHkZ esa cgqr vf/kd izko/kku cuk, tkrs gS A ek¡ cu tkrh gS vkSj iSnk gksusokys cPps dks mlds mudh laLd`fr dh uqekb’k ns’k vius x.kra= fnol firk dk lgh uke irk ugh gksrk A dof;=h dgrh ds volj ij djrk gS A taxy vkSj nqxZe igkMks ij gS fd x.kra= fnol ds volj ij fofo/k izdkj dh jgusokys bu vkfnokfl;ksa ds mcM&[kkcM jkLrs >k¡fd;ksa esa viuh vkfnoklh Vksyh ds lkFk gj ckj fnYyh ds jktekxZ rd ugha igq¡p ikrs A ysfdu vkfnokfl;ks dh laLd`fr dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS budh v/kZuXu rLohjs fnYyh rd igw¡p tkrh gS A ij x.kra= dk D;k Qk;nk bu vkfnokfl;ksa feyk \ buds fodkl ds fy, ftruh Hkh ;kstuk,¡ curh gS vkt Hkh oSKkfud ;qx esa ;g vkfnoklh lekt pkgs fQj vkfFkZd ;k O;kolkf;d fodkl dh gh f’k{kk ,oa vius vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr tehnkjks] Bsdsnkjks] D;wa u gks ysfdu ;g taxy rd ugha igw¡p ikrh A egktuksa dh fxjQ~r es thou th jgk gS A ‘kgj ds ea=h ,oa Bsdsnkj bu ;kstukvksa dks Mdkj tkrs gS LokfFkZ ,oa dj gh bLrseky djrk gS A fL=;ksa ds Ikk¡o ilkjs tks rqEgkjs gh ?kj es ?kqldj cSBrs vkfFkZd ,oa nsfgd ‘kks”k.k dk flyflyk lqj{kk ds gS A*10 reke ljdkjh vk’okluks ds ckotwn vkt Hkh tkjh fueZyk us vkfnokfl;ksa dh ihMk] vHkko] gS A bls fueZyk us pqMSdk LkkSjsu ls dfork esa Li”V osnuk gh fpf=r ugha djrh vfirw mues psruk vkSj fd;k gS & tkx`fr fuekZu djus dk dk;Z Hkh djrh gS A vkt dSls fcdkm gSa rqEgkjs cLrh dk iz/kku] vkS|ksfxdj.k ,oa ‘kgjhdj.k ds uke ij iw¡thifr oxZ tks flQZ ,d cksry fons’kh nk# esa taxy u”V dj jgs gS vkSj taxy es jgusokyk vkfnoklh j[k nsrk gS] iwjs xk¡o dks fxjoh] lekt taxy ls Hkh cs?kj gks jgk gS A taxy ls vkSj ys tkrk gS dksbZ yMfd;ksa ds xB~Bj dh tkusokyk dPpk eky iDdk cudj ykSVrk gS rks rjg] mls [kfjnus dh {kerk bues ugh gksrh A ifj.kke Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0168 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 Lo#i viuh vko’;drkvksa4.002 dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, bu vkfnokfla;ks dh etcwjh] xfjch vkSj vKku dk bUgs egktuks ls _.k ysuk iMrk gS ftlds cnys es Qk;nk mBkdj ;g lkSnkxj mUgs liuksa dk ek;ktky budk vkfFkZd vkSj ‘kkjhfjd ‘kks”k.k gksrk gS A ;g fn[kkdj ns’k&fons’k esa nsg ds cktkj esa csp nsrs gSA vkfnoklh lekt bZ’oj vkSj va/kfo’okl ij cgqr ;g izLFkkfir LokfFkZ O;oLFkk vkfnokfl;ksa ds fo’okl fo’okl j[krk gS A lkjh fLFkfr;k¡ pkgs fQj ldkjkRed dh /kfTt;k¡ mMkdj mUgs usLrukcwr dj nsrh gS A gks ;k udkjkRed mls bZ’oj dh eftZ ;k dksi fueZyk vkfnokfl;ks dks bl Hk;kog okLrfodrk ls le>dj lg ysrs gS A fueZyk mues psruk txkus dk ifjphr djokrh gS & iz;kl dj dgrh gS & mUgh dh xkfM;ksa ij rqEgkjh yMfd;k¡ lCt mBks] fd rqe tgk¡ ls gks ogk¡ ls mBks] ckx ns[kus] tSls rqQku ls cudj mBrk gS] dydRrk vkSj usiky ds cktkjks esa mrjrh mBrh gS tSls jk[k es nch fpuxkjh --- gSA*13 foMEcuk gh gS fd bZ’oj ij lcls T;knk dSls vkfnoklh lekt vusd izdkj ds djrh gks fo’okl\11 va/kJ/nkvks ,oa va/kfo’oklksa esa thrk gS A ;g ckr ‘kgj esa jgusokys iw¡thifr okluk ds iwtkjh lp gS fd vkjaHk esa ukjh dks vkfnokfl;ks esa iq#”k ds tku&cq>dj taxyks esa vkfnokfl;ks ls feyus tkrs led{k LFkku Fkk ij tSls&tSls ;g lekt izLFkkfirks gS vkSj mUgs ‘kjkc vkSj #i;ksa dk ykyp nsdj mudh ds lEidZ es vk;k rc mUgksus Hkh L=h dks nks;e ntkZ Hkksyh] vKku csVh ls fookg dj dqN fnu ogh fn;k A vkfnoklh lekt esa d`f”k ds {ks= esa fL=;ksa us fcrkrs gS vkSj eu Hkj tkus ds ckn iyk;u dj ysrs gy pykuk fuf’k/n ekuk tkrk gS A oks ,Slk le>rs gS A ,Sls esa og vkfnoklh L=h] isV esa mldk cht gS fd vkfnoklh L=h gy pyk;sxh rks vdky iMsxk fy,] tks taxy ds ckgj dk dqN ugha tkurh mls vkSj fcekfj;k¡ QSysxh A lUFkky&fonzksg ds le; tc us esa mikns; lgft&lgft xqu jeSa % fueZyk iqrqy cscif=dk fl/n gqvk gS A tuojh 2012 i`- 12@16 laUnHkZ % 1½ jef.kdk xqIrk & vkfnoklh dkSu &i`-5  2½ v#.k nso & lekykspu lgft lgft xquj eSa % fueZyk iqrqy cscif=dk & tuojh 2012] i`- 1@16- 3½ fueZyk iqrwy laiknd] jtuh vuqjkxh ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nfyr efgyk ys[ku] Lojkt izdk’ku fnYyh] iz-l- 2011] i`- 27 A 4½ ogh i`- 22 5½ fueZyk iqrqy & uxkMs dh rjg ctrs ‘kCn i`- 34 6½ fueZyk iqrqy & laik- jtuh vuqjkxh & ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nfyr efgyk ys[ku] i`- 23 7½ fueZyk iqrqy & uxkMs dh rjg ctrs ‘kCn & ckgkeuh] i`- 27 8½ ogh & i`- 30 9½ fueZyk iqrwy laiknd] jtuh vuqjkxh Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0171 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 4.002 lekt dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx U;wure thou Lrj 36 ls oafpr jgrk gS vkSj dsoy fuEu Lrj ij viuk xjhch mUewyu dh fofHkUu ;kstuk,Wa xqtkjk djrk gS ftlds dkj.k viuh vko’;drkvks dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;g xzkeh.k yksx] cSad] lkgwdkj] ,oa uok vatksj ifj;kstuk O;kikjh tehankj vkfn ds dtZ esa ncs gksrs gSA vkSj dtZ ugha pqdk ikus ds dkj.k ;s yksx vkRegR;k dj MkW- egsUnz ‘kekZ ysrs gS bu leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, NRrhlx<+ jkT; lgk- izk/;kid] lekt’kkL=] ljdkj l= 2005 esa fo’o cSad dh lgk;rk ls lsB vkj-lh-,l- dyk ,oa okf.kT; dsUnz ljdkj ds lkFk leUo; LFkkfir dj xzkeh.k egk- nqxZ ¼N-x-½ xjhch mUewyu ^^uok vatksj ifj;kstuk** lapkfyr dh x;hA Hkkjr esa fu/kZurk dh leL;k vkSj mldk ======***********======dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu Lo:i& dk;Zdze ds rgr xjhch nwj djus gsrq djksM+ksa :i;s Hkkjr esa fu/kZurk dh leL;k dksbZ uohu ugha dh jkf’k vkcafVr rks djrs gSa ysfdu ;g iwjh jkf‘k gS fdUrq bl ij loZizFke v/;;u nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us xjhc oxZ rd ugha igqap ikrkA vFkkZr~ ;g dgk tk; lu~ 1869 esa fd;k Fkk ftlesa Hkkjr dh okf"kZd fd dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj xjhch feVkus ds fy, vkSlr vk; ek= chl :i;k izfr O;fDr crkbZ FkhA dfVc) gSA ysfdu muds }kjk lapkfyr dh tkus 1899 esa fnXckbZ us vkSlr vk; 18 :Ik;s izfro"kZ okyh ;kstukvksa dk nks"kiw.kZ fdz;kUo;u ds dkj.k vkaWdh xbZA 1945 esa jko us ,d v/;;u ds vk/kkj xjhch nwj djus esa lQyrk ugha fey ik;hA ij okf"kZd vkSlr vk; 204 : crkbZA Lora=rk izLrkouk & izkfIr ds fujUrj bl vksj vusd iz;kl fd, x,A fu/kZurk oLrqr% ,d fo’oO;kih leL;k gS fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k ds vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij tks fo’o ds yxHkx lHkh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa 1953&54 esa jk"Vªh; vk; dk 17 izfr’kr Hkkx FkksM+h cgqr ek=k esa vo’; fo|eku gSA Hkkjrh; tula[;k ds 5 izfr’kr Hkkx }kjk miHkksx esa yk;k vFkZO;oLFkk ,d v)Zfodflr vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ;|fi tkrk FkkA 'ks"k fuEu yksxksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Hkkjr esa izkd`frd lk/kuksa dh izpqjrk gS] vf/kd FkkA 1956&58 esa feUgkl ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj tula[;k gS vkSj yksxksa esa i;kZIr dk;Z&dq’kyrk Hkh Hkkjrh; tula[;k dk 58 izfr’kr ,oa 1973&74 gS] fQj Hkh ;gka ds vf/kdka’k yksxksa dk thou&Lrj esa 39 izfr’kr yksx xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps FksA vR;Ur uhpk gSA blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr eq[kthZ us 1961&62 esa v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ,d /kuh ns’k gS tgka ds fuoklh fu/kZu gSaA fu/kZurk fu"d"kZ fn;k fd ml le; dh vko’;drkvksa ds ,d vkfFkZd&lkekftd leL;k gSA ;g ,d vkfFkZd vuqlkj xzkeh.k dks de ls de 15 :- izfr ekg ,oa leL;k blfy, gS D;ksafd bldh mRifRr vkfFkZd uxjh; dks 22 :- izfr ekg vko’;drkvksa dh vHkko ds dkj.k gksrh gSA ysfdu nwljh vksj ;g ,d iwfrZ ds fy, vko’;drk FkhA bl n`f"V ls 38 lkekftd leL;k Hkh gS D;ksafd blls mRiUu izfr’kr xzkeh.k tula[;k o 44 izfr’kr uxjh; ifjfLFkfr;ka lkekftd thou dks vR;f/kd izfrdwy tula[;k xjhch dh js[kk ds uhps thou ;kiu :i ls izHkkfor djrh O;rhr dj jgh FkhA fu/kZurk dk vfHkizk; ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa lu~ 1969&70 esa nk.Msdj o jFk ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj xkao esa izfr O;fDr 15 :- Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0172 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ekfld ,oa uxjksa esa 224.002 :- ekfld U;wure O;; bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk] nl yk[k dqvka ;kstuk] usg: gSA buds vuqlkj xzkeh.k tula[;k ds 40 izfr’kr jkstxkj ;kstuk] iz/kkuea=h jkstxkj ;kstuk] Lo.kZ ta;rh vkSj uxjh; tula[;k ds 41 izfr’kr O;fDr xjhch 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk] tokgj xzke le`f) ;kstuk] dh js[kk ds uhps thou&;kiu djus dks ck/; FksA Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk bR;kfn izeq[k ;kstuk vk;ksx xjhcksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku gSaA bu ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds QyLo:i n’k ydM+okyk lfefr dh fjiksVZ esa nh xbZ fof/k;ksa ds esa fu/kZurk dks fu;af=r djus esa vkaaf’kd lQyrk vuqlkj yxkrk gSA jk"Vªh; izfrn’kZ losZ{k.k laxBu feyh gS] ysfdu 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vc tqykbZ] 1999 twu] 2000 ds vuqlkj xjhch vuqikr Hkh fu/kZurk dk ncnck cuk gqvk gS tks ;g cryk;k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 27-09 izfr’kr] 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 23- gS fd fu/kZurk fuokj.k dh ;kstuk,a lgh fn’kk esa 62 izfr’kr vkSj lEiw.kZ ns’k esa 26-10 izfr’kr lapkfyr ugha gks jgh gSaA vuqekfur gSA xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps jgus okys yksxksa 1- Ikapo"khZ; ;kstuk,aA dk izfr’kr 1973&74 esa 55 izfr’kr ls fujarj 2- jk"Vªh;dj.kA fxjkoV gksdj ;g o"kZ 1993&94 esa 36 izfr’kr 3- chl&lw=h dk;ZØeA vkSj rd rFkk o"kZ 1999&2000 esa 26 izfr’kr rd 4- fo’ks”k jkstxkj vkSj xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØeA gks xbZA tula[;k esa o`f) ds dkj.k ns’k esa xjhcks dh 5- xjhch mUewyu dh vU; ;kstuk,saA la[;k nks n’kd ¼1973&1993½ esa yxHkx 320 dsUnz o jkT; ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa ds ;ksxnku fefy;u ij fLFkj jghA ;g la[;k 1990&2000 dk ewY;kadu & esa 260 fefy;u gks xbZ gSaA Lkexz vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dks xjhch mUewyu dh ;kstuk,sa & /;ku esa j[krs gq, NRrhlx<+ dh orZeku lRrklhu ljdkj }kjk vktknh ls ysdj vc rd jeu ljdkj }kjk iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx xjhch mUewyu gsrq fofHkUu ;kstuk,Wa lapkfyr dh ds ek/;e ls vusd ubZ ;kstuk,a 'kq: dh gSA ftlesa tkrh jgh gSA lkekftd fodkl dh izfØ;k esa NRrhlx<+ xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu ifj;kstuk ¼uok fu/kZurk fuokj.k ,oa dY;k.k ls lcaf/kr dk;ZØeksa vatksj½] x`gy{eh ;kstuk] fueZyk ?kkV ;kstuk] dks iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ;kstukvksa ls egRo fn;k ds’kodqat ;kstuk vkfn fo’ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; x;k gSaA gSA blds vfrfjDr fu/kZurk fuokj.k dh fn’kk NRrhlx<+ esa o"kZ 2008 pqukoh o"kZ gksus ds esa dbZ Lojsktxkj dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh vkjaHk fd;k x;kA dkj.k orZeku jeu ljdkj }kjk jkT; ds leLr bl izdkj iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fu/kZurk fuokj.k gsrq xjhc ifjokjksa ds fy, ^^eq[;ea=h [kk|kUu lgk;rk ftu dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw fd;k x;k gS] muesa NksVs ;kstuk** ds varxZr 3 :i;s fdyks ij jkT; ds fdlkuksa ds fy, fodkl ,tsUlh] lhekUr fdlkuksa yxHkx 35 yk[k xjhc ifjokjksa dks pkoy miyC/k ,oa d`f"k etnwjksa dh ,tsfUl;ka] lw[kkxzLr {ks= dk;ZØe] djk jgh gS vkSj blds fy, NRrhlx<+ ds 18 ftyksa tutkfr {ks= fodkl dk;ZØe] U;wure vko’;drk esa ls 15 ftyksa esa 16 tuojh 2008 dks ^^pkaoy dk;ZØe] igkM+h {ks= fodkl dk;ZØe] chl&lw=h mRlo** dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa Hkktik dk;ZØe] dke ds igys vukt dk;ZØe] lefUor 'kkflr izns’kksa ds eq[;ea=h] mi eq[;ea=h] iwoZ dsUnzh; xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj ea=h rFkk Hkktik laxBu ds izeq[k inkf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk dk;ZØe] xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu xkjaVh dk;ZØe] tokgj 15 ftyksa esa ,d lkFk ^^pkaoy mRlo** dk 'kqHkkjaHk jkstxkj ;kstuk] xzkeh.k ;qok Lojkstxkj ,oa izf’k{k.k fd;k x;kA dk;ZØe] xzkeh.k efgyk ,oa cky&fodkl dk;ZØe] N-x-jkT; ljdkj dh uok vatksj ifj;kstuk& Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0173 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 jkT; ljdkj xzkeh.k4.002 xjhch mUewyu dk;Zdze nh xbZ bu lHkh dk;ksaZ ds fy, 63 djksM+ :Ik, eatwj ds rgr ^^uok vatksj ifj;kstuk** NRrhlx<+ ds 16 fd,A ftlesa Ldwy Hkou] xzke iapk;r Hkou] ftyksa ds 40 fodkl[k.Mks esa twu 2004 ls izkjaHk vkaxuckM+h] fctyh [kEHks] NksVs&NksVs iqy&iqfy;ksa dhA xzke iapk;rksa esa twu blds vUrxZr foghu ,d dk fuekZ.k] lhesaV&dkaØhV lM+d fuekZ.k] LokLF; yk[k xjhc ifjokjksa ds chl gtkj lefgr lewgksa dk f’k{kk ,oa LoPN is;ty vkfn lkekftd xBu dj mUgsa vkenuh ewyd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tksM+us vko’;drk,Wa iwfrZ dh tkrh gSa rFkk ßviuk dks"kÞ dk y{; Fkk] tcfd ifj;kstuk vof/k lekIr gksus ls dh jkf’k ls Hkh xzkeh.k fodkl laca/kh dk;Z djk;s igys gh y{; ls vf/kd vFkkZr ,d yk[k 11 tkrs gSA gtkj 728 ifjokjksa dks 'kkfey dj chl gtkj bl ifj;kstuk ls ykHk ysdj xzkeh.k xjhc 689 lefgr lewg cuk, x, vkSj mUgs d`f"k vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds O;olk; tSls& d`f"k dk;Z] ifg;s Ik’kqikyu vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa ds lkFk fofHkUu dk fuekZ.k] ikiM+ cukuk] vxjcRrh cukuk] Ik’kq O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ls Hkh tksM+ dj 176 djksM+ ikyu] eNyh ikyu] feV~Vh dk f’kYi] ydM+h dh 59 yk[k :Ik;s dk vuqnku fn;k tk pqdk gSA ewfrZ;kWaa] lCth mRiknu rFkk vU; ikjEifjd dk;Z ykHkkfUorksa esa vkfnoklh oxZ ds 40 gtkj 927] djrs gS] ftlls mudh vk; esa o`f) gqbZ vkSj muds vuqlwfpr tkfr oxZ ds iUnzg gtkj 378] vU; thou Lrj esa lq/kkj gq, gSA Þuok vatksjß NRrhlx<+ fiNM++k oxZ ds 52 gtkj 282 vkSj lkekU; oxZ ds ds fy, vfregRoiw.kZ Fkh] D;ksfd bl ifj;kstuk esa rhu gtkj 141 ifjokj 'kkfey gSaA bu lHkh fgrxzkgh xjhc etnwj lk/ku foghu ykxksa ds lkFk efgykvksa lewgksa esa ls pkj gtkj 993 lewgksa dks d`f"k vk/kfjr] dks fo’ks"k izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA lhekUr fdlku tks ikap gtkj 750 lewgksa dks Ik’kqikyu vk/kkfjr vkSj vius NksVs&NksVs tehu ds VqdM+ksa esa d`f"k dk;Z djrs ikap gtkj 190 lewgksa dks O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ds Fks] os vc lkewfgd :Ik ls lefgr lewg cukdj fy, lgk;rk nh xbZ] tcfd pkj 171 lewgksa dks d`f"k dk;Z dj jgs gSa blls fdlkuksa dks vf/kd O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj 558 lewgksa dks lsok {ks= vkfFkZd ykHk ds lkFk iwjs o"kZ jkstxkj Hkh fey jgk gSA dh xfrfof/k;ks ds fy, vuqnku feyk gSA vc rd iwoZ esa xzkeh.k NksVh&eksVh vko’;drkvksa ds fy, chl gtkj 129 lefgr lewgksa ls dk;Z iw.kZrk izek.k ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgrs Fks] fdUrq vc lefgr lewg i= Hkh izkIr gks pqds gSaA ifj;kstuk {ks= ds lHkh cukdj dk;Z djus ls lkewfgd Hkkouk mRiUu gqbZ gS] lacaf/kr xzke iapk;rksa esa Lohd`r v/kkslajpuk fodkl lkFk gh os vkRefuHkZj gks jgs gSa bl ifj;kstuk dh ds rhu gtkj 344 fofHkUu dk;ksaZ ds rgr xyh lcls cM+h miyfC/k ;g gS fd tks xjhc lhekUr dkØzhVhdj.k ds 2042 ds dk;Z Hkh 'kkfey gSaA fdlku iwjs o"kZ esa ,d Qly ysus ds ckn csjkstxkj blds vykok 219 gSaM iEiksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] gksdj dke fnyk;k tk jgk gSA vc mUgs jksth&jksVh 251 iqy&iqfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk] rkykcksa esa 145 dh fpark ugha jgrh gS] lkFk gh iyk;u ds pyrs fueZyk?kkV cuok,a x, vkSj 38 xkaoksa esa mfpr ewY; muds cPps tks f’k{kk ls oafpr jg tkrs Fks] os vc nqdkuksa ds fy, xksnkek dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA xzkeh.k Ldwy esa LFkkbZ :Ik ls v/;;u djus yxs gSaA {ks=ksa esa 51 [ksy eSnkuksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, 41 xkaoksa NRrhlx<+ uok vatksj ifj;kstuk dks fo’o esa fo|qr foLrkj ds dk;Z Hkh fy, x,A vc rd cSad }kjk foRrh; lgk;rk& rhu gtkj 254 dk;ksaZ ds iw.kZrk izek.k i= izkIr gks ifj;kstuk ds fy, fo’o cSad ls jkT; dks pqds gSaA v/kkslajpuk fodkl ds fy, **uok vatksj 617 djksM+ :Ik;s dk _.k eatwj fd;k x;k FkkA ifj;kstuk** ds rgr izR;sd xzke iapk;r dks igyh fd’r esa 112-56 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj vf/kdre lkr yk[k 50 gtkj :Ik, dh lgk;rk fey Hkh pqds Fks] tc ;g jkf’k feyh rks xkWao&xkWao Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0174 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 esa vkSlru ikWap O;fDr;ksa4.002 dk lewg cuk;k x;kA bu 1- ifj;kstuk ds izkjaHk ls var rd 20142 lewgksa dks ekxn’kZu nsdj izkstsDV esa dqy 5 izfr’kr lefgr lewgksa ds ek/;e ls 108495 ifjokjksa dks dh ekftZu euh ysdj lHkh lewgksa dks lgk;rk nsus 177-5 djksM+ :i;s vkfFkZd lgk;rk Lohd`r dh dk dke izkjaHk fd;k x;kA tc nwljh fd’r nsus dk x;hA le; vk;k rks igyh nh xbZ jkf’k dk 10 izfr’kr 2- ifj;kstuk ds lekfIr rd 40106 fgLlk tek djokdj nwljh fd’r tkjh dh xbZA tc vuqlwfpr tutkfr] 15202 vuqlwfpr tkfr] ns’k esa lqukeh tSlh vkink vkbZ rc blh ifj;kstuk 50039 fiNM+k oxZ ,oa 3184 lkekU; tkfr ds ds Q.M ls yxHkx 2 djksM+ :Ik;s jkgr dks"k esa tek xzkeh.k xjhc ifjokj ykHkkfUor gq,A fd;s x;sA ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, jkT; Lrj 3- p;fur xzkeksa ds fodkl gsrq 62-15 ij ifj;kstuk leUo;d cuk;s x;sA blds uhps djksM+ :i;ksa dh ykxr ls lhesaV] dkadzhV jksM] ftyk ifj;kstuk leUo;d cuk;k x;k vkSj lcls iqy&iwfy;k] is;ty O;oLFkk] lsok dsUnz] eqfDr uhps ds Lrj ij dk;ZdrkZ tksM+s x;sA ckn esa 350 /kku] fo|qr foLrkj] lkeqnkf;d Hkou] iapk;r Hkou] deZpkfj;ksa dks lafonk vk/kkj ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA vkaxu ckM+h] [ksy eSnku] Ldqy Hkou] fueZyk ?kkV ;kstuk ds rgr~ djhc 20 gtkj fgrxzkgh tSls 3374 dk;Z Lohd`r rFkk 2582 dk;Z iw.kZ lewg cuk;s tkus ij 20682 lewg cuk;s x;s blesa gq,A 1 yk[k ifjokj dks ykHk feyuk Fkk ysfdu mlls 4- ifj;kstuk }kjk 192 Hkoufofgu xzke T;knk ifjokj dks ykHk feykA foHkkx ds vuqlkj bu iapk;rksa esa iapk;r Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq 483 yk[k lewgksa ds }kjk viuk;s x;s O;olk;ksa esa Ms;jh O;olk; :i;s Lohd`r rFkk 182 Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iw.kZ ds dke dks lokZf/kd lQyrk feyhA bl ;kstuk esa gq,A d`f"k laca/kh dk;ksZa esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku dh xbZ A 5- ifj;kstuk ls 4936 lefgr lewgksa esa blds vfrfjDr 2200 csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkjewyd 24680 d`"kd ifjokjksa dks 43 djksM+:i;s dh izf’k{k.k Hkh fn;k x;kA vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls 27 gtkj ,dM+ vflafpr d`f"k ;kstuk esa lcls cM+h deh ;g Fkh fd blds Hkwfe esa flapkbZ ,oa mUur d`f"k dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA fØ;kUo;u ds fy, jkT; ljdkj dks igys viuh 6- i'kq ikyu rFkk nqX/k O;olk; ls lacaf/kr vksj ls /ku [kpZ djuk iM+rk FkkA tc iSls [kpZ gks 5642 lefgr lewgksa ds ek/;e ls 28210 ifjokjksa tkrs Fks rc izLrko cukdj Hkstus ds ckn jkf’k dks 57 djksM+ :i;s dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh x;hA feyrh Fkh A blesa dkQh foyEc gksrk Fkk A foRr 7- ikjaifjd O;oLkk; ,oa y?kq&dqVhj m|ksxksa foHkkx us bl ;kstuk dks Loiksf"kr ekuus ls Hkh tSls c<+bZfxjh] jkt feL=h] dqEgkjh dk;Z] flykbZ budkj dj fn;k A fo’o cSad us ;kstuk ds lapkyu d<+kbZ] fdjkuk nqdku] lk;dy LVkslZ] xkjesaV] gLrf’kYi ds fy, tks yksu miyC/k djok;k Fkk] og lk¶V dk;Z] dyk tRFkk vkfn dk;ksZa esa layXu 9537 yksu ugha Fkk A vFkkZr~ jkT; ljdkj dks gj gky esa lefgr lewgksa ds 47688 ifjokjksa dks 77 djksM+ 2013 rd 9 izfr’kr dh nj ls C;kt pqdkuk Fkk :i;s dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh xbZA vkSj blh o"kZ 617 djksM+ :Ik;s okil Hkh djuk FkkA fu"d"kZ& gkWykfd e/;izns’k] jktLFkku] dsjy] vkU/kzizns’k esa bl izdkj fo’o cSad ,oa jkT; 'kklu ds ;kstuk ds nwljs pj.k dks eatwjh fey xbZ] ysfdu lg;ksx ls xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu ^^uok vatksj NRrhlx<+ esa ;g ;kstuk 31 ekpZ 2010 dks can ifj;kstuk** ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k yksxksa dks csgrj dh nh xbZ A jkstxkj ds volj iznku djus dk vfHkuo iz;kl ifj;kstuk dk fo’ys"k.k & fd;k x;kA NRrhlx<+ jkT; ljdkj }kjk Hkh jkT; ls Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0175 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 xjhch nwj djus gsrq fofHkUu4.002 ;kstuk,sa lapkfyr dh 3- izdk’k fojsUnz( Hkkjrh; lekt eqn~ns vkSj x;hA blesa ls ^^uok vatksj ifj;kstuk** Hkh ,d gSA leL;k,Wa] iap’khy izdk’ku t;iqj 2004] i` 12 bu lc iz;Ruksa dh lgk;rk ls gh fu/kZurk dh 4- Hkkjr dh iapo"kh; ;kstuk,Wa vkSj fu/ leL;k dk lek/kku djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA kZurk fuokj.k] Hkkjrh; ;kstuk vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh] dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu o"kZ 2001] i`"B 12] dk;Zdze ds rgr xjhch nwj djus gsrq djksM+ksa :i;s 5- fo'o cSad }kjk tkjh lwph] o"kZ 1992] dh jkf’k vkcafVr rks djrs gSa ysfdu ;g iwjh jkf’k i`"B 1 xjhc oxZ rd ugha igqap ikrkA vFkkZr ;g dgk tk; 6- Godard J.G.; Poverty Its GenesisAnd fd dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj xjhch feVkus ds fy, Exodus, Macmillan, Newyark, Page-5 dfVc) gSA ysfdu muds }kjk lapkfyr dh tkus 7- Govt. of India, Planning Commission, okyh ;kstukvksa dk nks"kiw.kZ fdz;kUo;u ds dkj.k Report of First Five Year Plan Dec 1952, Page1- 12 xjhch nwj djus esa iw.kZr% lQyrk ugha fey ik;hA 8- dVkfj;k lqjsUnz( xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa iapk;r lq>ko jkt] vkj-ch- ,l- ,- ifCy’klZ t;iqj 2003] 1- fu/kZurk fuokj.k dk;ZØeksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk i`"B 76 mlds fØ;kUo;u ij fo’ks"k utj j[kh tk,] rHkh 9- xqIrk ,e-,y- ,oa 'kekZ Mh-Mh-( lkfgR; bl leL;k dk lek/kku laHko gSA Hkou ifCyds’kUl] gkfLiVy jksM vkxjk] i`"B 425 2- d`f"k dh n’kk esa lq/kkj] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa 10- Okk".ksZ; ,l-ds-( xzkeh.k fu/kZurk vkSj dk foLrkj] vk/kqfud d`f"k ds fy, izksRlkgu ,oa lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] dq:{ks=] Qjojh mfpr izf’k{k.k] lgdkjh _.k O;oLFk] d`f"k mRiknksa & 1999] i`"B 9 ds leqfpr foØ; dh O;oLFkk vkSj xzkeh.k lkoZtfud 11- Bkdqj jkes’oj( xjhch mUewyu dh l’kDr fuekZ.k ds }kjk gh laHko gks ldrk gSA ;kstuk] dq:{ks=] flrEcj 1994] i`"B 6 3- xkaoksa esa xzkeksa|ksxksa ds fodkl gsrq vko’;d 12- xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;] iz’kklfud v/kkslajpukRed lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkdj tgka xzkeh.k izfrosnu] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B 178&180 vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh xfr dks rhoz cukus dh 13- uok vatksj c<+rs dne] NRrhlx<+ vko’;drk gS] xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu ifj;kstuk] iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k 4- vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dks rst djus fodkl foHkkx] jk;iqj] 2008] i`"B 2&3 vkSj tula[;k o`f) dks Hkh fu;af=r djus dh t:jr 14- xzke fodkl ;kstuk] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] gSA iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx] jk;iqj] i`"B 5- cky&fookg] deZ&dk.M] va/k&fo’okl] 2&3 e|iku tSlh cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ij gksus okys O;kid viO;; ij vadq’k yxkus dh Hkh  vko’;drk gSA lUnHkZ&lwph 1- dyokj lqxupUn ,oa eh.kk rstjke( fu/ kZurk mUewyu ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl iksbUVj ifCy’klZ] t;iqj 2001] i`"B 4 2- fxfyu ,oa fxfyu( dYpjy lksf’k;ksykWth n esdfeyu dkiksZjs’ku] U;w;kdZ 1950] i`"B 758 Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0176 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 4.002 lcls cM+k Hkkx ,slh Ñfr;ksa dk gSa ftudh fo’ks”k 37 izo`fÙk HkfDrijd jgh gSa! MkW- vuqjk/kk nyky us dgk HkfDrdky esa fLFkr izsek[;kud gSa] ßla- 1375 fo- ls ysdj dchjnkl ds dfork dky rd dh miyC/k lkexzh dk ijh{k.k dj ds dkO;&/kkjk ;g rF; izdkf’kr fd;k gSa fd ;s dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡ vkfndkyhu dkO;&izo`fÙk;ksa dh ‘krizfr’kr ijEijk MkW- ‘ks- jft+;k ‘kgukt+ ‘ks- vCnqYyk esa gh iMrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mUgksaus HkfDrdky dk fganh foHkkx] la’kks/kd ekxZn’kZd] vkjaHk laor 1480 fo- ds ckn ls ekuk gSaAÞ1 gq- cfgthZ Lekjd egkfo|ky;] oleruxj HkfDrdky ds bl vk/kkj ij 1450 bZ- ls ysdj rk- oleruxj ft- fgaxksyh ¼egk-½ 1650 bZ- rd dh izsek[;ku dkO;&Ñfr;ksa dk izLrqr vuq’khyu dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSaA bl dky[k.M esa HkfDr ls brj tks vU; dkO;&izo`fÙk;k¡ ifjyf{kr ======***********======izsek[;kuksa dh ijEijk gekjs ns’k esa cgqr gksrh gSa muesa izsek[;ku&dkO; /kkjk lcls vf/kd izkphu gSa! bldk vadqj _Xosn dh dfri; jpukvksa egRoiw.kZ gSaA esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS tks czkã.k] Hkkxor~] uhfreatjh] fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa izsek[;ku c`ân~nsork vkfn xzaFkksa esa izLQqfVr gqvkA bldh v[k.M dkO;/kkjk vkSj mlds jpukdkjksa dk loZizFke mi;qDr ijEijk egkHkkjr ds ckn ls gh ns[kh tk ldrh gS tks foospu vk- jkepUæ ‘kqDy th us izLrqr fd;kA iqjk.kksa esa of.kZr vla[; dFkkvksa] ckS)&tSu vk[;kuksa mUgksaus HkfDrdky dh fuxqZ.k /kkjk dks nks ‘kk[kkvksa esa ls fodflr gksrh gqbZ laLÑr ds yfyr&lkfgR; esa ¼1½ Kkuk{k;h ¼2½ izsek{k;h ukeksa ls foHkDr djds iYyfor gksa] iapra=] csrky iPphlh vkSj c`âRdFkkvksa izseekxhZ; izsekJ;h dks ¼lwQ+h½ ‘kk[kk ds varxZr vkfn dh yksd izpfyr dFkkvksa dks ysdj izkÑr HkfDrdky ds ik¡p izsek[;kudkjksa dks tSls dh tk;lh] viHkza’k dh dkO;&izo`fÙk;ksa dks xzgu djrh gqbZ fganh dqrqcu] ea>u] mleku] ‘ks[kuoh dks ekuk gSa( ijarq rFkk vU; vk;Z Hkk”kkvksa esa vorfjr gqbZA ftls fganh fganw vkSj eqfLye dfo;ksa ds izsek[;kuksa dks ,d lkFk lkfgR; ds bfrgkldkjksa us bl ijEijk dks lwQ+h&vlwQ+h j[kdj MkW- jke dqekj oekZ us vius vkykspukRed vFkok vHkkjrh;&Hkkjrh; bu nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr bfrgkl esa ^izse&dkO;* ds varxZr bl dkO;/kkjk fd;k gSaA tSls dh & dk ifjp; fn;kA blesa mUgksasus x.kifr Ñr 1- fgUnwvksa }kjk jfpr izsek[;kuksa dh ;g ^ek/kouy dkedUnyk izcU/k*] dq’ky dkO; Ñr ijaijk iwoZorhZ lkfgR; ls lEc/k gSa] vr% mUgs Hkkjrh; ^ek/kouy dkedUnyk pfj=*] ^dqrqc ‘krd*] ^jl izsek[;ku&dkO;ksa dh dksfV esa j[kk x;k gSaA jru*] ^lnSoPN lokfyaxk jk nwgk*] ^dud eatjh*] 2- eqlyeku dfo;ksa dks /kekZuq;k;h ?kksf”kr ^eSuklr* vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k gSaA dj ds mudh jpukvksa dks /kkfeZd fopkjksa ds xqIr loZizFke MkW- dey dqyJs”B us iz;kx izpkj dk ek/;e le>k x;k vkSj bls vHkkjrh; fo’ofo|ky; ls lu 1500 bZ- ls 1750 bZ- rd ekudj lwQ+h dkO;/kkjk ds varxZr LFkku fn;k x;k( ds fganh izsek[;kud dkO; dk v/;;u izLrqr fd;kA ijarq lkfgfR;d ijEijk dh i`”BHkwfe rFkk Ñfr;ksa ds ftlesa ckbZlkS o”kksZa esa fy[ks x, 93 izsek[;kuksa dh vuq’khyu djus ij ;s er Hkzeiw.kZ izrhr gksrs gSaA lwph izLrqr dh tks izk;% [kkst fjiksVZ ij vk/kkfjr gSaA fganh lkfgR; ds lanHkZ esa HkfDrdky ls rkRi;Z ml ftuesa HkfDrdky ds yxHkx nl dfo;ksa ds izsek[;kuksa dky&[k.M ls gSa ftldh miyC/k jpukvksa dk dk laf{kIr ifjp; fn;k ftlesa tku dfo }kjk fy[ks x, 21 izsek[;kuksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; fn;kA HkfDrdky Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0177 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 dh dqy 93 jpuk,¡ vcrd izdk’k esa vk;h gSa tks 56- uyne;Urh dFkk oSjkxh ukjk;.k 1625 bZ- 57- lSQqy eqywd o onhmy teky xoklh 1625 bZ- fganh izsek[;kud dkO;ksa dh ijEijk dh gh fodflr 58- eSuk lroUrh xoklh ------59- dFkk lhyoUrh tku 1627 bZ- dM+h gSaA 60- dFkk iqgqi ofj”kk tku 1628 bZ- 61- dFkk :ieatjh tku 1628 bZ- HkfDrdky dh 93 fganh izsek[;kud fuEu 62- dFkk jru eatjh tku 1629 bZ- 63- ySyk etuw vkftt 1630 bZ- izdkj ls izLrqr dh xbZ gSaA 64- euksgj ek/ko foykl vKkr 1632 bZ- 65- t;lsu yhykorh pkSikbZ lqefr gal 1634 bZ- Ø- la- jpuk ys[kd dky 66- dFkk jrukorh tku 1634 bZ- 1- fo|kfoykl pkSikbZ vkKk lqUnj 1454 bZ- 67- dFkk jktk pUælsu jktk ‘khy fu/kku tku 1634 bZ- 2- y[kelsu in~ekorh dFkk nkek 1459 bZ- 68- dFkk dkejkuh ok ihrenkl tku 1634 bZ- 3- dne jko o ine jko futkeh 1461&63 bZ- 69- xzaFk ySyk etuw tku 1634 bZ- 4- k lksjB dh ckr vKkr 1643 bZ- ds vklikl 14- ek/kokuy&dkedUnyk ykypnkl ¼\½ 1543 bZ- ds iwoZ 80- pUn ijeyh pkSibZ vKkr 1643 bZ- ds vklikl 15- in~ekor tk;lh 1540 bZ- 81- m”kk dh dFkk jkenkl 1643 bZ- ds vklikl 16- fp=js[kk tk;lh 1540 bZ- ds ckn 82- ek/kokuy dFkk nkeksnj 1643 bZ- ds vklikl 17- dkedUnyk jl foykl ek/ko 1543 bZ- 83- pUnu ey;kfxfj pmibZ prqj 1644 bZ- 18- ek/kqekyrh okrkZ prqHkqZtnkl 1550 bZ- ds vklikl 84- dFkk dyUnj tku 1645 bZ- 19- e/kqekyrh ea>u 1545 bZ- 85- g’r cfg’r efyd [kq’kuwn 1646 bZ- 1500&1581 bZ- 86- ;wlqQ tqys[kk efyd [kq’kuwn ------20- Tkksr fujatu izsek;u ‘ks[k fjTdqYyk ds vklikl 87- dFkk fujey tku 1647 bZ- 21- yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSaAÞ6 lkFk gh n`f”V ls Hkh bldk egRo lqizfl) fo}ku MkW- tu&thou ds fp= vis{kkÑr de gh ns[kus dks oklqnso’kj.k vxzoky dk dguk gS fd] ßlksygoh feyrs gSaA tksxh] ;rh vkfn dh ppkZ mudh lk/kuk ‘krh dks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk iYyfor :i ^in~ekor* Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0179 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ds izkIr gksrk gSaAÞ8 }kfjdkizlkn lDlsuk us ^in~ekor* lk/ku] Hkkstu rFkk oL=&ifj/kku] vkHkw”k.k rFkk J`axkfjd dk lkaLÑfrd ewY;kadu djrs gq, fy[kk gSa] ßdfo izlk/kuksa dh vkd”kZd >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA ds vf/kdka’k o.kZuksa ij Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh Nki gSa] lkFk&gh&ledkyhu lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd vkLFkk,¡ dfo ds vf/kdka’k vuqHkwfr;k¡ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds o yksd fo’okl] mRlo&ioZ] jkT;O;oLFkk] jktoa’kks xw<+ rRoksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSa] dfo ds vf/kdka’k Hkko&Hkafxek,¡ dh fLFkfr] T;ksfr”k ‘kkL=] LFkkiR; dyk vkfn dk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izeq[k xq.kksa ls ;qDr gSa] dfo dh lqanj izek.k feyrk gSaA lkaLÑfrd v/;;u dh n`f”V vf/kdka’k /kkj.kk,¡ ,oa ekU;rk,¡ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ls ;g dkO; vR;ar egRoiw.kZ dkO; gSaA miknkuksa ls laxqfEQr gSaA ;gh dkj.k gSa fd ^in~ekor* 8- fp=koyh % lqizfl) dfo mleku us esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk vR;ar mTToy ,oa nsnhI;eku bl xzaFk dh jpuk lu~ 1022 fgtjh rnFkZ lu~ :i fo|eku gSaAÞ9 bu lc rF;ksa ls Li”V gksrk gSa fd 1615 bZ- esa dh FkhA blesa usiky ds iokj dqy ds ^in~ekor* esa laLÑfr ds lHkh i{kksa ds ltho fp= {kf=; jktk ds iq= lqtku vkSj :iuxj dh jktdqekjh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k ;g Ñr lkaLÑfrd fp=koyh ds fp= n’kZu&tU; izse dk fu#iu gqvk n`f”V ls vR;ar ewY;oku gSaA gSaA f’koth ds vk’khokZn ls uk;d dk tUe gksrk gSa] 6- fp=js[kk % ßefyd eqgEen tk;lh nsoksa }kjk lksrs gq, jktdqekj dks fp=koyh ds jaxegy }kjk 88 Nanks esa jfpr vo/kh Hkk”kk dk dkO;xzaFk gSaA esa igq¡pk;k tkrk gSaA f’ko eafnj esa uk;d&ukf;dk bl y?kq izse dFkk esa dUUkkSt ds jktdqekj o jktdqekjh dk feyu izLrqr gksrk gSaA uk;d }kjk vU; laqnjh dk fp=js[kk dh izse dFkk of.kZr gSaAÞ10 fo”k; oLrq dh m)kj djus ds fy, mlls fookg djukA vekufo; n`f”V ls bls ^in~ekor* dh Hkk¡fr lkekftd vkn’kZ ?kVukvksa ,oa vizkÑfrd rRoksa dh l`f”V vkfn ijEijkxr iz/kku izsek[;kud dkO; dgk tkrk gSaA blds izse dFkkud :f<+;ksa dk fofu;ksx lQyrkiwoZd fd;k fu#iu esa jktdqekjh dh lgkuqHkwfr o lEc/k Hkkouk x;kgSaA fo”k; oLrq dh n`f”V ls dkSrwgy iz/kku ds ewy esa izse dh o`fÙk dk varfuZfgr gksuk rFkk vk[;kud dkO; gSa] ysfdu lkSan;Z] izse vkSj fojg fp=js[kk dk lrh gksus ds fy, izLrqr gksuk mYys[kuh; fu#iu esa dfo dh lân~;rk ,oa Hkko izo.krk dk gSaA blesa bLyke er ds fdafpr rF;ksa ds lkFk nku] ifjp; feyrk gSaA ßfo}kuksa us ^fp=koyh* ds fojg iw.; rFkk tdkr fo”;kd funsZ’k ek= gh feyus ds o.kZu esa dgha&dgha dchj] rqylh vkSj tk;lh dh 11 dkj.k izLrqr v/;;u dh n`f”V ls ;g lk/kkj.k dksVh Nki ns[kh gSaAÞ izLrqr Ñfr esa czãk dh loZO;kidrk dh Ñfr ekuh xbZ gSaA txr ds lkFk mldk laEc/k] nsoh&nsorkvksa] ikSjkf.kd 7- e/kqekyrh % bl izse dkO; dks ehj vk[;kuksa] izfl) rhFkZ o ufn;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk lS;n ea>u us lu 1545 bZ- ¼95 fgtjh½ esa fy[kk gSaA dfo dk laxhr dyk fo”k;d fu#iu Hkh vU; FkkA blesa dqy 539 Nan gS] ftlesa ik¡p v}kZfy;ksa dfo;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd foLr`r gSaA Hkouksa vkSj ds ckn ,d nksgs dk Øe fo/kku Hkh gqvk gSaA blesa egyksa ds [kaHkks ij lksus esa <+ys gq, fp= fp=dyk dk euksgj vkSj e/kqekyrh dh lqanj izse dFkk of.kZr gSaA izek.k nsrs gSaA fofo/k mRlo] ioksZ vkSj oSokfgd ÑR;ksa ftlesa ykSfdd izse ds mnkÙk Lo:i dh euksje ds foLr`r foo’k ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA lkekftd rFkk >k¡dh izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSaA izse ds jktuhfrd thou ds fofo/k i{kksa dk Hkh lqanj fu#iu vykok ekuoh; lEc/kksa tSls dh HkkbZ&cgu dk buesa gqvk gSaA v/;;u dh n`f”V ls ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ vuqjkx] fe= izse dk lqanj vkn’kZ izLrqr fd;k x;k Ñfr dgh tk ldrh gSaA gSaA fo”k;oLrq dh n`f”V ls bls lkekftd vkn’kZ 9- ySyk etuw % ßdfooj vftt us lu iz/kku dkO; dgk tk ldrk gSaA dkO; lks”Bo dh 1040 fgtjh rnFkZ 1630 bZ-l- esa bl xzaFk dh n`f”V ls fo}kuksa bls fganh ds Js”B dkO; dh dksfV esa jpuk dh gSaAÞ12 ySyk&etuw dk dFkkud bZjku dh ifjxf.kd fd;k gSaA dfo Hkkjrh; laLÑfr rFkk fganw lqizfl) izse dFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSaA dfo us ySyk&etuw fopkj/kkjk ls vR;ar izHkkfor jgk gSaA euksjatu ds dh dFkk dks iz/kku Hkkx dks la{ksi esa izLrqr fd;k gSaA Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 Factor Printing Area 0180 ISSN: 2394 5303 International Research journal fo”k; oLrq dh n`f”V 4.002 ls ;g(IIJIF) lkekU; dksfV dk Issue-32, Vol-01 v[;kud gSaA dbZ LFkyksa ij dfo us cM+h dq’kyrk 38 ls ekfeZd Hkkoksa dk vadu fd;k gSaA dkO; dh Hkk”kk ihMdI saInaomaa maoM maihlaaAaoM kI nfD[kuh fganh gSaA izLrqr Ñfr esa vk/;kfRed lk/kuk ds LQqV funsZ’k rFkk ledkyhu jhfr&uhrh;ksa dh badlataI BaUimaka vfHkO;fDr ek= gqbZ gSaA blesa izse dk vkn’kZ :i rFkk lkaLÑfrd thou dk fp= miyC/k gksrk gSaA sapanaa saava{kr 10- dFkk jrukorh % ßHkfDrdky ds jaI-3,baI-blaa#k, vafre dfo U;ker [kk¡ tku dfo gSaA bUgksaus yxHkx robaIyama yausauf enaÁlaova, 78 dkO; Ñfr;ksa dh jpuk dh gSaA ftuesa ls 28 naagaa maisjad, kuTI_-faoMDa gaaovaa | jpukvksa dks MkW- jkefd’kksj ekS;Z us izsek[;kud dkO; ekuk gSaAÞ13 ftuesa ¼1½ dFkk dykoarh ¼2½ dFkk dya ykorh ¼3½ dFkk dkSrwgyh ¼4½ dFkk dudkorh ¼5½ ======***********======dFkk lroUrh ¼6½ dkeyrk ¼7½ dFkk lhyoarh maanava-manaaorMjana ko saaQana ko $pa maoM Apanaae ¼8½ dFkk iqgqi fij”kk ¼9½ :i & eatjh ¼10½ jru jaanaovaalao isanaomaa kao saaO saala paUro hao gae hOM | eatjh ¼11½ dFkk jrukoyh ¼12½ dFkk pUælsu isanaomaa ko SauÌAataI daOr maoM Aaja kI tarh isanaomaa lanHkZ xzaFk lwfp % ko inamaa_Na ko ilae AavaSyak saaQana AasaanaI sao 1- MkW- vuqjk/kk nyky] ^fganh dk HkfDrdky ]palabQa nahIM qao | dadasaahoba falako jaOsao inamaa_taaAaoM vkSj mlds dkO; dk ewY;kadu*] i`- 51&97 nao kqaanak maoM jaana Dalakr k{ saaro pa`yaasaaoM sao 2- MkW- Hkxorhyky ‘kekZ] ^ ldrs gSa] og vkgr ukn gSA gSA dB¨j ifjJe v©j ?k¨j fPkUru ds ckn mUg¨us ;g vkgr ukn ds Òh nks Òsn gSA tks ukn tho/kkjh mRiUu fl) fd;k fd Ò©frd ‘kfDr;¨a dh rqyuk esa vk/ djrk gSa mls ^’kCn* vkSj tks tM+ inkFkZ ls mRiUu ;kfRed ‘kfDr vf/kd cy’kkyh gS] v©j blh ls gksrk gS mls ^/ofu* dgrs gSA ‘kCn vkSj /ofu ds Òh euq”;ek= v©j fo’o dk dY;k.k g¨ ldrk gSA nks&nks #i gSa ¼1½ jatdrkiw.kZ ;k e/kqj ¼2½ vjTtadrk leLr tho/kkfj;¨a ds nq%[k v©j Dys’k dk iw.kZ ;k ve/kqjA e/kqj ‘kCn /ofu ls Jqfr;k¡ mRiUu eq[; dkj.k vkokxeu gS] v©j tc rd tho gksrh gSa vkSj dbZ Jqfr;k¡ ds feyus ls ,d Loj curk vkokxeu ls jfgr ugha g¨rk] rc rd mldk gSA laxhr esa 22 Jqfr;k¡ ls 7 Lojksa dh mRifRr gksrh dY;k.k ugha g¨rkA thovkRek] czá dk gh va’k gSA gSSA czá lr&fPkr vkaun gS] vkSj mlh esa yhu gksdj Loj foU;kl ls Lojksa dk tks ,d fuf’pr vkRek dks ‘kkfra feyrh gSA ;ksx] ;K] ri] ozr lÒh Lo#i curk gS] laxhr ds fuekZrkvksa us ml #i dks mlh vlhe ‘kkafr dks izkIr djus ds lk/ku gSA laxhr jkx rFkk jkfxfu dh laKk nh gSA dqN Lo#i tks dk fuekZ.k Òh mlh ifo= m}s’; ds fy, fd;k x;k xEÒhj] ‘kkar rFkk dBksj yxs] mUgsa iq#"kRo xq.k ds FkkA dkj.k jkx dgk x;k vkSj ftu dh izd`fr dksey] laxhr dk vk/kkj ^ukn* gSA ^ukn* czgek.M papy vkSj vkd"kZd tku iM+h mUgsa jkfxfu laKk ls ds d.k&d.k esa mlh izdkj O;kIr gS] ftl izdkj foÒwf"kr fd;k x;kA vfXu esa Å".krk lekbZ gksrh gSA ^ukn* ls ijs rks l`f"V izkphu dky ls orZeku le; rd jkx- dk fuekZ.k gh vlEÒo gSA ^ukn* ls gj osn dh jkfxfu;ksa ds Lo#i vkSj Loj foU;kl esa egku vUrj mRifr gqbZ gSA Òxoku d`".k us Òh Lo;a xhrk esa dgk gks x;k gS] ;s gh dkj.k gS fd vkt muds xk;u ls gS ^^osnuke lkeosnksfLe** ‘kkL= of.kZr izÒko mRiUu ugh gksrkA ;gk¡ dqN iz/kku dkj.kksa is jks’kuh Mkyh tk jgh gSA Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0184 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 1- igyk dkj.k4.002 rks ;g gS fd tgk¡ ‘kkL=ksa esa gS ij vkt ds le; esa bldh ijokg fdrus yksx 72 FkkV of.kZr gS] ogk¡ mls ?kVkdj dsoy lqxerk djrs gSaA ds fy, 10 gh eku fy;k x;k gSA 72 FkkV ds vc ikBd [kqn gh QSlyk ysa fd vkt vUrxZr tgk¡ fofp= vkSj vfr dksey Jqfr;ksa dk Åij crk, fdrus fu;eksa dk ikyu fdrus laxhrK iz;ksx gksrk Fkk] ogk¡ vc dsoy dksey vkSj rhoz djrs gSa] vkSj fQj dgrs gSa fd jkxksa dk izÒko ugha Lojksa ds gh vk/kkj ij laxhr f’k{kk nh tkrh gS] vkSj gksrkA mldh lk/kuk dh tkrh gSA tc ge fdlh vizkIr oLrq ds fy, 2- ‘kkL=ksa esa crk;k x;k gS fd ftl Loj vuqla/kku djrs gSa] rks igys mlds vfLrRo esa dh vknksayu la[;k 240 gks] og “kMt Loj gS] ij fo’okl djrs gSaA fcuk fo’okl fd, vuqla/kku vkt bPNkuqlkj fdlh Hkh Loj dks “kMt ekudj lQy ugha gks ldrk gSA ;s gekjk nqÒkZX; ugh arks xk;d Loj&lk/kuk djrs gSaA vkSj D;k gS fd ge yksxksa us jkxksa ds izÒko dks fujh 3- orZeku le; esa jkxksa ds ‘kq) Lo#iksa esa dYiuk eku j[kk gS] blfy, bldh lR;rk dks tehu-vkleku dk varj vk x;k gS] ,slk e/;dky tk¡pus ds fy, u rks lk/ku bdðs djrs gSa vkSj u gh ls gks jgk gS] ftldk ifj.kke ;g gS fd nhid dks iz;Uu’khy gh gksrs gSaA ik¡p dj jkxksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS] blfy, djus okyksa ls esjk vuqjks/k gS fd oks bldh lR;rk vxj jkx-jkfxfu;ksa dks muds mfpr le; ij ugha dks tkuus ds fy, iz;Ru’khy gksaA xk;k tk, rks ;g gkfu ns ldrk gSA 6- dbZ jkxksa esa Jqfr;ksa dk Òsn gksrk gS tSls  njckjh dkUgM+k esa vfr dksey /kSor dk iz;ksx gksrk Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0185 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 sa4 ipta ke sman Vyvhar kre| tdnusar "raja 40 ko Apne raJy me. xak Aaid ka Vyapar krke mnuSm

Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0188 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 8- isij fy[krs le; igys 3 ç'u fy[kus oks rqjar ;kn jg tkrk gS D;ksafd oks VISUAL esa gksrh esa 2 ?kaVs gks x, ckfd „ ç'u fy[kus esa le; de gS A iM+k A 2- BIG : 9- isij ds igys nks fnu igys cq[kkj vk vki tc ?kj ls cgkj esys esa tkrs gS] rc x;k Fkk] blfy, vPNh rjg rS;kjh u dj ik;k A vkidks fcx Nhts tSlh dh cM+h cM+h jkbM~l vkidks 10- ijh{kk nsus ds fy, LdwVj ij tk jgk rqjar ;kn vk tkrh gS A Fkk] ysfdu fcp esa gh isVªksy [kre gks x;k blfy, 3- COLOURFUL : ijh{kk esa le; lj igq¡p ugha ik;k A vki dks tc Hkh COLOURFUL phts ns[krs 11- ijh{kk dh rS;kjh rks cgqr vPNs ls dh gks rks vkidks rqjar ;kn vk tkrk gS] tSls dh Fkh ysfdu LUCK us lkFk ugha fn;k A lekpkji= esa ;k VsDLVcqd esa jaxhu fp=ksa vkidks ;s ckr vlQy dh gks ldrh gS dh oks rqjar ;kn vk tkrk gSA dSls vlQy gks x;k\ 4- DAIMANTION : 1- ijh{kk dh iw.kZ rS;kjh u djuk A ;kus vk;ke tSls dh vki i<+rs le; 2- LVªsl eSustesaV A ßtgktÞ 'kCn vkrs gS] rks vkids fnekx esa tgkt 3- Vkbe eSustesaV A dk fp= fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 4- ijh{kk dh Q‚esZV dh let u gksuk A 5- EMOTIONAL : 5- vU; dkj.k A tSls dh vkidks dgk tk;s dh fiNys lky rks Nk=ks ge ;s dgrs gS dh mlls dSls Ldwy esa V‚i fdl Nk= us fd;k Fkk] vkidks ;kn fuiVk tk;s vkSj ijh{kk es dSls T;knk vad yk;s] ugha jgsxk] ysfdu oks V‚i Nk= vkidk lEcU/kh HkkbZ muds fy, ge vkidks ,d QkewZyk crkrs gS] dh cgu pkpk dk yM+dk gks rks vkidks rqjar ;kn vk dSls ijh{kk es T;knk vad çkIr fd;k tk;sA tk;sxkA ijh{kk esa T;knk vad ysus dk QkewZyk ,sls cgqr lkjs QkewZyk gS tks vki is dkSu jksdrk gS esa ns[krk gqA ,slk dqN t‚c rks ugha dj ldrs] vHkh 12 ohesa gks rks is flQZ is dqN djuk gSA eq>s esjs ekrk firk ds ysfdu oks vUnj ls tks vkokt vk;h Fkh vc rd fy, ugha esjh gksusokyh iRuh ds fy, ugha esjs fy, x;h ughaA VSysaV] xksy lsfVax vkSj eksfVos'ku dh ,d djuk gS blfy, i<+uk gS A LIMIT gS] ysfdu vUnj ls tks INSPIRATION vkrh esjs [kqn dk vuqHko oks dHkh ugha ejrh] ckfd lc ej tkrk gSA vkt dk esa d‚yst esa Fkk rc rd esa ,slh xyr VªSd ls'ku esa nwljh dqN ckrs ;kn j[kuh gS] flQZ ,d ij Fkk esjs fe= ds lkFk tks ,sls Fks] muds lkFk fte ykbu ;kn j[kuh gS dh esa Vkbe ikl djrs FksA ,d ckj eSaus esjs ,d fe= ls eq>s dqN djuk gS iwNk dh d‚yst ds ckn D;k djksaxs] rks mUgksa us dgk vxj fdlh dh ftUnxh esa INSPIRATION dh dqN ugha] nks& pkj lky is dkSu f[kyk;sxk eSa ,sls gh ?kwerk mlus ftanxh esa cgqr iSlk de fy;k rks oks D;k jgw¡xkA dc rd fe=ks dh xkM+h esa dc rd ?kwerk djsxk etk gh djsxkA ,d LVwMsaV~l dks i<+us dh jgw¡xkA eSa dcrd eq¶r dh jksVh [krk jgw¡xk] ;s bPNk ugha gksrh rks mudk eu dgk tk;sxk ets esa gh lksprk jgk lksprk jgk fQj ,d fnu esjs fny ls tk;sxk vkSj dgh tk gh ugha ldrk D;ksa dh tks vkokt ¼ewoesaV½ vk;h dh fuys'k vc rks vkidks viuk eu dks etk esa etk vkrk gSA tks EDICTION dqN djuk gh iM+sxk vkSj dksbZ pkal ugha gS vHkh gS] oks TEMPORARY esa ls CONVERT gksdj d‚yst esa gS] rks flQZ i<+uk gh gS] ckfd lc ns[kk PERMENANT gks tkrk gS gedks irk gh ugh pyrkA Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0192 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 vc ;s xyr VªSd dh 4.002fyLV cukrs gS A D;k djksaxs [kkrs tkvks [kkrs tkvks D;k Qjd iM+rk 1- u'kk % gSA D;k Qjd iM+rk gS\ ml le; Qjd ugha iM+rk u'kk ,d ,slh pht gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk mlds ckn Qjd iM+rk gSA nqljs fnu Hkxoku cq) us ukg gS] blhfy, muls nwj jguk pkfg,A pkgs xksy Hkh 2500 lky igys ,d ckr dgh Fkh dh vius vpho djks ;k u djks blesa etk ugha gksrk rks mind dks 'kkiZ vkSj fDy;j j[kuk gS rks viuh nqfu;k esa bruh cksrys dSls fcdrh ysfdu blls ges c‚Mh esa dke djuk iM+sxk mudks nwj djus ds fy, nwj jguk pkfg,A dqN EXERSIZE djuk pkfg,A 2- SEXUAL PLEDGE : 5- d‚esMh % ,d Nk= dks esa cksy jgk gq] is ugha 42 irk] ysfdu esjh thoudh esa ;s dHkh DICTIONRY fd’kksjksa] O;Ldksa vkSj o`)ks ds ugha fy[kk gksxk dh ßeSaus gkj eku yhÞ tc rd eSa bl dke dks ml gn rd ugha fy, vkgkj vk;kstu dj ysrk tc rd bl de djus dh nqfu;k esa dksbZ (Planning Diets for Adolescents, Adults and O;fä lius esa Hkh ugha lksp ldrk] tc rd bl During old Age) dke esa eSa ijQsD'ku vkSj ACHIEVMET ugha çkIr dj ysrk rc rd eSa #dus okyk ugha gq] ;s tc rd Mohini Tyagi vkids vUnj ugha vk;sxk rc rd vkidh ftUnxh cnyus okyh ugha gS esjs fo|kFkhZA ======***********======var esa ;gh dgw¡xk dh] vius vki ls fd’kksjkoLFkk rsth ls fodkl vkSj o`f) dh vk;q gSA ;g voLFkk yxHkx nl o”kZ rd jgrh gSA vkidks inspire djrs jguk gS] oks ,d ykbu esa dgs rks A bl lewg esa O;fDr;ksa ds fodkl dh xfr cgqr eq>s dqN djuk gSA vf/kd fHkUu gks ldrh gSA blh vk;q esa] ‘kjhj esa] eq>s dqN djuk gSA eu esa dbZ izdkj ds ifjorZu gksrs gSA yM+fd;ka 11 eq>s dqN djuk gSA vkSj 13 o”kZ dh vk;q ds chp vkSj yM+ds 13 vkSj eq>s dqN djuk gSA 16 o”kZ dh vk;q ds chp ifjiDork dks izkIr gksrs eq>s dqN djuk gSA gSaA ‘kjhj esa ikuh dh ek=k] ‘kjhj ds vk;ke] vkSj pkgs tks gks tk;sA gfM+M;ksa vkSj olk dh n`f”V ls yM+dks vkSj yM+fd;ksa eq>s gkjuk ugh gSA esa cgqr vf/kd vUrj gksrk gSA vkSj oks djuk Hkh cgqr vklu gS] ;s vUnj ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd fodkl dh bl ls vk tk;s] vof/k esa iksf”Vd vkgkj dh vko’;drk cgqr eq>s dqN djuk gS vkSj oks Hkh vklu gS] rks vf/kd gksrh gSA ftl O;fDr us Hkh fd’kksjksa dks HkkbZ fdlus jksdk vkidks Hkkstu djrs g, ns[kk gks] og ;g crk ldrs gSa fd nksM+ks] c<+ks vkxsA bl vk;q esa fdruh Hkw[k yxrh gSA ;fn Hkkstu esjk Vkbe x;k] vkidk 'kq: i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gks rks yM+ds rks [kkrs gh pys tkrs gaSA nqHkkZX; dh ckr ;g gS fd ;fn Hkkstu esa iksf”Vd rRoksa dh i;kZIr ek=k u gks rks Hkh fd’kksj  viuh {kq/kk feVkus ds fy, mls [k ysxsa] ysfdu mlls mUgsa iksf”Vd rRo ugha feysxsa tks fodkl ds fy, vko’;d gSA blh vk;q eas iksf”Vd vkgj ikus okys vkSj mlls oafpr fd’kksjkas ds chp vUrj Li”V gks tkrk gSA lkekU;r;k ?kfV;k Hkkstu og gS] ftlesa u rks dSyjh dh i;kZIr ek=k gksrh gS vkSj u dSfy’k;e dhA ysfdu fd’kksj yM+ds esa dSfy’k;e dh deh Li”V :i ls fn[kk;h ugha iM+rh] D;ksafd mldh deh ds dkj.k mldk fodkl mruk ugha gksrk] Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0194 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ftruk gksuk pkfg,A blds4.002 vfrfjDr ;fn Hkkkstu esa ds ‘kjhj dk vkdkj vkSj ifjek.k yM+fd;ksa dh dSfy’k;e dh ek=k i;kZIr u gks rks cPpk i;kZIr rqyuk esa Ms<+ xquk gksrk gSA yM+fd;ksa ds ‘kjhj esa olk Hkkstu Hkh ugha dj ikrk vkSj blls mldk fodkl vf/kd gksrh gSA yM+dksa dks 13 ls 15 o”kZ dh vk;q vo:) gks tkrk gSaA dbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd esa izfrfnu 70 xzke vkSj 16 ls 18 o”kZ ds chp 78 rsth ls c<+rs gq, fd’kksj dks leqfpr dSyksfj;y rks xzke izksVhu dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA mudh rqyuk fey tkrh gS ysfdu dSfy’k;e dh deh jgrh gSA eas yM+fd;ksa dks 13 ls 15 o”kZ dh vk;q ds chp mlds ‘kjhj dk <+kpk etcwr ugha curk vkSj mldh izfr fnu 65 xzke vkSj 16 ls 18 o”kZ dh vk;q esa pky Hkh vfu;fer gks tkrh gSA ,slh voLFkk ea bl 63 xzke izksVhu dh izfr fnu vko’;drk gksrh gSA vk;q esa Vkaxs Vs<+h gks ldrh gS ;k iSj fcYdqy piVs gfM+M;ksa dk vkdkj c<+ tkrk gS vkSj muesa gks tkrs gSA xqtjkt ds vHkkoxzLr {ks=ksa ea ;g ns[kk [kfut inkFkks dh vko’;drk dn&dkB iwjk gksus x;k gS fd tc fd’kksjkoLFkk ds yM+dks dks nksigj esa ds ckn Hkh cuh jgrh gS] blfy, fodkl dh iksf”Vd Hkkstu fn;k x;k rks muds otu esa pkj ls vof/k esa dSfy’k;e dh vko’;drk vf/kd gksrh N% fdyksxzke rd dh o`f) gqbZA ysfdu de vk;q gS vkSj mlds ckn de gks tkrh gSA ;g ckn yM+dksa ds cPpks esa ;g o`f) ,d ls nks fdyksxzke dh FkhA vkSj yM+fd;kas nksuks ij ykxw gksrh gS A nksuks dks 13 ;fn Hkkjrh;ksa dk dn&dkB if’peh ns’kksa ds ukxfjdksa ls 18 o”kZ ds chp 600 fe0xzke dSfy’k;e izfr dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gS rks mldk dkj.k eq[; :i fnu feyuk pkfg,A ls ;g gS fd fd’kksjkoLFkk esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds fodkl dh ykSg rRo % jDr ds ifj.kke esa yxkrkj nj de gks tkrh gSA gksus okyh o`f) ds dkj.k ykSg dh vko’;drk ‘kS’kokoLFkk dh rqyuk esa fd’kksjkoLFkk esa vf/kd iksf”Vd rRoksa dh vko’;drk ¼Nutritional gksrh gSA fd’kksj yM+dksa dks 13 ls 18 o”kZ dh vk;q Needs½ fd’kksjks dks ftu iksf”Vd rRoksa dh vko’;drk ds chp izfrfnu yxHkx 41&50 fe-xzke ykSg dh gS mudk O;kSjk uhps fn;k x;k gS vkSj mls lkfj.kkh 1 vko’;drk gksrh gS vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks 28&30 esa lkj.kho) fd;k x;k gSA fe-xzke dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA fd’kksjkoLFkk esa yM+dksa dh rqyuk esa yM+fd;ksa foVkfeu , dh vko’;drk vkSj vf/kd dk fodkl igys gksrk gS blfy, 13 ls 15 o”kZ dh c<+ tkrh gSA 13 ls 18 o”kZ dh vk;q ds chp vk;q dh yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 16 ls 18 o”kZ rd ds yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa] nksuks dks izfr vf/kd ek=k eas yM+dksa ds fy, vf/kd ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh nh tk ldrh gSA gS A fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds fy, vko’;drk 8& fd’kksjksa esa vYikgkj ysus dh izo`fRr ÅtkZ esa vUrj dk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd yM+fd;ksa gksrh gSA ;g /;ku j[kuk vko’;d gS fd ,sls esa p;kip; dh nj ¼eSVkckfyd jsV½ yM+dksa dh vYikgkj dsoy ÅtkZ ds lzksr u gksa] vfirq vU; rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA 13 ls 15 o”kZ ds yM+dksa dks iksf”Vd rRo Hkh iznku djsaA izfrfnu 2450 dSyjh dh vko’;drk iM+h gS vkSj 9& Hkkstu lq[kn okrkoj.k esa [kkuk pkfg,A 16 ls 18 o”kZ dh vk;q ds chp 2640 dSyjh 16 o”kZ dh fd’kksjh ds fy, ,d fnu dh izfrfnuA yM+fd;ksa dks 13 ls 18 o”kZ dh vk;q ds vkgkj rkfydk chp izfr fnu 2060 dSyjh dh vko’;drk gksrh nSfud iksf”Vd vko’;drk gSA ÅtkZ 2060 dSyjh izksVhu dh vko’;drk yM+dksa dks yM+fd;ksa izksVhu 63 xzke dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gS] D;ksfd mudk dn&dkB dSfy’k;e 500 fe-xzk- vf/kd gksrk gSA fodkl dh vof/k ds ckcn yM+dksa ykSg 30 fe-xzk- Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0195 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 fnu 600 ekbdksxzke4.002 jSVhuksy dh vko’;drk v.Ms] ekal] dysth vkSj eNyh muds Hkkstu esa gksrh gSA Hkkkstu esa c<+h gqbZ dSyfj;ksa ds vuq:i ‘kkfey dh tkuh pkfg,A Fkk;ehu] fjcksIykfou vkSj fudksVhfud ,flM dh 2- bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd vko’;drk dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk gSA yM+dks dks O;fDr dks dkSu lk O;atu ilUn gSA mlds Hkkstu ds bu foVkfeuksa dh vf/kd vko’;drk gksrh gS D;ksfd lkFk&lkFk ------mUgsa ÅtkZ dh vf/kd vko’;drk iM+rh gSA foVkfeu 3* bl ckr dk /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd lh dh vko’;drk mruh gh jrh gS ftruh fd ifjokj dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dSlh gSA ;g cpiu esa gksrh gS] vFkkZr 40 feyhxzke izfr fnuA lEHko gS fd xjhc ifjokj dk fd’kksj vius vehj lHkh vk;q ds fd’kksjksa ds fy, Hkkstu esa foVkfeu Mh leO;Ldksa dh udy djds vf/kd eagxh oLrq,a dh ek=k 200 vUrjkZ”Vªh; bdkbZ fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA [kkuk pkgsA blfy, mUgsa lLrs ysfdu iksf”Vd vkSj bl dkj.k Qksfyd ,flM dh vko’;drk ekbdzksxzke vkd”kZd inkFkZ [kkus ds fy, nsus pkfg,A gSA ;g flQkfj’k bl dkj.k dh xbZ gS fd Hkkstu edsa 4- Hkkstu ukuk izdkj ds jax vkSj LOkkn okyk tks QksysV gksrs gSa muds D ekl dh izo`fRr jgrh gSA gksuk pkfg,A fd’kksj] fo’ks”kdj yM+fd;ka ?kj ij [kkus foVkfey B12 dsoy ekal eas feyrk gS vkSj Hkkjr ds ekeeys esa rfud udp<+h gksrh gSa A ;fn mUgsa esa vf/kdrj yksx ‘kkdkgkjh gS blfy, ;g flQkfj’k vkd”kZd izdkj dk Hkkstu fn;k tk, rks os ?kj ij dh xbZ gS fd Hkkstu esa de ls de ,d feyhxzke Hkjiwj Hkkstu dj ik,axhA foVkfeu B12 izfrfnu gksuk pkfg, A bldk dkj.k 5- ;fn mUgsa Ldwy lkFk ys tkus ds fy, ;g gS fd [kkuk idkus esa ;g foVkfeu fdlh gn [kkuk fn;k tk, rks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, rd u”V gks tkrk gS vkSj fQj ;g Hkh fuf’pr ugha fd mlesa iksf”Vd rRo gksa vkSj og larqfyr Hkkstu gS fd Hkkstu esa feyus oyk ;g foVkfeu fdl gn gks] fo’ks”kdj ml n’kk esa tc nksigj dk iwjk [kkuk rd ‘kjhj dk vax cu ldrk gSA ,slk fo’okl gS mUgsa fn;k tk jgk gksA fd foVkfeu B6 dh vko’;drk bl ckr ij fuHkZj 6- ekSle ds vuqlkj B.Ms is; ;k pk; djrh gS fd izksVhu fdruh ek=k esa yh tk jgha gSA dkQh Hkh nsuh pkfg, ftlls fd mudk Hkkstu fd’kksjksa dks izfr fnu nks fe-xzke foVkfeu B6 dh vf/kd :fpdj gksA vko’;drk gksrh gSA 7- bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd iksf”Vd rRoka dh vko’;drk,a Hkkstu lrks”kizn gks A ;g ckr yM+dks ij vf/kd ¼Factors to be considered while Planning Diets½ ykxw gksrh gS ------1- ;kstuko) Hkkstu dk larqyu bl izdkj vf/kd ek=k esa nh tk ldrh gSA djuk pkfg, fd dSfy’k;e vf/kd gksA mlds fy, 8- fd’kksjks esa vYikgkj ysus dh izo`fRr gksrh ;fn laHko gks rks nw/k dh ek=k c<+k nh tk, A tks gSA ;g /;ku j[kuk vko’;d gS fd ,sls vYikgkj fd’kksj de vk; oxZ ds gks muds Hkkstu esa vf/kd dsoy ÅtkZ ds lzksr u gks] vfirq vU; iksf”Vd rRo dSfy’k;e okys [kk| inkFkZ gksus pkfg,] tSls Hkquk Hkh iznku djsaA gqvk vkukt] nwljs vukt] nkysa vkSj iRrsnkj gjh 9- Hkkstu lq[kn okrkoj.k esa [kkuk pkfg,A lCcft;k A muds Hkkstu esa ÅtkZ nsus okys rRoksa dks o;Ldrk O;fDr ds thou esa ,slh fLFkj Hkh ‘kkfey djuk pkfg,A yM+fd;kas eas vuhfe;k dh voLFkk gksrh gS tc] ‘kjhj dk iw.kZ:is.k fodkl gks izo`fRr gksrh gS] D;ksfd mudh ykSg dh vko’;drk,a pqdk gksrk gSA bl vk;q esa ‘kjhj ds fodkl ;k cgqr c<+ tkrh gSA mUgsa iwjk djus ds fy, iRrksa okyh gjh vf/kd ifjJe ds fy, iksf”Vd rRoksa dh cgqr lfCct;ka] vukt vkSj nkysa vkSj ;fn lEHko gks] vf/kd vko’;drk ugha gksrhA mudh vko’;drk Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0196 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 bl dkj.k gksrh gS fd]4.002 ‘kjhj dh fdz;k,a cuh jgsaA crkbZ gSA fofHkUu iksf”Vd rRoksa dh vko’;drkvksa o;Ldksa esa mruh gh ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gS dk O;kSjk lkfj.kh&2 eas fn;k x;k gSA ftlls mudk lkekU; dk;Zdyki tkjh jgsA bl ÅtkZ % o;Ldks esa ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk vk;q esa O;fDr fuekZ.k dk;Z esa yxrk gS] vFkkZr bl dkj.k gksrh gS fd muds ‘kjhj dh fdz;k;sa cuh vius fuokZg ds fy, fdlh dke esa yx tkrk gSA jgsa vkSj os viuk dke&dkt djrs jgsaA ysfdu] bl dkj.k mldks iksf”Vd vkgkj dh vko’;drk muds fy, Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; bl ckr gksrh gS] ftlls fd og viuh lkeFkZ ds vuqlkj dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd os fdl izdkj ds dke eas dke dkt djrk jgsA vPNs Hkkstu ls og ifjJe dj yxs gSa vkSj ml dke ds fy, fdruh ÅtkZ dh ldrk gS vkSj cq<+kis dks] tgka rd gks lds] Vky vko’;drk gSA o;Ldksa ds dke&dkt lkekU;r;k ldrk gSA ;fn thou ds izkjfEHkd o”kksZ esa mlds fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gS % Hkkstu esa dqN iksf”Vd rRoksa dk vHkko jgk gks vkSj gYdk Je iq:”k nQrjkasa esa dke djus okys] odhy] bl vk;q esa Hkh og vHkko cuk jgs] rks mlds xEHkhj MkDVj] ys[kiky] v/;kid vkSj okLrqdykfonoA ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA blfy, mls leqfpr iksf”Vd L=h nQrjksa esa dke djus okyh vkSj os x`gf.k;ka vkgkj feyuk pkfg, vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh cy nsuk- ftuds ikl ?kj dk dke djus ds fy, midj.k ;k ¼ ½ Nutritional Needs of Adults ukSdj gksa] v/;kfidk,a vkSj vU; o`fRr Hkksxh efgyk,aA tSlk fd Åij dgk tk pqdk gS] iksf”Vd iq:”k gYds m|ksx eas dke djus okys vf/ vkgkj dh vko’;drk eq[; :i ls bl dkj.k kdrj iq:”k] fuekZ.k dk;Z esa yxs] ftuesa dBksj gksrh gS fd] O;fDr vius ‘kjhj dh fdz;kvksa dks ifjJe djus okys ‘kkfey ugha gS] [ksrksa esa gYdk cuk, j[ks vkSj viuk dke&dkt djrk jgsA nSfud dke djus okys vkSj nqdkunkj iksf”Vd vko’;drk,a o;Ldksa ds fy, vyx&vyx dBksj ifjJe ugha nh tk ldrhA vr% Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk iq:”k [ksr etnwj] nwljs etnwj] lSfud] [kkukssa vuqla/kku ifj”kn] ------us izLrkfor iksf”Vd vkSj bLikr dkj[kkuksa ds etnwj] f[kykM+h L=h [ksrksa vko’;drk,a Hkkjrh; iq:”k o Hkkjrh; L=h ds fy, esa dke djus okyh fL=;ka] urZfd;ka vkSj f[kykM+hA nh gSA ‘kkjhfjd Je vkSj vU; dk;Zdyki ds vykok] lanHkZ Hkkjrh; iq:”k ,d ,slk o;Ld iq:”k ftldk O;fDr ds is’ks ls dksbZ lEcU/k u gks] O;fDr;ksa gS ftldh vk;q 20&39 o”kZ gS o otu 60 fdxzk- dh ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk,a vU; dbZ ckrksa ij fuHkZj gSA------;g o;oLd ‘kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk o djrh gS] tSls fd mldk de&dkB] vk;q] tyok;q chekjh ls nwj gSA ;g izfrfnu vius O;olk; esa 8 vkSj fyaxA dksbZ O;fDr fdruh ÅtkZ dk O;; djrk ?k.Vs e/;e Je dk dk;Z djrk gSA tc ;g dk;Z gS og bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd tc rc jgus vkfn ugha djrk] rc 8 ?k.Vs lksrk gS] pkj ?k.Vs mBus] eas fdruk Je djuk iM+rk gS] blds lkFk fdlh ?kweus ds gYds dk;Z djrk gS o nks ?k.Vs ?kweuk] O;fDr dk ‘kkjhfjd dk;Zdyki bl ckr ls Hkh [ksyuk o vf/kd Je okys x`g dk;Z djrk gSA ---- izHkkfor gksrk gS fd mlds ‘kjhj esa olk fdruh gSA ------ds vuqlkj ,sls O;fDr dh yEckbZ 163 iq:”kksa dh rqyuk esa fL=;ksa dh ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk lseh- gSA de gksrh gS D;ksfd] muds ‘kjhj esa olk dh ek=k lanHkZ Hkkjrh; efgyk ,slh efgyk gS tks vf/kd gksrh gSA o;Ldksa dh ÅtkZ dh [kir vk;q ds 20&39 ------lksrh gS] pkj ?k.Vs ?kweus] [ksyus lkFk cnyrh gS] D;ksafd muds ‘kjhj dk otu vkSj ;k vU; vf/kd Je ds dk;Z djrh gSA ------mlds xBu esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA ;g ifjorZu ------us ,slh efgyk dh yEckbZ 151 lseh- cq<+kis esa vf/kd fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA bl ckr dks lHkh Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 Factor Printing Area 0197 ISSN: 2394 5303 International Research journal Lohdkj djrs gS fd Å”.k4.002 izns’kks(IIJIF) dh rqyuk esa B.Ms ckrsa % Issue-32, Vol-01 izn’kksa esa ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk vf/kd gksrh gSA 1- Hkkstu dh ;kstuk bl izdk cukuh pkfg, izksVhu % ,d lk/kkj.k o;Ld dks vius fd mlesa iksf”Vd rRoksa dk laryu gksA bl ckr ij ‘kjhj dks cuk, j[kus vkSj dk;Zdyki esa iz;qDr gq, cy nsuk vko’;d gS fd ;g larqyu izR;sd vkgkj izksVhu dh deh iwjh djus ds fy, bl rRo dh esa jgsA vko’;drk gksrh gSA lkekU;r;k ‘kjhj ds otu ds 2- ;fn O;fDr nQrj tkrk gS rks iksf”Vd] vuqlkj izfr fdyksxzke ds ihNs ,d xzke izksVhu izfr vkd”kZd o vklkuh ls ys tkus okys fVfQu dh fnu dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA bl izdkj vkSlr ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh; iq:”k ds fy, ftldk otu 60 fdxzk- gks] 3- olk ds iz;ksx ij fo’ks”K /;ku nsuk 60 xzke izksVhu izfr fnu pkfg, gksrh gS vkSj vkSlr pkfg, o ,slh olk dk p;u djuk pkfg, ftlls Hkkjrh; L=h ds fy,] ftldk otu 50 fdxzk- gks] mPp jDrpki o g`n; jksxksa ls cpk tk ldsA 50 xzke izksVhu izfr fnu vko’;d gSA 4- ftl O;fDr ds fy, Hkkstu dh ;kstuk [kfut yo.k % iq:”kksa dks izfr fnu 400 cuk;h tk jgh gS] mldh ijEijkvksa]jhfr&fjoktksa fexzk- rd dSfy’k;e feyuk pkfg,A tgka rd ykSg vkSj /keZ ds izfr n`f”Vdks.k dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A dk laca/k gS iq:”kks ds fy, 30 fe-xzk- vkSj fL=;ksa ds 5- bl ckr dk /;ku Hkh j[kk tk, fd fdl fy, 28 fe-xzk- dh vko’;drk gS] bl jDrlzko esa O;fDr dks dkSu&lk Hkkstu ilan gSA ;fn mls ,d yxHkx nks fe-xzk- ykSg izfrfnu ¼ekfld /keZ ds izdkj dk Hkkstu ilan u gks rks nwljh izdkj dk nkSjku½ L=h ds ‘kjhj ls fudy tkrk gSA bl dkj.k Hkkstu fn;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn iq:”kksa dh rqyuk esa fL=;ksa esa jDr dh deh dk jksx fdlh O;fDr dks nw/k vPNk u yxrk gks rks mls vf/kd gksrk gSA ngh] iuhj vkfn fn;k tk ldrk gSA foVkfeu ch12 dh vko’;drk ,d tSlh gYdk dke djus okyh ¼izcaf/kdk½ ds fy, gSA nwljs ‘kCnks esa jSVhuksy ds :i esa 600 ekbdzks fnu&Hkj vkgkj rkfydk xzke foVkfeu , ;k chVk&dSjksVhu ds :i esa 2400 nSfud iksf”Vd vko’;drk ekbdzks xzke izfr fnu feyuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr Je gYdk 40 fe-xzk- ,DkdksfcZd ,flM] lkS ekbdzks xzke Qksfyd ÅtkZ 1875 dSyjh ,flM vkSj ,d ekbdzks xzke izksVhu 50 xzke foVkfeu B12A tgka rd fFk;kfeu] ykSg 30 fefyxzke fjcksQ~ykfou vkSj fu;kflu dk lEcU/k gS] mudh dBksj ifjJe djus okyh etnwj efgyk ds vko’;drk ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj fy, fnu&Hkj dh vkgkj rkfydk cnyrh jgrh gSA iq:”kksa dks izfrfnu 1-2 ls 1-6 fe- nSfud iksf”Vd vko’;drk xzk- rd fFk;kfeu izfr fnu feyuk pkfg, vkSj fL=;ksa Je Hkkjh dks 0-9 ls 1-2 fe-xzk- rdA iq:”kksa dks 1-4 ls ÅtkZ 2925 dSyjh 1-9 fe-xzk-rd fjcksQ~ykfou izfr fnu feyuk pkfg, izksVhu 50 xzke vkSj fL=;ksa dks 1 fe-xzk- ls 1-5 fe-xzk- rdA tgka ykSg 30 fefyxzke rd foVkfeu Mh dk lEcU/k gS] mldh 200 ¼Old Age½ vUrjkZ”Vªh; bdkb;ka izR;sd O;fDr dks izfr fnu vk;q ds c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ ‘kkjhfjd feyuh pkfg,] pkgs og vk;q ds fdlh Hkh oxZ esa ifjorZu gksrs gS vkSj jksxksa ls yM+us dh ‘kfDr Hkh vkrk gksA {kh.k gks tkrh gSA ftlds dkj.k iksf”Vd vkgkj dh Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; vko’;drk vf/kd ;k de gks ldrh gSA ‘kjhj esa Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0198 4.002(IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 ikuh dh ek=k de gks ldrh gSA ‘kjhj esa ikuh dh Needs½ ek=k de gks tkrh gS vkSj olk dk izfr’kr c<+ tkrk iksf”Vd rRoksa dh vko’;drkvksa ds vkadM+s gSA vuqeku gS fd 80 o”kZ dh vk;q esa ekal isf’k;ksa lkfj.kh 5 esa fn, x, gSa A dh dksf’kdk,a vk/kh jg tkrh gSA ‘kjhj dh lfdz; 25 o”kZ dh vk;q ds ckn p;kip; dh dksf’kdkvksa dh la[;k eas deh gks tkrh gSA bl lfdz;rk izfr nl o”kZ esa nks izfr’kr ?kV tkrh gSA izdkj ds ifjorZu fo’ks”k :Ik ls Årdksa esa fn[kkbZ ;g D kl mu O;fDr;ksa esa de gksrk gS tks LoLFk iM+rs gSA efLr”d] gfMM;ksa] g`n;] xqnsZ vkSj k tkrk 2072 1944 fd o`)ksa dks ty rFkk vU; rjy inkFkZ leqfpr 70 ek=k esa nsus pkfg,] ftlls fd os izfr fnu Ms<+ yhVj 2176 2024 is’kkc djsaA ikuh ds lkFk&lkFk NkN] Qyksa dk jl] 75 lwi vkfn nsuk pkfg,A 2280 & Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa bl ckr dks ns[krs gq, fd o`)koLFkk esa Hkw[k de ¼Factors to be considered while Planning Diets½ ckr dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, fd ‘kjhj esa izksVhu o`)ksa ds fy, Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; dh deh u gksA nw/k esa izksVhu ds lkFk&lkFk foVkfeu fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A vkSj [kuht inkFkZ Hkh gksrs gSa] bl dkj.k nw/k leqfpr 1- Hkkstu ,slk gks fd ;g iksf”Vd rRoksa dh ek=k esa nsuk pkfg,A izfrfnu ‘kjhj ds otu ds n`f”V ls larqfyr jgsaA bl ckr ij cy nsuk pkfg, fglkc ls ,d fdyksxzke ds ihNs 1-04 xzke rd fd izksVhu] dSfy’k;e] foVkfeu vkSj js’ks dh leqfpr izksVhu nsuh pkfg,A ek=k jgs] D;kasfd vf/kdrj o`)ksa esa bu rRoksa dh o`)kas ds Hkkstu esa de ls de 50 xzke ?kh deh gks tkrh gSA vFkok rsy jguk pkfg,] D;ksfd og ÅtkZ dk ldsa- 2- o`)ksa ds fy, Hkkstu dks pckus esa dfBukbZ ------lzksr gSA de ls de bl ek=k dk ipkl gks ldrh gS blfy, bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, izfr’kr ‘kkd Hkkth ds rsyksa ds :i esa gksuk pkfg,] fd Hkkstu uje gks vkSj mlesa lwi] nky ;k nfy, ftues vko’;d olk&vEy jgrs gSA tSls rjy inkFkZ gks] ftUgsa fuxyus esa dfBukbZ u gksA o`)ksa esa lkekU;r;k dSfy’k;e vkSj ykSg cuk;h tk ldrh gS ftlls fd mls pckus esa d”V u dh deh gks tkrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd gks A vxj vko’;drk gks rks jksVh dks nw/k ;k nky o;Ldks dh rqyuk esa o`)ksa esa bu rRoksa dks ipkus dh esa fHkxks dj [kk;k tk ldrk gSA lkeFkz; de gks tkrh gSA 3- dSfy’k;e dh vko’;drk dk fo’ks”k / dSfy’k;e de ls de vk/kk xzke izfrfnu ;ku j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd gfMM;ksa esa /khjs&/khjs [kfut vkSj ykSg 28 fe-xzk- izfrfnu gksuk pkfg,A o`)ksa esa yo.k fudyus ‘kq: gks tkrs gSA jDr lapkj vf/kd ugha gksrk vkSj jDr esa ykSg rRoksa lgk;d&iqLrdsa dh FkksM+h&lh deh ls Hkh muds LokLF; ij cqjk 1- f’k’kq ,oa cPpksa dk iks”k.k o laHkj.k] MkW- izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA mls jksdus ds fy, ykSg dh ‘kkafr ?kks”kA ek=k leqfpr gksuh pkfg,A 2- [kk| ,oa iks”k.k foKku] mPprj d{kkvksa gks tkrh gSA blfy, ;g vko’;d gS fd ds fy,] ,tqds’ku Iysfuax xzqi }kjk % vk;kZ ifCyf’kax muds Hkkstu esa lHkh vko’;d foVkfeuksa dh leqfpr gkml A ek=k jgsaA ;fn muds Hkkstu esa lHkh foVkfeuksa dh 3- iks”k.k ,oa vkgkj foKku ds ewy fl)kar leqfpr ek=k u gks rks mUgsa eYVh foVkfeu xksyh % ,l-ih-lqf[;k % f’koiky vxzoky ,a.M da- izfrfnu nsuh pkfg, ftlls fd fofHkUu foVkfeu 4 - Fundamentals of Foods and Nutrition; muds ‘kjhj esa igqap tk,aA Fkk;ehu] fjcksQ~ysfolu Mudambi and Raajagopal; Viley Eastern Limited. vkSj fu;kflu dh vko’;drk ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk HkksT; inkFkksZ dk pquko lkekftd&vkfFkZd ds vuqlkj r; dh tkrh gSA ,DdksfcZd ,flM Lrj ds vuqlkj dj ldrs gSaA ekSle o miyC/krk ds ¼foVkfeu lh½ izfrfnu 40 fe-xzk-] Qksfyd ,flM+] vuqlkj lfCt;ksa o Qyksa esa izfrLFkkiu o ifjorZu foVkfeu B12 vkSj foVkfeu B6 yxHkx lkS ekbdzksxzke] yk ldrs gSaA e/;kUrj ds vYikgkj o nksigj ds ,d ekbdzksxzke vkSj fe-xzk- nsuk pkfg,A ;g vko’;d Hkkstu dk pquko Ldwy le; ds svuqlkj dj ldrs gS fd izfrfnu foVkfeu Mh dsd 400 vUrjkZ”Vªh; gSaA Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0200 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 4.002 gLrkUrj.k djrh gS vkSj mldk lo/kZu djrh gSA 43 vjLrq us Bhd gh dgk gS fd f’k{kk ekuoh; 'kfDr ßizkFkfed Lrj dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dk fodkl djrh gS ftlls euq"; ije lR;a f’koa vkSj lqUnja dk fpUru djus ;ksX; cu ldsA dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kk ls euq"; dk thou le`) ,oa mUur dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u] gksrk gSA mldh cqf) vkSj izKk lqn`<+ vkSj izktay gksrh gS dksbZ euq"; fdlh vU; euq"; ls mPp rFkk vEcsMdj uxj ,oa nsgjknwu uxj cM+k mlh fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA tc mldh cqf) vkSj ds lanHkZ esaAÞ efLr"d mPp ,oa rhoz gksrk gSA euq"; ds pfj= dk mRFkku mlds O;fDrRo dk mRFkku vkSj mlds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fu"iknu mlds lk¡Ld`frd thou Dr. Manju Sharma dk mUu;u mldh /kkfeZd d`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl f'k{kk Associate professor, Department of Education, Lingaya’s lalita Devi Institute Of Management ds iz/kku mís'; jgs gSaA f’k{kk ds gh mís’; J)k] es/ &Sciences Mandi Road , Mandi New Delhi kk] izKk] /ku] vk;q] ve`rÙo vkSj eks{k dh izkfIr gSA nfyr oxZ dh vf’k{kk] csjkstxkjh cjdjkj gS ======***********======ftlls buds lkekftd Lrj esa Hkh fuEurk LFkkbZ gSA f'k{kk ekuo thou dk vk/kkj gSA ekuo f’k{kk ekuoh; fodkl] lkekftd fodkl dh loksZÙke thou dk fodkl vkSj mUu;u f'k{kk ij gh fuHkZj gSA fuf/k gSA f’k{kk dh miyC/krk dh vuq:irk gh f'k{kk O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k djrh gS vkSj ifjo/kZu O;fDr dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkè;kfRed HkhA mlds O;fDrRo esa pkj pk¡n yxkrh gSA mlds lksp mlds thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Bdks.k esa ifjorZu O;ogkj dks] mlds vkpj.k dks] mlds dk;Zdykiksa mldh O;kidrk ,oa fodkl dks loaf/kZr djrh gSA dks lnqi;ksxh rFkk lektksi;ksxh cukrh gSA mlesa O;fDr dh ftruh ,oa tSlh f’k{kk esa miyfC/k gksxh jpukRed 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djrh gSA f'k{kk }kjk mlds thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ,oa eqfDr mlh O;fDr Lo;a dks u dsoy lek;ksftr djrk gS ds vuq:i gksxhA O;fDr ds thou 'kSyh ds izfr cfYd ml ij fot; izkIr djus dh {kerk Hkh n`f"Vdks.k ds fuekZ.k esa mldh ikfjokfjd fLFkfr] vftZr djrk gSA f'k{kk gh euq"; dks ßvlrks ek f’k{kk] lekt] foKku ,oa i;kZoj.k dk egRoiw.kZ lnxe;Þ tSlh Hkkouk dh mRifÙk djrh gSA f’k{kk ;ksxnku gSA }kjk gh euq"; esa mRd`"n xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA f’k{kk dh miyfC/k ,oa thou 'kSyh ds izfr f'k{kk ds dkj.k dh gh euq"; vkt fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k fuekZ.k esa O;fDr dh izkFkfed Lrj vFkkZr~ f'k[kj ij igq¡pus dh lkeF;Z j[krk gSA lh[kus esa izkjfEHkd vk;q dk lcls vf/kd izHkko f'k{kk }kjk ekuo ,sls dkS'ky vtZu djrk gS iM+rk gSA lekt dk fodkl rHkh lEHko gS tc ftudk laca/k thus dh dyk ek= ls ugha gS vfirq mldh fuEu dM+h dk fodkl rhoz xfr ls lEHko gks og Lo;a thou ds vkn'kksZa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA f'k{kk u rHkh lekurk ykdj y{; lEHko gks ldrk gSA dsoy O;fDr cfYd lekt rFkk jk"Vª dh n`f"V ls Hkh 'kks/k dh vko’;drk & mi;ksxh gSA D;ksafd lekt dh mUufr vkSj fodkl vuqlwfpr tkfr ¼nfyr½ o tutkfr ds f’k{kk ij gh fuHkZj gSA f’k{kk lkekftd psruk tkx`r Nk= Nk=kvksa ds fodkl gsrq fofHkUu fo’ofo|ky;ksa] djrh gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gSA lkekftd / ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] uhik bR;kfn laLFkkvksa }kjk izkFkfed kjksgj dh j{kk djrh gSA vkxkeh ih<+h dks mldk Lrj] ekè;fed Lrj] mPp Lrj ij fn;s tkus okys Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0201 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 lqfo/kkvksa] dh lkFkZdrk]4.002 Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds iathdj.k] ftlds rgr vjcksa :i;s [kpZ fd;s x;s rFkk nsgjknwu Ldwy NksM+us vkfn ij rks vè;;u gq;s gSaA ijUrq tks lk/ku lEiUu 'kSf{kd :i ls fodflr uxj gS izkFkfed Lrj ds nfyr Nk=kvks dh thou 'kSyh ds blfy, bu nksuksa 'kgjksa dh izkFkfed Lrj dh Nk=kvksa izfr n`f"Vdks.k ij dksbZ vè;;u ugha izkIr gSA vEcsMdj dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dks vè;;u dk uxj ,oa nsgjknwu uxj ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh ughaA ljdkj vk/kkj cuk;kA nfyr efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, d`r ladfYir leL;k dFku & gS fQj Hkh fodkl vfr fuEu gS tks fl) djrk gS izLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kd=hZ us nfyr oxZ dh fd f’k{kk ds izcU/ku esa dgha deh gSA pwafd nsgjknwu Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk izkFkfed ,oa ekè;fed f’k{kk dk mÙke uxj gS ,oa fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vè;;u vEcsMdj uxj dks nfyrksa ds fodkl dk mÙke uxj esa nks 'kgjksa vEcsMdj uxj rFkk nsgjknwu dks vk/kkj cukus gsrq ljdkjh iz;kl fd;s x, gSaA fdUrq mijksDr cuk;k x;k gSA pwafd izkFkfed Lrj f’k{kk dh uhao nksuksa uxjksa esa bl izdkj ls fd;s x, lexz fodkl dk ¼izFke dM+h½ gksrh gSA ftudk izHkko iwjh f’k{kk thou ykHk lekt ds nfyrksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ,oa ¼miyfC/k½ ij iM+rk gS] fy;k x;k gSA tkx:drk ds :i esa fdruk igq¡p jgk gS vkSj muds leL;k dFku fuEu gS & thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa D;k lkFkZd ifjorZu ßizkFkfed Lrj dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou vk jgk gS bldh Li"Vrk lq/kkj ,oa fodkl ds 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u] mís’; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g 'kks/k viuh vEcsMdj uxj ,oa nsgjknwu uxj ds lanHkZ esaAÞ vko’;drk ds vuq:i viuh lkFkZdrk dks O;Dr thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ¼vfHko`fÙk½& djrk gSA O;fDr ds fdlh oLrq] O;fDr] fØ;k ,oa 'kks/k dh mRifÙk & fopkj vkfn ds izfr euksHkko dks vfHko`fÙk dgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfrxr vyxko izkphu fdlh euq"; esa fHkUu&fHkUu oLrqvksa O;fDr;ksa] fØ;kvksa dky ls gh gS vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx lkekftd] vFkok fopkjksa vkfn ds izfr fHkUu&fHkUu n`f"Vdks.k vkfFkZd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+s gq, gSa tks ¼vfHko`fÙk½ gksrh gS] fdlh ds izfr loZfofnr ,oa lizekf.kr gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa vf/kd] fdlh ds izfr de vkSj fdlh ds izfr dh fLFkfr vR;kf/kd n;uh; jgh gS fo’ks"k :i ls ldkjkRed vkSj fdlh ds izfr udkjkRedA euq";ksa esa xzkeh.k vapyks esaA ckS) dkyhu f’k{kk O;oLFkk;sa bldk fuekZ.k vuqHkoksa }kjk gksrk gSA dksbZ euq"; ftl 100 o"kZ dh fonq"kh efgyk uotkr f’k’kq ls fuEurj oLrq] O;fDr fØ;k vFkok fopkj ds izfr tSls ekuh tkrh FkhA ftuds fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj vuqHko djrk gS mlesa mlds izfr oSlh gh vfHko`fÙk LorU=rk ds ckn ls gh fuf’pr ,oa n`<+ mís’; ds dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa og mlds izfr lkFk nfyr oxZ ,oa efgyk oxZ dks lekt ds cjkcj oSlh gh izfrfØ;k djrk gSA lkQ tkfgj gS fd dh iafDr esa ykus dk iz;kl djrh vk jgh gSA nfyr vfHko`fÙk tUetkr ugha gksrh] bls euq"; vius vuqHko oxZ ds fodkl ds fy, vHkh rd ds lcls cM+s }kjk Lo;a fodflr djrk gSA ;g vfHko`fÙk /kukRed [kphZys izkstsDV ds :i esa izknsf’kd Lrj MkW- Hkhejko Hkh cu ldrh gS rFkk _.kkRed HkhA FklZVu us vEcsMdj 'krkCnh o"kZ ds 'kqHkkjEHk xk¡oksa ds fodkl vfHko`fÙk dks /kukRed ,oa _.kkRed fopkj dh ek=k ds fy, 1990&91 esa vEcsMdj xzke fodkl ds :i esa gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZ rFkk nsgjknwu 'kSf{kd fodkl 'kks/k vè;;u ds mn~ns’; & dh n`f"V ls Js"B gS blfy, 'kks/kdrkZ us vEcsMdj Û izkFkfed Lrj ij Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh uxj ftlesa ljdkj us fodkl ;kstuk,¡ izkjEHk dh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh dk fuekZ.k ,oa ekudh Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0202 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 dj.k djuk 4.002 d{kk 5 ds lHkh nfyr Nk=kvksa dks tula[;k ds :i Û vEcsMdj uxj ds ljdkjh] v)Z ljdkjh esa fy;k x;k gS] muesa ls 'kkldh;] v)Z’kkldh; ,oaa v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa esa vè;;ujr d{kk ikap ,oa v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa dks Lrjhd`r ds nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k djrs gq, ;kn`sfPNd :i ls vEcsMdj uxj ds dk vè;;u ,oa rqyuk djukA 'kkldh;] v)Z’kkldh; ,oa v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa Û nsgjknwu uxj ds d{kk ikap ds nfyr ls 100 & 100 nfyr Nk=kvksa dks Lrjhd`r] Nk=kvksa dh thou ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk vè;;u xqPN] ;kn`sfPNd] U;kn’kZ ds :i esa pquko fd;k x;k djukA nsgjknwu uxj ds ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh ,oa gS] D;ksafd xqPN U;kn’kZ esa p;u dh bdkbZ O;fDr v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa eas vè;;ujr Nk=kvksa dh u gksdj O;fDr;ksa dk lewg gksrk gSA blh rjhds ls thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk vè;;u ,oa nsgjknwu ls Hkh 'kkldh;] v)Z’kkldh; ,oa rqyuk djukA v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dks fodflr] fodkl'khy Û vEcsMdj uxj ,oa nsgjknwu uxj ds d{kk ,oa vfodflr {ks=ksa esa Lrjhd`r djrs gq, izR;sd dh ikap ds nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr 100&100 nfyr Nk=kvksa dks Lrjhd`r] xqPN] n`f"Vdks.k esa vUrj dh lkFkZdrk dk vè;;u djukA ;kns`fPNd] U;kn’kZ ds :i esa p;fur fd;k x;kA 'kks/k vè;;u dh ifjdYiuk;sa % midj.k & Û vEcsMdj uxj ds ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh izLrqr 'kks/k vè;;u gsrq Lo;a 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk ,oa v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa esa vè;;ujr d{kk ikap fufeZr thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh dks ds nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k midj.k ds :i esa iwoZ fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØekuqlkj f’k{k.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k tkrk a gSA laLFkkuksa dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ij iz’kkflr fd;k x;kA Û nsgjknwu uxj ds ljdkjh] v)Zljdkjh ,oa v/;;u izfdz;k v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa ds vè;;ujr d{kk ikap ds izLrqr ‘ksk/k esa iznŸkksa ds ladyu gsrq nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k es ’khs/kkFkhZ }kjk n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k tkrk a gSA ftlds vfUre izk:i esa dqy 65 in gSA tks fo“k;h Û vEcsMdj uxj ,oa nsgjknwu uxj ds d{kk ds lkekftd]vkkFkZsd /kkfeZd oS;fäd]jktuhfrd ,ao ikap ds nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr ‘Sf{kd {ks= ls lEcfU/kr gSA ftlds fy, 50 feUkV n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k tkrk a gSA Û izkFkfed Lrj ij d{kk ikap ds nfyr dk le; fu/kZkfjr fd;k x;kA n`f’Vdks.k ekiuh ds Nk=kvksa dh miyfC/k;ksa ,oa thou 'kSyh ds izfr eq[ki“`B ij] Li“V funsZ’k vafdr gSA iz’uksa ds mRrj n`f"Vdks.k ds lglEcU/kksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k nsus ds fy, rhu fodYi gk¡]dHkh dHkh ,ao ugha fn;s tkrk gSA x;s FksA n`f"Vdks.kksa ekiuh dks nsgjknwu uxj ,ao vEcsMdj U;kn’kZ & uxj ds ’kkldh; v’kkldh; ,ao vZ}ljdkjh izLrqr vè;;u ds izfrn’kZ ds :i esa iwjs fo|ky;ksa dh d{kk ik¡p dh nfyr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa vEcsMdj uxj ,ao nsgjknwu ds izfrfuf/kRo ds :i esa ij iz’kfLkr fd;k x;k A iznŸk ladyu ds i’pkr Nk=kvksa ds pquko gsrw 'kks/kkFkhZ us 'kgjh] xzkeh.k] vadu fd;k x;k ftlesa gk¡ ds fy, 01ugha ds fy, fodflr] vfodflr ,ao fodkl’khy {ks=ksa dks è;ku --1 rFkk dHkh dHkh ds fy, 0 vad iznku fd;k esa j[krs gq, Lrjhd`r] ;kn`sfPNd izfrn’kZ dk pquko x;kA vadu djus ds mijkUr vkdM+ks dks oxksZ—r fd;k gSA tgk¡ vEcsMdj uxj esa 1468 izkFkfed djds vkoZ`fr forj.k rS;kj fd;k x;kA rRi’pkr fo|ky; ,oa nsgjknwu esa 1395 fo|ky;ksa ds ukekafdr e/;eku]e/;kadeku]cgqyksdeku]izekf.kd Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0203 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 fopyu]ddqnrk fo“kerk4.002 rFkk vkykspukRed vuqikr nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj ds v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa eku Kkr djds izkIr vUrjks dh lkFkZdrk Kkr dh dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk xbZA thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u %& nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj dh 'kkldh;] mijksDr rkfydk esa nsgjknwu dh v’kkldh; v)Z’kkldh;] v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa esa vè;;ujr laLFkkvksa dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds vadksa dk d{kk ik¡p dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dk thou 'kSyh ds eè;eku o vEcsMdj uxj dh v'kkldh; laLFkkvksa izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk rqyUkkRed vè;;u vkykspukRed dh Nk=kvksa ds eè;eku esa rdjhcu 1%3 dk vuqikr vuqikr dk vè;;u djrs gq, fofHkUu rkfydkvksa gSA ftlds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk dk ‘t’ eku 11-27 }kjk fuEu :Ik ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA gS tks fd 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS ftlls fl) gksrk rkfydk la[;k & 1 gS fd v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa nsgjknwu nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj dh 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vEcsMdj uxj dh rqyuk dh d{kk 5 dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dh thou’kSyh ds esa mPp gSA izfr n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk %& rkfydk la[;k & 4 nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj ds fo|ky;ksa dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk

mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd nsgjknwu ds 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk eè;eku 22-92 rFkk vEcsMdj uxj dh Nk=kvksa mijksDr rkfydk 12 }kjk Li"V gS fd nsgjknwu dk eè;eku 18-55 gSA ftlds vUrj ds dh 300 Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk eè;eku 25-05 vkyksPkukRed vuqikr dk eku 2-03 gS tks fd 0- rFkk vEcsMdj uxj dh 300 Nk=kvksa ds eè;eku 05 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA dk eku rqyukRed :i ls vk/kk 13-83 rFkk ‘t’ rkfydk la[;k & 2 eku 10-60 gS tks fd mPPkre lkFkZdrk Lrj vFkkZr~ nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj ds v)Z’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA tks ;g fl) djrk gS fd dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk ftruk O;fDr vf/kd f’kf{kr gksxk mldk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh mPp gksxkA rkfydk la[;k & 5 lkjka’k izlj.k dk fo’ys"k.k ¼nsgjknwu dh nfyr rkfydk ls LIk"V gS fd vEcsMdj uxj dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa esa½ v)Z’kkldh; laLFkkvksa dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds vadksa dk eè;eku nsgjknwu dh rqyuk esa rdjhcu vk/kk gS rFkk vkykspukRed vuqikr 7-20 gS tks fd 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS vFkkZr~ vEcsMdj uxj dh Nk=kvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k nsgjknwu dh rqyuk esa fuEu gSA rkfydk la[;k & 3 mi;qZDr rkfydk la[;k 14 }kjk Li"V gS Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053 Impact August 2017 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0204 (IIJIF) International Research journal Issue-32, Vol-01 fd nsgjknwu ds 'kkldh;]4.002 v)Z’kkldh; ,oa gYdk lk /kukRed gSA v'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds chp df -2 Û vEcsMdj uxj dh Nk=kvksa dk thou 'kSyh rFkk lewg ds vUrxZr df-297 rFkk izlj.k vuqikr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds vadksa dk forj.k yxHkx lkekU; gSA ¼F-ratio½ 4-70 gS tks fd 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS Û nsgjknwu ,ao vEcsMdj uxj dh 'kkldh; vkSj Li"V gS fd nsgjknwu ds v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa dh thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dh Nk=kvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k mÙke gS Øe’k% v)Z’kkldh; ds eè;ekuksa esa vURkj 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA vFkkZRk fo|ky;ksa ls ,oa 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa lsA nsgjknwu dh 'kkldh; laLFkkvksa dh Nk=kvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vEcsMdj uxj ls mPp gSA Û nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj ds v)Z’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds eè;ekuksa esa vURkj 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA Û nsgjknwu ,oa vEcsMdj uxj ds v’kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa ds eè;ekuksa dk vURkj 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA Û vEcsMdj uxj ,oa nsgjknwu dh d{kk ik¡p dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds eè;ekuksa dk vUrj 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS] vFkkZRk nsgjknwu dh d{kk 5 dh nfyr Nk=kvksa dk thou 'kSyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k vEcsMdj uxj dh d{kk 5 dh nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls mPp gSA lgk;d xzUFk&lwph Û Durkheim Emmle, 1956, “ Educational Soci- ology” (Translation by Fox, S.D.) Illinoisi, The Free Press. Û Desh Pande, L.V. 1992. “ Study of difficulties faced by backword class students in getting educational concessions”. Independent study Pune : State Council of Educational Research and Training. Û Dun, Dana (1993), “Gender Inequity in Edu- fu"d"kZ %& izLrqr 'kks/k vè;;u }kjk fuEufyf[kr cation and Employment in scheduled caste and Tribes fu"d"kZ izkIRk gq,s & of India.” In Population Research and Policy Review Volume 12 No. 1 P 53-71. Û vEcsMdj uxj ds 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa dh Û xkSjh JhokLro ,oa oekZ eqfuy dqekj] ßlhrkiqj nfyr Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds vadksa dk forj.k uqdhysiu ftys esa efgyk lek[;k dk;ZØe izxfr vkSj izHkko dh ds lkFk _.kkRed gSA ,d >ydÞ] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f’k{kk&vDVwcj 2008- Û vEcsMdj uxj ds v)Z’kkldh; laLFkkvksa pp. 60-75- dh Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk forj.k /kukRed :i ls Û fo"ke gSA Goyal J.C. and Chopra, R.K., 1989. Û vEcsMdj uxj dh v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa dh “Relationship of self concept, Attitude and Adjustment with achievement of SC, ST students and Teachers”. Nk=kvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk forj.k fpfiV ddqneh ds lkFk Independent study New Delhi. National Council of Printing Area UGC Approved s : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Jr.No.43053