238 ENGLISH TEXTS Landscape policy in

PROLOGUE 240 LANDSCAPE AND NATION: THE POLITICS OF LANDSCAPE Joaquim Nadal i Farreras INTRODUCTION 242 LINES OF ACTION ON LANDSCAPE Joan Ganyet i Solé REGULATIONS 247 APPLICATION AND FOLLOW-UP ON THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE CONVENTION Florencio Zoido Naranjo 251 LAW 8/2005 ON CATALAN LANDSCAPE PROTECTION, MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING Albert Cortina Ramos INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 258 THE LANDSCAPE CATALOGUES OF CATALONIA Pere Sala i Martí 264 THE LANDSCAPE DIRECTIVES Juli Esteban i 273 LANDSCAPE CHARTERS Jaume Busquets i Fàbregas 279 FUND FOR LANDSCAPE PROTECTION, MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING Isabella Longo 285 PILOT LANDSCAPE IMPROVEMENT AND PLANNING INTERVENTIONS Cinto Hom Santolaya MEANS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND RAISING AWARENESS 292 LANDSCAPE OBSERVATORY OF CATALONIA Joan Nogué i Font 297 THE LANDSCAPE GUIDES Josep Maria Bosch Casadevall / Miquel Buch Clermont 303 THE EDUCATIONAL PROJECT CIUTAT, TERRITORI, PAISATGE (“CITY, TERRITORY, LANDSCAPE”) Roser Batllori i Obiols / Joan Maria Serra i Sala 309 CO-OPERATIVE EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES ON LANDSCAPE Júlia Rubert i Tayà 314 BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 WEBOGRAPHY

239 Landscape and nation: the politics of landscape

The invention of the landscape in Catalonia’s national imaginary is an established fact. The abundant literature about the landscape – the landscapes – of Catalonia and its timeline has clear parallels with the development of the cultural movements of the Catalan Renaixença (“Renaissance”) and the awakening of Catalanism.

Thus, we can truly say that there exists a epic of landscape, a poetry of landscape, a geography and cartography of landscape and an evocation of landscape as well as travel literature, scientific literature and – quite exceptionally – hiking literature related with it.

Hiking associations, exploration of the countryside and the construction of a national imaginary have bestowed our landscapes with very special singular features. Mountain peaks, legends, sanctuaries and monuments are inseparably linked in a series of texts that ponder the values and essence of a landscape that is nearly conceived as stationary and transcendent.

Literary movements, political movements and Catalanist thought all choose their favourite landscapes, whether successively or alternatively: the Mediterranean for its classical roots; the as the cradle first for building and founding the nation and later for national reconstruction; and Montserrat as a paradigm of Christian heritage.

There is no need to labour the point; the truth of it is obvious.

However, a duality has often emerged in thinking about landscape, in stances taken on it and among the people themselves.

Do the sublime landscapes resulting from invention and identification with the nation correspond with reality? Is there a genuine connection between the physical reality and the literary construction of a given landscape?

The answer to these questions begins with the realisation that like a nation, landscape is made and unmade. There is nothing inherent in landscape; the terrestrial power of nature is systematically adjusted and acted upon by society.

This is the second observation. Landscape and demography, territory and population are all variables in the equation of the collective and national imaginary. The action of society – and of individuals of

240 society – on the land is an essential factor toward shaping or blemishing the landscape. In fact, we ought to say that virtually every landscape in Catalonia today has been affected by human intervention.

The ever-idyllic image of the agrarian landscape, the geometry of its croplands and the allure of the corre - sponding rural habitats strike us as the idealisation of a bucolic and pleasant landscape far removed from the harsh living conditions that the Catalan countryside has known for centuries. This, then, is a basic issue to consider when inventorying, cataloguing, describing and formalising our landscapes.

And there is an indispensable moral imperative linked with landscape: action on the landscape cannot fail to consider all the specific practical implications for that landscape, as well as the possible contradictions to them. Moreover, the development of demography, human settlements and economic activity has gradually given rise to new landscapes superimposed over the most cultivated basic matrix. Thus, urban and industrial landscapes become a basic glue holding the panoramic whole together. Combined, they form a changing reality that at some point has become fixed and invariable in our minds. Even the youngest of us might interpret the colour schemes of some of the newest croplands as essential elements of the landscape, when in reality they are recent and situational ornaments possibly associated with the agricultural policies of the European Commission.

It is in this context and with this attitude that the Government of Catalonia has designed the architecture of its landscape policies. Here, legislation and regulations, classifications and inventories, tools and achieve - ments are used to encourage the desire to overcome the contradictions and break the duality; to make possible an approach to landscape that conciliates values and needs and removes its own capacity for self-destruction through a stimulating synthesis of the whole.

Catalonia’s landscape policies seek to instil admiration for the landscape into the heart and mind of every inhabitant of the region and to ensure that said policies bring added value to our society and economy. They aim to shift from idealism to realism by means of a new concept of landscape which does not dodge the questions, based on the vagaries of rhetorical invention, but which helps to shape it every day through thought and action.

Joaquim Nadal i Farreras Minister of Town and Country Planning and Public Works

241 INTRODUCTION Lines of action on landscape Joan Ganyet i Solé

Origins of the Landscape Law Three aspects of the ELC’s content and aims should be emphasised: 1) the importance of the concept of land - The date 20 October 2000 is important in the history of scape as heritage, or rather, as a shared asset ; 2) its landscape, because it is the day that the European Land - role as a factor for personal and social well-being ; and scape Convention (hereafter, the ELC) was approved, 3) the social dimension of landscape and the social re - which is the first international treaty dedicated specifi- sponsibility linked with it. The leading role that the ELC at - cally to landscape protection, management and planning. tributes to government administrations as a guarantor of Promoted by the Council of Europe, the ELC was con - landscape-related rights and a catalyst for change in social ceived as a response to the process of the gradual loss attitudes and policies in this subject spring from these three of quality and diversity experienced by European land - aspects. scapes over the last sixty years, and it was drafted with the main goal of committing European government ad - The practical consequences of the ELC, as defined by ministrations to developing policies aimed at land - the ongoing legislation and political practices of the re - scape preservation and improvement . The ELC is part gions and countries that have joined and ratified the con - of the Council of Europe’s initiatives related with protect - vention, are: ing citizens’ rights, the conservation of natural and cultural heritage and the concept of landscape as part of this The recognition of landscape as a subject of law and shared heritage. its inclusion in the legislative corpus. The formulation of national, regional and local policies To ensure the effectiveness of its aims, the ELC defines with respect to landscape. a series of key concepts: landscape policy, landscape The adoption of a comprehensive focus, taking the prin - quality objectives and landscape protection, management ciples of sustainable development into account. and planning. The term landscape policy is understood The dissemination of knowledge about landscapes and as referring to the ways that competent government ad - their values, as well as awareness-raising actions among ministrations express the general principles, strategies civil society, private organisations and public authorities. and guidelines that enable the adoption of specific meas - The involvement of all public and private stakeholders ures in relation with the landscape. Landscape quality in landscape protection, management and planning objectives are the formulations that government admin - processes through participatory schemes. istrations make for a particular landscape based on the The promotion of knowledge and information exchange aspirations of the public with regard to the landscape at the international level with regard to all issues provided characteristics of their surroundings. Landscape protec - for in the ELC. tion refers to actions to conserve and maintain the land - scape’s significant aspects or characteristics, justified by With regard to Catalonia, it is known that the Parliament its heritage values. Landscape management includes of Catalonia was the first European legislative chamber measures to guide and harmonise the transformations to join the ELC, in December 2000. Subsequently, on 8 brought about by social, economic and environmental June 2005, the Catalan legislative chamber, inspired di - change. Finally, landscape planning refers to actions of rectly by the ELC and by virtue of its autonomous powers a prospective nature aimed at valuating, restoring and in matters of landscape, approved the Law on Catalan creating landscapes. Landscape Protection, Management and Planning (hereafter, the Landscape Law), which defines the legal

242 framework that should be used to legally protect the Cata - Management and Planning. These instruments are subject lan landscapes while also establishing suitable instru - to differential treatment in this publication. Therefore, it is ments for managing them. In 2006, Regulations were ap - not the aim of this introductory text to review the features proved to develop the instruments created by the Law of each instrument, since they are outlined in detail in the and to define landscape impact and integration studies relevant chapters. Nevertheless, it is certainly worthwhile and reports. to examine the overall result of their implementation over the course of the five years that have passed since the Nature, aims and principles Law was approved. The approved the Law on Catalan of the Landscape Law Landscape Protection, Management Five years of the Landscape Law and Planning on 8 June 2005. The Landscape Law adopts the ELC’s definition of land - The Regulations that expanded scape: “an area, as perceived by people, whose character Beginning from the moment that the Landscape Law was upon the Law were approved by is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or unveiled, the five years that have passed since it was ap - Decree 343/2006 of 19 September human factors”. Thus, it starts with a comprehensive and in - proved allow us to assess it soberly and with a certain 2006. tegrating concept of landscape. This means that the Law overarching view. Firstly, and as a general consideration, does not exclude any type of landscape and that its provi - it can now be said that the anticipated formulation of stan - sions “apply to the entire territory of Catalonia”. The ambition dards has been achieved, that all instruments provided for implied by this comprehensive formulation and the great by the Law have been applied and that concrete actions challenge that it poses for public policy are both undeniable. deriving from each have taken shape. Below is a sum - marised report of the main results achieved in relation with The aims of the Law coincide with those of the ELC, which the three main fields of impact in standards linked with are to protect, manage and plan landscapes. To achieve landscape matters: spatial planning, the Landscape Ob - these aims, the Law specifies the “tools provided to the servatory and concertation and raising awareness. government to legally recognise [landscape] values and to promote actions for its conservation and improvement”. Actions related with spatial planning Therefore, the Law has a pragmatic and tangible nature, These include the landscape catalogues, the landscape di - Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape with instrumental legislation that prioritises proposals above rectives and the landscape impact and integration studies. Protection, Management and sanctions, and in a positive spirit. Planning defines a new set of instruments that have been As stipulated in the Law, the Catalan Ministry of Town and implemented since 2005. In accordance with its aims and its pragmatic nature, the Country Planning and Public Works (DPTOP) charged the Landscape Law does not seek to comprehensively regulate Landscape Observatory of Catalonia with creating the seven each and every component that influences landscape pro - landscape catalogues , one for each of the seven regional duction and transformation; it falls within a much more gen - spheres. The process to draft the catalogues began in 2005 eral model that includes spatial planning and the planning and is still underway. In September 2008, final approval of sectoral activities. In this regard, Oriol Nel.lo has written: was given for the Landscape Catalogue of Terres de “without spatial management to ensure its sustainability, ; the same was done in June 2010 for the Landscape functionality and equity, it is not now possible to preserve Catalogue of Camp de and in July 2010 for and exalt the values of landscape; and without recognising the Landscape Catalogue of Terres de l’Ebre . The four and protecting landscape values, spatial management for remaining catalogues are currently at an advanced point in the benefit of the group is not possible” (Nel·lo, 2005). the drafting stage, and their approval is anticipated within coming months. By publishing these landscape catalogues, Besides its general provisions, the Law’s articles provide Catalonia approaches the level of the most advanced coun - a series of instruments: the landscape catalogues, the land - tries on this subject (France, England, Italy, etc.), which scape directives, the Landscape Observatory, the land - have had similar instruments for longer and have therefore scape charters, measures for education, support and rais - enjoyed a more favourable starting position. ing awareness and the Fund for Landscape Protection,

243 The partial results obtained in this field until the present As a result of experience accumulated in the study creation can therefore be considered satisfactory, given the chal - process, the DPTOP has created the Guide for landscape lenge of defining and implementing a new instrument which, impact and integration studies , a publication aimed at guid - moreover, has given a prominent role to civic participation ing the study drafting teams, given that it is a relatively as it was developed. A year from now (when the work that new instrument with few international references. This was started just five years ago will have finished), Catalonia guide contains a theoretical part in which a methodology will have landscape catalogues for its entire territory, a fact is proposed as a general model, and a second, practical that will undoubtedly mark a definitive turning point regard - part that presents new case studies on various supposi - ing knowledge and management of the Catalan landscapes. tions corresponding to those envisaged in legislation while aiming to exemplify and illuminate. The landscape quality objectives, mandatorily established by the landscape catalogues for the entire area and for Actions related with the Landscape Observatory The landscape catalogues list the each landscape unit, as well as a proposal for measures In addition to coordinating and producing the landscape many landscape values, define the landscape units and establish and actions, are the starting point for drafting the land - catalogues, this body, which collaborates with and sup - quality objectives to achieve scape directives , which are incorporated into regulations ports the government, has consolidated as an international for each one. for the corresponding zoning plans. leader in the field of landscape since it was created. It has carried out informational actions such as its multilingual The work took place for the first time starting with previous website, which has become an indispensable point of approval of the Landscape Catalogue of Terres de Lleida reference in the Internet with its exhaustive informational in November 2007, without many international references resources, specialised seminars , dissemination and to serve as a model. The directives take form in a series awareness-raising actions, its own documentation centre of obligatory measures and recommendations that could with a large specialised collection and research-based affect both hierarchically inferior planning figures and ac - initiatives. It forms part of and actively participates in tions with landscape impact, seeking maximum consis - various national and international networks. Finally, its tency between spatial planning and landscape. Governing Board and Advisory Council have been rich meeting points where Catalan society has expressed The Landscape Regulations determine that landscape im - itself with regard to this subject through public and private pact and integration studies (EIIP) are mandatory for ac - bodies. tions, uses, activities and new constructions on non-de - velopable land that are provided for in the reworked text Actions related with concertation and raising awareness of the Urban Planning Law, as well as various suppositions The landscape impact and foreseen in zoning plans. These suppositions can be ex - These are actions aimed at promoting awareness among integration studies are tools that panded over time through spatial or sectoral planning reg - society and public and private organisations and include should include specific graphic ulations. The EIIP are defined as “technical documents in - the landscape charters, landscape education at the various resources such as visibility maps or photomontages. tended to consider the consequences that the educational levels, support for training specialists and sup - implementation of actions, public works projects and ac - port for research projects. tivities have on the landscape, and to display the criteria adopted to integrate them”. The same Regulations estab - The landscape charters are instruments that have been lish that the landscape impact and integration report is implemented in other countries for years, but none yet ex - the government administration’s instrument used to eval - isted for Catalonia. Since the Landscape Law was ap - uate the appropriateness and sufficiency of the criteria and proved in 2005, three charters have been signed (Penedès, measures provided for in the studies. Since 2005, the Land - Berguedà and Vall de Camprodon), the drafting of three scape Service at the Directorate General for Architecture other charters has been finalised, meaning they are cur - and the Landscape has been behind more than 3,500 land - rently up for approval (Alt Empordà, Vall del Tenes and scape impact and integration studies through the admin - Riera d’Argentona) and two additional charters are being istrative processing of the corresponding files. drafted ( and Lluçanès).

244 Pursuit of the objective to introduce landscape education practices”), formed part of the project’s technical secretariat into schools began in 2006 with the project “Ciutat, ter - and coordinated the “catalogue of good practices” line. This ritori, paisatge” (“City, territory, landscape” ), aimed at task culminated in the publication of a guide on four sub - compulsory secondary education students in Catalonia, jects: agricultural structures, industrial estates, road infra - which was implemented in an experimental fashion in 10 structure and cultural landscapes. In the same project, var - education centres throughout 2007. Developed jointly by ious Catalan actions have received the honour to form part the DPTOP and the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia, of the catalogue of the 2 nd Mediterranean Landscape Award. the project began to be implemented widely in January The good results obtained have boosted the continuity 2009. Due to its special features, both in terms of content of the cooperation among the regions and have attracted and applied resources, it has won consideration as an ed - new partners, which have crystallised into “Paysmed.urban”, ucational innovation project and has attracted the attention currently under development. The Catalan Ministry of Town and of the Catalan educational community and the Council of Country Planning and Public Works Europe. Furthermore, in 2010 it began its work to create a Actions to improve the landscape (DPTOP) has created the Guide for landscape educational project aimed at schoolchildren The Fund for Landscape Protection, Management and landscape impact and integration studies to give guidance to the from 6 to 12 years of age. Planning is the Government of Catalonia’s financial instru - drafting teams. It contains an ment for actions aimed at improving the landscape. The orientative methodology and nine Training and support actions for specialists include training Fund, which is financed by the Government of Catalonia case studies. activities and the creation of management tools. In this through budgetary allocations, is dedicated to annual, field, support has been given to various professional as - public, open calls for tender . In the 2004-2009 period, sociations with training courses, participation has been subsidies were conceded for three specific lines of action: given to Master’s programme classes and specialised creating or renovating tree-lined boulevards, avenues and courses at universities and single-subject technical semi - parkways; the industrial colonies included in the urban de - nars have been organised. Moreover, alongside the afore - velopment master plan for the industrial colonies of Llo - mentioned Guide for landscape impact and integration bregat; and actions on protected urban and coastal land studies , the DPTOP has begun a collection of landscape and on non-developable coastal land (such as seaside integration guides , of which three issues have been pub - footpaths) for a total sum of 10,484,298 euros. Likewise, lished ( Landscape integration guide: industrial estates and resources from the DPTOP’s general budget contributed sectors of economic activity , Landscape integration guide: to funding pilot actions to improve the landscape in an ex - urban and peri-urban community gardens and Landscape emplary way, such as the southern access point to Gra - integration guide: agricultural structures ). This fourth issue nollers and Pinar de Perruquet Park in Vila-seca. is on landscape policy in Catalonia and a fitfth issue on urban landscapes is planned for the collection and is in an Conclusions advanced stage of development. In conclusion, we can say that the results of the first five With regard to support for public and private organisa - years of implementation of the Landscape Law are rather tions , the DPTOP has contributed by providing human and positive. The main foreseen instruments have been used, financial resources for actions with aims clearly concordant actions have been derived from each instrument (cata - with the principles of the Landscape Law, such as various logues, landscape charters, landscape impact and inte - single-subject events (the Green City European Congress, gration studies, etc.), the Fund for Landscape Protection, the Landscape Fair and the Congress on Art and Wine- Management and Planning has awarded specific financial making Landscapes) and informational publications on grants in successful open calls, the Landscape Observatory landscape ( Els Pirineus des de l’aire ). has consolidated as a body supporting the government administration and society as a whole and coordination In terms of European cooperation in the 2005-2007 period, between spatial planning and sectoral planning policies the DPTOP participated in the European project “Pays.doc. has been strengthened. Throughout this period, the Gov - Bones pràctiques de paisatge” (“Pays.doc: Good landscape ernment of Catalonia has lost none of the drive that led

245 Catalonia to be a leading Spanish community in terms of cies); strengthening civic participation in landscape valori - implementing the ELC and turned Catalan landscape poli - sation processes; enhancing international links and coop - cies into European points of reference in so little time. eration in the European context at all levels; and promoting landscape education among students and the local pop - However, prudence requires us to be cautious and to tena - ulation as a whole. ciously continue the work begun. As with all issues with an inherent social component, the success of public poli - Only perseverance will enable us, in a generation or two, cies in terms of landscape should be linked with a change to obtain results from the work done, because it will have of mentality and culture. This type of change has a gener - trickled down slowly into government practices and popular The Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works promotes ational dimension that raises the need for continuous work social attitudes. As Flaubert wrote: “The future tortures us the construction and restoration of and the formulation of new challenges. The main chal - and the past has us chained. That is why we miss the pres - seaside footpaths along the Catalan lenges to overcome in the coming years include: the need ent”. We should take advantage of the present in order to coastline. to strengthen the mainstreaming of landscape policies in prepare for a better-quality future for the entire ensemble all areas of the government administration (and with special of Catalonia’s urban, peri-urban and open landscapes. attention paid to coordination among various sectoral poli -

246 REGULATIONS Application and follow-up on the European Landscape Convention Florencio Zoido Naranjo

Landscape at the Pan-European and COMMITMENT BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES community political levels TO THE ELC (status as of 19 May 2009) SRF SRF As is already well known, landscape has earned greater Albania Lithuania political attention in Europe as a result of the European Luxemburg Landscape Convention (hereafter, “ELC”), its preparation, Armenia Macedonia approval and final entry into force, thus beginning to com - Austria Malta plete the long artistic and scientific traditions which already Azerbaijan Moldavia existed based around this concept. Belgium Monaco Bosnia-Herz. Montenegro In 1994, the Council of Europe, using the Mediterranean Bulgaria Netherlands The European Landscape Convention Landscape Charter as an antecedent (Seville, 1992), de - Cyprus Norway is the first international legal document dedicated specifically cided to “draw up […] a framework convention on the man - Croatia Poland agement and protection of the natural and cultural land - to landscape, representing the first Czech Rep. Portugal step in placing this issue within scape of Europe as a whole” (Resolution 256/94). It created Denmark Romania European governments’ concerns a working group consisting of elected representatives Estonia Russia and policies. (members of the Congress of Local and Regional Author - Finland San Marino ities) and experts in different areas (geographers, legal ex - France Serbia perts, agronomists, architects, etc.) to prepare a preliminary Georgia Slovak Rep. text (non-binding legally) of the ELC, finishing it in 1996 Germany Slovenia FOOTNOTES and submitting a report to various international organisa - Greece 1. Signing an international agree - tions (UNESCO, IUCN, the EU Committee of the Regions, Hungary Sweden ment or convention only implies etc.). Later, a committee of senior officials (specialised in Iceland Switzerland commitment or initial support. Ratification is a legislative act biodiversity, culture and land use planning) examined this Ireland United Kingdom preliminary text and made minor changes. The new version which raises the country’s adhe - Italy Turkey sion to that of a norm, later sup - was then presented to Member Countries in 1998 and ap - Latvia Ukraine ported by its incorporation in the proved by the Council of Europe’s Committee of Ministers Liechtenstein country’s own laws (see the Span - in 1999. It was signed by the Member Countries in a cer - ish ratification document pub - emony held at the Palazzo Vecchio palace in Florence in S = signed; R = ratified; F = in force. lished in the official gazette, BOE , Source: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/ number 31, on 15 January 2008, October, 2000. landscape/ pages 6259 to 6263). 2. The European political map is Sixteen countries originally signed the ELC, including countries within Europe as a continent, the majority of these complex and imprecise due to Spain. The first country to ratify it was Norway and, after countries also belonging to the Council of Europe (con - whether or not certain countries nine further ratifications, the ELC entered into force gener - cretely, 47). 2 ratify it as well as unclear positions by other countries. The concept ically in March, 2004. A slow process of signatures and of a Grand Europe includes ap - ratifications 1 by other countries has followed since then, As can be deduced from a careful reading of this table, proximately 50 countries. Cur - until reaching the current number as reflected in the fol - the majority of European countries and a solid majority of rently, all the countries generally lowing table, “Commitment by European Countries to the European Union member countries are committed to the considered “European” and with democratic governments are ELC.” In the latter, it is clear that the ELC has been adopted, ELC. However, we should not forget that, from a political members of the Council of Eu - by and large, at the pan-European level, that is, the set of and especially diplomatic point of view, there is a lack of rope.

247 commitment from certain, important countries, such as The delay in ratifying the ELC has led (as is further dis - Russia and Germany, and from other minor countries cussed in the following section) to a situation which could though with a significant international presence (Austria, have negative consequences for the ELC or, at a minimum, Switzerland and Greece) which have not signed or ratified its unclear or inconsistent application in Spain as a whole the ELC. since, with its approval, it affects the territory as a whole and all its landscapes. The European Union’s attitude towards the ELC merits special attention. Present during the initial phase and con - Landscape in the Spanish legal framework has traditionally Ratification of the ELC by Spain sulted directly through some of its organisations (Commit - been seen as an unspecific concept or a complementary implies the full legal recognition tee of Regions) when preparing the report, the EU has not one, though numerous norms and some of the most im - of the concept already present committed to the ELC. It has not signed or ratified it. Un - portant fundamental laws (on water, mountains, water pro - in numerous norms though fortunately, both options are clearly unfeasible given the tection and the environment, urban planning, etc.) 4 all refer traditionally seen as an indeterminate and complementary negative attitude of some member countries. That notwith - to landscapes. Debate on the concept’s legally definable concept. standing, the European Commission has taken some sig - character and its consequences will continue, 5 but what nificant, albeit incomplete, steps with respect to landscape, is absolutely clear is that Spain’s ratification the ELC implies including mentions of the ELC in its own documents such full legal recognition for the concept and its transposition as the European Territorial Strategy and the European Ter - into Spanish Law. ritorial Agenda . For its part, the Council of Europe has pre - pared a preliminary report to attempt to link the ELC to After the ELC’s ratification, and though referring to pro - some of its most important community policies (on agri - posed laws whose proceedings began earlier, a series of culture, the environment, regional issues, etc.). 3 important fundamental laws were passed (Law 42/2007, dated 13 December, on Natural Patrimony and Biodiversity; The Council of Europe periodically As stated in the introduction, the ELC has, without doubt, Law 45/2007, dated 13 December, on Sustainable Devel - organises workshops on implementing the ELC. In 2006, led to a large number of landscape-related initiatives at opment in Rural Communities; and Royal Legislative De - sponsored a workshop the pan-European and community levels and in the majority cree 2/2008, dated 20 June, approving the edited Law on entitled, “Landscape Quality of countries in both. These activities range from generating Urban Planning) which connect to the ELC’s ideas and Objectives”, and another was held knowledge (identification and characterisation) and edu - principles. However, these connections are insufficient and in 2010 in Seville called, “Landscape, infrastructure cation (training and specialisation) to raising awareness not very consistent in the different laws. and society.” and social participation (qualification) and drafting policies for its application (legal recognition, planning and actions). The Government’s General Administration Office, in addi - tion to the tasks stemming from its participation in the in - Political commitment in Spain ternational organisations sponsoring the ELC and the rat - at the national level ification process, has also carried out other work to identify and categorise landscapes ( Atlas of Spanish Landscapes , As mentioned, Spain was one of the first countries to sign Ministry of the Environment, 2003), inform about the ELC the ELC in Florence. However, final ratification by the (publishing the Convention in the different official languages Government was delayed. The motive was seemingly a in Spain), offer support (Council of Europe Workshop on 3. See KOLBMULLER, B. (2009). mention to Gibraltar in the report explaining the ELC and landscape quality objectives held in Girona in 2006) and excluding the British colony from its application. Once consultation (creating a work group with the Autonomous 4. Recent research by the Centro de Estudios Paisaje y Territorio this question was resolved, as the report has no legal Communities in 2006). has demonstrated the existence value, the Government reinitiated the process, requesting of 2,073 references to landscape authorisation from the Parliament and later ratification Obviously, ratification demands developing other aspects in currently valid Spanish Laws. See RODRÍGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ, by the Head of State. The so-called “Ratification Instru - which affect the country as a whole and which are subject J. (2008). ment” was duly published in the official gazette, Boletín to the exclusive competencies of the General Administra - 5. See the interesting article by Oficial de Estado (BOE) , and the ELC entered into force tion Office. Firstly, the fact that the ELC is in force for the CANALES PINACHO, F. and on 1 March 2008. country as a whole demands a general position be taken OCHOA GÓMEZ, Mª P. (2009).

248 on the Convention involving all the country’s citizens and Role of the Autonomous Communities affecting the entire territory. Different solutions are possible for this: a specific law, its inclusion in a norm with broader In effect, before the general entry into force of the ELC considerations, or the preparation and approval of the (March, 2004), the Parliament of Catalonia used the Con - landscape quality objectives proposed by the ELC though vention to develop its own policy in this area. Later, the with a sufficiently high legal status, 6 amongst other pos - Autonomous Community of Valencia reformed its land use sibilities. law, approving Law 4/2004 on Land Use and Landscape Protection which transposes and, in some cases, develops The Parliament of Catalonia was By the same token, the commitment acquired also requires the ELC further. Also prior to the ELC’s ratification, land - the first European legislative social participation in all public activities regarding land - scape laws were passed in Catalonia (Law 8/2005) and chamber to join the ELC, and its scapes. In Spain, this requirement is present in some plan - Galicia (Law 7/2008). statute recognises the people’s right to enjoy landscape and their ning and management processes (urban planning, land duty to use it responsibly. use, natural resource use, etc.), but not in other areas with Of greater importance are the references to landscape in - great importance for landscapes or with important social cluded in recent reforms to some Statutes of Autonomy, repercussions. Perhaps the ELC’s entry into force will pro - organic laws approved by the national Parliament. As such, vide the opportunity to fully and systematically address a the Statute of Catalonia (Organic Law 6/2006) recognises question of general interest which has already been re - that “everyone has the right to live in a balanced and sus - solved for some time in more politically advanced European tainable environment, one which is respectful of health, in countries. accordance with the standards and levels of protection established by law. They also have the right to enjoy natural Lastly, the State has competencies and functions which resources and landscapes under conditions of equality demand it assume a clear attitude towards its own actions and they have the obligation to use them responsibly and (cross-border areas and landscapes, areas of public do - avoid wasting them” (Article 27.1). The Statute also estab - main, infrastructure, energy, etc.) so that they are coherent lishes that the Government of Catalonia ( Generalitat ) has with the principles and objectives it committed to when “exclusive competency” with respect to “land zoning and ratifying the ELC. landscape” (Article 149). The Statute of Andalusia (Organic Law 2/2007), which already considered landscape protec - The Centro de Estudios Paisaje y Territorio (“Centre for tion in the earlier, 1981 version as a “priority objective for Landscape and Territory Studies”) prepared a series of the Autonomous Community,” now identifies the “right to guidelines on the definition and development of landscape enjoy the landscape under conditions of equality” (Article policies in Spain ( Bases para la definición y desarrollo de 28) and links this concept to cultural heritage (Article 33) las políticas de paisaje en España ), delivering them to the and to environmental quality (Articles 37 and 195). Ministry of the Environment at the end of 2008. We should note that a significant period of time has elapsed since the Two sources can currently be consulted for greater details ELC’s entry into force, justifying the country move forward on the actions taken by all the Autonomous Communities on its application. Another politically important reason is as a whole with respect to their incipient, though clearly 6. The “Guidelines for the Imple - mentation of the European Land - that Spain is a member of the Steering Committee for Her - launched landscape policies. On the one hand, we have scape Convention,” recently ap - itage and Landscape created by the Council of Europe to the minutes and documents published by the “Contact proved by the Council of Europe, specifically apply and monitor the implementation of the group on land use and landscape” created by the Spanish further develop that established ELC. At the time of writing this article, however, there has Ministry of the Environment in 2006, unfortunately with within the ELC’s Article 6, ex - pressly indicating that this task is still not been an explicit or sufficient response from the greater administrative will than political. Thus far, however, required of each signing country General Administration Office regarding the position it aims it is the only stable initiative to search for consensus with or party. They also establish that to adopt with respect to an international commitment of respect to the topic at hand. It has met fairly regularly since they can be defined at different the highest level. This silence contrasts with that of some its creation and allowed the State to inform the Au - levels (national, regional, local, etc.). See page 124 and 125, Autonomous Communities in Spain which are pioneers in tonomous Communities and permitted all to exchange their MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRON - applying the ELC. points of view and attitudes. MENT (2007).

249 On the other hand, the Sustainability Observatory of Spain Nevertheless, the consistency and continuity of public (Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en España , OSE) has just actions taken in Catalonia in terms of landscape has to be published its Informe sobre el Patrimonio Natural, Cultural noted. In the last five years (2004-2009), this Autonomous y Paisajístico en España (“Report on the Natural, Cultural Community has set a clearly directed policy based suc - and Landscape Heritage in Spain,” Madrid, 2009) which cessively on legislation, planning and social awareness. dedicates a specific chapter to the landscape policies im - This political line is being systematically developed though plemented in the different Autonomous Communities. it still requires time to reach its full potential and for us to be able to assess sufficient results in its attempts to protect, UNISCAPE is a European network My personal opinion regarding all this can be summarised manage and plan landscapes and their use. dedicated to strengthening as follows: co-operation and the exchange of ideas between universities. Epilogue Its objective is to contribute In December 2008 (last meeting of the “Contact Group” to the implementation of the ELC, mentioned above) the Autonomous Communities interested Landscape policies, according to the criteria stemming from especially in terms of education in developing their own landscape policies were a majority the ELC, have begun to be developed in Spain, thus over - and research. (11 of 17). coming a long period in which landscape was conceived This interest encompasses very different developmental as a concept mentioned along with others and linked ex - efforts with a wide range of political impact. clusively to exceptional places requiring special protection. In addition to the specific laws enacted, as mentioned above, some Autonomous Communities have institution - This initial phase is far from comparable to the current sit - alised landscape at the political level, including it within uation in other European countries with much more ad - the General Administration and/or Service spheres and ex - vanced landscape policies. 7 Social awareness of landscape pressly including the term in official names though generally is insufficient. 8 The same is true regarding the existing po - One of the primary challenges to landscape policies in Spain accompanied by another concept (such as land use, en - litical will and the work carried out by the Spanish General is overcoming the perception vironment, architecture, etc.). Administration Office. Similarly, the actions taken by the of landscape as a mere argument Special mention should also be given to the positive in - Autonomous Communities are not sufficient though, given to protect unique spaces and clusion of landscape in land use planning instruments (at the differences stemming form the Spanish territorial model implementing evaluation and improvement initiatives for all the regional and sub-regional areas), as well as the land - and its organisation, we should expect that, in the end, all landscapes in our day-to-day reality. scape inventories and catalogues created for regions as the Autonomous Communities will become involved in this a whole or for outstanding spaces and the express pro - area. Lastly, it is important to underscore that the ELC’s tection of some of these (primarily in nature conservation principles and criteria are still almost completely unknown legislation). at the municipal level despite the decisive role these play Equally positive are the initiatives launched to create in the true development of landscapes. observatories, study groups, laboratories and analysis and qualification offices and landscape projects. It has been said 9 that landscape is currently the last hope However, these do not offer complete coverage for the for societies whose values have not been completely sta - territory in terms of sufficiently shared lines of action nor bilised to find a way to govern territories which evolve, consistency between them. Primarily focused on natural continuously lose their character or become trivialised. landscapes or those with an important associated cultural Perhaps this expectation is excessive for ideas and prac - 7. See the Estudio comparativo value, the most intensely inhabited, used and dynamic tices which have just begun to be explored in Spain. How - de las políticas de paisaje en landscapes (city outskirts, metropolitan areas, coastlines ever, perhaps being aware of them may help us to pay a Francia, Países Bajos y Suiza , with heavy tourism, areas with intensive agriculture, indus - less onerous price in the future or to diminish current im - CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS PAISAJE Y TERRITORIO, Seville (2008). trial parks and deteriorated spaces) are hardly the object balances and risks stemming from the change in Spanish 8. See the Estudio sobre la sen - of public attention in terms of landscape. territories and landscapes. sibilidad social del paisaje en Es - paña , CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS PAISAJE Y TERRITORIO (2008). 9. PITTE, J.-R. (2003).

250 REGULATIONS Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Management and Planning Albert Cortina Ramos Introduction Based on the integrating conception of landscape deriving from the definitions established within the European Con - Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Management vention, the Landscape Law is applicable to the Catalan and Planning (hereafter, the “Landscape Law”) was ap - territory as a whole, both natural and rural areas and forests proved by the Parliament of Catalonia. 1 The Regulation as well as urban and fringe zones, and both unique land - approved by Decree 343/2006, dated 19 September de - scapes and day-to-day or deteriorated landscapes, velops the Landscape Law further, 2 placing landscape poli - whether in-land or on the coast and whether the landscape cies at the normative level and regulating the instruments is the result of intense human activity or if there is a pre - which have enabled effective actions and interventions in dominance of natural elements. this area in Catalonia for the last five years. The introduction to this Law aims to guarantee protection The Landscape Law is a legislative instrument designed for landscape and defines the instruments which the Gov - with a positive approach rather than as a means to delimit ernment of Catalonia has available to legally recognise the or sanction. In line with the 2006 Statute of Catalonia which values defined and to promote actions to preserve and im - declares the right to landscape, exercising this right implies prove the landscape. taking transformational and corrective measures which can be defined with simple and understandable indicators. Below is a graphic summary of the different instruments provided in the Landscape Law and its Regulation (see The aim of this Law is to give Catalan landscapes the per - next page). tinent legal protection and establish the instruments to manage and improve them, thus affording positive content Objective and guiding principles to the Parliament of Catalonia’s adhesion on 14 December of the Landscape Law 2003 3 to the European Landscape Convention promoted by the Council of Europe and signed by numerous coun - The aim of the Landscape Law is to recognise, protect, tries on 20 October of that same year. manage, and plan landscape to preserve its natural, her - itage, cultural, social and economic value within a frame - This international accord, which entered into effect on work of sustainable development. With this aim, the Law 1 March 2004, represents a before and after in the political favours the full integration of landscape in planning and understanding of landscape (Priore, 2006). It makes land - zoning policies and other sector-specific policies which scape a public asset for the entire territory, a right for the have a direct or indirect effect on landscape. FOOTNOTES populations that have it. Landscape is also related to peo - 1. Published in the official gazette, ple’s well-being and quality of life, though enjoying it re - Article 2 in the Landscape Law details the following prin - DOGC, number 4,407, page quires creating attitudes not only regarding its protection ciples to guide political bodies when addressing landscape 17,625, on 16 June 2005. but also its management and planning (Zoido, 2007). issues: 2. Published in the official gazette, DOGC, number 4,723, page Behind these landscape policies, a system of ethical values Favour the peaceful development of landscape in ac - 39,384, on 21 September 2006. linked to the new territorial culture is currently being built. cordance with concepts such as the rational use of the 3. Resolution 364/VI by the Par - This new culture is fomented by the public administration it - territory, sustainable urban development and ecosystem liament of Catalonia to adhere to the European Landscape Con - self and by the most dynamic social agents, spreading little functionalities. vention approved in Florence in by little throughout Catalan society as a whole (Cortina, 2010). October, 2000.

251 OPERATIONAL OUTLINE DERIVED FROM LAW 8/2005 Foster co-operation between the different public admin - ON CATALAN LANDSCAPE PROTECTION, istrations in preparing and executing landscape planning MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING and policies. Promote private-public collaboration to encourage joint Landscape catalogues initiatives, adopt instruments and make landscape-related LANDSCAPE • Landscape units decisions. • Landscape quality objectives Encourage participation in landscape policies by social, Contemporary cities are in constant evolution. The transformation of an Landscape protection, professional and economic agents, especially professional industrial area into a knowledge management and Landscape directives colleges, universities, environmental protection associa - district (22@-) is an planning instruments tions and representatives from business associations and example of these changes in 21 st unions. century urban landscapes. Directorate General for Architecture Organisational and the Landscape Incorporate discussions on landscape subjects at all ed - instruments ucational levels. Landscape Observatory In accordance with these fundamental principles, the Land - scape Law charges public bodies with considering land - Strategy consensus Landscape charters scape in their spatial and urban planning, agriculture, instruments forestry, ranching, infrastructure, cultural, social, economic, tourism, industrial, trade and, in general, any other sector- specific policies for which they have competencies and Co-ordination between landscape Educational programmes policies and sector-specific policies Awareness which have a direct or indirect impact on landscape. and education Awareness projects often result in making rural instruments and mountainous landscapes Communication As such, in accordance with Article 8 in the Landscape in our country more dynamic. Law, actions regarding the landscape can have the follow - Landscape impact ing objectives, amongst others: Technical instruments and integration for landscape studies and reports integration Integration guides Preserve landscapes which, due to their natural or cul - tural character, require specific and integral interventions. Improve landscape in city outskirts and access roads Funds for landscape to cities and towns as well as eliminate, reduce or move Financing instruments protection, management and use those elements, uses and activities which deteriorate said landscape. Source: Albert Cortina - Estudi DTUM Maintain, improve and restore agricultural and rural land - scapes. Preserve the right of citizens to live in a culturally signif - Balance landscape development, paying particular at - icant setting through the adoption of specific measures to tention to where rural and urban areas and where land and protect the landscape. sea overlap. Recognise that landscape is an element for both indi - Prepare landscape integration projects for industrial vidual and collective wellbeing and which, in addition to its and commercial activity areas and for infrastructure. aesthetic and environmental values, also has economic, Encourage initiatives among local administrations and cultural, social, heritage and identity-related dimensions. private entities to promote and protect landscapes. Consider the consequences of any territorial planning Acquire land to increase publicly-held land in areas con - or management initiative for the landscape and evaluate sidered of interest for landscape management. the effects of any construction project on the landscape. Assign value to landscapes as tourism resources.

252 Instruments to integrate landscape public and consulting with local administrations and the in spatial planning affected economic and social organisations.

The Landscape Law gives special emphasis to implement - Landscape directives ing instruments to protect, manage and zone landscapes The Landscape Law defines landscape directives as the in spatial planning initiatives. determinations which, based on the landscape catalogues, specify and legally incorporate the proposals for landscape In this sense, the Law establishes two fundamental instru - quality in the regional zoning plans and in the master spatial One of the greatest challenges ments: landscape catalogues and landscape directives. plans. landscape policies and territorial and urban planning policies face refer to landscape integration of Landscape catalogues In accordance with Article 12.2 in the Landscape Law, the fringe areas and economic activities. Landscape catalogues are descriptive and prospective, master and regional zoning plans determine the conditions determining the types of landscapes in Catalonia, identi - in which the directives are directly applicable, those in fying their values and current state of preservation as well which their incorporation is obligatory when urban planning as proposing landscape quality objectives which have to conditions are changed or revised and those in which ac - be met. tions require a preliminary report from the competent body for landscape issues. These catalogues, in addition to classifying and describing the landscapes’ attributes and values, have to bear in mind The master and regional zoning plans can also determine the relationships and interactions between environmental, when the landscape directives are merely recommenda - cultural, social and economic factors which explain their tions for urban planning initiatives and for landscape char - current state and the perceptions citizens have of said ters and other plans and programmes stemming from sec - landscapes. tor-specific policies affecting landscapes. In this last case, the plans or programmes approved have to be consistent The Landscape Law establishes territorial areas for the with the landscape directives’ recommendations. catalogues which coincide with the areas of application of all seven regional zoning plans. The proceedings to approve these directives are established in Article 14 in the Landscape Law’s Regulations. It distin - Within each area, the catalogue identifies, characterises guishes proceedings according to the different conditions and evaluates the entire territory included within the plan in the master and regional zoning plans prepared by the based on identifying the landscape units and the land - Government of Catalonia’s Ministry of Town and Country scapes requiring special attention. Planning and Public Works and sets procedures for terri - torial plans elaborated due to initiatives from local bodies. The Landscape Law and the Regulations governing its de - velopment establish the functions of these catalogues and The Government of Catalonia’s Ministry of Town and Coun - their minimum content, both of which are explored further try Planning and Public Works is responsible for preparing in the chapter of this publication dedicated specifically to the landscape directives and incorporating them in the these catalogues. regional zoning plans and, if applicable, in the master spa - tial plans. The methodology used to prepare the landscape cata - logues has been defined by the Landscape Observatory The Landscape Observatory (Observatori del Paisatge ) in a reference document. Aware of the need to preserve the diversity and wealth of The Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public landscapes in the territory and to stop their deterioration, Works within the Government of Catalonia is responsible in 2004 the Government of Catalonia promoted the con - for approving the landscape catalogues after informing the stitution of a consortium-style institution within the Ministry

253 of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, the Land - Similarly, the Government of Catalonia is committed to scape Observatory. This body would serve to unite the dif - raising awareness in society regarding landscape and offer ferent public and private institutions and organisations with training programmes for specialists in this area. experience in applying and managing territorial sciences and landscape. It would also aim to become a fundamental Landscape charters instrument to analyse, raise social awareness and, defini - The Landscape Law proposes creating landscape charters tively, preserve landscape. (addressed in detail in another chapter in this publication) as instruments to reach consensus on landscape-related Vineyards constitute an important According to Article 2 in the consortium’s Statutes, the Land - strategies between the public and private sectors so that landscape asset in the territory, where the agricultural, production scape Observatory’s objective is to diagnose, propose, the diverse landscape initiatives can protect, manage and and service sectors are often study, and raise awareness among Catalan society in order plan the latter’s natural, cultural and economic values. interrelated, favouring the area’s to preserve, protect, manage and, if applicable, restore and identity and the quality of life improve landscapes in Catalonia, all within a sustainable In this sense, the Government of Catalonia, county councils, of its people. development and environmental protection approach favour - municipal consortia, individual town halls and other local ing the rational use of land and saving natural resources. administrative bodies can propose creating these landscape charters. The Landscape Observatory consists of an ample repre - sentation of the diverse agents involved in territorial and The content of these landscape charters has to bear in landscape issues. It includes the relevant ministries from mind what is established by the landscape catalogues the Government of Catalonia, municipal bodies, local en - affecting the related areas in addition to any cultural, artis - tities, professional groups in this area, Catalan universities tic and cultural heritage catalogues approved at the mu - and private entities which work in spatial and landscape- nicipal level. At a minimum, these landscape charters must related areas. include:

In addition to its governing bodies, the Landscape Obser - a) a diagnosis of the landscape’s dynamics, vatory also has a consultative and advisory body which b) a definition of quality objectives, and includes scientific, academic and cultural organisations re - c) a management programme. lated to landscape and territory issues, business and eco - nomic representatives, civil society and NGOs. As such, the aim is for the landscape charters to become voluntary instruments to reach consensus between agents With respect to the Observatory’s specific functions, please in a given territory to improve landscapes and the quality consult the chapter in this section which examines this in - of life of the affected communities by establishing objec - stitution in detail. tives, agreements and management strategies.

Lastly, the Landscape Law itself establishes that the Land - Measures to raise awareness, educate and support scape Observatory can participate in international landscape With the approval of the Landscape Law, the Government observatory networks and in initiatives such as research proj - of Catalonia committed itself to raise awareness among ects and diverse initiatives to inform and share knowledge society, private organisations and public bodies with respect and methodologies adopted within the European Union. to landscape and its values, its cultural, social and economic importance, its evolution and the need to promote and Consensus and awareness of landscape strengthen its protection, management and planning. policies In this same vein, the Government of Catalonia is deter - Chapter IV in the Landscape Law promotes the creation mined to promote landscape in educational programmes and use of new instruments to establish consensus on at different levels as well as to offer programmes for spe - landscape strategies, for example, the landscape charters. cialists in landscape issues.

254 SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR A LANDSCAPE IMPACT AND INTEGRATION STUDY

BASIC 1. Basic information (Object, promoter, town, etc.) INFORMATION 2. Current landscape planning instruments (Regional Zoning Plan, Master Plan, landscape catalogue, etc.)

PROJECT / PLAN 3. Landscape at the territorial level (Landscape unit characteristics) DEVELOPMENT 3.1. Description (Summarised description of the landscape unit’s traits) 3.2. Components (List of the landscape’s structural components) 3.3. Values (Summary of its most important values) 3.4. Dynamics (Mention of the primary dynamics) 4. Local landscape and the project /plan (The project /plan’s implementation) 4.1. Location description and visibility • Its structure • Alternative locations • Its visibility 4.2. Project /plan requirements and programme • Aims and justification • Components • Technical and functional requirements 4.3. Integral project /plan vision (Initial and final states) • Project /plan implementation and the guiding global vision • Alternative planning norms • Global evaluation of the changes provoked by the project /plan 4.4. Systematic analysis of the transformation (Item by item: topography, vegetation, vision, etc.) 5. Strategies, criteria and integration measures (List of foreseen integration mechanisms) 5.1. Strategies 5.2. Criteria 5.3. Measures

SYNTHESIS 6. Conclusions

Source: Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works

For example, within the Compulsory Secondary Education mitted to fomenting initiatives by local administrations and (ESO) framework, the Government has promoted the proj - the diverse public and private organisations which carry ect, Ciutat, territori, paisatge (“City, territory, landscape”) out programmes to promote and protect landscapes, es - jointly with the Ministry of Education and the Landscape pecially those whose objective is to watch over the territory Observatory. It has been made available to all public and to preserve its landscape values. charter secondary schools in Catalonia for their faculty to implement it in the classroom and work on it through the Landscape impact and integration Government of Catalonia’s educational network. studies and reports

Similarly, and as established in Article 15.2 in the Landscape Decree 343/2006, dated 19 September and which develops Law, the Government has to encourage the exchange of the Landscape Law, incorporates the specific regulation of experiences and support research projects and others aimed landscape impact and integration studies and reports. In at spreading knowledge regarding landscapes. terms of the landscape impact and integration studies es - tablished by Article 48 in Legislative Decree 1/2005, dated Lastly, within its areas of competencies and depending on 26 July, and which approved the revised Law on Urban Plan - available resources, the Government of Catalonia is com - ning, said documents must be included in specific situations.

255 In accordance with Articles 19 and 20 in the Regulations, The Government of Catalonia contributes to this fund the landscape impact and integration study (EIIP) is a tech - through the annual budget allotted to the Ministry of Town nical document aimed at examining the consequences dif - and Country Planning and Public Works. In addition, other ferent actions, work projects or activities have for land - administrations, entities and companies also contribute to scapes and exposing the criteria adopted for said work. this fund. This document is required in the following conditions: Financing is available for public entities, legally recognised For actions, uses, activities and new constructions on not-for-profit organisations, and private physical or legal Integration between advanced land not zoned for urbanisation and which have to be ap - persons whose objectives include carrying out landscape architecture, quality public spaces proved according to the proceedings established in Article improvement initiatives. and sustainable mobility constitutes 48 in Legislative Decree 1/2005, dated 26 July, approving one of the primary landscape challenges in our cities. the revised Law on Urban Planning; Future challenges In cases in which they are required for spatial or urban planning purposes; and Ten years have passed since the European Landscape In all other cases when established by any law or gen - Convention was signed in Florence, and five since the erally applicable norm. Landscape Law was passed in Catalonia. However, new future challenges will require that the current legal frame - The project promoter is required to present this study, work be further developed in the next few years and that which must have been prepared by a professional, tech - we expand the principles upon which the cultural construc - nical expert. tion of a landscape-related system of values is based, val - ues which can be assumed by a society that is increasingly Afterwards, the study is presented to the Directorate Gen - aware of and demands greater commitment from its public eral for Architecture and the Landscape in the conditions officials when implementing landscape policies. established by the regulations. Some of these challenges are as follows: To help orient and prepare these studies, the Catalan Min - istry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works has Further develop the inclusion of landscape in urban and edited a guide called Guia d’estudis d’impacte i integració spatial planning instruments in line with the European Ter - paisatgística , which proposes a methodology and includes ritorial Strategy and the European Landscape Convention, diverse case studies. representing an opportunity to add greater consistency to territorial governance. Funding for landscape policies By means of public landscape policies and participation from civil society organisations, carry out more actions so The Landscape Law has created a specific fund to protect, that ecological and landscape cultural values are not lost, manage and plan the use of landscapes. This fund is a fi - to keep landscapes from being trivialised, and prevent this nancing instrument for the Government of Catalonia and its trend from having a negative repercussion on people’s aim is to provide funds to landscape improvement initiatives quality of life or that of the different economic processes carried out according to the criteria established within the and activities carried out in the territory. Law itself and the additional norms which expand it. Ensure that landscape policies are useful to develop public actions which are related to specific areas (e.g., pre - Chapter II in the Regulations offers greater details on this serve historic old quarters) and improve others (outer-lying essential tool in landscape management. Two differentiated areas, transition areas, etc.), or to administrate large terri - lines of actions are established for the fund’s application, torial areas better (abandoned rural areas, spaces under and the minister has the powers to broaden the content the threat of desertification, deteriorated rivers, over-de - of these lines. veloped coastlines, etc.) (Zoido, 2007).

256 Foment landscape management, understood as the Strengthen individuals’ roles in decisions regarding land process of formulating, articulating, and unfolding a series use given that people participating in this decision process of strategies aimed at appreciating a given landscape and feel recognised as parties who are capable of understand - improving people’s quality of life, all within a framework of ing planning and participate in a society that manages its sustainable development and by means of appropriate in - territory. struments and the implementation of programmes and ac - Strike a balance between the territory’s economic ac - tions included within a landscape management project tivity and the landscape as an economic resource, avoiding (Busquets and Cortina, 2009). that the latter become merely a good for sale in a market Urban landscape policies provide Anticipate the possible problems presented by emerging where landscape is limited to a formal, thematic or simply imaginative solutions for landscapes built within the context of the knowledge so - visual item and doesn’t include other social, economic or remodelling urban fabrics and ciety and respond to these through spatial management ecological factors. rehabilitating built elements such and planning. Underscore landscape’s cultural dimension in building as façades and party walls. Enable the strategy of increasing contemporary land - a Catalan and European identity, achieving and making scape quality to correspond to greater individual and social coexistence between the diverse cultures and beliefs found wellbeing for those living in the territory whose landscapes in contemporary society possible. are a visible expression (Luginbühl, 2002). Consolidate a school of scientific and philosophic thought Avoid the effects of links to landscapes disappearing dedicated to landscape issues and in line with the European as result of a technological or virtual culture which leads Landscape Convention’s principles. us to lose our rural roots and an empirical knowledge of Guarantee the right to quality landscape as one of peo - life in the natural setting. In this sense, social appreciation ple’s new, fundamental rights. for advanced agriculture and farming is fundamental in a Treating landscape as a tourism resource embedded in conservation society which is increasingly concerned with food safety policies increases its value, although and its citizens’ health. it should avoid becoming trivialised.

257 INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT The landscape catalogues of Catalonia Pere Sala i Martí

Introduction agriculture and industry, as well as transport, cultural and tourist infrastructure). They also aim to raise awareness of Catalonia enjoys a great diversity and wealth of landscapes, landscape in Catalan society. some of the most extolled on the continent of Europe. However, in recent decades the landscapes of Catalonia The landscape catalogues are not merely an inventory of have changed like never before, and this transformation elements, spaces and values, as their name might suggest. has not brought about improvements to these landscapes, They are the tools that help us to understand what Cat - but rather quite the opposite. The notable factors deter - alonia’s landscapes are like and what values they possess, mining these transformations include changes to agricul - the factors that explain why a landscape is of a particular The Landscape Catalogue of Terres tural, industrial production, transport, infrastructure, tourism type and not another, how they evolve according to current de Lleida was given final approval and recreational models, as well as the advent of new mod - economic, social and environmental dynamics, and finally, on 10 September 2008. els for local and regional planning, and, in short, changes what kind of landscapes are desirable for the future and to the European and global economy. To this list should how to attain them. Therefore, the catalogues provide in - be added the existence of a legal framework that has formation of great interest on all Catalan landscapes, their treated landscape based on its singularities and exceptions existing values and those that can be enhanced, and rather than from a more comprehensive approach, and this thereby contribute to defining and implementing a new phenomenon has caused the disorder that has permeated landscape policy in Catalonia, which must enjoy the active many everyday landscapes. cooperation and participation of stakeholders that intervene in the region. Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Manage - ment and Planning (hereafter, the Landscape Law) was Area of application and some criteria that govern created to redress these dynamics, and thus provides for their creation the landscape catalogue as a new instrument for introduc - The territorial scope of the landscape catalogues corre - The zoning plans and landscape ing landscape objectives into spatial planning and sectoral sponds to each of the seven areas of application for zoning catalogues have the same territorial policies in Catalonia. In this way, it adopts the principles plans: Alt Pirineu i Aran, , Camp de area of application; the plans incorporate the recommendations and strategies of action established by the European Land - Tarragona, Terres de Lleida, Regió Metropolitana de Barce- coming from the catalogues into scape Convention, promoted by the Council of Europe. lona, and Terres de l’Ebre. their landscape directives.

The landscape catalogues: The landscape catalogues are based on an integrated vi - a tool for introducing landscape sion of landscape, taking its natural and cultural compo - into spatial and sectoral planning nents together, and never separately. According to the def - inition adopted by the European Landscape Convention, The landscape catalogues are an instrument for protecting, ‘landscape’ is understood in the catalogues as an area, managing and planning landscape in Catalonia from a spa - perceived by the population, whose character is the result tial planning perspective. Their main objective is to con - of the dynamic interaction of natural factors (such as ge - tribute to the incorporation of landscape criteria into zoning ographical relief, hydrology, flora and fauna) and human plans (a core issue, particularly because the latter are factors (such as economic activities and historical heritage). placed hierarchically above municipal urban planning), but At the same time, landscape is conceived as the features also into spatial and urban development master plans and of a territory with all its natural and man-made elements, sectoral plans linked with landscape (nature conservation, and as the set of feelings and emotions that arise when it

258 is contemplated. Therefore, it is a social product, a soci - To serve as a basis for defining the landscape directives , ety’s cultural projection onto a certain space from a ma - which must be included in the seven zoning plans created terial, spiritual and symbolic perspective. by the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, as well as in spatial and urban development Moreover, in keeping with the principles of the Convention, master plans (see the chapter on landscape directives). the landscape catalogues go beyond protecting landscapes To be a useful reference for creating urban development and centre their proposals on managing and planning them, tools and for taking decisions on urban development in which is a major challenge now facing many landscapes in general both for city halls and drafting teams. Catalonia. Thus, the catalogues do not seek to prevent To constitute documents for beginning to define re - landscapes from changing, but rather defend certain values gional or local strategies , such as the landscape char - that should not disappear as each territory evolves. ters , which should take their recommendations into ac - count (see the chapter on landscape charters). Another basic feature of the landscape catalogues is that To be used as fundamental documents for launching they do not exclude any part of the territory; on the con - awareness campaigns on the landscape diversity of Cat - trary, they also analyse marginal and degraded areas, as alonia and its values, and for including landscape in dif - well as everyday ones (e.g., the landscapes of commercial ferent levels of education in Catalonia. zones, large road junctions and industrial areas). To assist sectoral planning, for example in defining na - ture conservation policies , agricultural policies , rural Content development policies and tourism promotion policies The Landscape Law establishes the minimum content that associated with the landscape. must be included in the seven landscape catalogues: To provide the landscape quality objectives and neces - sary information to evaluate the landscape integration An inventory of the landscape values in the area con - of actions and make environmental assessments of cerned. plans, programmes and projects. An enumeration of the activities and processes that most notably affect or have affected the current configuration Creation and approval of the catalogues of the landscape. An indication of the main routes and spaces from which Decree 343/2006, of 19 September, for developing Law the landscape is perceived. 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Management Delimitation of the landscape units, understood as struc - and Planning and for regulating landscape impact and turally, operationally and/or visually consistent areas to integration reports, assigns the Landscape Observatory of which a differentiated system for protection, management Catalonia (www.catpaisatge.net) the task of creating the and planning can be applied. seven landscape catalogues of Catalonia. A definition of the landscape quality objectives for each landscape unit. These objectives should express the com - It also establishes that the landscape catalogues must obtain munity’s aspirations with respect to the landscape char - prior approval from the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country acteristics of the environment. Planning and Public Works’ (DPTOP) Directorate General A proposal for the measures and actions necessary for for Architecture and the Landscape, and final approval from achieving the landscape quality objectives. the minister prior to the public participation process.

Functions Brief notes on methodology The landscape catalogues are documents in the service of civil society, which also pave the way for documented Landscape catalogue prototype: building public decisions in terms of landscape and have the fol - and permanently updating a methodology lowing functions: The landscape catalogues are a completely new tool with very few precedents on the international scale, although in

259 STATE OF THE PROCESS TO CREATE AND APPROVE THE LANDSCAPE CATALOGUES OF CATALONIA (September 2009) Direction, Publication Publication coordination of previous of final and creation Work to aid creation approval (DPTOP) approval (DPTOP ) Alt Pirineu i Aran Landscape Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) Observatory Camp de Landscape Rovira i Virgili University (URV) 30 July 2008 15 June 2010 Tarragona Observatory and University of Girona (UdG) (DOGC 5184) (DOGC 5650) Comarques Landscape University of Barcelona (UB) Centrals Observatory The landscape catalogue prototype, Comarques Landscape University of Girona (UdG) 06 September 2010 put together in a way similar Gironines Observatory and Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) (DOGC 5708) to “guidelines” in the Anglo-Saxon Regió Metropolitana Landscape Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) tradition, was sent to more than de Barcelona Observatory seventy institutions, research groups and landscape experts for Terres de Lleida Landscape University of Lleida (UdL) 27 November 2007 19 September 2008 commentary in order to obtain Observatory and Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) (DOGC 5017) (DOGC 5219) the greatest level of agreement Terres de l’Ebre Landscape Consortium of Services (CODE) 16 November 2009 3 August 2010 on its content. Observatory and Rovira i Virgili University (URV) (DOGC 5506) (DOGC 5684)

Source: Landscape Observatory of Catalonia

Europe there is a significant base of knowledge for the sub - adjustments and updates resulting from work in progress ject, prominent among which is the accumulated experi - and the exchange of other European experiences. ence of the United Kingdom (specifically, the government body Natural England) and Ireland, with their landscape Stages of creation character assessments, and Belgium, France, Slovenia and The procedure to create the landscape catalogues is di - Spain, with their respective landscape atlases. vided into four stages:

When the Government of Catalonia charged the Landscape Stage 1. Identification and characterisation , in which the Observatory with creating the landscape catalogues, sev - landscape units are identified and their character, evolu - eral questions were raised: What should the landscape tionary sequence, values and general dynamics are de - catalogues be like? On what scale of work should they be scribed, as well as the natural and socioeconomic factors created? What values should be identified? How are land - that have intervened – and currently intervene – in their evo - scapes evaluated? How are natural, cultural and perceived lution and transformation. In addition, the possible future landscape elements put on the same level? What are the evolution of the landscape is analysed with consideration landscape quality objectives? And the main question: How for the natural dynamics of the environment, socioeconomic should the landscape quality objectives be translated into trends, the law and implementation of public policies. useful guidelines for spatial and urban planning? Stage 2. Evaluation of the landscape , which consists of Along with the tool’s innovative nature and great importance studying the weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportu - for spatial planning in Catalonia, these questions prompted nities for protecting, managing and planning the landscape FOOTNOTES the Landscape Observatory to prepare a landscape cata - in terms of sustainability. logue prototype 1 which establishes a common framework 1. You can read the landscape catalogue prototype on the Land - for creating the seven landscape catalogues in a consistent Stage 3. Definition of the landscape quality objectives , scape Observatory’s website and coordinated way and which is subject to permanent in which the participation of the stakeholders involved in www.catpaisatge.net).

260 SCHEME OF THE STAGES FOR CREATING THE LANDSCAPE CATALOGUES AND THEIR LINK WITH PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES

Definition Proposal Landscape Evaluation of the landscape for measures characterisation of the landscape quality objectives and actions

Participation

Source: Landscape Observatory of Catalonia The map of the landscape units of Catalonia defines 135 units using the landscape and the transformations that take not exist before. With 135 landscapes, the map demon - delimited by landscape features and continuities. place in it play an important role (see section Landscape strates the great diversity and wealth of the Catalan land - quality objectives). scapes, some of the most extolled on the continent of Europe. The landscape units are areas that share the Stage 4. Establishment of criteria and actions , which same landscape feature, i.e., which are characterised are a foundation for defining the landscape directives (see by a set of elements that distinguish one landscape from the section on criteria and actions used to define the land - another. scape directives). In order to make them more accessible to the population, Consultation and public participation the landscapes were named according to the most com - The landscape catalogues incorporate consultation and mon popular usage after completing a process of public public participation as a tool for involving and sharing re - consultation and civic participation. Moianès, Pinyana, Vall sponsibility with society when managing and planning the Baixa del Llobregat, Conca de , Valls d’Olot, etc., landscape. Their importance is also rooted in the fact that are names deeply rooted among the population and which participatory processes can detect intangible factors in belong to its collective memory. landscapes, as well as factors of perception and identity – such as the feeling of a place, for example – which are The landscape units are important because they constitute hard to identify when the work is exclusively performed by the basic pieces of territory where specific landscape poli - specialised experts. cies are implemented. They have an average surface area of 237 km 2, making them suitable for integration into zoning To obtain the greatest amount of different visions on a sin - plans and spatial master plans. Furthermore, the map of gle landscape, public consultation, which is carried out at the landscape units has great educational potential. 3 different levels and varies in each landscape catalogue, 2 has used various mechanisms to involve the population: Landscape values 2. These instruments have enjoyed telephone surveys, opinion studies, consultation via the The landscape catalogues identify various kinds of land - the support and experience of Landscape Observatory’s website, discussion groups, in - scape values: the Government of Catalonia’s terviews and workshops with landscape stakeholders, Directorate General for Civic Par - ticipation at the Catalan Ministry workshops with individuals and open workshops. Natural and ecological values , referring to the factors of the Interior, Institutional Rela - or elements that determine the quality of the environment. tions and Civic Participation. Some of the catalogues’ important results Aesthetic values , related to a landscape’s ability to 3. An initial indication of the edu - convey a certain feeling of beauty. cational value of the map of the Landscape units Historical values , corresponding to the most important landscape units of Catalonia is its inclusion in secondary school The creation of the seven landscape catalogues has led marks human beings have left on the landscape throughout geography textbooks for the 2009- to the map of the landscape units of Catalonia, which did history. 2010 school year.

261 Productive values , related to a landscape’s ability to GENERAL LANDSCAPE QUALITY OBJECTIVES provide economic benefits, thereby turning its elements FOR CATALONIA into resources. 1 Well preserved, managed and ordered landscapes, Values of social use , related to the way that an indi - regardless of their type (urban, peri-urban, rural or natural) vidual or certain group use a landscape. and character. Religious and spiritual values , corresponding to ele - 2 Living and dynamic landscapes – whether previously existing ments of a landscape or set of landscapes that are linked or newly created via intervention – that are able to integrate with religious practices and beliefs. potential territorial transformations without losing their Symbolic and identity-based values , corresponding particular character. to the way that a certain group identifies with a landscape. 3 Heterogeneous landscapes that reflect the rich landscape diversity of Catalonia and avoid uniformity. Society attributes values to landscape. Thus, not all land - 4 Tidy and harmonic landscapes that avoid disorder scapes have the same meaning for everyone and, moreover, and fragmentation. various values can be attributed to each landscape in dif - 5 Unique landscapes that avoid trivialisation. ferent degrees, according to the person contemplating it. 6 Landscapes that maintain and enhance their tangible This is why the landscape catalogues avoid placing levels and intangible referents and values (whether ecological, of landscape quality in a hierarchy and quantifying their val - historical, aesthetic, social, productive, symbolic or identity-related) . ues, which is a very difficult task – if not impossible. 7 Landscapes that are always respectful of the legacy of the past . Viewpoints and routes 8 Landscapes that convey tranquillity and are free of dissonant One way to contemplate urban and rural landscapes is elements, discordant noise, light pollution and stench . from viewpoints. These observation sites invite us, capti - 9 Landscapes that can be enjoyed without placing vate us, stimulate us and – obviously – help us to contem - their heritage and particular character at risk . plate and admire landscapes, and to experience authentic 10 Landscapes that address social diversity and contribute feelings of pleasure and peace at the same time. Therefore, to the population’s social and individual well-being . their role is not merely visual, but emotional and experi - ential as well. The most strategically placed viewpoints Source: Landscape Observatory of Catalonia. are usually located in elevated, accessible areas with wide horizons and attractive and varied views, including moun - same spirit that underlies the approach to viewpoints, the tain summits, the public buildings of cities, squares, walls, catalogues identify routes through the landscape: both towers, castles, churches and the shoulders of roads and those that can be passed through and those that cannot. motorways: places that may also have a strong symbolic and emotional charge for the populace. Some viewpoints Landscape quality objectives include explicit means for interpreting landscapes, espe - The landscape quality objectives (OQP) are the declaration cially panels, while at others the essence and significance of a society’s preferences in relation with its landscapes of the landscape can be intuited through other elements after understanding the state they are in, their values and or simply by looking at it. By means of the landscape cat - the risks they face. After consulting with public opinion alogues, the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia has lo - and with the main social and economic stakeholders pres - cated and mapped more than 450 strategic observation ent in each area, the landscape quality objectives are an sites that demonstrate the diversity and values of the Cata - answer to the simultaneously simple and complex question lan landscapes, possess great educational value and po - “What landscape do we want?” tential for raising social awareness and could be turned into viewpoints. Beyond the effect they may have on the instruments used for spatial, urban or sectoral planning, the landscape quality Moreover, roads are currently the main means of penetrat - objectives also serve to raise awareness among the pop - ing and becoming acquainted with landscapes. So in the ulation with respect to the landscape. The landscape qual -

262 ity objectives should act as a guide and frame of reference proving the quality of the landscapes of Catalonia, and, not solely for any level of the government administration, ultimately, the population’s quality of life. The Landscape but also for the general public. Law establishes that the aforementioned landscape direc - tives, which are regulatory in nature, should be integrated Each one of the seven landscape catalogues defines land - into zoning plans and spatial master plans. This point sit - scape quality objectives specific to its territorial scope, uates landscape in the apex of spatial planning in Catalonia which are consistent with the general landscape quality in regulatory terms for the first time. However, it is crucial objectives that the Landscape Observatory has determined that the instruments used to go beyond these landscape Each landscape unit is given for all of Catalonia. directives on the regional and municipal scale receive a profile that describes its natural greater clarification, introducing landscape into urban de - and man-made elements, historical Criteria and actions used to define the landscape velopment and construction regulations and into urban evolution, current form of directives planning tools, since this level ends up having a decisive organisation and dynamics, artistic expression, values, main roads and Finally, the landscape catalogues propose criteria and ac - role in addressing those urban development dynamics that observation points. It also describes tions to meet the aforementioned goals. These proposed degrade and impoverish the quality of many everyday Cata - its possible evolution, an evaluation criteria and actions constitute the main basis for formulating lan landscapes, especially those in suburban areas, coast - of the threats and opportunities it faces and its landscape quality landscape directives, which should be incorporated into lines, mountains and agricultural areas. objectives. zoning plans. Moreover, the introduction of landscape directives into sec - Beyond the catalogues: integrating toral policies is still an unresolved issue requiring cross- the landscape directives into spatial cutting policies that are not always easy to give impetus planning and sectoral policies to and that often run up against institutional and organi - sational obstacles. The landscape catalogues do not aspire to design the fu - ture landscape of Catalonia beyond highlighting certain The landscape catalogues should aid in moving toward a trends that seem obvious. On the other hand, they do de - decision for a new culture of spatial planning which clearly fine concrete objectives, criteria and actions that, once demands that the intervening stakeholders attain high lev - transformed into landscape directives, contribute to im - els of landscape awareness.

263 INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT The landscape directives Juli Esteban i Noguera

The landscape in spatial plans based on a spatial model that should be held to. Moreover, rather immediate consequences with respect to the land - The landscape directives are those determinations based scape are derived from these proposals. To the extent that on the landscape catalogues which define and incorporate it corresponds to an environment shaped by people, this proposed landscape quality objectives as standards in is mostly a result of the spatial model, and its evolution will spatial plans (Article 12 of the Law on Catalan Landscape basically be a consequence of the evolution of this model. Protection, Management and Planning). It should be added that one of the reference criteria of the Therefore, the landscape directives form the meeting spatial plans created and processed by the Spatial Planning grounds for two instruments: the spatial plans defined in Programme (PPT) since 2004 is to “preserve the landscape the Spatial Policy Law of 1983 and the landscape cata - as an element of social value and an economic asset of logues defined in the same law. Both instruments, with their the region”, and thus the determinations of the plans should landscape content and territorial scope, are legally required also be directed in agreement with their other specific func - to refer to the same spatial area. By means of both the tional aims. 1 plans and the catalogues, Catalonia is therefore divided into seven areas defined by the Spatial Plan of Catalonia. The spatial plans’ propositional structure is basically built on three systems of determinations: open spaces, settle - Since this publication contains a chapter devoted to ex - ments and mobility infrastructure, which respond to the plaining the catalogues, we must discuss the spatial plans content assigned to them by the Spatial Policy Law and here before dealing with the directives. take form in a consistent group of standards, directives, recommendations and arguments. 2 We can begin by saying that the Spatial Policy Law, which defines the scope and content of spatial plans, does not In any case, the importance of the types of determinations FOOTNOTES contain a single reference to landscape. It is clear that indicated below must be stressed in order for the land - landscape was not a subject for planning 25 years ago, scape to evolve appropriately. Likewise, all the spatial plans 1. For information on the origins and aims of landscape policy in and yet it is also quite clear – as it was then – that spatial must establish and be suitable for the features of the land Catalonia, as well as its relation planning would have undeniable effects on the landscape. where they are implemented, including: to the Spatial Planning Pro - As a social asset to preserve and improve, landscape has gramme, see Oriol Nel·lo’s article had to be kept in mind whenever decisions were made. Within the open spaces system, the definition of areas “Paisatge, pla i política” in Espais , no. 50 (pp. 8-14) and “La nueva that rule out the possibility of urban development: land un - política territorial en Cataluña” It is quite clear that spatial plans are involved in protecting der special protection and a very high majority of land un - in Joaquim Farinós and Joan and planning the landscape through their determinations, der regional protection. Romero (eds.), Territorialidad y and they do so with remarkable efficiency as they condition The orientation of most urban expansion that may be buen gobierno para el desarrollo sostenible. Nuevos principios y many of the transformations that may occur in the region, necessary toward urban areas of a certain size. nuevas políticas en el espacio eu - most of which have an indisputable effect on the landscape. The limitation and establishment of conditions for ex - ropeo , Publicacions de la Univer - panding small urban centres and rural settlements. sitat de València, Valencia, 2007 (pp. 191-236). The purpose of spatial planning is to provide the standards The establishment of conditions for building in open and directives for an area to evolve toward improving social spaces. 2. See also Juli Esteban’s “El Programa de Planejament Terri - cohesion, economic efficiency and environmental sustain - The commitment to continued growth and the conse - torial: continguts i mètode” in Es - ability by defining constraints and strategies to that effect quent restriction of new isolated construction projects pais , no. 52, 2007 (pp. 14-24).

264 which are justified for reasons of regional or strategic in - creation of directives, but they have practical applications, terest. even if these are still not regulated much. The establishment of directives for planning areas of ur - ban expansion and reform. With regard to the landscape directives, we must begin by The establishment of conditions for building new infra - saying that they are linked with territorial scopes of more structure and for expanding existing infrastructure. than 4,000 km 2, divided between 20 and 25 landscape units The indication of separators and uncrossable limits in ar - which could hardly be defined at scales of greater detail eas of urban expansion in order to preserve the continuities than 1:50,000, which is the scale used in spatial plans, ex - of undeveloped spaces and certain images of interest. cept for possible close-ups of especially important areas. In any case, given the conceptual field covered by the cat - There is no doubt that the requirement to formulate land - alogues and the determinations included in the spatial plans, scape directives within spatial plans is another step forward the directives should centre on the strictly landscape-related along the path of these instruments’ commitment to land - aspects of the territorial scope for systematic propositional scape issues. In fact, it involves moving from landscape reasons. Some consequences result from this: as a criterion or consequence to landscape as a subject of planning, which means subject to regulatory standards. A spatial plan’s landscape directives cannot exhaust the It must immediately be added that this opens a field of ex - regulatory standards of the landscape, which, as a multi- ploration that will require time before obtaining results that scale phenomenon in terms of how it is perceived, needs to fully meet the legal mandate to incorporate standards. We be dealt with on various regulatory and project-related levels. also believe that useful approaches to the legally pro - Therefore, the directives should focus on those regulations The determinations of spatial claimed aims to protect, manage and plan the landscape that correspond to the scale of spatial planning, with the un - planning are a step forward along can be achieved along the way. derstanding that there are other instruments – such as special the challenging path to protect, urban plans, for example – that are suitable for establishing manage and plan the landscape. Catalogues and directives landscape regulations with greater detail. It must be remembered that, on one hand, the directives Although the region is a great synthetic creation resulting must be consistent with the content of the catalogue for from a historical process that incorporates economic, func - the same territorial area, especially with regard to the in - tional, environmental and cultural values, among others, ventory of landscape values, the definition of landscape the evaluation of the landscape is carried out through an objectives and proposals for measures and actions. On the act of perception that begins with considering the imagery other hand, as documents incorporated into spatial plans, that the land provides. To avoid interference and confusion, the directives are conditioned by the scale of planning cor - given that the functional, environmental and heritage-re - responding to the particular spatial plan and by the pre - lated aspects of the land have their own regulatory instru - dominantly physical nature of its propositional content. ments, it is recommended that the directives focus on land - scape as the visual perception of a territory, with the An initial consequence of these considerations is that the understanding that this perception incorporates aesthetic, landscape catalogues must be understood as valid docu - social, symbolic and economic values. ments in and of themselves insofar as they are a collection The kind of landscape that the landscape directives of knowledge and indicative proposals for protecting, man - strive to regulate is what we call “territorial landscape” in aging and planning the landscape of a region, the evalua - the sense that it includes images provided by areas of a tion of which has been approached from a multifaceted certain expanse, leaving other instruments of greater detail point of view of its situation that incorporates heritage-re - for use in areas of lesser expanse, with a necessarily closer lated, environmental and social aspects, among others. view, especially urban landscapes that are perceived from Each catalogue defines a framework of useful knowledge within the corresponding townships. and guidelines for integrating landscape properly into any action that may be carried out in the region. In other words, The formulation of landscape directives, as well as the cre - the catalogues are not simply documents leading to the ation of catalogues and seemingly spatial plans, is an ex -

265 ercise with almost no references on which to be based. integrated into and enriching for the surrounding natural Therefore, it must be understood as an open process, the morphology. results of which are gradually refined starting from the act of creation itself. In any case, the process to create land - In principle, and except for some exceptional cases, phys - scape catalogues, their initial results and the various tech - ical transformations designed to restore the natural mor - nical attempts carried out to flesh out some directives, phology in places where it has been modified are consid - have helped us to take note today of a fact that must be ered positive from a landscape perspective. borne in mind to properly guide the creation of some land - The natural morphology of a territory scape directives. The displacements of land owing to agriculture, the creation is a reliable landscape reference of infrastructure and construction projects should not ex - that should not be ignored. This fact is that there is a set of general criteria/ objec - ceed what is strictly necessary. Clearances, embankments tives /guidelines whose application seems valid for all the and particularly land transformations that affect the natural landscapes of Catalonia, regardless of their diversity. We drainage system should be minimised. can add that after considering some examples of land - scape objectives or guidelines from other European coun - The technical solutions and formal results in dealing with tries, their validity could surely be extended to the entire slopes should begin with the characteristics of the soil and European Union, or to all geographical areas that are as of the possible options for vegetation. In any case, with re - shaped by people and culture as Catalonia. According to gard to the gradient and restoring vegetation, work with The region’s water network is a these assessments, we propose a list of landscape com - slopes should be consistent with the surrounding land - basic component of the landscape, ponents or aspects liable to be subject to directives of a scape, without ruling out the use of retaining walls or other and as such it should be considered quite similar intention in all the areas of our cultural sphere: structural elements when suited for improving the formal and respected. result, and particularly when they are able to reduce slope 1. Geomorphology gradients. 2. Water 3. Agricultural models Embankments must not be allowed to affect spaces such 4. Visual landmarks and scenic backdrops as riverbanks, streams and torrents, the shoulders of roads 5. Urban expansion or croplands, while always ensuring that the functionality of 6. Isolated construction projects the river area as a whole is maintained. Special attention is 7. Linear infrastructure required for displacements of land aimed at protecting and 8. Areas of specialised activity improving roads linked with watercourses, due to their dual 9. Degraded spaces role as a landscape element and a route of scenic interest. 10. Viewpoints and routes 2. Water General landscape directives The region’s water network, which comprises natural and artificial open-air elements that acquire a certain structural In agreement with the defined list of landscape concepts, importance, is a basic component of the landscape, and the following general directives can be formulated for im - as such it should be considered and respected. The spatial plementation throughout the territory of Catalonia: extent of the network includes all areas physically linked with watercourses and bodies and water up to the flood - 1. Geomorphology able area in a reverting period of 500 years, at a minimum. The natural morphology of a territory is a reliable landscape reference that should not be ignored. By natural morphol - The naturalised or artificial treatment of spaces linked with ogy, we mean the results of orographic and erosive phe - watercourses or bodies of water should take advantage nomena produced over the course of time. The small-grain of the landscape potential resulting from the presence of models introduced by traditional farming activity, which in - water, notwithstanding the hydrological requirements that clude terracing, pathways, etc., are considered perfectly must be respected.

266 If there is no special urban development plan aimed at systems of exploitation are required, the perceptive frag - planning the landscape that justifiably establishes other, mentation of the existing landscape must be maintained. more permissive conditions, the constructions that could be authorised on non-developable land should be sepa - The specific landscape directives, special urban plans and rated by a minimum distance of 100 metres from the beds other instruments of greater detail can indicate rural land - of rivers and streams and from lakes, ponds and swamps, scape areas that, due to their extraordinary values, should notwithstanding compliance with the dispositions of hy - be subject to strict protection through the maintenance draulic planning. and improvement of its structural elements. This determi - Agricultural spaces provide a scenic nation must be associated with the establishment of mech - background which constitutes Planning in sectors of developable land – or unconsolidated anisms to support the maintenance of farming activities a main component of the identity of the land due to their important urban land – that is adjacent to rivers, streams, canals, relevant to these landscapes when necessary. presence throughout it. lakes, ponds or the seashore should consider the presence of these water elements as a determining factor for plan - The establishment of solar parks, or other extensive con - ning in terms of justifying transitional spaces to improve structions in a rural setting, should be subject to the di - quality between the façade of the construction and the rectives and conditions expressed in these standards in bank of the body of water. The land assigned for free relation with the landscape in rural areas and with the cri - spaces will be located in these transitional spaces as a teria indicated in section 8 that correspond to areas of spe - matter of preference. Likewise, planning will take special cialised activity. care of the urban composition of the façades of construc - tions that give special visibility to water spaces. In order to maintain the unity of farming zones and avoid the fragmentation of fields, the opening of new roads Urban seafronts and riverfronts will be treated carefully in should be avoided if possible. Similarly, the laying of in - urban planning schemes in order to highlight their character frastructure networks of local interest should take advan - and enhance their landscape value. Urban planning tage of existing passageways, corridors and roadways. schemes will establish measures to restore the formal har - mony of these areas that may have lost it due to the vol - The building of fences on agricultural land, and on non- umes of nearby buildings or the low quality of the sur - developed land in general, should be limited to cases in rounding architecture. which they are indispensable, depending on their use and the circumstances of the site. Whenever functionally pos - 3. Agricultural models sible, it is recommended to use other systems of enclosure Agricultural spaces (farms, forests and pastures for live - to indicate the border of the property or the scope of the stock) provide a scenic background which constitutes a activity in question. Specific directives or instruments for main component of the identity of the land due to their planning urban landscapes can prohibit fences in certain presence throughout it. Therefore, we must make respect agricultural areas. for the values of agricultural spaces compatible with a land - scape asset of public interest, and they must retain the When instruments for planning landscape in greater detail basic features of their physiognomy for reasons of func - do not establish more specific regulations, the building of tionality. fences to separate property, plots or premises in agricul - tural areas is subject to the following directives and con - Roads, natural drainage networks, irrigation canals, topo - ditions: graphic separations and divisions of vegetation between croplands and plots, as well as the patterns of placement a. With the exception of point h), the building of fences is and configuration of traditional buildings, are all considered not allowed, except dry stone walls no more than 90 cm structural elements making up agricultural landscapes. We high. recommend preserving these elements, and in the event b. Fences may be made of living vegetation or materials that transformations resulting from necessary changes in that allow for transparency all along its height.

267 c. Visually permeable fences can be supplemented with the more interesting images of the region from accessible vegetation from the surroundings to obtain the desired de - places and busy stretches of road. The techniques for pre - gree of opacity. serving these images constitute the establishment of strips d. Fences should be treated in a regular and uniform man - without buildings, with height limitations and length limi - ner along their length so they can incorporate differences tations for blocking elements. Instruments for planning the to improve integration with the surroundings if they are not landscape in greater detail should establish these strips. uniform. e. Manufactured materials used for fences should use dis - In addition to constructions and elements that impede crete colours to blend in well with the colour scheme of viewing important images of the landscape, we must avoid the site. those that seriously distort views due to their size, shape f. Fences should allow passage for the small terrestrial and/or colour, even if they do not fully block them. fauna of the site as long as this is not incompatible with the activity that inspires the need for them. Special schemes for planning urban landscapes can define g. Existing fences and those provided for in point h) should areas by establishing limiting parameters for building with be overlaid with living vegetation to improve their integra - the aims of preservation set by the directives, as well as tion into the landscape areas in which a landscape impact and integration report In many landscapes, the figure- h. In general, opaque fences are only allowed on those is mandatory for certain constructions. background relation plays an plots where, for safety reasons, they are necessary to pre - important role in composing the vent access or views and no other manners of enclosure Since the size and location of wind farms affect the scenic images that are perceived in them. exist that could guarantee the same. backgrounds of landscapes, landscape criteria must be considered when establishing them. In principle, it is con - 4. Visual landmarks and scenic backdrops sidered a good criterion to strive for a perceptible geometric In many landscapes, the figure-background relation plays balance when laying down the wind mills through the es - an important role in composing the images that are per - tablishment of guidelines relating to heights, spacing, align - ceived in them. This relation is often present in the plastic ment, etc., which are typical of the planning necessary for arts. The ‘figures’ of the landscape include urban centres, repetitive artificial elements. built elements and differentiated geological formations, which, by their location (raised, flat, ridged) and value, con - 5. Urban expansion New stretches of urban expansion in stitute key components of the imagery of the area. The New stretches of urban expansion in townships should es - townships should establish relations scenic ‘backgrounds’ composed by orography and vege - tablish relations of formal continuity and harmony with ex - of formal continuity and harmony tation complement the visual aspect of landscapes and isting stretches. With this aim in mind, urban planning with existing stretches. provide them with a foundation. should take care of the image of peripheral fronts in an - ticipated expansion to the extent that they constitute new We must avoid distorting scenic landmarks, of which new façades in the urban area. construction projects, whether isolated in non-developable land or forming part of urban growth, are the most frequent The criteria of compactness and densification arising from causes. Instruments of urban planning should take special the general criterion to save land are not an acceptable care to preserve the image of scenic landmarks by condi - argument for the strident breaking of formal guidelines for tioning the dimensions, volumes and colours of the build - existing urban areas and centres. We must ensure the qual - ings that could affect it. ity of the visual sequences for approaching and gaining access to urban centres and areas from roads, especially We must also hold on to possibilities for perceiving land - those that are most often used. marks and backgrounds, and especially the images that compose them together. With this goal in mind, we should Many urban centres and areas in the region have skylines: avoid constructions whenever possible, and visual barriers characteristics perceptible from certain areas and routes in general that impede or seriously hinder perception of that constitute scenic landmarks, often with aesthetic value,

268 to which section 4, on visual landmarks and scenic back - Special schemes for planning the urban landscape, as well drops, refers. Both expanded and reformed urban devel - as the other instruments of urban planning, should establish opment must respect this imagery, and for this purpose parameters to regulate building activities on non-devel - urban planning should block the possibility of volumetric opable land, and especially those driven by agricultural elements that distort it. Awareness of this possibility in cur - and livestock-raising activities. The parameters should be rent planning schemes, related with centres of which the consistent with the agricultural and scenic patterns result - directives indicate the interest of the imagery they provide, ing in each case from the road network, the irrigation sys - is reason enough to proceed with modifying it. tem, plot divisions and topography.

Stretches of urban expansion should maintain a level of Whenever the specific landscape directives of a regional consistency appropriate for the structure of the landscape area or instruments of urban planning do not establish (topography, agricultural traces, vegetation, peri-urban agri - more precise parameters based on the differential char - culture, significant patterns, etc.) of the surroundings. The acteristics of the area, the isolated buildings should be required consistency can involve various degrees of mor - subject to the following conditions: phological adaptation to the agricultural environment, which must be direct and to the maximum extent possible in the a) Placement. Since proper placement contributes signif - growth of small centres, but which can also occur through icantly to the landscape integration of a structure, various project-based solutions undertaken in less complex urban alternatives should be evaluated and the most appropriate peripheries and with a less immediate reading when dealing one for the landscape should be selected. In principle, and with the growth of more important urban areas. except for instances in which the monumentalisation strat - egy is used, it is appropriate to avoid situating structures 6. Isolated construction projects in the central areas of valley bottoms, on focal points along Due to their effects on the landscape, projects and guar - roads, around viewpoints and in other places with high vi - antees of authorisation for new isolated buildings, struc - sual exposure. tures or installations in the region should strive for extreme b) Territorial profile. The lines of relief that define levels of quality, both with regard to those that can be es - panoramic profiles should be preserved, and activities tablished on non-developable land and those that occupy should not be situated on prominent points, ridges or the isolated plots in urban areas. highest spaces of the region, where the silhouette of the construction along the horizon might modify the land - Among the strategies of harmonisation, mimicry/conceal - scape’s natural perceptible profile. ment and monumentalisation, which are the options for c) Proportion. Structures should be proportional to the projects to set up a new isolated element in the landscape, size and scale of the landscape, so as to avoid or break the first is considered preferable, as it seeks to integrate up those whose size constitutes an improper and dispro - the element into the landscape with a positive (or, at the portionate presence. least, minimum) result with respect to the quality of the d) Slopes. All interventions should avoid giving land a ma - given landscape. The strategy of mimicry/concealment is jor slope. When levelling is necessary, there should be an recommended when an acceptable degree of harmonisa - attempt to avoid retaining walls, and uneven land should tion cannot be achieved. be rectified with clearances or other slopes that allow for vegetation to return. In order to minimise their visual im - In exceptional cases, the strategy of monumentalisation pact, buildings should be spaced out or broken up into can be employed, such as when the high formal quality various simple articulated elements to avoid the creation and uniqueness of a new element to be built has to end of large horizontal platforms that accumulate significant up being a main component of the landscape. differences in elevation at their ends between the natural and modified terrain. All projects of isolated buildings, structures and installations e) Plots. The correct insertion of any construction in a rural will include a landscape impact and integration study. setting requires that the construction occupies the smallest

269 possible part of the plot, and that the rest maintains a rural, in the rural landscape, except for cases in which they can non-artificial character that should act as a cushion for the contribute interest to the landscape, such as the following: non-transformed environment, while the necessary actions are accepted for dealing appropriately with the edges of Road or rail bridges and viaducts and other unique el - the construction. ements that can have the character of a monument if built f) Spacing. Buildings should be spaced at least 100 metres with attention to quality. from the beds of rivers, streams and gullies. Furthermore, Open-air water pipes liable to be integrated as elements Due to their effects on the and notwithstanding the applicable regulations in each of interest for the landscape. landscape, projects and guarantees case, the edges of linear communication infrastructure Stretches of road lined with trees. of authorisation for new isolated buildings, structures or installations should be spaced at least 50 metres from local roads, in the region should ensure high 100 metres from general roads and 150 metres from mo - In addition to taking care to introduce roads correctly and levels of quality. torways, highways and conventional dual carriageways. discreetly into the landscape, road projects should also be The distance for spacing railways is 100 metres. The dis - planned with consideration for their role as routes for per - tances that are considered the least desirable can justifiably ceiving the landscape. Nonetheless, this objective is not be decreased in cases of agricultural buildings or buildings an argument for giving roads a larger presence in construc - of public interest that must be situated on a plot where the tion, except in cases in which the visual interest of the shape of the land makes them inaccessible. route can justify it. g) Façades and covers. All exterior adornments of buildings must be treated as façades regardless of their purpose, and Barring exceptional cases or regulatory sectoral impedi - materials for finishes should only have colours and textures ments, it is generally recommended that elements of linear that blend in with the character of the landscape and do not infrastructure be accompanied by trees or vegetation in Due to their layout and connectivity requirements, which are often introduce strange contrasts that devalue its dominant image. general. independent of points of reference h) Vegetation. We recommend the use of vegetation, and in the perceptible area, elements of especially trees, with species and plantings appropriate Aerial infrastructure, and particularly power and telephone linear infrastructure are prominent landscape focal points and their for the site to help buildings to integrate into the landscape. lines, should preferably follow the lines established by proper integration must be ensured. roads and railways. When this is not possible, they should If necessary, the action guidelines established in this article be grouped into corridors that should establish the corre - are applicable for improving the landscape integration of sponding sectoral instruments with criteria to minimise existing rural buildings. their impact on the landscape.

7. Linear infrastructure 8. Areas of specialised activity Due to their layout and connectivity requirements, which The introduction of areas of specialised activity (industrial, are often independent of points of reference in the percep - logistic, commercial, environmental treatment, energy pro - tible area, elements of linear infrastructure (road and rail duction, etc.) usually has intense effects on the landscape networks, gas pipes and electrical grids) can potentially due to their location, size and image that have little to do intrude upon the landscape, a risk compounded by their with the logic of the formation of urban settlements into physical size. This general criterion is valid for all layouts which they have been historically integrated. The estab - of linear infrastructure to minimise the physical fragmen - lishment of guidelines for new construction projects and tation of the land and the changes to the configuration of to improve the integration of existing ones is especially im - the terrain that are necessary for laying it down. Respect portant in some directives that seek to maintain and, if for the landscape must involve building more tunnels, cut- possible, enhance the values of the landscape. and-cover tunnels and viaducts than would occur with lay - outs that only respond to functional criteria. New projects to create areas of specialised activity should try to minimise their visual impact, especially in rural set - All types of linear infrastructure projects should adopt suit - tings in which the agricultural landscape has a small-grain able solutions to minimise and/or cushion their presence texture, and without affecting elements whose significance

270 make it advisable that they constitute possible contribu - tivities such as extraction, in which a planned restoration tions to the landscape with their monumental character, project is mandatory before receiving authorisation, should such as airport terminals or train stations, for example. also provide for a project to recover the landscape value of the place, although not necessarily by recomposing the The aim of minimising the visual impact of new areas of previous morphology and vegetation. specialised activity should be a factor to take into account when choosing the location and establishing the limits of 10. Viewpoints and routes the area to be occupied. In any case, urban planning Whenever landscape values are based on visual percep - The introduction of areas of of new areas of specialised activity should accentuate con - tion, it is a general aim that access be facilitated for the specialised activity (industrial, ditions of volumetric harmony and the architectural quality people of those places where perception of the landscape logistic, commercial, environmental treatment, energy production, etc.) of the façades along the perimeter. is widest and most suggestive: viewpoints and landscape usually has intense effects on the routes. landscape due to their location, Except for cases justifying their monumental nature, the size and image. technique of mimicry/concealment through strips of trees Directly or through agreements with entities, the public au - or other vegetation is appropriate for new areas of spe - thorities should promote a network of landscape routes cialised activity, and especially for improving the landscape and viewpoints accessible on foot or with vehicles that al - integration of many industrial estates, urban development low people to perceive the landscape values of the area projects and existing elements of infrastructure. sufficiently. This network includes existing viewpoints and routes, along with others yet to be created, and it should 9. Degraded spaces receive the necessary conditioning, signage and mainte - The restoration of landscape values in places where they nance in order to strengthen its role of facilitating the per - have been lost due to processes of degradation often ception of landscape values and knowledge of the region. driven by human activities must be considered a generally The restoration of landscape values valid objective. These are spaces containing abandoned In all cases, actions on routes and viewpoints in open in places where they have been lost extraction facilities, landfills, agricultural buildings in disuse, spaces should avoid the incorporation of unnecessary ar - due to processes of degradation often driven by human activities buildings in ruins, obsolete facilities, etc., on which action tificial elements. must be considered a generally valid is needed to promote their physical transformation. objective. Special attention should be paid to more accessible view - Actions in degraded areas are mainly aimed at restoring points and routes, such as those located in peri-urban damaged landscapes with the objective of reintegrating spaces and along maritime footpaths. them into the landscape imagery of the area where they are located, but in some cases these areas can present An open process opportunities for creative projects that contribute new land - scape values. Likewise, if suitable, the recovery of de - The general directives formulated here, regardless of the graded areas may be associated with uses of buildings inevitable degree of non-specificity in agreement with their It is desirable for access to be made that have been placed in a rural area or that could take ad - nature, are directly applicable. However, their implemen - easier for the people of those places vantage of the configuration of the space without affecting tation involves the intermediation of an expert – or a com - where perception of the landscape the requirements of the territorial, urban development and mittee – that specifies it in each instance and uses a par - is widest and most suggestive: viewpoints and landscape routes. environmental order that are proper in every case. ticular project that affects the landscape to establish the precise line dividing what is acceptable and what is not, Financing onerous actions on degraded landscapes is a and, if necessary, expresses specific indications to improve priority target of public funds for improving landscape. or optimise the landscape result. We should add that on a subject such as landscape, it is difficult to imagine that When activities that will inevitably lead to the degradation criteria of expertise or of social representativeness could of the landscape need to be authorised, restoration of the one day be dismissed entirely when evaluating landscape landscape value of the place should be planned for. Ac - changes and actions.

271 However, notwithstanding this general applicability, it is directives . It is not impossible, yet it cannot be generalised certain that the directives will become more specific if we across all proposed topics. There are aspects in which refer them to a particular territorial sphere. This would in - the establishment of parameters has verified technical clude further exploring those topics that are most signifi - possibilities, such as isolated constructions, for example, cant for the sphere, incorporating specific references of but this is not the case for other aspects. In any case, elements to protect, manage and evaluate it and estab - what must be stressed is that the establishment of pa - lishing gradations of value among components of the re - rameters involves meticulous work with a high level of de - gional landscape. In other words, it would entail contribut - tail, and perhaps it would not make sense to extend them ing intentional territorial information linked with the fields throughout the region. At the least, this cannot be raised defined by the general directives, from which criteria and as a task to carry out in a relatively short period of time, modulations for implementing them could be derived. as is established for the territorial catalogues or spatial Thus, we would have moved from general directives to plans. The regulation of landscape processes begins with territorialised directives . This is an objective to attain for general directives, and we can soon count on having ter - all the spheres of spatial planning, and there is reason to ritorialised directives for all spheres of spatial planning, believe that it can be attained in a relatively short period but at the third level it does not seem to make much sense of time. to set timeframes. It will certainly be necessary to move forward in the parameterisation process for the directives, Yet there also exists a third level, at least in the imagination. but this will have to be done in projects that refer to much This is the level in which formulation of the directives would smaller spheres, such as landscape units, and others that achieve a degree of precision that would allow for a much are even smaller in some cases. Beginning with priority more formal application that would be much closer to cases, we should test out analysis and proposal tech - many urban development or building regulations. Here, niques in a long and perhaps permanent process that what would be necessary are not experts but rather simply should allow us to continue discovering the keys to what employees who know how to read the directives’ unequiv - may be the unattainable goal of a precise project of land - ocal meaning. This would be the goal of parameterised scape evolution.

272 INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Landscape charters Jaume Busquets i Fàbregas

Introduction scape charters, emphasises this instrument’s objective as a public commitment , as expressed in the title of the pro - The landscape charters are documented arrangements es - tocol La carta del paisatge: un instrument col·lectiu i vol - tablished by Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, untari de compromís a favor del paisatge ,2 drawn up by the Management and Planning (hereafter the Landscape Law), Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public which describes them as “instruments for setting out strate - Works (DPTOP) with the aim of facilitating the promotion gic agreements between public and private agents to carry of this instrument, which is new in our country. out landscape protection, management and planning ini - tiatives that aim to preserve the landscape’s value”. The primary objective is to establish a public commitment, and this is carried out by achieving a series of concrete ac - The Landscape Law establishes that the regional councils, tions aimed at landscape improvement and local economic town councils and other local administrations may encour - development . Other objectives inherent to the landscape age the drawing up of landscape charters and that they charter development process are raising awareness of the must take into account what is established in the landscape landscape, encouraging social participation in landscape catalogues and municipal heritage catalogues as applicable processes and strengthening the identity of the territory. The landscape charters are instruments of social agreement, to their areas. Currently two landscape charters have been and the process of drawing them up signed in Catalonia, and six more are in different phases The charters are instruments whose essential nature is should conclude with a public of development. proposals aimed at action , based on voluntarily coming ceremony to sign the document to agreements that respond to the question, “What can of agreements, as is the case with the Vall de Camprodon charter. The most immediate precedent of the Catalan landscape the agents of a particular community do in favour of the charters are the chartes paysagères , which were widely used landscape and what are they committing to do?” By com - in France in the 1920s as a legal tool for undertaking land - mitting to a landscape charter, the agents of a territory (ad - scape improvement projects on the municipal and supra - ministrations, economic actors, institutions and associa - municipal level and which have become obligatory in the tions, etc.) make a commitment to society to form part framework of the agreements establishing the French regional of a collective project and to work to achieve the imple - natural parks as a result of the Loi paysage 1 of 1993. mentation of the commitments signed.

Moreover, the landscape charters fall within the objectives The Government of Catalonia cooperates in promoting the of the European Landscape Convention of 2000 and the landscape charters and ensures the quality of their devel - recommendations of the Committee of Ministers for im - opment, but the initiative to develop a specific charter and plementation in 2008, related to the promotion of social leadership of the process corresponds to local bodies (town participation in landscape policies. councils, associations, regional councils and so on), which FOOTNOTES normally have certain geographical features in common 1. Loi n° 93-24 du 8 janvier 1993 Outlined below are the specific characteristics of the land - and share the same economic and landscape dynamics. sur la protection et la mise en scape charters and their state of development. valeur des paysages et modifiant certaines dispositions législatives Content en matière d’enquêtes publiques, Objectives Paris. Decree 343/2006, of 19 September, for the application of 2. www10 . gencat . cat / ptop / Catalan landscape policy, in accordance with the founding Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Manage - binaris/ ProtocolCartaPaisatge_ spirit and international experience in implementing land - ment and Planning and regulating the landscape impact tcm32-44335.pdf.

273 and integration studies and reports defines the content of PHASES OF DRAWING UP A LANDSCAPE CHARTER the landscape charters and organises them into three phases – diagnosis, the definition of quality objectives and Identification of: the management programme – that precede the signing I. DIAGNOSIS • Distinctive characteristics of the document of agreements and the charter’s imple - and landscape values mentation. • Dominant dynamics • Challenges and opportunities Diagnosis N O I

The diagnoses of the landscape charters must be of a con - T A I

cise and synthetic nature, removed from case studies and D Determining the:

E II. ESTABLISHING distinc - exhaustive inventories. They aim to determine the M • Principal actors

QUALITY ,

tive character and values of the landscape , identify the N OBJECTIVES • Strategies for acting O primary agents , demonstrate the dominant dynamics I • Specific actions T

and discern the challenges and opportunities for the ter - A N I

ritory in implementing the charter. D

R III. DRAFTING Concretion of: O THE DOCUMENT The landscape catalogues are obligatory reference docu - O • Specific actions C OF AGREEMENTS

, • Actors concerned

ments and the starting point for diagnosis of the charters. N in each action O If the scale and heterogeneity of the territory make it ad - I

T • Management

visable to do so, the diagnosis will need to differentiate A programme P I

landscape units or entities that allow for the subsequent C Signing the I establishing of quality objectives and specific actions on T document of R agreements A

a smaller scale than the catalogues. P

Definition of quality objectives The quality objectives of the landscape charters are spe - IV. IMPLEMENTING Source: Ministry of Town cific actions that have been agreed upon by the agents THE CHARTER and Country Planning and of the territory through consensus throughout the Public Works process of developing the charter.

These actions can cover a wide range of resources ranging In short, the quality objectives define the rules and make from establishing general principles or strategies to estab - provision for actions that allow local communities to go lishing specific criteria for integrating certain activities, from beyond strict adherence to the legislation in force and the material execution of projects to the voluntary adoption achieve more specific development in terms of planning of codes of good practice. the territory and the landscape.

The effective success of the landscape charters depends in Management programme large part on defining the quality objectives. As a general cri - The management programme is the realisation over time terion, it is preferable to establish a limited number of ac - of the specific actions defined as the quality objectives tions (capable of generating affiliations and creating synergies of the landscape charter. The management programme between the agents) which cover a broad number of disperse also requires the specific responsibilities to be assigned actions, despite the fact that the objectives may be of a to the parties for achieving each specific objective, deter - global and transversal nature. In any case, according to what mining the resources necessary (financial, human, con - the Landscape Law establishes, the quality objectives of the tractual, etc.) and preparing a programme of communi - landscape charters must be consistent with what the land - cation and dissemination . scape catalogue establishes for the corresponding area.

274 It is very important for the management programme to es - Drafting teams tablish a logical action sequence and that it provides for the types of coordination and relationships that it will be necessary If the initiative to develop the landscape charters corre - to establish among the agents in order for them to be about sponds to the entities of the territory and its implementation to efficiently carry out the phase of implementing the charter. is based on consensus among the agents through partic - ipation, the drafting of the charter requires the concurrence Signing of the charter of a drafting team .3 Once the management programme has been drawn up, it Electronic means are useful takes the shape of a document of agreements or pact The primary mission of the drafting teams, with their expert for encouraging public participation for landscape protection, planning and management, which knowledge of the landscape, is to conduct the process from when creating and applicating the landscape charters. becomes the charter itself and formally links the public its inception to the signing of the document of agreements. and private agents to participate in the agreed upon actions This mission includes the three following functions: to es - under the terms laid down voluntarily. tablish the diagnosis of the charter, to mediate between the agents of the territory and direct the participatory The signing of agreements is customarily a ceremony en - processes and to draw up the management programme . tailing a certain formality, which represents presenting the landscape charter to society as a whole and culminates in In order to respond to all of the challenges associated with a process that usually lasts around a year on average. signing a landscape charter, the drafting teams must be of an interdisciplinary character and be made up by pro - Once the document of agreements has been signed, dis - fessionals with competences in the different areas related semination begins and the phase of progressively imple - to landscape protection, management and planning ( land - menting the series of agreed upon actions is launched. scape architecture, spatial planning, geography, archi - tecture, environmental sciences, law, economy and so Implementing the charter on ). They must include experts in mediation . Landscape policies cannot be supported by specific ac - tions; instead, they require ongoing actions that take place In the context of a landscape charter, mediation is the pro - over time. In this sense, the landscape charters must be cedure of voluntary social participation that aims to de - considered an ongoing process rather than an instrument fine the mutually agreed upon quality objectives through for immediate implementation and effects. If it was said work seeking a confluence of interests among the parties above that the average period for getting the landscape led by the technical team. This group is in charge of organ - charter signed was about a year, the average period for ising the meetings, proposing the objectives, listening to implementing it may be prolonged for three or four years the agents’ proposals, helping to resolve controversial is - with the possibility of renewing it. sues and proposing alternative agreements in efforts to ar - rive at global results that are satisfactory for everyone. The duration of the charter implementation process in - volves a need to implement a mechanism that guarantees The results of the drafting teams’ work are expressed in 3. Law 8/2005 on Catalan Land - scape Protection, Management monitoring of the actions, stimulating the agents and eval - the landscape charter report , which includes the diagno - and Planning does not establish uating the results. Countries with a longer tradition of using sis, the objectives and the management programme. How - that the charter drafting teams this coordination tool solve this need through the figure of ever, all of the drafting teams’ work is ultimately oriented must be external to the backing the charter animateur , the creation of ad hoc workgroups towards achieving an agreement between the agents . organisations, but this practice is common since local administra - and the figure of the guarantor of the landscape (a physical tions do not possess the technical or legal person mutually agreed upon) who ensures com - To ensure coordination throughout the process, when each resources to execute them. More - pliance with the charter. In Catalonia, some municipal as - landscape charter is started a monitoring committee is over, the concurrence of an ex - sociations and regional councils promoting landscape char - formed, made up by representatives from the entity pro - ternal team contributes an expert vision removed from local per - ters have provided for the creation of technical offices for moting the charter, its drafting team, the DPTOP and the ception and interests and facili - the landscape with a similar function. Landscape Observatory of Catalonia. This committee, to tates its role as mediator.

275 meet at least three times, also ensures that the charter’s Landscape charters in Catalonia development meets the objectives of the Landscape Law and is, at the same time, a forum for discussion about the The first landscape charter signed in Catalonia, in 2004, charter’s progress. was that of the Alt Penedès region. Later, and coinciding with the momentum from the approval of the Landscape Communication Law and the implementation of landscape policy through the Directorate General for Architecture and the Landscape, Because social participation and coordination are included six new landscape charters were started through an agree - While landscape charters are being in the landscape charters’ raison d’être, communication is ment between three parties: the promoter, the Landscape drafted, it is advisable to organise a key variable throughout the process. Formulating a land - Observatory of Catalonia and DPTOP. This department participatory workshops with different sectors and to undertake scape charter entails channelling a fluid process of trans - contributes to financing the cost of contracting the drafting an intensive effort to contact ferring information between the agents of the territory team. Below the charters in the implementation or devel - stakeholders of the territory which the team must guide and channel properly. opment phase are described synthetically: beforehand to ensure their attendance. In the diagnosis phase, the communication has an open The Alt Penedès landscape charter 4 was promoted by character, and it is primarily addressed at informing inhab - the private association Terra Vitium and the Alt Penedès itants and the economic and social agents of the objectives Regional Council in 2002. It was conceived with the aim of the landscape charter. It aims to stimulate social par - of promoting joint initiatives for promotion and improve - ticipation , reveal everyone’s responsibility and make ment of the viticultural landscape of Alt Penedès aimed at the populace aware of the values of the landscape . In making the region’s economic development compatible turn, the technical team will receive valuable data about with maintaining a quality landscape. the people’s perception of the landscape and their view of its possibilities, blackspots and the challenges it represents. In 2004, the charter’s document of agreements was signed, The integration of industrial estates providing for five primary initiatives: 1) the improvement and into the landscape, one of the In the definition of quality objectives phase, the communi - invigoration of the viticultural landscape; 2) the implemen - actions planned in the Alt Penedès cation has a more internal character, and it is addressed at tation of landscape criteria in urban and spatial planning; landscape charter, was financed with private and public resources. achieving voluntary participation and establishing co - 3) the promotion of a code of good practices in the viticul - ordinated actions through a meticulous process of medi - tural landscape; 4) the integration into the landscape of in - ation led by the technical team between agents with different dustrial estates; and 5) the creation of a landscape office. sensibilities and interests and which allows the exchange of information from both expert and layman’s knowledge. Of these actions, the drafting of the good practices in viti - At this point it is important to emphasise the desirability of culture documents (2006) and the pilot project to integrate working documents that are preferably of a graphic nature eight industrial estates into the landscape (2007) have been and have a pedagogical and propository nature. developed. Currently under development are the drafting of a landscape ordinance and the creation of a technical In the implementation phase, the communication aims to office for the landscape. disseminate the content of the document of agree - ments, maintain inhabitants’ active interest in the char - The Berguedà landscape charter 5 was promoted by the ter and involve the community in carrying out the ini - Berguedà Regional Council in 2006. It was conceived with tiatives . the aim of establishing joint strategies for valorising the landscape as a resource to promote development of the 4. Coord.: Jaume Busquets, The technical team and the animateurs are in charge of di - tourism sector in the region. The charter’s document of Carme Farré (LANDTRA) and Al - bert Cortina (Estudi DTUM). recting and coordinating the communication efforts in all agreements was signed in 2007. of the phases, choosing the most appropriate resources in 5. Coord: Albert Cortina (Estudi DTUM) and Josep Gordi (Land - each case (web portals, press, audiovisual media, exhibi - This charter’s report includes the management programme scape Analysis and Management tions, meetings, organising periodic events and so forth). that states the general strategies and specific actions for Laboratory UdG).

276 achieving the quality objectives, establishing the respon - heritage of the valley, including the comprehensive restora - sibilities of the parties signing the charter, assessing the tion and recreation of a Romanesque church and the me - available technical means and economic resources, pro - dieval landscape surrounding it; 4) promoting the incorpo - posing lines of financing (existing funds and aid, securing ration of environmental and landscape criteria in the tourism sponsorships, fiscal incentives, etc.), defining a commu - sector; 5) creating a comprehensive network of trails in the nication plan and establishing the initiatives calendar. valley; and 6) landscape restoration of the areas affected by mining activities and the Vallter 2000 ski resort. The document of agreements makes provision for the six primary initiatives: 1) drafting a comprehensive plan for lo - The document of agreement also provides for the creation cal development and improving the rural landscape; 2) im - of a permanent monitoring mechanism. Given the relatively plementation of pilot initiatives to improve urban entry recent signing of this landscape charter, all of the planned points; 3) implementation of a network of scenic trails and initiatives are just beginning. lookouts; 4) implementation of a landscape integration plan for containers in urban centres; 5) drafting a guide to good The Riera d’Argentona landscape charter 7 was promoted practices for rural tourism establishments and camp - in 2007 by the Regional Council, even though grounds; and 6) establishing landscape management its scope only comprises the townships of four municipal - agreements in two industrial colonies. ities. The charter was conceived with the primary aim of valuing the landscape of the final course of the mouth of Of these actions, the landscape integration plan for con - the Riera d’Argentona (Mataró, Argentona, Òrrius and Dos - The drafting of a code of good tainers in urban centres has been partially implemented rius) and strengthening this river axis as a strategic resource practices in the viticultural landscape and work to create the network of scenic trails and lookouts for maintaining the territorial balance and quality of life of was one of the agreements adopted has begun. these municipalities of the Maresme region. by the Alt Penedès landscape charter.

The Vall de Camprodon landscape charter 6 was pro - The phases of diagnosis and mediation have currently been moted by the Mancomunitat de la Vall de Camprodon in completed, and the charter is to be signed soon. 2006. It was conceived with the aim of establishing joint strategies for maintaining and promoting the landscape The Alt Empordà landscape charter 8 was promoted in values of the valley, avoid the processes of loss of quality 2008 by the Alt Empordà Regional Council. The charter and trivialisation of its landscapes and encourage the de - was conceived with the objective of establishing joint velopment and improvement of the tourism sector. strategies to maintain and enhance the values of the land - scape as a component of the region’s quality of life and a In 2007 the diagnosis of the charter was drafted, and before resource for local economic development. the end of the same year the document Pact for the pro - tection, planning, management and improvement of the With diagnosis and the social participation and mediation Seven landscape charters have been landscapes and its management plan , which was brought processes completed, the document of agreements and started in Catalonia so far. to discussion during the period of coordination between management programme, which was approved by the Re - public and private agents in spring of 2008, was drawn up. gional Council’s plenary session in May 2010, are available, The document of agreements was approved by the Man - and it is awaiting ratification by the 67 town councils of comunitat in a plenary session in May 2009. the region.

The document of agreements provides for a set of sixteen The Vall de Tenes landscape charter 9 was promoted in initiatives that can be grouped into the following main parts: 2008 by the Mancomunitat de la Vall del Tenes and the 1) the drafting of municipal landscape ordinances and municipality of Parets del Vallès was later added. The char - a catalogue of landscape assets in Vall de Camprodon; ter was conceived with the objective of establishing joint 6. Coord.: Josep M. Mallarach. 2) promoting the recovery of pastures, meadows and hay strategies for maintaining the quality of the landscape in 7. Coord.: Jordi Bellmunt. meadows; 3) valorisation of the architectural and historic the valley as a component of the quality of life in the region 8. Coord.: Albert Albertí (La COPA).

277 and a resource for stimulating development of the tourism processes of analysis and intervention in the landscape sector. At present the diagnostic phase and the social par - than in the processes of social participation and mediation. ticipation and mediation processes have been completed, Some teams have overcome this difficulty by incorporating and the charter is expected to be signed in autumn 2010. specialised professionals. In any case, it seems appropriate for the promoters of the charters to bear in mind the need The Priorat landscape charter 10 was promoted by the to have this type of expertise when drafting the specifica - Priorat Regional Council in 2004. It was conceived with tions for recruiting the drafting teams. the objective of establishing joint strategies for landscape The confusion about the nature of the landscape char - valuation and implementing decisions about the landscape ters among the population. The expectation that the land - in the different urban and spatial planning instruments of scape charter should solve all of the problems with the the region. The diagnostic phase was completed in the landscape is common. To overcome this difficulty, the pro - same year (2004), and in 2006 the Regional Council ap - moters and drafting teams’ pedagogical task is very im - Apart from the graphic proved a document of intent. After a period without con - portant. It is aimed at conveying the nature and objectives documentation of a technical nature, tinuity in 2010, the work to coordinate the initiatives and of an instrument that is not designed to replace the other the graphic expression of the proposals using more direct media draw up the management programme was resumed. instruments that affect the landscape but to promote only facilitated communication between those initiatives that are voluntarily drawn up by the agents the agents in the processes of Assessment and future of the territory. mediation and adopting the Arranging for an excessive number of initiatives. This is agreements of the Riera d’Argentona landscape charter. The six years that have passed since the signing of the a general tendency in all of the charters which the drafting first charter allow us to draw some conclusions. teams must redirect through a process of sorting and rank - ing the proposals. It is always more effective to concentrate As a general consideration we can say that the landscape energies on fewer initiatives of a strategic nature and with charters are currently an effective landscape policy instru - surety that they can be carried out. ment for involving inhabitants and local authorities in the Weakness in leadership of the process. When the terri - processes of landscape protection, management and plan - torial area covered by the charter does not correspond to ning, and they contribute to fostering a new territorial cul - the scope of an administration or local body, it is easy for ture. The degree of participation and drive achieved in the a lack of communication to come about and for coordina - The Vall de Tenes landscape processes of defining the charters’ quality objectives is only tion between the parties to become more difficult. This as - charter endeavours to preserve comparable to the participatory success of the processes pect must be thoroughly weighed and made very clear an agroforestry landscape in an environment subject of accessing the landscape catalogues in this respect. when establishing agreements to implement landscape to the dynamics of metropolitan charters. environments. As more specific considerations, some obstacles have The difficulty of implementing the agreed upon actions arisen that have driven us to redirect some aspects of the because of a lack of economic resources. Some promoters process of developing the charters: begin developing landscape charters without being fully aware that they are committing to undertake to facilitate The difficulty of agreeing on quality objectives in exten - the implementation of the agreed upon actions and that sive territorial areas, in implementing an instrument that is this means allocating some of their own resources. designed for smaller areas. In this regard, the municipal associations are of the proper dimension, which facilitates By way of conclusion, it can be argued that the bulk of the establishing networks of social relationships and coordi - efforts concerning the implementation of the landscape nating agreements around shared challenges, agreements charters should concentrate in the future on ensuring the which are much more difficult to come to in territories which effective implementation of the actions agreed on in are larger and normally more heterogeneous. the document of agreements . Otherwise we run the risk 9. Coord.: Alfred Fernández de la The challenge posed in resolving the coordination phase. of the initiatives becoming a mere documented resource Reguera. The experts that form part of the charter drafting teams that completely devalues their meaning and removes social 10. Coord.: Diagnosis: Primé, normally have more skills to successfully tackle the credibility from landscape policy. Francesc (AGRO-3).

278 INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Fund for Landscape Protection, Management and Planning Isabella Longo

The financial instrument The maintenance, improvement and restoration of rural landscapes. Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Manage - The harmonious articulation of the landscape, with par - ment and Planning (hereinafter the Landscape Law) in - ticular attention to areas of contact between urban and cludes the creation of a fund for landscape improvement rural areas and between terrestrial and marine areas. actions among its main instruments, the Fund for Land - Integrating industrial and commercial activities into the scape Protection, Management and Planning (described landscape. in chapter 5). The fund was conceived as a means to en - Promoting the initiatives of local administrations and pri - courage local administrations to promote landscape plan - vate organisations in the promotion and protection of the ning initiatives, especially those which pursue the goal of landscape. preserving or reassessing the landscape’s value. Improving and restoring urban landscapes that require it. Acquiring land to increase publicly owned land in areas With the introduction and implementation of this fund, the considered to be of interest for landscape management. Government of Catalonia has reinforced the propositional The valorisation of landscape as a resource for tourism. status of the landscape policy and at the same time ex - presses its aim to revitalise and innovate through an in - The second, specific line is first addressed to actions on strument that unites the different administrative levels in a various categories on non-developable coastal land for concrete way. projects to build and maintain seaside footpaths and pu- blic access points for pedestrians and people on non- According to the Landscape Law, public bodies, legally motorised means of transport in the public domain of the constituted private non-profit organisations and physical coastal zone; make acquisitions aimed at increasing public and legal persons of a private nature may use the fund. land heritage and reconstructing terraces, interstitial areas The subsidised initiatives may be partly co-financed and other built elements; improve plant coverage and de - through contributions from other administrations, institu - molish obsolete, illegal and otherwise unacceptable facil - tions or companies in such a way that different public, pri - ities and buildings. vate, local and community agents may be involved in an intervention or a set of interventions. The same regulation indicates that other specific lines can be created. As can be seen, this provision has given rise In accordance with Decree 343/2006 implementing the to the establishment of three lines: actions on non-devel - Landscape Law, the fund comprises two courses of ac - opable coastal land, boulevards, tree-lined parkways and tion : The first, of a general nature , is addressed at the avenues and industrial colonies. following actions: The Fund for Landscape Protection, Management and The preservation of landscapes that require specific and Planning’s yearly call for grants by the Catalan Ministry integrated interventions due to their natural or cultural of Town and Country Planning and Public Works (DPTOP) make-up. is a competitive tendering process. The call sets the terms The improvement of landscapes in the suburbs and ac - for projects to be able to compete for financial aid, estab - cess roads to towns and cities, as well as the elimination, lishes the application model and required technical data, reduction and planning of the elements, uses and activities determines the time limit for submitting applications, states that degrade them. the criteria for evaluating projects and determines the pe -

279 TOTAL ANNUAL BUDGETS FOR THE THREE TYPES OF PROJECTS AND THE RESPECTIVE ANNUAL SUBSIDIES GRANTED (in millions of euros)

Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works (prepared by Isabella Longo)

riod for their execution and the system for financing the prove the landscape, and at the same time as an example initiatives to receive grants. of good practices to be replicated and generalised.

The applications are submitted to the Directorate General The projects may be presented by more than one entity for Architecture and the Landscape. If projects do not meet (as when, for example, the space in question occupies certain requirements or omit technical documents, the ap - more than one municipality). This is fundamental in order plicant is required to complete the application within a pre - for them to go on consolidating the synergies necessary scribed period so that it can subsequently be evaluated. to strengthen territorial cooperation on the supra-municipal level from the foundation up and at the same time favouring The fund is fed by the DPTOP’s annual budgets, and the the landscape continuity of the interventions. amount available for each call for grants may vary depend - ing on yearly budget availability and the type of projects it The choice of projects eligible for funding is based on the is addressed at. evaluation criteria , which vary according to the type of initiative and are specified in each call for grants. These The amount of the subsidy may reach a maximum of half criteria normally take various aspects into account, those of the total budget for each project, up to a limited fixed of a technical and functional nature as well as environmen - amount set for each call for grants. The competing body tal, social and economic ones. may receive other funds, public or private, to round out the financing. Aside from gathering the requirements set in the corre - sponding calls for grants, the selected applications must The amount allocated to the projects that receive funding obviously stand out from the project quality angle. This in the end may be insufficient to cover the budget for im - fosters the participants’ efforts and involvement and con - portant interventions. But this responds to the type of tributes to improving the average quality of the projects in process this policy wants to promote, since its aim is to future calls for grants. encourage local administrations to intervene and invest in their spaces with initiatives which, though they are specific, To proceed with the selection of projects eligible for subsi - may serve as the beginning of a long-term process to im - dies, there is an evaluation committee for each call for

280 MUNICIPALITIES THAT HAVE RECEIVED GRANTS The calls for grants FROM THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL Since the Landscape Law entered into force, the DPTOP FOR ARCHITECTURE AND THE LANDSCAPE FOR has issued three types of calls aimed at three distinct UNDERTAKING LANDSCAPE IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS (2004-2009) areas: 1) measures in protected landscape areas and on coastal and non-developable land of the coastal system, 2) landscape improvement initiatives for boulevards, prom - enades and tree-lined avenues in Catalan municipali - ties and 3) landscape improvement initiatives in the colonies of the Master Plan for the Industrial Colonies of the Llobregat.

1. Projects on non-developable coastal land In recent decades the Catalan coastal territory has been affected by a rapid urbanisation process with obvious effects on the value of the coastal landscape. Urbanisa- tion that is environmentally unsustainable and the ongo- ing consumption of land have compromised delicate coastal ecosystems as well as the existing cultural heritage and the functional efficiency of the coastline itself and has at the same time spoiled the landscape value of many sites.

In this context, the Master Plan of the Catalan Coastal System was approved in 2005, with the aim of protecting and maintaining the heritage values of Catalonia’s coast - Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning line, preventing the urbanisation of coastal areas that are and Public Works (prepared by Isabella Longo) still unoccupied and ensuring that the possible urban ini - FOOTNOTES tiatives do not entail a loss of value to the landscape, en - 1. See Oriol Nel·lo and Joan Llort 1 vironment or territory. (dir.), Pla director urbanístic del grants (consisting of the Directorate General for Architecture sistema costaner , Departament and the Landscape, which presides over it, other represen - The plan’s scope extends to the territory bound by a dis - de Política Territorial i Obres Pú - bli ques, Barcelona, 2006 (382 pp.). tatives from the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Plan - tance of 500 metres inland from the line of the maritime- To learn about implementation of ning and Public Works, one of whom serves as secretary, terrestrial public domain, although it includes some sec - the specific fund for protecting, and representatives from the Federation of Municipalities tions away from the shoreline that retrace certain physical, managing and planning the land - of Catalonia and the Catalan Association of Municipalities natural or artificial limits, in order to avoid splitting unique scape in developing the plan, see also Isabella Longo’s El planea- and Regions). landscape entities and ensure connectivity between already miento de la costa: el caso catalán , protected areas. Istituto Universitario di Architettura The final decision rests with the minister of the DPTOP di Venezia, Venice, 2007 (89 pp., and is communicated individually to the applicants. In case Within the plan’s scope, any process or license which might undergraduate thesis) and Oriol Nel·lo’s “La renovación del planea- of rejection, the communication sets out the reasons for result in progress towards the occupation of land lacking miento urbanístico supramunici - this such that the entity whose project has been denied a definitively approved urban instrument was suspended, pal: el plan director urbanístico may participate in the call for grants again in the years that thus preserving over 23,500 ha directly on the coastline del sistema costero de Cataluña” follow, incorporating the necessary changes in light of the and in the adjacent spaces. in Luís Galiana and Julio Vinuesa, Teoría y práctica para una orde - shortcomings detected. nación racional del territorio , Sín - tesis, Madrid, 2010 (pp. 203-233).

281 Apart from regulating the usage of land on the territorial 2. Landscape improvement initiatives for level in a way that connects it, the plan is an instrument boulevards, promenades and tree-lined avenues aimed at managing non-developable land and developable Linear plantings of trees have been a common feature of land that is not limited to the coastal system that city coun - the landscape of Catalonia, strengthening and protecting cils and non-profit associations for the protection and roads, beautifying access ways to urban centres, demar - custody of territory may use to finance management ini - cating properties and highlighting places of interest, to the tiatives. point of being a characteristic feature of the landscape, or better put, creating landscapes on their own. Aside from Since the plan was initially approved in 2004, there has providing more liveable landscapes, the linear plantings been a yearly call for grant aid for projects aimed at the have contributed to the maintenance of biodiversity and purposes provided for by the fund’s specific course of ac - the consolidation of lands by protecting them from erosion. tion as described in the previous section which ultimately seek to preserve and enhance the diversity and wealth Since the mid-20 th century, most of the plantings along of coastal landscapes . roads which formed part of the places’ identities have been disappearing, both in rural and urban areas. The pri - The total amount allocated for each call has gone from mary causes have been the safety criteria applied to de - 1.8 million euros for the first one to 1.2 million for the most veloping roadways. In parallel, plantings along many rivers recent one. The reduction is due to the fact that part of and streams and those that demarcated parcels of agri - this amount was dedicated to promoting the other areas cultural land have seen a significant reduction. In this case, of subsidisation. it has occurred as a consequence of the mechanisation of agricultural work and the heavy use made of the surface Each grant supports fifty percent of the total cost of each area of fields, a situation that has contributed to a reduction initiative, with a maximum contribution of 180,000 euros. in biodiversity and the isolation of ecosystems.

Over the course of the six calls for grants that have been The gradual disappearance of these plantings has been held yearly (2004-2009), 65 projects located in 32 coastal changing the perception of the landscape, the views from municipalities have received support, with a total budgetary the roadways and the characteristic images of the entry - allocation of 15.5 million euros and grants totalling 5.2 mil - ways to many towns and cities. The construction of footpaths is one lion euros . of the main objectives of the call In order to promote a recovery and new plantings , the for grants aimed at initiatives on After five years, the call for grants has shown its effective - DPTOP has been awarding grants aimed at projects non-developable land of the coastal ness: it has increased the number of projects submitted for boulevards, promenades and tree-lined avenues system; this has benefited, for example, the town of Vandellòs annually, and they have been increasingly consistent since 2007. At the same time and in order to facilitate city i l’Hospitalet de l’Infant to enable with the call’s objectives and therefore more likely to be councils’ access to this instrument, the Directorate General access to Rojala beach. selected. for Architecture and the Landscape has published the document Estudi històric i manual pràctic de passeigs Many municipalities, both those that have already received arbrats a les ciutats, viles i pobles de Catalunya , drafted aid and those whose prior applications were denied, have by J. Bellmunt i X. Andreu Arquitectes Associats and avail - entered the new calls with new projects or initiatives com - able from the DPTOP’s website, which is intended to pro - plementing those that have already been financed, showing vide orientation to entities that wish to promote tree plant - 2 towns’ willingness to have an active involvement with their ing projects. 2. See Bellmunt i Andreu, Arqui - open spaces. This has also been shown in the fact that tectes Associats. Estudi històric i some municipalities have invested more resources in the The total amount of the funds allocated yearly is between manual pràctic de passeigs arbrats projects to achieve optimal results, which is why the total nine-hundred thousand and one million euros, and each a les ciutats, viles i pobles de Ca- ta lunya . 2008. [Consultation: 1 investments in initiatives in these areas were higher than call establishes a percentage of the aid that is inversely July 2010]. Available at: www. initially estimated. proportional to the number of inhabitants in the munic - gen cat.cat/ptop.

282 ipality applying for it. In other words, the smaller the mu - residents abandoned them, seeking new employment op - nicipality, the higher the amount of aid, but this is not to portunities. In the 1990s, after they had been forgotten and exceed half of the total budget and the maximum amount fallen into decline for a couple of decades, came the first of 250,000 euros. This way the smaller towns, which usually attempts to rehabilitate the industrial colonies, and in 2001 have more limited public funding and greater technical lim - the Agricultural Park Consortium was cre - itations, receive more economic assistance. ated to preserve the 18 colonies located along the upper course of this river. Over the course of the three calls for grants that have 24 projects The construction and maintenance been held yearly (2007-2009), were awarded In agreement with the consortium, the DPTOP spawned of public access ways to the grants, selected from among the 534 applications that were the Master Plan for the Industrial Colonies of the Llo - maritime-terrestrial area for received. The total budget for them was 31 million euros, bregat , which was approved in 2007. This plan undertook pedestrians and non-motorised and the total grant amount was 2.5 million euros . the urban planning of the industrial colonies insofar as they means of transport is another objective of grants for the non- are an emblematic part of Catalonia’s industrial landscape, developable coastal land, and it It can be seen, therefore, that participation in the different historical-collective patrimony worthy of being preserved allowed for opening access calls has been a success, and this has contributed to en - and valorised and an element capable of contributing to to the Estany Tort beach in couraging local administrations and citizens to reflect on local economic development. L’Ametlla de Mar. the value of trees along urban roads, generating ideas and projects which may be submitted in future calls or be brought The master plan’s scope of application is an area of about through other means of funding if they did not succeed 58 km 2 on both sides of the riverbed, from the Baells reser - in taking shape and being implemented immediately. voir to the irrigation channel. The plan lays the foundations for comparing the liveability conditions of the 3. Landscape improvement initiatives residential fabric and the available facilities in the colonies in the Industrial Colonies of the Llobregat with that of the urban centres and consolidates the colonies From the second half of the 19 th century, the Llobregat and as part of a more extensive system. 3 Ter rivers saw heavy industrial activity on their banks, pri - After the completion of a project that mary from the textile industry, arising from the possibility After the master plan was approved, the DPTOP introduced received a grant aimed at landscape to use hydraulic energy by making conscientious use of grants for architectural and landscape interventions in improvement initiatives for the water through the construction of dams and irrigation the industrial colonies’ public spaces , opening a yearly boulevards, promenades and tree- lined avenues in the 2007 call for ditches. call for grants in order to promote initiatives with the fol - grants, the Maristany de Camprodon lowing aims: promenade exhibited this aspect. This activity gave way to the construction of a great number of industrial colonies that remained active until the crisis improvement and fitting-out of the public spaces, of the 1970s, when a process of deindustrialisation and the restoration of buildings for collective use and of pat - abandonment began. Although they were different from rimonial interest, each other, the colonies shared the same urban layout: a landscape improvement for the exterior spaces and ac - productive space where the factory and productive infra - cess roads to the colonies and the elimination, reduction structure were located, a residential space where the work - and planning of elements, uses and activities that reduce 3. The master urban plan for the ers lived and had all the basic services, and at the most their quality, industrial colonies of Llobregat visible point was the owner’s tower, where the proprietor the conditioning and restoration of the surroundings. can be read on the website of resided during his visits. This production formula produced the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public excellent results over a long period in which the colonies The total amount for each call for grants is a million euros Works. For a summary of its con - went on expanding, contributing to Catalonia’s industrial annually. The funding may cover half of the project budget, tent, see Pere Vall’s “Revisión and economic growth. with a maximum limit of 350,000 euros per project. metodológica sobre el planea - miento de un paisaje cultural. El Plan director urbanístico de las During the crisis of the 1970s, which particularly affected Over the course of the three calls for grants that have colonias del Llobregat” in Urban , the textile sector, the colonies began to close and their been held yearly (2007-2009), seven of the eight munici - no. 13, 2008 (pp. 122-136).

283 palities affected by the master plan have participated, and awareness, training and compensation, and in this sense 16 projects have received funding with an overall annual it offers the municipalities the possibility to make use of budget of 8.2 million euros and a total grant amount of 2.7 their means, forming a cooperative relationship between million euros . the two levels of the administration.

The results This compensatory mechanism is not simply an active commitment to reviving the relationship and dialogue be - Five years after the entry into force of the Landscape Law tween the different agents. The opportunity to receive fund - The subsidies to initiatives and the Fund for Landscape Protection, Management and ing for projects stimulates the ambition to restore and add in the area of the Master Plan for Planning, it is appropriate to ask whether this instrument landscape value to spaces at the municipal, public and the Industrial Colonies of the for direct financing has been as effective and efficient as private levels, and it promotes a vision of local development Llobregat like the Prat de Puig-Reig colony aim to improve the public expected. In this connection, with the fund having been ap - that is more qualitative than quantitative. spaces and to restore the colonies’ plied for only a few years, it is not possible to fully evaluate environment and architectural results (since the majority of subsidised interventions have This means that the Fund for Landscape Protection, heritage. yet to be finished), but the success of competition in the Management and Planning is not viewed as a financial calls for grants can be established and has been especially instrument that is limited only to financing specific projects remarkable in the case of small and medium municipalities. to improve the landscape but as a catalyst for ideas and a promoter of pioneer interventions that promote a crit - Catalan landscape policy is not only based on unambigu - ical awareness of the territory itself at the local level, a bet - ous application of regulatory content but puts forth various ter collective awareness of landscape values and land - non-regulatory initiatives and instruments for raising scape management that is open and participatory.

284 INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Pilot landscape improvement and planning interventions Cinto Hom Santolaya

Introduction lic urban spaces can also be seen in access roads to cities, such as the project to improve the landscape along the The landscape policies adopted by the Government of southern access road into Granollers. Catalonia after the approval of Law 8/2005, dated 8 June, on Landscape Portection, Management and Planning in The project to improve the landscape along Catalonia, include the possibility of promoting landscape the southern access road to Granollers, BP–5002, improvement and planning projects. at Pla de Palou The project to improve the southern access road to Gra - Aware of the novelty of these landscape policies and the nollers along the road to Masnou, BP-5002, specifically at importance of involving local agents, the Government of Pla de Palou, was carried out from 2005 to 2007 after the Catalonia felt it was important to promote cooperation signing of a collaborative agreement between three public between the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Plan - administrations: the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country ning and local administrations to formulate general inter - Planning and Public Works, Barcelona Provincial Council, vention strategies and create models of reference to use and Granollers City Council. as good examples when carrying out joint pilot interven - tions. Landscape Pla de Palou, to the south of Granollers, belongs to the Below we describe diverse pilot programmes carried out former village, Palou, annexed by Granollers in 1928. It is thus far in four landscape areas: access roads to urban a plain ( pla in Catalan) delimited by the railway on one side, areas, coastal areas, roadways and river landscapes. the Congost River and the Llevant and mountain ranges on the others. The area’s agricultural mosaic is Improving landscapes on access roads criss-crossed by a network of rural roads. Especially worth to urban areas noting is the Ral Road along which are old stone farm - houses and a Romanesque church. Also worth noting are Introduction the rows of small houses used by fieldworkers during the Access roads into urban areas are especially critical, having 18 th and 19 th centuries, today forming small groupings ad - been subject to intense transformations as a result of dis - jacent to the road. orderly urban expansion, in general, often making them in - hospitable, unsafe and deficient in terms of the services In the last few decades, the proliferation of activity and provided. construction in the area has partially transformed this land - scape. However, it still maintains its agrarian and singular Until the 1960s, the typical image of these access roads character despite being in one of the most active areas in into towns was associated to long tree-lined boulevards, the Vallès region. This has been possible because Gra - serving almost like foyers into the towns. Due to the in - nollers City Council successfully defended the area’s open creased traffic in the decades that followed, the majority character until the 2007 Master Plan zoned the plain as of these trees were cut down. not for development.

In the last few years, however, there has been a general The BP-5002 road crosses Pla de Palou longitudinally and, trend to recover spaces for pedestrians and reduce the until today, it has been one of the principle access roads leading role given to traffic. This renewed conquest of pub - into Granollers from the AP-7 motorway.

285 The preliminary intervention project for Pla de Palou was ileged area along its entire stretch from which to see the prepared by the Landscape Service within the Directorate city and its surroundings. A second important aim was to General for Architecture and the Landscape in 2005. The improve the road’s functionality and comfort, especially executive project was later drafted by a multidisciplinary for neighbours and pedestrians. team led by the architects Quim Rosell and Natalia Bermúdez under the tutelage of the Landscape Service. The project saw the road as a structuring and integrating The total surface area affected spanned 29,000 m 2 with a element for the adjacent buildings and activities carried total cost of 2,448,833.23 euros (co-financed by the three out. Its design with asymmetrical sections solved the dif - In 2005, the southern access to parties signing the agreement). Work began in 2006 and fi - ferences found between both sides of the road. And, the Granollers via the BP-5002 road was typical of many access roads into nalised in 2007. selective use of plants at crossroads between paths and urban areas, though it offered the road established a visual logic between them. numerous opportunities for The project covers the stretch of the BP-5002 road from improvement. the exit on the motorway to the Granollers town limits, The primary interventions included: spanning 1.5 km which, until the middle of the 20 th century, reducing road width from 9.5 m to 7 m; was lined with trees on either side. adding stoplights, improve signage and unify parking spaces; Pla de Palou, at the time of the project’s outset, offered adding sidewalks with variable widths though a minimum numerous and notable opportunities for improvement: a of 1.5 m wide; quality environment, an ample view of the Pla de Palou using two-toned bricks to pave the sidewalks and thus agricultural landscape, and available space in which to act. evoke the agrarian landscape the road passes through; The primary objectives of the project maple trees ( Acer Freemanii ) planted on the eastern side were to create pedestrian walkways, Objectives of the road; improve road safety, plant trees and The project’s specific objectives and the measures adopted small groves of single tree species planted on the west - address the problems associated to include: ern side to highlight areas of interest; a road bordering along a unique agricultural space, Pla de Palou. providing the road with a global and unified image, rows of diverse grasses planted in flowerbeds and be - adapting its sections and layout to the physical conditions tween fields and the sidewalk; and the current functional needs; burying aerial power and telephone lines and improve planting trees along the entire stretch of the road, fo - the water drainage system; and menting the area’s most valuable visual elements while eliminating billboards. screening the less attractive spaces and constructions; formally delimiting and define the spaces adjacent to Conclusions the road, ensuring their safety, functionality and balance; Thanks to this project, both the residents of Pla de Palou creating pedestrian walkways and areas; as well as those driving through have seen how this periph - slowing down traffic, redefining the different sections; and eral area which was previously unsafe and difficult to access, removing aerial power and telephone lines and billboards. has been dignified and transformed into a more accessible and comfortable space while the landscape along the ac - One of the primary challenges of this project was resolving cess road to Granollers has significantly been improved. the asymmetry between the two sides of the road: on the east-facing stretch there are more buildings and activity, Improving coastal landscapes with fewer open spaces and more intermittent visual open - ings; on the west side, the view afforded of the countryside Introduction is more constant. Over the last sixty years, coastal areas have suffered from tremendous urbanisation pressures: housing complexes, Characteristics individual homes, apartment buildings, hotels and restau - One of the project’s main aims was to restore the road as rants, campgrounds, sports facilities, etc., have all occu - the “doorway to the city”: BP-5002 had to become a priv - pied thousands of hectares, forming an almost continuous

286 urban area which has led to the loss of landscape, envi - preliminary project. At the end of that same year, Vila-seca ronmental and identity values. City Council and the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works signed a collaborative agreement In the last few years, the Government of Catalonia has at - to co-finance the project and begin to draft the definitive tempted to stop this process and improve the diverse project. Work was then carried out from 2007 to 2008. landscapes found along the Catalan coast, encouraging initiatives such as the approval of its Master Plan for According to the agreement signed by the two adminis - coasts. trations, a commission was created to keep track of the project’s progress, a commission consisting of experts The Parc del pinar de Perruquet de Vila-seca project (“the from both the Vila-seca City Council and the Catalan Min - Perruquet Pine Grove Park in Vila-seca”) is a good example istry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works. of the will of the Vila-seca City Council which, in collabo - Costs were equally divided between the two. As such, the ration with the Government of Catalonia, has attempted to Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public regain highly valuable and strategic spaces along the coast. Works was responsible for providing 1,447,856 euros.

The “Parc del pinar de Perruquet de Vila-seca” Landscape project The park spans an elongated 500-metre stretch whose The Pinar de Perruquet Park is a space found directly on width varies from 50 to 100 metres. The area consists of a the shore of the sea between the boardwalk and the Pau 170-metre stretch of consolidated pine trees and another The project paid special attention to the choice of materials, textures, Casals road on Pineda beach in Vila-seca, forming an in - area where there are only two groves of pine trees to the colours and plant species to create tegral part of the town’s cityscape. south, an area measuring 240 metres long and covering a linear space which was well 17,301 m 2. These two groves are separated by a privately integrated and harmonious The new park is the result of a long process to undo the held plot of land. with the rural surroundings. existing developments on a stretch of the coast. The local town hall began its intervention after the PGOU plan was Objectives revised in 1993. This space had been occupied by tourism- One of the challenges of recovering this space was the dif - related private activities, and the previous municipal urban ficulty associated to maintaining the existing groups of planning document permitted the area’s development as pine trees, bearing in mind that the sea spray has a direct a private area in terms of the majority of the land’s owner - effect on the viability of the vegetation as confirmed by ship, allowing the construction of buildings for residential different studies and the experience of municipal experts. use directly on the shore. Based on this factor, the following objectives were defined: This birds-eye view photo taken To keep this area from being further developed and forming maintain and preserve the consolidated grove in the in 1994 shows the privileged a barrier between the beach and the town, Vila-seca City northern sector; position occupied by the Perruquet Council began expropriating and purchasing land from establish pathways through said grove; pine grove along the shore and the private tourism-related activities 1995 to 2004 in collaboration with the Catalan Ministry of build a water tank to regulate rainwater and absorb sea - since eliminated. Town and Country Planning and Public Works. sonal accumulations; create a unique area in the southern sector to provide The shore in front of the pine grove spans a total surface shade as an alternative to the trees; and area of 12.5 hectares (including boardwalk and green areas), implement an urban park programme to create a large of which 3.8 hectares correspond to the Perruquet Park. In space for civic events. the last few years Vila-seca City Council has dedicated 5.8 million euros to acquire and/or expropriate the land. Characteristics PINE GROVE In 2005, Vila-seca City Council organised a public tender The consolidated pine grove area in the northern part, which was won by the architect, Gerard Veciana, and his measuring 240 metres long and 75 metres wide, spans a

287 total surface area of 16,200 m 2. The aim was to preserve new millennium. This investment stems from Article 8 in it and create specific pathways to thus make the interme - Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Management diate spaces impenetrable. and Planning which foresees that the objectives of land - scape intervention include both “the harmonious articulation On the stretch closest to Passeig de Pau Casals, large of landscape, with particular attention to the spaces where flowerbeds were placed along with bark-coloured cement urban and rural areas and the coast and the sea meet” as pavement. Diverse grasses and bushes were planted within well as “making landscape a tourism resource.” the grove to make it more dense. Interventions on coastal roads are very important because In the southern part of the Pinar de Perruquet Park, one of the pine URBAN PARK they have to provide citizens with access to most of the groves was seriously affected by sea The south-western area measures 170 metres long and 85 Catalan coast and because they traverse highly valuable spray. The project supplemented metres wide, covering a total surface area of 13,700 m 2. landscapes. These interventions at times imply consoli - the lack of shade in this area as the trees here were unable to grow The pine trees barely represented 15% of this area. It was dating an existing road or, at others, opening new ones, satisfactorily due to the unique zoned as a functional urban park, with areas in which to though in both cases with special care to the landscape conditions. sit, playgrounds for children and spaces suited for civic and environmental values as well as road user safety. events such as dancing sardanes (the typical dance), fes - tivals, concerts, etc. In this sense, the Directorate General for Architecture and the Landscape has promoted the creation of a study to in - Unique elements were designed to supplement the little ventory and diagnose the current state of Catalan coastal shade provided by the trees (metallic tree-shaped structures roads and to provide the landscape criteria and directives measuring 9 metres high with linked hexagonal shapes to to guide future interventions. Some of the interventions form a large pergola simulating vegetation though made carried out on coastal roads include: the road from Sant with recycled synthetic material. In addition, some new trees Esteve castle to the En Gori pine grove (Palamós); from were planted (large palm trees) and a pond was created with Sa Conca to the Nans cove (Cadaqués); from the Tamariua The tree structures support a large a large underground tank to regulate heavy downpours. cove to the Fornells cove (El Port de la ); and from network of figures to form a pergola, representing vegetation and the Es Codolar beach to Es Cars (Tossa de Mar). In addi - providing shade. These structures Conclusions tion, diverse interventions are planned on the coastal roads also serve to make the area unique Intervention on the Perruquet pine grove park added value between Tamariu and the Pedrosa cove (Palafrugell), from and provide it with a series to a strategic area, improving the coast and the Vila-seca Pedrosa cove to the Sant Sebastià lighthouse (Palafrugell), of monuments. shoreline. from Sa Riera to Sa Sal point (Begur), from Garbet beach to Assutzenes beach (Colera) and from Fenals beach to The construction of a large pergola, evoking trees, corre - Lloret beach (Lloret de Mar). sponds to Vila-seca City Council’s desire to make the area unique and monumental, in accordance with trends in other Improving roadways interventions in public spaces. Introduction The project aimed to balance this uniqueness while main - Roads are noteworthy elements within contemporary land - taining its naturalness to a certain degree, all in accordance scapes both for their presence and the possibilities they with the general objectives for pilot programmes promoted afford to perceive the landscape. Roads considered to by the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and offer these panoramic views of landscape generally include Public Works. a series of specific spaces and elements: rest stops (look- out points, picnic grounds, parking, etc.), infrastructure Interventions on coastal roads (furniture and containers) and informational elements (signs In this section on coasts, reference should also be made, and maps). The function of these is to provide comfort and albeit briefly, to interventions on coastal roads as a result safety while encouraging travellers to see and be in contact of the line of investment created in the first decade of this with the natural surroundings.

288 As described in the example that follows, it is also common varied in size though none were widened to avoid highly to take advantage of the spaces affected by retracing visible walls seen from the coast. curves along old routes. The pavement proposed was an agglomerate to differen - Improving road C-31’s integration tiate it from the road pavement, specifically, red cement with the landscape through Park for the parking and pedestrian areas and irregular lime Road C-31, known popularly as Les costes del Garraf (“Gar - bricks for rest stops. The barriers, low walls and ledges raf Coastal Road”), travels through Garraf Park along 12 km. were made from limestone while the furniture (tables and It is highly travelled and offers excellent panoramic views benches) were also solid limestone blocks. of the landscape. It can be considered one of the most highly valued roads on the Catalan coast due to the attractiveness Conclusions of the landscape. This collaborative project between two directorate generals within the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning One of the primary landscape quality In 2006 the Directorate General for Roads launched the and Public Works serves as an example of landscape’s criteria used to intervene in rest project called “Measures to integrate road C-31 through transversal relations as well as a pilot project worked on stops and look-out points along Garraf Park” to habilitate and improve look-out points and in a coordinated fashion from the initial design process. the Garraf Coastal Road was emergency stop areas. to standardise and simplify the materials and elements used. Improving river landscapes Landscape and environmental elements The areas subject to this intervention were old stretches of the road which had become obsolete in addition to the Introduction adjacent spaces used as look-out points or rest areas. All Metropolitan rivers are spaces that have suffered significant were precarious and offered conditions which devalued changes due to urban expansion and occupation by infra - the road as a whole. structure. They are often turned into residual areas where the city locates activities or specific facilities it does not The Directorate General for Architecture and the Landscape want in the city centre. Over the last few years, urban re - worked with the Directorate General for Roads to draft this newal and environmental recovery strategies have inverted project providing criteria and specific planning proposals these processes, converting rivers into accessible spaces to be introduced in the definitive project. that can be traversed and which are connected to specific routes and the urban centres themselves. Objectives The objectives considered were to: In this vein, below is a description of the project to improve identify the spaces suited to serve as rest areas and the Llobregat River in terms of its environmental and land - look-out points and restore unnecessary emergency stop scape elements. areas with typical vegetation; define the elements (parking, pedestrian areas, barriers The project to improve the environmental and furniture) using functionality and simplicity as the criteria; and landscape elements within the Llobregat River plant vegetation to revalue the spaces in line with the area in Baix Llobregat county surroundings; and The project to recover the Llobregat River’s environmental add appropriate and necessary signs and furniture to and landscape elements aimed precisely to restore its nat - improve landscape quality and reduce maintenance re - ural and landscape values in its lower stretch, making it quirements. an area accessible once more to citizens and suited for free-time activities. This intervention is the result of an Characteristics agreement signed between the Spanish Ministry of the En - This intervention included eleven rest areas and look-out vironment and Rural and Marine Affairs and the Catalan points and some emergency stop areas. These spaces Ministry of the Environment and Housing to carry out di -

289 verse actions to improve the river’s transit through Baix STRETCH 2 Llobregat. This agreement specifically contemplated cor - Actions along this stretch concentrated on improving ac - rective and compensatory measures linked to the pending cessibility and vegetation. Accessibility to the town of Sant set of infrastructural elements to be developed. Boi was improved by means of a path to the river, vegetable gardens were turned into a park and various islands full of To coordinate this intervention, a follow-up commission was vegetation were created to encourage their growth while created in 2006 to track the actions taken by the “Consortium helping to deflect and guide the river to keep it from flowing to Recover and Preserve the Llobregat River” in a straight line. In stretch 1 between Martorell (Consorci per a la Recuperació i Conservació del Riu Llo - and the Rubí River, worth noting are bregat ), integrated by the Spanish Ministry of the Environ - Conclusions the trees planted around diverse ment and Rural and Marine Affairs, the Catalan Ministry Improving the environmental and landscape elements infrastructural elements to reduce of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Baix within the Llobregat River is part of a broader project af - their visual impact. Llobregat County Council, Barcelona Provincial Council and fecting the entire Baix Llobregat county, with significant the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. and broad involvement by public administrations to recover this space for their citizens. Landscape This improvement project was divided into two stretches In the middle stretch (which coincides with the AVE high- from the outset: stretch 1, between Martorell and the Rubí speed train line), diverse interventions are currently being River, and stretch 2, between the AVE high-speed train over - carried out to define a project to improve and connect it pass (Sant Joan Despí - Sant Boi de Llobregat) and the C- and thus encourage the longitudinal and transversal use 31 bridge (Prat de Llobregat - Hospitalet de Llobregat). The of the entire river. In stretch 2, downstream from Sant foreseen cost of this intervention totalled 12 million euros. Boi, various deflectors were added It is also important to note that this intervention has im - to the river’s edge to help recover Objectives proved a river landscape visible from the primary road and a more natural flow. The various interventions can be grouped into three general rail accesses to the metropolitan Barcelona area. lines of activity: recover the riverbed: these include demolishing struc - Epilogue tures, cleaning tributary river mouths and moving earth, protecting banks, filling in gaps, clearing rubbish and scrub, At the time of implementing the new landscape policy, it and replanting the riverbanks, the riverbed, slopes and ar - was felt necessary to promote pilot landscape improvement eas left bare by infrastructure; programmes, interventions which would then provide pos - recover areas of interest: actions aimed at rescuing cer - sible strategies, criteria and appropriate solutions to serve tain areas to revalue them and endow them with a socio- as references for future public and/or private interventions. In stretch 2, an urban park was environmental functionality; and created in an area previously improve accessibility: actions aimed at recovering and The pilot interventions carried out have been the result of consisting of vegetable gardens building longitudinal and transversal paths to connect areas transversal work carried out by various administrations, on the limits of Sant Boi to connect the town with the Llobregat River. of interest, towns and mobility networks. and shared work and reflection between the Directorate General for Architecture and the Landscape’s Landscape Characteristics Service and the different administrations with which it has STRETCH 1 cooperated. Actions along this stretch included retracing the river’s course from the Diable bridge in Martorell to the Castell - At the same time, the experience garnered has to serve bisbal station, planting trees along the river according to to help orient landscape improvement interventions fo - strategic criteria to revalue the space while contributing mented by city councils which apply for and receive fi - to screen infrastructure, and treating areas of special nancing from the Fund for Landscape Protection, Man - interest as areas equipped for free-time activities. agement and Planning.

290 PROJECTS

DIRECCIÓ DE SERVEIS DE L’ESPAI PÚBLIC DE LA MANCOMUNITAT ARTEKS ARQUITECTURA and VECIANA, Gerard. Projecte de parc DE MUNICIPIS DE L’ÀREA METROPOLITANA DE BARCELONA. del Pinar de Perruquet, La Pineda Vila-seca , Ajuntament de Vila- Projecte marc de recuperació mediambiental de l’espai fluvial del seca, Departament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, Andorra Llobregat a la comarca del Baix Llobregat , Mancomunitat de Municipis la Vella (Biblioteca del Departament de Política Territorial i Obres de l’Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona, Consell Comarcal del Baix Públiques), 2006. Llobregat, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona (Biblioteca del Depar - tament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques), 2003. FERNÁNDEZ DE LA REGUERA, Alfred, CICSA and ECAFIR. Projecte executiu de recuperació mediambiental de l’espai fluvial del Llobregat SERVEI DE PAISATGE DE LA DIRECCIÓ GENERAL D’ARQUITECTURA a la comarca del Baix Llobregat, tram 1, fase 1 , Mancomunitat de I PAISATGE. Avantprojecte d’execució de millores del paisatge de Municipis de l’Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona, Agència Catalana l’accés sud de Granollers , Ajuntament de Granollers, Departament de l’Aigua, Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Departament de de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, Diputació de Barcelona, Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona Barcelona (Biblioteca del Departament de Política Territorial i Obres (Biblioteca del Departament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques), Públiques), 2005. 2006.

ROSELL, Quim and BERNÁRDEZ, Natalia. Projecte d’execució de BATLLE I ROIG, ARQUITECTES and TYPSA. Projecte executiu de millores del paisatge de l’accés sud de Granollers , Ajuntament de recuperació mediambiental de l’espai fluvial del Llobregat a la Granollers, Departament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, comarca del Baix Llobregat, tram 2 , Mancomunitat de Municipis de Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona (Biblioteca del Departament de l’Àrea Metropolitana a de Barcelona, Agència Catalana de l’Aigua, Política Territorial i Obres Públiques), 2006. Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona (Biblioteca del Departament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques), 2006.

291 MEANS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND RAISING AWARENESS Landscape Observatory of Catalonia Joan Nogué i Font

Introduction central office is in Barcelona). The Observatory also has an advisory council that acts as a consultative and advisory The Landscape Observatory of Catalonia is an advisory body, made up by very diverse social collectives as well body of the Catalan government and aims to promote as individual scientists and figures from the Spanish gov - awareness of the landscape in society in general. It is also ernment and Europe renowned in the landscape field. a centre par excellence for studying and monitoring the evolution of Catalonia’s landscapes and the actors condi - The organisation of the Observatory as a public consortium The technical office of the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia tioning its dynamics. The Landscape Observatory’s basic, and its legal personality independent of its members pro - is in Olot, a city that has general aim is to observe Catalonia’s landscape; in other vides great operational flexibility and agility and also an distinguished itself in landscape words, to study, identify, monitor, document and dissem - absolute social permeability, essential characteristics for preservation and improvement, inate information about Catalan landscapes and their trans - the proper carrying out of its functions. and the central office is in Barcelona. formations, without this implying that other landscapes are neglected or forgoing a reflection on the landscape in a Functions of the Landscape Observatory general way. It deals with contributing to increasing Catalan of Catalonia society’s knowledge of its landscapes, drawing up pro - posals, collaborating with the Government of Catalonia to The functions of the Landscape Observatory, which emerge implement landscape policies and, in general, giving sup - from the founding statutes published in the Official Gazette port to the application of the European Landscape Con - of the Government of Catalonia through resolution PTO/ vention in Catalonia. Thus it is a centre of thought and ac - 3386/2004 of 16 December 2004, are the following: tion regarding landscape that aspires to become an umbrella where anyone interested in the landscape can To establish criteria for the adoption of measures for take shelter and which has already become a point of ref - landscape protection, management and planning. erence in Europe in the five years it has been operating. To determine criteria for establishing landscape quality objectives and the measures and actions necessary for Organisation achieving these objectives. To establish mechanisms for observing the evolution The Observatory is organised as a public consortium with and transformation of the landscape. its own full legal personality independent of its members. To propose initiatives oriented towards landscape im - It accommodates over thirty public and private institutions provement, restoration or creation. interested in preserving the diversity and rich landscape To prepare the landscape catalogues of Catalonia, aimed of Catalonia, restraining its deterioration and proposing at identifying, classifying and evaluating the various existing measures for its management and planning. landscapes. To promote social awareness campaigns with respect The structure as a consortium allows all kinds of viewpoints to the landscape, its evolution and its transformation. and sensibilities to be incorporated. Members include To publish studies and reports and establish working the Government of Catalonia, the Catalan public universi - methodologies regarding the landscape. ties, the four provincial councils, the two municipal asso - To stimulate scientific and academic collaboration in ciations, the professional associations most closely linked matters of landscape and the exchange of work and ex - to the subject, Caixa Catalunya Social Work and Olot City periences among specialists and experts from universities Council. Olot is where the technical office is located (the and other academic and cultural institutions.

292 To follow the European landscape initiatives closely. cians’) growing interest in proper management of the land - To organise seminars, courses, exhibitions and confer - scape is contributing, together with the DPTOP, to devel - ences and promote publications and specific programmes oping the land charters for Vall de Camprodon (Ripollès), for information about and training on landscape policies. the municipalities of the Argentona river basin (Maresme), To create a documentation centre open to all residents Alt Empordà, Vall del Tenes (Vallès Oriental) and the Priorat of Catalonia. region, promoted by the administrations of the area fol - lowing the principles of the Landscape Law. In all cases, the Observatory and the DPTOP are entrusted with the Activity of the Landscape Observatory The Landscape Observatory functions of monitoring and assessing the tasks of prepa - of Catalonia coordinated the preparation of ration, and they ensure that the charters cohere with the the seven landscape catalogues To cover these functions, the Landscape Observatory’s ac - landscape catalogues for the corresponding area. These of Catalonia, which span a territorial tivity is broad and diverse. The six main areas of action are: charters are intended to serve as a model for other terri - area that coincides with the partial territorial zoning plans drawn up tories that would like to start similar experiences. by the Catalan Ministry of Town 1. Advice for the Government of Catalonia and Country Planning and Public 2. Research “City, territory, landscape” educational project and cre - Works. 3. Documentation ation of the website 4. Communication and dissemination One of the Landscape Observatory’s primary objectives 5. Publication is to promote training, education and social awareness 6. Institutional participation raising projects regarding the landscape. To this effect, the Observatory is working on the “City, territory, landscape” As an example, and with no intention of being exhaustive, educational project for compulsory secondary education initiatives being undertaken in each of these areas will be (ESO) in collaboration with the Directorate General for Ar - discussed in the following sections. chitecture and the Landscape of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works and the Directorate 1. Advice for the Government of Catalonia General for Educational Innovation of the Ministry of Edu - In the area of providing advice for the Government of Cat - cation of the Government of Catalonia. The teaching ma - alonia, the Landscape Observatory works on the following terials were developed by experts from education and the projects, among others (each of which is an additional university, and compulsory secondary education teaching chapter within this publication): staff from various centres in Catalonia collaborated.

Preparing the landscape catalogues of Catalonia, com - 2. Research missioned by the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country The Landscape Observatory acts as a research centre Planning and Public Works (DPTOP) of the Government of recognised by the Ministry of Innovation, Universities and Catalonia. Enterprise of the Government of Catalonia, and as such it Promoting the drawing up of landscape charters. promotes research on landscape by appointing research Participating in the educational project “City, territory, personnel with training grants. landscape” and creating the project’s website. Landscape indicators Promotion of the drawing up of landscape charters One field in which the Observatory encourages research The landscape charters are instruments for coordinating is in defining and implementing a list of landscape indica - agreements between the agents of a territory, as provided tors in Catalonia. The new landscape policies promoted by Law 8/2005 on Catalan Landscape Protection, Man - in Catalonia and other European countries require indica - agement and Planning (hereafter the Landscape Law) to tors that allow the evolution and state of landscapes, the promote actions and strategies for landscape improvement people’s satisfaction with their landscape and the effec - and valuation. The Landscape Observatory, aware of Cata - tiveness of public and private initiatives for improving land - lan society’s (and specifically the responsible local politi - scapes to be monitored periodically. The debate on what

293 these landscape indicators should be is a current topic in acter and identity. In line with similar experiences in other Europe but has not yet been resolved. The factors making European countries, the Landscape Observatory, commis - it quite complex are varied: the transversality of the concept sioned by the DPTOP of the Government of Catalonia, pro - of landscape, which encompasses the natural and cultural posed a line of research in 2009 through the Historic Land - dimensions as well as an individual and social perceptive scape of Catalonia (PaHisCat) project on the historic dimension; the relative novelty of the landscape as an ob - evolution of the landscapes of Catalonia as a complement ject of spatial and urban planning and the willingness to to the landscape catalogues. work with a list of indicators that are applicable, that are The Landscape Observatory of of contrasted utility and that are comprehensible for society This project has a dual purpose: on one hand it is oriented Catalonia has a documentation as a whole. towards the landscapes of the past to better understand centre that is open to the public and their evolution; on the other hand it is oriented towards the free of charge with an extensive It is necessary to have a collection of landscape indicators future, since it is meant to provide data that serves for bet - bibliographic collection that brings together materials on the landscape in Catalonia as soon as possible for the following reasons: ter protection, planning and management of the landscapes understood in a broad sense and in Catalonia. In 2009 and 2010 the Landscape Observatory which pays special attention to its To evaluate the effectiveness of the landscape policies has been collaborating in coordinating the PaHisCat project planning and management. being carried out, especially those of the Government of and providing guidance, technical assistance and infor - Catalonia. mation to its team. To update future landscape catalogues. To produce, every four years, the report on the state of 3. Documentation on the landscape the landscape in Catalonia, which must be prepared by The Landscape Observatory has created a documentation the Observatory for the Parliament of Catalonia as man - centre that has formed part of the Union Catalogue of the dated by the Landscape Law. Universities of Catalonia (CCUC) since 2007. The Obser - To link the landscape indicators to the landscape quality vatory’s documentation centre is a space for information objectives that have been drawn up by the Observatory. and consultation whose mission is to become a centre of International cooperation in studying reference in the field of landscape in the broad sense and landscape is one of the aims of the Landscape Observatory. This photo Landscape indicators in Catalonia that the Landscape especially in the planning and management of the land - was taken at the transborder Observatory works with scape in Catalonia, Spain, Europe and internationally, in workshop on landscape planning 1. Landscape transformation that order. The main functions of the centre, which already and management held in Olot 2. Landscape diversity has over 2,000 specific landscape references from different in June 2009. 3. Landscape fragmentation parts of the world, basically boil down to the offer of im - 4. Financial value of the landscape mediate and in situ support at the Landscape Observatory 5. Knowledge of the landscape in carrying out its work, in support to the landscape re - 6. Landscape satisfaction search tasks undertaken by institutions or individuals and 7. Landscape sociability providing the most up-to-date information to those inter - 8. Communication and landscape ested in the landscape. 9. Public and private action in the conservation, management and planning of the landscape To disseminate its holdings as widely as possible, the Land - 10. Implementation of the instruments of the Landscape scape Observatory allows them to be accessed on its web - The dry stone dossier contains a Law site, which will soon have part of the collection available review on the topic and photographs from all over Catalonia, which in digital format. are expanded with an annotated PaHisCat Project (Historic Landscape of Catalonia) bibliography, web pages and press The landscape catalogues show the extraordinary variety 4. Communication and dissemination releases where you can find information of interest. of landscapes in Catalonia. The 135 landscapes identified The Landscape Observatory carries out various tasks in and characterised by the landscape catalogues as land - order to facilitate dissemination and communication with scape units and which include all the Catalan territory are regard to the landscape. The primary activities it undertakes the result of a historic evolution that has shaped their char - in this area are:

294 Organising courses, seminars and conferences Spanish, English and French), is the primary showcase for The Landscape Observatory website the work it does and the most important tool it has for in - Digital newsletters formation and raising awareness, with the objective of Digital dossiers quickly and easily publicising information on landscape policies, reference publications and university studies linked Organising courses and seminars with the subject matter and also to disseminate confer - The Landscape Observatory organises courses, seminars ences and activities and varied information about all kinds and conferences to contribute to training and reflection on of institutions and initiatives in Catalonia, Europe and other subject matter that is not addressed by other institutions. parts of the world dedicated to landscape. The main events that have been organised so far are: The website is constantly growing with new sections for “Landscape and health”, sponsored by the Ministry of news and disseminating information about the landscape; Health of the Government of Catalonia (Olot, 16 June 2006). of note among them is the content of the landscape cat - Fifth Meeting of the Workshops for the Implementation alogues, citizen queries related to the landscape catalogues of the European Landscape Convention, under the title and access to the documentation centre’s catalogue. “Landscape quality objectives: from theory to practice”, organised jointly with the Council of Europe (Girona, 28 Distribution of digital newsletters The bi-monthly newsletter Paisatg-e and 29 September 2006). The Landscape Observatory distributes three digital newslet - and the monthly newsletter Agenda “Processes of public participation in landscape plan - ters closely related to the website. They are the Dietari de de Paisatge collect information ning”, organised by the Landscape Observatory of Cat - paisatge , which selects news about the landscape published of interest about the landscape in Catalonia, Spain and Europe, and alonia and the Directorate General for Citizen Participation in the major written media in the world every week; the anyone interested may subscribe of the Government of Catalonia (Girona, 1 June 2007). Agenda de Paisatge , distributed monthly, which collects ac - to them from the Landscape “Landscape indicators. Challenges and perspectives”, tivities about the landscape around the world and empha - Observatory’s website. with the collaboration of the Ministry of Town and Country sises those that take place in Catalonia; and the newsletter Planning and Public Works of the Government of Catalonia Paisatg-e , which is a bi-monthly publication for opinion, in - (Barcelona, 29 and 30 November 2007). formation and awareness raising and has already become Cross-border workshops on the identification, valuation a true international point of reference on the subject. and characterisation of landscapes: “The landscape, from characterisation to action” (Olot, 11, 12 and 13 June 2009). Digital dossiers International seminar “Landscape and education”, with Another powerful instrument for dissemination created by the collaboration of the Catalan Ministry of Town and Coun - the Landscape Observatory are the digital dossiers on var - try Planning and Public Works, the Catalan Ministry of Ed - ious aspects connected with the landscape, which may ucation, the European Network of Local and Regional Au - be accessed in Catalan, Spanish, English and French thorities for the Implementation of the European Landscape (www.catpaisatge.net/dossiers). The first is about the dry Convention (RECEP-ENELC) and Caixa de Catalunya So - stone landscapes, and it aims to make the existence of cial Work (Barcelona, 19 and 20 November 2009). these landscapes and their diversity and importance known and to collect, classify, sort and present the general infor - The technical documentation for most of these events can mation, organisations, centres, initiatives, news and books be accessed from the Landscape Observatory’s website. on dry stone in Catalonia and internationally to the public in a simple way. The digital format will enable it to grow Landscape Observatory website and be updated periodically. In July 2005 the Observatory launched a website on land - The Landscape Observatory scape topics connected with Catalonia and the rest of the The second digital dossier is about outstanding heritage has begun two collections of world, with aims to become a website of reference inter - trees, the third is about historic and botanical gardens, publications: “Plecs de paisatge” nationally (www.catpaisatge.net). The Landscape Obser - and the fourth, and most recent, is about soundscapes. and “Documents”. vatory’s website, available in four languages (Catalan, All these dossiers will grow and be updated periodically.

295 5. Publications on landscape ENELC), attached to the Congress of Local and Regional The Landscape Observatory has recently launched two book Authorities of the Council of Europe. The Landscape Ob - collections titled “Plecs de Paisatge” and “Documents” in servatory is part of its board of management. the intention of publishing content of a theoretical and methodological nature about the landscape. The first edition In conclusion of Plecs de Paisatge is the book Paisatge i salut , published in 2008. It collects in part the results of a seminar held on In recent decades the rate of degradation of our landscapes health and landscape issues in June 2006. This same col - has been fierce, and for this reason we should act deci - lection also features the books Indicadors de paisatge. sively and quickly. This is why the Landscape Law was en - Reptes i perspectives (2009) and Instruments de gestió i or - acted and the Landscape Observatory created, as a body denació del paisatge a Catalunya i a Europa (2009). The specialised in generating knowledge about the landscape “Documents” collection was launched with the publication and in raising citizen awareness on this subject. This or - of La participació ciutadana en els catàlegs de paisatge de ganisation (a true European standard on the subject) has Catalunya (2009) which will be followed by the text Els paisat - become the meeting point par excellence between the ges sonors de Catalunya . Government of Catalonia, local authorities, universities, Through participatory processes, professional associations and social and cultural agents the landscape catalogues have 6. Institutional participation of the Landscape that are connected, directly or indirectly, to the landscape. involved people in identifying Observatory Institutions of this type, of mixed character and halfway and assessing landscapes and in understanding their dynamics The Landscape Observatory has provided scientific advice between civil society and government, are not common. of transformation, opportunities, and participated in various initiatives and projects for some Moreover, the creation of a governing board and a full and potentials and risks; they have also time, such as the “Thought and health” network created by active advisory council has proved to be an excellent way contributed ideas that may be used the Ministry of Health of the Government of Catalonia. It also to collect the greatest number of opinions and sensibilities in the future. forms part of the Advisory Council of the journal “Barcelona possible with relation to the landscape. In addition, the Verda” published by the Parks & Gardens Department of Observatory’s organisation as a public consortium and its Barcelona City Council and the Advisory Council of the In - own independent legal personality provide it with opera - stitut del Territori de València. It participates in the Scientific tional permeability, flexibility and agility. Committee of the Nature and Landscape Information System (SINP) connected to the French Ministry of Ecology and Sus - In short, we believe that we are not only generating infor - tainable Development and the European RECEP network mation and knowledge through the Landscape Observatory and in the scientific committee on the creation of the Catalan but also promoting a culture of dialogue between society Landscape Museum (to be based in Olot). It collaborates and the government and also between administrations (and with the Osservatorio Regionale per il Paesaggio de la regió between different levels of the same administration) that de Calàbria (Italy) and is an associate member of the Ob - will doubtless contribute to overcoming the excessive frag - servatory of Sustainability in Spain and the Expert Group of mentation of discourses on the landscape. It seems that the Council of Europe for the creation of the database of the something is finally shifting in issues relating to the land - European Landscape Convention. It is a regular contributor scape. This is a topic of interest that continues to grow in to various journals, such as Paisajismo . scope, transcends the specialised fields to which it had hitherto been confined and which is becoming a funda - In order to closely follow the landscape policies in Europe, mental part of many policies for spatial planning and even the Observatory is actively involved in the European Net - in more sectoral policies of a social, cultural and economic work of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implemen - nature. The Landscape Observatory has played and aspires tation of the European Landscape Convention (RECEP- to continue to play an important role in this process.

296 MEANS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND RAISING AWARENESS The landscape guides Josep Maria Bosch Casadevall / Miquel Buch Clermont

Introduction from government administrations and private enterprises, policy makers, professionals (architects, landscape spe - Promoting awareness in society of landscape and its values cialists, urban planners, environmentalists, engineers, ge - is one of the main objectives of Law 8/2205 on Catalan ographers), entities and associations interested in land - Landscape Protection, Management and Planning, as ex - scape, etc. pressed generically in its general provisions and in detail in Chapter 4. In order to be able to appreciate the points of view of the most directly involved stakeholders, as well as to collect In accordance with the objectives of the Landscape Law, valuable experiences from the field of landscape manage - the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and ment, the Directorate General for Architecture and the Public Works began to create a collection of landscape Landscape, which coordinates creation of the guides, has guides in 2006. These guides are dedicated to promoting striven to obtain the collaboration of other government ad - and enhancing the landscape integration of activities in ministrations and entities (city councils, professional as - the region, and specifically cover the following: industrial sociations, other types of associations, etc.). estates, urban and peri-urban community gardens, agricultural structures and urban landscape , while the The guides assume a propositional focus , because the present publication lays out landscape policy in Catalonia strategies and measures they present are not on the level of as promoted by the Government of Catalonia since 2005. standards, but instead seek to stimulate the adoption In the future, it is foreseen that the collection will deal with of best practices and to improve the quality of and integrate other issues related to landscape protection, management actions on the landscape, bringing to light a reasoned and planning from the perspectives of dissemination, repertoire of opportunities and proposals. They also serve awareness raising and training, as provided for in the Land - an educational purpose and employ rigorous and precise scape Law. language that strives for clarity and avoids unnecessary technical terminology. Finally, they are characterised by a The aim of the landscape integration guides is to expose high degree of applicability, which is expressed by adapting the effects that economic activities and social uses of the content of the main block to a repetitive “problems/cri - the land have on the landscape , as well as to provide teria” scheme that successively presents the weak points criteria for developing the best landscape practices when and integration measures suitable for each of the selected The collection of landscape planning activities and designing projects for them. Below variables, which change according to the type of activity. integration guides follows a common formal and conceptual the guides’ main features in terms of focus, formal aspects In short, the guide presents a summarised corpus of com - scheme adapted to the particular and structure are presented, and then the specific contents ments, guidelines and recommendations , rather than a aspects of the topic being of all three are described in summary. compilation of solutions or universal formulas for direct addressed. application. Focus of the guides Formal features of the guides The landscape guides are designed as tools for raising awareness and fostering good landscape practices . In keeping with their aims and their educational and prac - They are directed at a broad range of readers, which in - tical nature, the landscape guides take the form of cludes all persons or groups directly or indirectly related stripped-down handbooks , thereby making them easy to landscape management and transformation: experts to read. Furthermore, the fact that landscape is the entire

297 collection’s main and underlying subject of interest requires mon or important problems is given, and the most relevant that the guides have high graphic and visual content. The landscape integration criteria are presented along with il - drawings, schemes, plans and photographs found therein lustrative images. strengthen, complete and expand on the information in the text. This has resulted in a meticulous effort to select rep - Chapter 3. “The process of landscape integration: man - resentative images and illustrations for each guide that agement”. Unlike the previous chapter, which focuses evoke each element and variable covered, in which a cer - mainly on aspects related to conception and project design, tain way of interpreting the environment in terms of land - this chapter covers the earlier and later stages, which are scape is exemplified, in addition to the importance of the often critically important for ensuring that landscape is in - subject or situation shown. tegrated properly. Depending on the case, it explores as - pects prior to defining projects and actions (the criteria for Structure of the guides standardised regulation of the activity in question, the stakeholders involved in planning processes, etc.) as well The landscape guides dedicated to integrating landscape as key aspects related to management and maintenance The landscape integration guides into the activities carried out in the territory have a common (recommendations linked with maintenance plans, man - are structured by four conceptual conceptual structure. The first part focuses on theory, agement bodies and tools, etc.). blocks of a theoretical nature, supplementary information and and the second part has a more practical or applied nature. practical annexes. The theoretical content is organised into four main blocks Chapter 4. “Conclusions: key ideas for improving land - that are repeated throughout the guides, while the second scape”. The final section draws concise conclusions to part contains supplementary sections that vary according remind the reader of the basic issues and strategies cov - to the topic and aims of each one. ered in the first half.

The four core blocks of the theoretical part result in the The second half of the guides is more practical and con - following four chapters: tains supplementary material that can be used for exam - ples, reference or information to support and study the The physical and visual relationship established between an industrial Chapter 1. “The process of landscape integration: gen - given topic in greater depth. Thus, readers can consult an - estate and its surroundings is a eral aspects”. The initial sections include a reflection on nexes such as a summary of the regulatory framework, crucial aspect for ensuring that the concept of landscape integration and the specific qual - the typical elements for designing projects, a bibliography the landscape is well integrated ity objectives of each activity addressed in the guide. They or webography, for example. in the sector. also include other introductory issues of interest connected with the activity in question, such as a summary of the Landscape integration guide no. 1: government administration’s implementation process and Industrial estates and sectors a recapitulation of the process to create a fit between the of economic activity project of an activity and its site. The first landscape integration guide focuses on industrial Chapter 2. “The process of landscape integration: plan - estates and sectors of economic activity. ning and project design elements”. This is the most applied and extensive chapter in the guides. It provides Building an industrial estate is a phenomenon with a sig - landscape planning and design criteria to consider nificant impact on the Catalan landscape. It often takes throughout the process when conceiving and carrying out place in a scattered and discontinuous way when com - the actions. For each activity, a set of variables or key top - pared with other urban development projects, it tends to ics is identified, and these are then dealt with according be located near exceptional points for observing the land - to a gradual logic for approaching space (from a long- scape – such as roads – and it irreversibly alters pre-ex - distance scale to a close-up scale) and for approaching isting landscapes. In most cases, the indiscriminate pro - topics (from the broadest or most general aspects to is - liferation of industrial estates in the region has resulted in sues of detail). A summary of each variable’s most com - degraded, poor-quality areas that lie in tension with their

298 surroundings. The usual lack of consideration for landscape 3. The choice of location is a key factor for ensuring proper aspects in construction and establishment processes re - landscape integration: the best integration measures are quires the adoption of urgent measures that ensure im - preventive. provements to these spaces in the future. 4. Making developed urban spaces compact saves land and facilitates their integration into their surroundings. In this context, the aim of the guide is to provide useful cri - 5. The good use of vegetation is an excellent resource teria and guidelines for the processes to plan, design and for improving the landscape. build industrial spaces which help to include landscape- 6. Good architecture for buildings and good urban design related considerations depending on the site, and to uphold are a guarantee of quality and a sign of prestige. landscape values to the greatest extent possible. 7. Appropriate lighting and the regulation of advertising enhance the overall image of industrial areas. The process to draft the guide was based on the results 8. A quality industrial environment is inhabitable , healthy, of fieldwork carried out by two teams of landscape spe - stimulating and motivating. cialists 1 commissioned by the Catalan Ministry of Town 9. Investments in improving the landscape are returned in The guide’s content design and Country Planning and Public Works’ Directorate Gen - evaluations of the companies as well as of the industrial combines the text with a great deal eral for Architecture and the Landscape and on topic- area complex. of graphic material, which illustrates the textual information and 2 based consultations with specialised experts. The team 10. The continuous action of maintenance and manage - reinforces the concepts addressed. that drafted the text for the style guide on sectors of eco - ment entities is decisive for ensuring a good state of con - nomic activity promoted by INCASÒL 3 also collaborated, servation through time. and organisations of developers and private stakeholders from the sector were consulted. 4 Finally, mention must be Finally, there are annexes on the regulatory framework and made of efforts to research a bibliography and references the role of government administrations in the process to for exemplary actions which, as it turns out, obtained lim - establish and develop industrial estates. ited results. Landscape integration guide no. 2: The landscape integration First of all, the guide provides landscape criteria for the of industrial buildings and the Urban and peri-urban community ensemble of estates and sectors elements that determine the way the estate complex looks. gardens of economic activity bring added These include coverage of the land, topography, visibility, value to companies’ corporate volume and colour schemes, in this order. Then, criteria The second volume of the collection is devoted to urban images and contributes to shaping are given for elements that affect the visual aspect of the and peri-urban community gardens. The often cluttered and quality landscapes. surroundings, which are addressed successively: roads even marginal look of these spaces, which are generally and car parks, green spaces, buildings, fences, open located at the edge of urban centres, in interstitial spaces spaces within the plot, lighting, advertising and signage or near roads, rivers or streams, stands in contrast with and technical infrastructure. its their landscape potential and justifies selection of the topic. The conclusions that come at the end of the theoretical part of the guide are set forth in ten key ideas for improving This volume has a two-fold aim : to improve the quality of the landscape in industrial areas: existing community gardens and to foster the creation of FOOTNOTES socially shared gardens whose produce is consumed di - 1. A2P Paisatgistes; BiU Arqui - 1. General and derived urban planning for industrial rectly by those tending them. It is not a horticulture manual; tectura. areas should be comprehensive in nature and uniform in it deals with these spaces from a landscape perspective 2. Gabinete del Color; Sílvia Ca - ñellas Boltà. its treatment. and provides ideas for creating and maintaining welcoming 3. Llibre d’estil dels sectors d’ac - 2. Each part of an industrial area benefits from the quality and tidy spaces in rural as well as urban communities. tivitat econòmica (Llop, C.(dir) et of the complex and all the elements, including the small - al., (2007). est details, are important for shaping a quality industrial The creation process was based on collaboration with 4. Clapé; Unió de Polígons In - landscape. Girona City Council, which has notable experience in the dustrials de Catalunya.

299 matter. Moreover, according to the desire to consult with 7. Situate the built elements (sheds, equipment, green - experts and stakeholders from the sector, various entities houses, etc.) in a rational and orderly way, ensuring they were asked for advice; 5 this helped to achieve agreement are designed in harmony with the surroundings. on the guide’s focus and to improve its content. Also im - 8. Minimise the visual impact of supplementary facilities portant was the collaboration of various city councils from and services . around Catalonia and the information contributed by or - 9. Avoid the proliferation of disordered materials and the ganisations from other countries with long traditions in the use of waste materials to create structures and fences or subject, especially France and England. as auxiliary elements for cultivation. The presence and social demand 10. Compose and implement urban planning and man - for urban and peri-urban community Chapter 2 (“The process of landscape integration: planning agement tools to ensure the space is protected and or - gardens in the region is increasingly and project design elements”) provides landscape criteria ganised. frequent and many Catalan for the following key aspects: location, hydraulic elements 11. Form vegetable farmers’ associations to coordinate townships have promoted actions to create horticultural spaces and irrigation systems, vegetation, path networks and ac - the users and ensure the space is maintained and managed open to the populace. cess, built elements, urban planning elements and horti - properly. cultural practices. 12. Strengthen community gardens as spaces of collec - tive identity and knowledge . The interest in learning about various specific experiences and the importance of having practical information resulted Finally, the guide includes annexes that feature a standard in a fifth block, which features a total of 18 case studies. model for a tool shed, a plan for use and management and These are real examples of pioneering experiences repre - rules for use. sentative of townships in Catalonia, the rest of Spain and other countries that have imaginatively confronted the issue Landscape integration guide no. 3: of urban and peri-urban community gardens by giving im - Agricultural structures petus to plans and actions to create or improve these leisure spaces. The summaries provide basic data on proj - The third issue of the collection deals with agricultural ects and management as well as graphic information on structures. These structures, widely present in non- the site and the project and photographs of the space. developable land in Catalonia, are often of a markedly utilitarian nature and their relationship with the environ - Information on the municipal In its final conclusion, the guide also contains twelve key ment tends not to receive much consideration when they recreational gardens of El Prat de ideas for improving the landscape in community gardens: are designed and created. Therefore, much ground re - Llobregat, revealing its location mains to be covered before attaining satisfactory land - in the transitional space between the urban centre and the agricultural 1. Adapt the layout of the cultivation platforms and plots scape integration of these elements, even though this field landscape of the Llobregat delta to the topography . can refer to other European countries (the closest of which plain, which is one of the 18 case 2. Design the irrigation network in accordance with the is France), which offer useful documentation and applied studies. natural geomorphology of the terrain and use efficient work experiences. watering systems. 3. Integrate natural spaces , natural resources and Thus, the aim of the guide is to improve the quality of the traditional built heritage into plans to create community structures associated with rural activities, such as farms, gardens. agricultural warehouses and covered areas for storing ma - 5. Col·legi d’Enginyers Agrònoms 4. Plan new plantings in such a way that they reinforce chinery, as well as related functional spaces. de Catalunya, Col·legi Oficial d’Enginyers Tècnics Agrícoles de the logic of the complex and link the community garden Catalunya, Consorci del Parc de with the values of the site. The guide’s creation process was based on the extensive l’Espai d’Interès Natural de Gal - 5. Create a network of paths that articulate the space work of the Official Association of Technical Agricultural lecs, Joves Agricultors i Ramaders inside and connect it with the surroundings. Engineers and the Catalan Agricultural Engineering Foun - de Catalunya, Fundació Enginyeria Agrícola Catalana, Observatori 6. Avoid the construction of fences , and erect a single, sur - dation, commissioned by the Directorate General for del Paisatge, Unió de Pagesos, rounding and visually permeable fence if one is necessary. Architecture and the Landscape, on the characteristics Xarxa de Custòdia del Territori.

300 of the Catalan agricultural sector, its main problems in 10. Effective and systematic maintenance includes clean - terms of integrating landscape and possible criteria for ing, generally tidying up, removing obsolete elements and improvement. The bibliographic research and accumu - conserving the vegetation and facilities. lated experience of the Landscape Service throughout its years of activity were other valuable sources of infor - The guide is supplemented with a series of annexes that mation and the guide was finally composed with external examine topics of special interest, such as the possibilities collaboration. 6 offered by materials available in the market, the most ap - Community gardens often constitute propriate finishes for erected walls, the method used by transitional spaces between urban Here, the landscape criteria refer to the following issues: townships for creating a colour scheme, the general es - and urban environments with high location and visibility, insertion into the site, composition tablished regulations for zoning plans for agricultural struc - social and landscape value, such as of the complex, volume and design of façades and roofs, tures and the shrub and tree species recommended to help is the case with the Sant Eugènia community gardens in the cities materials, finishes and colour schemes, auxiliary elements, to integrate the structures. of Girona and Salt. fences, roads, points of access and functional spaces and vegetation. Other volumes in the collection

The ten key ideas for improving the landscape in sites with As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, there is now agricultural structures that end the theoretical part are: a new issue of the collection of guides about to be pub - lished which is dedicated to urban landscapes. 1. The proper landscape integration of agricultural struc - tures contributes to assessing landscapes and brings The urban landscape integration guide has been created added value to agricultural products. in collaboration with the Institute of Urban Landscape and 2. A suitable location is one that allows for maintenance Quality of Life of Barcelona, which has great experience Agricultural structures are of the physical structure, perceived qualities and landscape in the subject and focuses on establishing landscape in - sometimes characterised values. tegration criteria for the private use of public urban spaces. by insufficient integration into their 3. Efforts to plan and design structures should take account It centres on aspects such as urban furniture and facilities, surroundings and by a lack of external finishes. of their visibility when viewed from the surroundings . advertising, lighting for buildings, etc. In addition to its rec - 4. The planning of the complex should be based on a ommendations, it includes a standard ordinance regulating reading of the characteristics of its placement and on an - the type of urban landscape that interested townships can ticipation of all needs and elements so that the action en - use as a model and adapt to their particular case, and joys uniformity of design and is integrated well into the some technical cards. landscape. 5. The volume and composition of façades and roofs Other publications are decisive for achieving harmony between the structures and the surrounding landscape. One of the activities carried out by the Landscape Service 6. Proper external finishes are indispensable for attaining at the DGAP entails releasing landscape impact and inte - an image of quality. gration studies (EIIPs), which are mandatory in certain sup - 7. Fences should only be erected if necessary, and in any positions established by law, primarily on non-developable case they should be visually permeable, made of suitable land. Since 2006, the Service has released a growing num - materials for the environment and/or accompanied by veg - ber of EIIPs to the extent that the new legislative framework etation. and proper processing procedures have consolidated. 8. The opening of new roads must be minimised, their routes should be adapted to the geomorphology and they First, a general protocol (available on the Catalan Ministry should be carefully designed and kept in a good state. of Town and Country Planning and Public Works’ website) 9. Existing vegetation and new plantings allow for struc - was drafted to guide and facilitate the drafting of the EIIPs. tures to stand in relation to the landscape and to conceal, This general protocol established a broad outline of the harmonise or emphasise elements. methodology and focus for this type of document. Based 6. Mireia Boya Busquet.

301 on the experiences accumulated throughout this period First, special functions were held to present each one of and after receiving and evaluating more than 3,000 of them, the publications. Thus, Landscape integration guide: 1. In - it was considered advisable to publish a comprehensive dustrial estates and sectors of economic activity was pre - methodological guide describing how to create an EIIP. sented at Promotion of Arts and Design (FAD) in April 2008 The guide, which has already been published, contains an and at the Barcelona Chamber of Commerce in July 2008, initial, theoretical part featuring a summarised reflection and it was also the focus of various lectures given in sem - on the dynamics of peri-urban activities on non-devel - inars on industrial estates organised by entities such as opable land in Catalonia. This includes the EIIP’s legal sup - Alt Penedès County Council, County Council and positions, aims and structure. The second, practical part the Professional Association of Architects of the Balearic is quite extensive and exemplifies the presented method - Islands. In turn, Landscape integration guide: 2. Urban and ology based on nine case studies in which EIIPs for various peri-urban community gardens was presented in January The landscape impact and activities representative of the range of current legal sup - 2009 at the headquarters of the Catalan Ministry of Town integration study guide proposes positions are developed. and Country Planning and Public Works and in May 2009 a methodology for guiding at the headquarters of the Official Association of Agricul - the drafting teams of this document This publication is expected to simultaneously facilitate tural Engineers. and exemplifies it through nine different case studies. the task of the drafting teams and improve the effectiveness of a tool aimed at integrating a large part of the actions Second, once the guides are published, hard copies are carried out on non-developable land into landscape. sent out according to a lengthy distribution list that includes the city councils of all the townships in Catalonia, other Dissemination of the publications government administrations, professional associations, other associations and universities, as well as interested The publications’ usefulness as a tool for training and rais - professionals and companies. ing awareness, whether for experts and policy makers or for the general population, depends to a large extent on Finally, in order to ensure maximum distribution and ac - its dissemination. Therefore, various channels of distribu - cessibility, all the publications can be downloaded from tion have been used so they may reach the greatest num - the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and ber of readers possible. Public Works’ website.

302 MEANS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND RAISING AWARENESS The educational project Ciutat, territori, paisatge (“City, territory, landscape”) Roser Batllori i Obiols / Joan Maria Serra i Sala

Teaching landscape within the son, we feel that observation is never neutral; the landscape framework of the new territorial culture observed is the result of an underlying complexity, an in - teractive play between physical and social forces which The project Ciutat, territori, paisatge (“City, territory, land - make up a system. scape”), promoted by the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works along with the Catalan Any given landscape is always provisional, never set, Ministry of Education and the Landscape Observatory of the result of the complex interaction between geology, the Catalonia, has been created to promote the new territorial weather, vegetation, the economy, history and a society’s culture and landscape values as well as to raise awareness culture, the sum of events in a historical substratum. Despite and educate children and adolescents on the significant in-depth analyses, landscape never reveals all the relations changes occurring today, making it clear that there are between society and space. different ways of occupying the territory and building land - scapes. Different identity values, ways of life and a people’s or a society’s resources all come together in landscapes, giving The concern with preserving the wealth of European land - them some apparently permanent values which, in reality, scapes as promoted by the European Landscape Con - are dynamic as they respond to continuous changes in vention, which considers landscape to be part of our nat - lifestyles and the economy. ural and cultural heritage, comes at a time of important demographic and economic change. It is related to an in - The Ciutat, territori, paisatge project creasingly globalised economy which has implied a new in required secondary education set of dynamics in territories, such as the extension of ur - programmes banised areas, urban growth as seen with the spread of cities or the proliferation of transitional areas. The com - There is a long tradition of including landscape in geogra - bination of all these factors may be endangering this very phy classes, though it is generally seen as a static element landscape heritage. which is analysed synchronously and objectively.

The new territorial culture sees landscape as a non-renew - The teaching material included in this project incorporates able asset, one that is fundamental though limited but this tradition, but also introduces a more dynamic and sub - which acts as a reference for society and its culture. Ter - jective view of landscape based on three main ideas: peo - ritory is, as such, a resource and, also, history and collec - ple live immersed in landscape, they are an active part of tive memory. In this context, the territory’s physical layout, this landscape and they define it according to their indi - i.e., the landscape, enters the category of a cultural con - vidual perceptions. In other words, people are both actors struction, representing the sum of the environment, territory and authors in terms of landscape, its destroyers and and the observer’s perspective. builders, and not everyone values the same landscape nor its different elements the same way. Through our own sensorial and cultural filters, people ex - amine landscapes and assign them different cultural, his - In fact, landscapes are the scenarios for each person’s torical and identity-related meanings, whether referring to life. It’s what we see from the window in our room, where well-being or the opposite, beauty or ugliness. For this rea - we go on holiday, or a place where we feel good. Land -

303 scapes, in addition to being the context of our own lives, Ciutat, territori, paisatge is a project and a way of working provide a certain sense of personal wellbeing, identification which transcends barriers depending on the final aim and a sense of place or, contrarily, unease, rejection and sought. It is a new way of looking at education which is disaffection. In this broad sense, we are a part of the land - spreading at all levels, including universities, with great in - scape. volvement and dedication among students and faculty. This type of multidisciplinary work is becoming a need. As People are not static landscape elements; rather, they take such and despite the essentially geographic focus of the part in it, and their individual and collective actions can project, history and economic and social elements are in - The project Ciutat, territori, paisatge change the landscape in different ways. Living in a block cluded as is a reflexion on society and the environment. (”City, territory, landscape”) is based of flats or a townhouse, having a lawn or going to a shop - The project works on concepts, skills and competencies on the work of twelve educational ping centre on the city outskirts leads to the construction found in different sciences as well as in all the transversal files available on paper and a of infrastructure or defending the preservation of the ter - axes of the curriculum. website with many interactive activities. ritory, both becoming actions with clear repercussions on land planning and landscapes. People’s actions with re - Ciutat, territori, paisatge is based on an initial question to spect to landscape are often based on a way of under - which a global response must be provided. To find this an - standing people’s relationships with the environment and swer, the contents are ordered in terms of sequential ac - they respond to different civic or political views. tions or stepped exercises which can be evaluated, allow - ing us to reach the final answer. The use of reasoning, Personal and symbolic elements, then, are a third element reflection and the ability to learn implies developing textual to bear in mind when preparing the educational material communications (oral and writing) and audiovisual skills. for this project. These elements often serve to orientate It also explores how information is processed, favouring human actions with respect to landscape and step to cen - autonomy and personal initiative. In effect, it improves tre stage when attempting to raise awareness regarding knowledge and interaction with the physical world and so - the diversity of Catalan landscapes (natural, agrarian, ur - cial and citizenship skills. ban, etc.). They are also important when contemplating landscape preservation and planning for new uses as they This project also uses new technologies as a vehicle for arise. It is not a question of knowing what these landscapes the teaching-learning process. On the website Online Ed - are like but, rather, also understanding that the evaluation ucational Network of Catalonia ( Xarxa Telemàtica Educativa of a given landscape is the result of a set of perceptions de Catalunya , XTEC) sponsored by the Government of Cat - which can be contradictory though serving to promote per - alonia’s Ministry of Town and Urban Planning and Public sonal and civic commitment. Works and the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia, classes can work on all project contents and carry out a In accordance with the curricula established by the Gov - wide array of interactive activities, both focused on more ernment of Catalonia’s Ministry of Education in applying conceptual components as well as on skills development. Organic Law 2/2006, dated 3 May, on Education (“LOE”), the competencies and the content worked on in this proj - Landscape and the selected study ect are fully included within the Social Sciences, Geogra - topics phy and History fields in the required secondary education curriculum. In some matters, they pertain to Natural Sci - To explore the diversity of landscapes and the different ences programmes. For A Levels, they correspond to So - landscape issues in Catalonia and to do so in such a way cial Sciences and Humanities. Through these courses, the to involve students in every Catalan county, a selection of geographical characteristics of Catalonia and its rural, landscapes, representative of the different territories in urban and industrial spaces are studied while also devel - Catalonia, have been selected. The problems addressed oping basic skills in the use of image information sources correspond to the most recurring subjects included in the and maps. Catalan and European setting: cities, rural communities, energy, industry, tourism and others.

304 STUDY TOPICS AND LANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES AND STUDY QUESTIONS

File File Study question number File subject area Landscape number for the file Landscape 1 Urban landscape renewal Barcelona, 22@ 1 How has the urban landscape Barcelona, 22@ 2 Proximity to the metropolis Pla de Bages changed, transforming from an industrial neighbourhood 3 Urban gardens Baix Llobregat into a technological one (22@)? 4 Landscape as a resource Costa Brava 2 What effects does a city’s expansion Pla de Bages for tourism have on its surroundings? 5 A city within a natural park 3 Should rural spaces be preserved Baix Llobregat 6 Renewal of an ancient agrarian Priorat within an urban area? The landscapes chosen for landscape 4 How can landscape preservation Costa Brava the twelve files within the Ciutat, 7 An industrial landscape Tarragonès and tourism be made compatible? territori, paisatge project correspond to the same Catalan landscape units 8 Compact city, spread-out city Vallès 5 How can a city and a natural park Garrotxa be compatible? identified by the landscape 9 River landscapes Ribera d’Ebre catalogues, representing all and energy production 6 How can we preserve and live in a Priorat of Catalonia. traditionally dry agricultural area? 10 Irrigated landscapes in dry areas Segrià 7 Is industry compatible with housing, Tarragonès 11 Border landscapes tourism and agriculture? 12 Landscape as a tourism setting Era Val d’Aran 8 Flats or townhouses: which type Vallès of construction is more sustainable? Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, 9 Can a river landscape and traditional Ribera d’Ebre Ministry of Education and Landscape Observatory of Catalonia agricultural landscape coexist with potentially risky industrial activity? 10 What impact does irrigation have Segrià For each landscape, a study question has been formulated on planning and use of the territory? to orient students work as they should be able to answer 11 Do international borders change Cerdanya the landscape? the question upon completing the process. As such, this 12 Is landscape dehumanised and can Era Val d’Aran structure provides consistency to the work carried out, pre - it be turned into a theme park? senting a problem which the group has to reflect on in term of how landscape evolves and what makes it change as well Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, as requiring students to make decisions on planning issues. Ministry of Education and Landscape Observatory of Catalonia

Structuring the educational material: files, website and teaching guide Support materials to work with these files as well as the teaching guide for faculty are available on the website. The project consists of two different formats, a folder with twelve files and a website, though their respective struc - The website includes: tures and content are essentially the same. The twelve files in PDF format. The Ciutat, territori, paisatge folder includes: Interactive activities for each of the twelve landscapes. Teaching activities for each of the twelve files. Twelve files on paper, each dedicated to a specific land - Complementary documents for the twelve landscapes scape, with a map indicating its location in Catalonia, an (documents on each file, links to other websites, etc.). aerial photograph, a topographical map, a large panoramic The project teaching guide for faculty. photo, four smaller photos of different elements exempli - Guide on how to use the website and problem resolu - fying key concepts and an introductory text. tion.

305 The two formats are independent though complementary, With its two formats (files and CAN RIVER AND TRADITIONAL that is, they can be worked on separately or jointly. If faculty website), the Ciutat, territori, AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES CO-EXIST paisatge project aims to adapt opt to work with the files, they will have to consult the web - WITH HIGH-RISK INDUSTRY? to the different types of in-class site to find the complementary documents or to search for activities and the diversity of the information on other websites. If, however, they opt to use basic competencies addressed. the website simultaneously with the paper files, all the in - formation will be available without having to change screens.

The teaching model: key concepts, teamwork and evaluations

All the teaching activities considered in the project respond to a teaching model based on the use of key concepts, teamwork and evaluation.

The key concepts serve to build and synthesise knowledge, providing students with valid interpretative tools for any type of landscape. Their sequential use helps to structure the students’ way of thinking and allows working in the most multidisciplinary fashion. terventions provoke its standardisation and trivialisation. The key concepts used in the Ciutat, territori, paisatge proj - This collective identification with the landscape can be, at ect are as follows: times, an expression of nationality or simply the appropri - ation of a given space. Landscape interventions have to Function: Each landscape and landscape component maintain cultural heritage and generate new identities. has a use which can be recognised by carefully observing it or by means of careful analysis. Some landscape func - Among the different teaching methodologies suited to the tions are ancestral while other uses arise as lifestyles or project’s principles, we have chosen the one which best economic activities change. serves to carry out a guided project. A project based on Evolution: Change and evolution are inherent landscape answering a study question is a complex activity requiring traits. Landscapes change throughout the day, over the knowledge of different disciplines, controlling diverse year and over time. This implies continuity and change in methodologies, consulting a wide variety of information The files enable students to see landscape and territorial planning. sources, applying scientific reasoning, working individually a photo of the landscape being Conflict and consensus: Changes in land use imply and in teams, preparing reports, debating, presenting a studied as well as an aerial photo and four smaller images highlighting new planning methods and models with which not all social paper, revising the actions carried out, etc. key details which cannot be agents agree. Conflict has to be seen as a moment of dis - appreciated in the panoramic view. agreement produced during moments of change; consen - This methodology, perfectly suited to the project’s aims sus is a moment of agreement when successful negotia - and curricular demands in the required secondary educa - tions and pacts are reached. Spatial planning is a situation tion programme, can be placed within the currently dom - of conflict. inant socio-constructivist learning approaches in the West - Sustainability: Landscape interventions have to maintain ern world. Students are required to make use of superior an ecological balance and preserve the natural heritage. skills (analysis, synthesis, giving opinions and proposing Sustainability has to be an inherent characteristic of inter - alternatives, etc.). It also requires follow-up and consistent ventions in the territory and landscapes. work and it is highly motivating because, amongst other Identity / trivialisation: Landscapes generate a sense reasons, students understand the tasks required and their of belonging and appropriation, though some human in - usefulness beyond just meeting educational demands.

306 In this image we see the study HOW DO URBAN LANDSCAPES CHANGE WHEN CONVERTED FROM AN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT question, file 1 on Barcelona 22@ INTO A TECHNOLOGICAL DISTRICT? and the related key concepts.

Function Evolution Conflict /agreement Sustainability Identity / trivialisation Rehabilitation and new construction Change in land uses Green areas Circulation Technological industry New identity Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Ministry of Education and Landscape Observatory of Catalonia

Each landscape has a specific, associated study question which, as a whole, is responsible for analysing each land - which must be answered upon completing the work and scape, becoming aware of planning issues and debating presented orally to the class as a whole. on proposals to improve the landscape. These consensual proposals can then be sent to the competent authorities This landscape analysis consists of 6 phases which cor - for students to realise that their opinions are important respond to the type of reasoning to be carried out. In the and can be heard. prospects phase, students are specifically asked to provide a concrete proposal regarding landscape intervention. The files, activity guides and website have been designed for work to be carried out by the class as a whole divided As mentioned, reading and interpreting a landscape is a into small, cooperative teams. With the files, students complex task which requires multiple approaches. For have to work in these teams, carry out activities to reach this, a combination between individual work and group consensus and then synthesise results from the class as work is necessary. Working collaboratively in groups allows a whole. With the website, all the activities are designed students to carry out more specific analytical activities, as a role-playing game in which each group becomes such as identifying and describing landscape elements, a professional work team which has to respond to a given defining guidelines, etc., and also more complex activities, task. such as debating which elements have to be included in a landscape map and debating on the landscape vision In a complex process such as this one, learning requires different affected parties can have or defining improvement follow-up and regulation which are achieved by means of measures. In cooperative work, greater commitment is re - evaluations, designed for students to evaluate themselves. quired of individual students, aware that the group’s suc - From the outset, students know the tasks to be carried cess depends on the interdependence of all the group out, the steps to be taken, the commitment required and members. the concrete results expected of them. To help them carry out their tasks correctly, help and orientation is provided The entire class also has to assume this commitment given in addition to other activities to evaluate and mark them, that the group is conceived as a learning community thus making this component of the faculty’s tasks easier.

307 WORK PHASES WITH THE FILES tivities was prepared during the 2007/2008 academic year while the final design of the training programmes for faculty Phase 1 Initial landscape information and perception: was completed during the 2008/2009 academic year. At How does this landscape make you feel? the same time, the project’s website was designed and Phase 2 Landscape description : launched between 2007 and 2008. How is it? Phase 3 Analysis of change processes produced The long-term objective of the Ciutat, territori, paisatge in the landscape : How does it evolve? Why? project is to encourage students to reflect on the complex The project “Ciutat, territori, What consequences does this have? relationships established in the urban society in which we paisatge” (“City, territory, Phase 4 Conflict/consensus and empathy regarding live, and spatial and landscape planning and management. landscape”) uses classroom, changes in the landscape : This reflection has to be done with a critical attitude re - individual and group work as well What do the affected parties think? garding the human activities which change landscapes as field excursions. Phase 5 Landscape prospects : and a responsible attitude as citizens which can participate How do you think it will change? How would you like it to change? in social events. Phase 6 General conclusions and study question response To achieve this objective, the Catalan Ministry of Education Source: Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, began to organise training programmes for faculty during Ministry of Education and Landscape Observatory of Catalonia the 2009/2010 academic course, aimed at optimising the use of the different material and to promote using land - A project in constant evolution scape as a didactic resource. In addition, we expect to update the material and information sources on the website The files and teaching material included in the Ciutat, ter - and the project will continue to be assessed and evaluated. ritori, paisatge project were originally prepared in 2006 and For more information on this project, see the publication launched experimentally in pilot programmes in ten high Perspectiva escolar no. 311 and the websites www. schools in diverse Catalan counties during the 2006/2007 catpaisatge.net, www.gencat.net/fitxespaisatge and www. academic year. The definitive version of the teaching ac - xtec.cat/paisatge.

308 MEANS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND RAISING AWARENESS Co-operative European programmes on landscape Júlia Rubert i Tayà

Introduction and which underscores the importance of establishing landscape programmes together with other regions. Defining and fomenting landscape policies has only recently occurred in European public policies, though de - Both projects focus on the Mediterranean as the area for veloped at very diverse levels depending on the country. co-operation. Mediterranean regions have a rich and highly This heterogeneity is due to the different social attitudes diverse landscape, making them very different from one an - and cultural traditions regarding landscapes and how com - other though they also share some basic and common traits petencies for this issue are allotted and distributed among and have undergone similar processes in terms of landscape the different administrative units within governments changes. Launching international projects such as these The regions participating in the (environment, spatial policy and urban planning, agricul- represent an opportunity to exchange knowledge, share ex - “Pays. doc” project included a good ture, etc.). periences and adopt common landscape strategies. part of the Mediterranean coast in Europe.

The lack of specific and transversal landscape policies is The “Pays.doc project: good practices the reason why sector-specific policies are not necessarily for the landscape” co-ordinated or, despite some exceptions such as to pro - tect natural spaces, why landscape is not explicitly seen Precedents as an objective of the different policies’ respective focus. Co-operation between Mediterranean regions on land - scape issues counts on important precedents, including To help promote a common landscape policy, the European the Mediterranean Landscape Charter signed in Seville in Landscape Convention, signed in 2000 after a period of 1992 by the Presidents of Andalusia, Tuscany and Langue - consultation, debate and consensus at the European level, doc-Roussillon and adopted in 1993 by the 3 rd Conference Three international seminars were held throughout the “Pays.doc” established three reference axes to guide landscape poli - of Mediterranean Regions. This Charter, in fact, served as project. They were open to the cies among signatory countries (protection, management the basis for the Congress of Local and Regional Author - public and preceded by meetings and planning). This convention also served to expressly ities in Europe when preparing the European Landscape among representatives from participating regions. manifest signatory countries’ commitment to co-operate . Convention. The commitments specifically identified include: Within the collaborative context initiated by the Mediter - Offering each other mutual technical and scientific ranean Landscape Charter in 1992, Andalusia, Tuscany assistance by gathering and exchanging experiences and and other Spanish regions launched the “1 st Mediterranean research results on landscape issues; Landscape Awards” within the INTERREG IIC programme. Encouraging the exchange between landscape spe - The positive collaboration and good results of this experi - cialists , especially for their training and information; and ence are the direct predecessors of the Pays.doc. Buenas Exchanging information on all questions addressed prácticas de paisaje (“Pays.doc: Good Practices for the within the European Landscape Convention. Landscape”) project.

Within this context of co-operation and information sharing, Characteristics and objectives we describe two projects, “Pays.doc” and “Pays. med. ur - The “Pays.doc” project was financed by the European ban”, in which Catalonia has specifically co-operated in Union’s INTERREG IIIB MEDOCC programme and carried accordance with the objectives outlined in Law 8/2005 on out from 2004-2008 . Its general objective was to develop Catalan Landscape Protection, Management and Planning, and apply the EU’s 1999 territorial strategy and the 2000

309 European Landscape Convention to public policies (espe - last meeting (Seville) a public ceremony was held for the cially in terms of territorial, urban planning, environmental, winners of the 2 nd Mediterranean Landscape Awards in - infrastructure, agriculture, tourism and cultural policies). stead of a seminar. The project was based on interregional co-operation and focused on sharing and standardising regional norms, proj - For each region’s technical units, the project consisted ects and instruments with an impact on landscape. To fundamentally of work carried out by their service personnel achieve this general objective, four lines of action where while specific tasks were outsourced. The exchange of in - determined. formation between regions was carried out via e-mail, a restricted area within the project’s website and via an FTP 13 Mediterranean regions from 4 European Union mem - address. ber countries took part: the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, Murcia and Valencia (Spain); Lines of action Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (France); Tuscany, Umbria, This project included four lines of action , all of which were Lazio, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, Lombardy and Basili - led by a region in the technical secretariat. cata (Italy); and the prefecture of Magnesia (Greece). The observation point files chosen Line of action 1: by each region allowed the project Organisational structure and methodology Virtual Observatory of Mediterranean Landscapes to determine the essential traits and The project was based on work and co-ordination at three The Virtual Observatory of Mediterranean Landscapes the dynamics within representative organisational levels: a steering committee, a technical sec - was co-ordinated by Andalusia. Its objective was to estab - landscapes. These files were prepared using a standard format retariat and various technical units. The steering commit - lish a virtual network of observation points for Mediterranean and abundant photos and visual tee , or plenary, included representatives from all the par - landscapes and to keep track of their transformation. It was material. ticipating regions and served to provide information and based on a selection of a number of significant areas in co-ordinate the project. The technical secretariat consisted each region, sufficiently representative of the diversity and of representatives from the regions leading the four different dynamics within current Mediterranean landscapes. Given lines of action (Andalusia, Catalonia, Umbria and Tuscany); that landscapes represent a registry of society’s adaptation it was in charge of centralising the project’s management to the environment, the Virtual Observatory was conceived and led and supervised project development, establishing as a database which would inform about landscape diver - the calendar, priorities and implementation directives. The sity and changing patterns while also serving as a useful technical units included experts from all the regions par - instrument with which to provide operational support for ticipating in the project. The region leading each line of ac - public policies when making decisions. The line of action, Virtual tion determined the content, format, work calendar and in - Observatory of Mediterranean formation required from the regions, while each region was The Virtual Observatory of Mediterranean Landscapes con - Landscapes, culminated with responsible for contributing to the joint work carried out. sists of a set of observation points within each region the inclusion of all the information gathered in the project’s website (between 22 and 51 each), chosen to represent each re - and the publication of a book which Throughout the project, the technical secretariat held nu - gion’s landscape diversity. The photographs taken at each included three files from each merous meetings, four of which coincided with steering observation point (467 photos total) led to the creation of participating region. committee meetings. In addition, three international sem - a collection of images and a standardised informational inars were organised throughout the project, coinciding file which included the following for each landscape: as well with steering committee meetings. In these semi - nars, experts, companies and guest institutions all took a schematic location map; part. The topics addressed in these seminars/workshops a double-entry matrix to classify the point according to were: “Development and management of a recognition and its topology (high mountains, mid/low mountains, plain or observation system for Mediterranean landscapes” (Mar - coast) and the degree to which the area has been trans - seilles), “Landscape quality” (Florence) and “Good prac - formed (natural, rural or urban); tices for quality landscapes” (Barcelona). All these seminars a main image accompanied by a text to provide some were free and open to the general public. In the project’s context and shorter texts to address specific elements;

310 a formal interpretation outline for the landscape and pri - The four categories included in this award are: mary units; complementary graphic material (essentially new and A. Plans, programmes and projects historical photos); B. Work carried out a territorial section to demonstrate land heights and uses; C. Awareness-raising initiatives an artistic expression of the landscape based on paint - D. Communications activities ings, etchings or photographs; and a literary text with a subjective interpretation of the land - A total of 258 candidatures were presented (between 8 The Catalogue of Good Practices , scape. and 61 per region), spread out fairly equally among all four prepared as part of the "Pays.doc" project, includes the candidatures categories. Regional selection committees were created presented for the 2 nd Mediterranean The results of this line of action were summarised, on the to choose a maximum of 5 candidates per region. Finally, Landscape Awards, among which one hand, on the project’s website (www.paysmed.net) an international jury was selected consisting of 5 members were four winners and five special and, on the other, in the book entitled Observatorio virtual (four representing a member country each: Spain, Italy, mentions. del paisaje mediterráneo (“Virtual Observatory of Mediter - France and Greece, and another not from participating ranean Landscapes”) which included a selection of three countries). This jury was in charge of choosing the four files per region and an accompanying DVD which allowed winners and five special mentions. users to search all observation points within the virtual network. 22 candidatures from Catalonia were presented. The project to restore the Vall d’en Joan controlled landfill by Batlle Line of action 2: i Roig, architects, and Teresa Galí-Izard, landscape designer, Catalogue of Good Practices and the Mediterranean on behalf of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, was pro - Landscape Awards claimed the winner in category B. The European Land - The Catalogue of Good Practices was co-ordinated by scape Biennial co-ordinated by the Illustrious College of Tuscany. Its objective was to share information about dif - Architects of Catalonia, the Friends of the UPC and the Mas - ferent initiatives and exemplary actions from a landscape ter in Landscape (ETSAB) and financed by different local perspective. These ranged from direct intervention projects administrations received special mention in category D. to management instruments such as plans, programmes or awareness campaigns. This goal was fulfilled with the The results of this line of work culminated with the publi - 2nd Mediterranean Landscape Awards and the published cation of the Catalogue of Good Practices which detailed catalogue. the five candidatures. Each region was described using The project to restore the Vall d’en standard formats and abundant graphic material (primarily Joan controlled landfill (Batlle i Roig, architects, and Teresa Galí-Izard, Adopting good landscape practices and initiatives which blueprints and photos). The remaining candidatures not landscape designer) was proclaimed respect historical legacy (especially valuable in the case included in the publication were accessible via the project the winner in category B. The work of the Mediterranean whose landscapes have been in - website. carried out by the European tensely transformed since time immemorial and are irrev - Landscape Biennial organised by the Illustrious College of Architects ocably linked to human action) and which, at the same Line of action 3: in Catalonia, Friends of the UPC and time, are capable of inventing new formulas and solutions Project website Master in Landscape (ETSAB) was represents a stimulating challenge to which the awards The creation of a dedicated portal (www.paysmed.net), a given a special mention in category and catalogue aimed to contribute. line of action led by Umbria, had two purposes: firstly, fa - D for communications activities. cilitate the exchange of information between member re - As mentioned, the 1 st Mediterranean Landscape Awards gions while the project was underway, enabling a restricted serve as the direct antecedent to this line of action. Due area for this; and, secondly, inform the general public about to its success, it was decided that the experience should the results obtained. be repeated with a second edition. In May 2006, with the call for the 2 nd Awards by each region’s respective institu - As mentioned, the website also served as a communica - tions, the process to select good practices was launched. tions platform to allow the general public access to the

311 diverse documentation provided by the different regions as guía (“Good Landscape Practices: Guidelines”). The latter well as other information of interest, such as a synthesis of establishes criteria and recommendations when plan - the specific country and regional laws affecting landscape, ning and designing interventions in each of the four sub - a trilingual glossary of landscape-related terms and a cal - ject areas. The book’s content is progressively addressed endar of related international events. Nowadays it is a web - over space and time and presents practical indications in site shared with the running project “Pays.med.urban”. an orderly and coherent fashion for the different intervention phases and levels of detail. The theoretical contributions The website can still be consulted in any of the three official are complemented by practical information on exemplary Publications resulting from project languages (Spanish, French and Italian), though it actions carried out in the different regions, chosen due to the project “Pays.doc” and materials also contains documents in other languages, including their potential interest or applicability to the entire Mediter - created by the ongoing project Catalan. The site’s layout consists of two lateral navigation ranean area. “Pays.med.urban” can be found on the website www.paysmed.net. bars, one with information about the project and the other with basic information about the participating regions. The This guide was published in three different versions cor - “Pays.doc” part of the website also includes an interactive responding to the project’s official languages: Spanish, map in the centre (with which users can access information French and Italian. It also included a CD with the three ver - filtered by the region they click on) and a series of tabs sions and numerous complementary information. It can be with additional information at the top of the page. consulted on the project website and the Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works’ website. Line of action 4: Practical landscape guide Assessment Preparing a practical landscape guide was defined as a At the end of the “Pays.doc” project, the set of member For each of the four subject areas selected (agrarian landscapes, line of action with a clearly operational focus. Its objective regions evaluated the experience and the results achieved, industrial landscapes, cultural was to develop and communicate criteria and useful and rating it positively. On the one hand, they felt the project landscapes and infrastructure), practical information about public and private actions with had contributed to further educate the people involved the guide established criteria and an impact on landscape. Catalonia, in charge of this line of thanks to the exchange of ideas, knowledge and diverse directives and gathered interesting experiences and initiatives launched action, established the publication’s layout and developed material (primarily projects and publications). On the other in the different regions. the content in accordance with the bibliographies, practical hand, the project also produced interesting material avail - experience, images and work carried out by the other re - able to professionals, administrations and other institutions gions. Four areas of interest were defined for this guide: involved in managing and planning landscapes.

Agrarian landscapes: focused on agrarian buildings However, the project’s weak points include the bureaucratic due to their growing presence and their significant impact complexity in terms of its management (typical in European on rural spaces; projects), communications problems due to the partici - Industrial landscapes: referring especially to industrial pants’ unequal linguistic skills and the limited paper edi - and economic activity parks due to their notable territorial tions of the publications, amongst others. This practical guide on landscape dispersion; was published in separate editions Infrastructure: especially roads due to their dual con - The “Pays.med.urban” project for the three official project dition as privileged positions offering views of landscapes languages (Spanish, French and Italian) and included a CD with the and as elements which can potentially fragment and sep - The positive results obtained from the “Pays.doc” project three versions and complementary arate landscapes; and encouraged the thirteen member regions to strengthen information. Cultural landscapes: understanding these as exemplary their collaborative bonds and to present a new project to expressions of harmonious relationships between society the open call for the MED Programme financed by Europe and the environment. for 2009-2011.

The results of this line of action are represented by the The project presented is called “ Pays.med.urban”: la qualitat publication of the book, Buenas prácticas de paisaje. Líneas del paisatge com a clau de sostenibilitat i competitivitat de

312 les àrees urbanes mediterrànies (“Pays.med.urban: Land - tugal). In addition, RECEP (the European Network of Local scape quality as a key to sustainability and competitiveness and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of the Eu - in urban Mediterranean areas”). Its objective is to promote, ropean Landscape Convention) is also taking part, thus exchange and inform in order to improve landscapes in the totalling 15 members. Currently, the project is in its initial following ambits: open suburban spaces, new residential phases. It is foreseen that workshops and debates on the areas in suburban spaces, new economic activity sectors, project’s lines of action will be organised in all the regions access to population centres, and the exterior image of pop - while the project is active. ulation centres, urban fringes and deteriorated urban spaces. Epilogue Within the framework of a globalised economy and stan - dardised landscapes, one of the main challenges faced by Since the approval of the European Landscape Convention, contemporary landscapes is to precisely stop the loss of its ratification and effective implementation have slowly identity and values of day-to-day landscapes, all the while moved forward though at an unequal pace. While interna - not discouraging their necessary change and transforma - tional collaboration and exchanges have been strength - tion. For this reason, new approaches are needed in both ened, the presence and importance of landscape in terri - One of the 6 subject areas included public administrations and private agents. The effective torial planning strategies and instruments is still generally in the “Pays.med.urban” project regulation and design of landscape initiatives has to be weak and very heterogeneous. is the quality of transitional spaces able to make generating economic wealth compatible with between population centres and environmental sustainability and social cohesion. In addi - In addition to establishing collaborative mechanisms, the their environment, spaces which are often subject to transformation tion to this challenge, there is another capital one: main - Convention foresees taking concrete actions, both general processes deteriorating their taining landscape quality as a competitive and attractive in nature (legally recognising landscape, fomenting preser - landscape values. feature in an increasingly globalised market. vation policies, landscape management and planning, and integrating it in the other territorial and sector-specific poli - The “Pays.med.urban” project aims to explore landscape’s cies) and specific (establishing basic and specialised train - potential as a generator of wealth and activity. It stems from ing programmes, identifying and evaluating landscapes and the idea that landscape quality is not only important to main - defining landscape quality objectives). This is not, however, tain identity, ecological health and the quality of life of its an easy task, nor can it be implemented quickly. It requires people; rather, it also represents strategic territorial capital decisive actions by public bodies, fomenting transversality to be able to attract tourism, companies in new economic when designing, applying and evaluating landscape policies activity areas and a creative and qualified workforce. and encouraging greater awareness among the citizenry.

The project includes six lines of action, taking and adapting Within this context, maintaining and strengthening Euro - the four lines of action in the “Pays.doc” project (obser - pean collaborative networks and carrying out international vatory, catalogue of good practices, web portal and guide - projects such as “Pays.doc” and “Pays.med.urban” are of Catalonia will co-ordinate the new lines) and creating two new ones (raising awareness and great interest and represent one of the possible strategies line of action on awareness within pilot programmes). Catalonia will be in charge of co-ordi - to overcome contextual obstacles and adopt contrasted the “Pays.med.urban” project. nating the awareness line of action. Its objective is to iden - actions carried out in other places. This will allow us to The aim is to compile a list of exemplary experiences and tify and contrast energising landscape experiences, the learn from other territories, gain time and save resources, initiatives undertaken in aim being to identify criteria and useful and replicable in - all the while contributing to strengthen a European identity participating regions and extract struments, especially at the local level. and the tradition of working within a supranational frame - conclusions from these to be used work. More information on the projects “Pays.doc” and in the development of future initiatives. The regions participating in this new project are: the Au - “Pays.med.urban” can be found at the website www. tonomous Communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, Mallorca, paysmed.net. There, you can also download the publica - Murcia and Valencia (Spain); the prefecture of Magnesia tions Buenas prácticas de paisaje. Líneas guía, Observa - (Greece); Basilicata, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, Lombardy, torio virtual del paisaje mediterráneo and Catálogo de bue - Tuscany, Umbria and Veneto (Italy); and the Algarve (Por - nas prácticas para el paisaje .

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