No. 37 Winter 2002/03

NEWS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forest Use and Soil ETFRN and EC News 1 Quality Organisations - Programmes 3 • How f orest plantations af f ect the soil 3 • Dung or f orest biomass as f uel - ev en plantation trees with a bad reputation help conserv e soil f ertility 5 • Mixed species plantations of eucaly ptus and acacia: growth, nutrition and soil changes 8 • Inf luence of poplar short-rotation coppice on some • soil properties 11 • The ef f ect of exotic tree plantations in northern • Thailand on soil properties 17 • The carbon cy cling in the eucaly pt plantations • in Congo 21 • The impact of tropical industrial tree plantations on • site nutrient status, site productiv ity and economic prof itability 23 • The long term memory of soils - how Amazonian • dark earths ref lect past land use 25 • Mangrov es in the red riv er estuary in Vietnam: a • sink or source of nutrients? 28

Research Cooperation Sought 33

Internet Features 36

Funding/Opportunities 37

Other News 41

European Tropical Research Forest Network Publications 53 Editorial

Dear readers,

As this issue goes to print, the first call for proposals for the EC sixth framework programme for research, technological development and demonstration have been published. These calls include opportunities for forest research in the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean - please see p. 1 - 2 for forest related themes covered by the calls.

The theme of this newsletter - forest use and soil quality - and particularly the effect of forest plantations on the soil - touches on many issues of global concern such as the sustainable use of soil and water resources, biological diversity, and carbon sources and sinks. Our guest editor, Prof. Gerhard Glatzel, has highlighted these links in his introductory article. He also points out the danger of approaching these questions from a purely technological point of view, stating that the degraded lands which should be reforested according to the forest department may well serve as grazing lands for local people. The attempt to establish a plantation on such lands without prior consultation and conflict resolution will probably be a waste of effort and resources. In his article, Zerfu Hailu provides fuel for such negotiations, by comparing the potential effects on soil fertility of the use of firewood from Eucalypt plantations with the use of dried dung for the same purpose.

But even when all parties agree that a forest plantation should be established, success is not yet guaranteed. As several of the authors point out, trees, like any other plants, extract plant nutrients from the soil to grow, and harvesting the trees will remove these nutrients. Because trees are able to extract nutrients from deeper soil levels than most agricultural crops, they can often grow on soils where agricultural crops would fail, so the need for nutrient management may not be immediately obvious. However, several of the experiments described in the following articles show that it makes good economic sense to pay attention to this.

Hoping you will enjoy reading this issue and that the articles will provide food for thought; please remember that ETFRN CU always welcomes comments, and contributions for future issues.

We are grateful to Gerhard Glatzel for editing this issue of the ETFRN News. Please note the theme and deadline for the next issues on the back cover.

Willemine Brinkman ETFRN Coordinator

ETFRN Coordination Unit c/o Tropenbos International PO Box 232, 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands Cover illustration: Fishery in the mangroves of Tel: +31 317 495516 Fax: +31 317 495521 the Red River Estuary in Vietnam Email: [email protected] Http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn

Editor: Willemine Brinkman Photograph provided by Henk Wösten Guest Editor for this issue: Gerhard Glatzel Editorial assistance: Jacqui McGrath

ETFRN News 37/02 ETFRN and European Commission News ETFRN and European Commission News

EC NEWS 6.3.I.6.a Adaptation and mitigation regional and international dimensions and 10. Specific measures in support of strategies (NoE or IP) focus on strategic the societal needs international cooperation 6th Framework Programme EC DG policy options in the context of international Closure: 11 September 2003 17:00 hrs RESEARCH 2002-2006 agreements on global change; IPCC 6.3.VIII - Cross cutting issue: Sustainable (Brussels time) recommendations; quantitative asessment of development concepts and tools: The European Commission launched its 6th adaptive capacity and vulnerability of natural A. Developing Countries Framework Programme for Research (FP6) and human systems to climate change; 6.3.VIII.1.a Harmonising and sharing of A.2.1 Managing humid and semi-humid in November 2002. The total budget is 17.5 effective science - policy linkages methods and data in environmental and Ecosystems. - includes research on billion Euro. The programme is intended to health externalities evaluation; extraction of ecosystem dynamics to develop policy strengthen larger-scale research integration 6.3.III.1.1 Developing a network for operational estimates from existing studies options and management strategies; focus and co-operation in Europe, reduce European long-term terrestrial and (on thresholds of sustainability and on: opportunities for enhanced economic fragmentation in research and improve links freshwater and ecosystem externalities) (STREPs and CAs) productivity and limits to sustainable between science and society. Two new research, based on existing facilities (NoE) production; sustainable water management funding instruments have been included in 6.3.VIII.2.a High level scientific validation of at river basin scale; forest ecosystem FP6: Networks of Excellence (NoE) and 6.3.III.1.3 Developing genomic approaches methodologies, tools and appraisals restoration and reclamation techniques. Integrated Projects (IP). Information on to enable the understanding of biodiversity developed for the these and all other FP6 instruments, such as and ecosystem structures and dynamics assessment and strategy definition A.2.2 Reconciling multiple demands on Specific Targeted Research Projects (NoE or IP) (STREPs and CAs) coastal zones includes ecosystem research (STREPs) can be found at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/fp6 6.3.III.2.1 Generating models of socio- 6.3.VIII.2.b Indicators: sharing and Call for Independent Experts for /networks-ip.html economic impacts on biodiversity and harmonising databases and statistics and Evaluation of Proposals and monitoring ecosystems (STREPs and Coordination building consensus on combined ecological, and reviewing of projects: Within the FP6 there are funding actions - CAs) environmental and social indicators to be http://www.cordis.lu/experts/fp6_candi opportunities for forest research in the used to monitor progress towards dature.htm tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean. The 6.3.III.4.1 Assessing large-scale sustainable development at different most relevant areas in FP6 are thematic environmental risks to biodiversity and to geographical levels (STREPs and CAs) For further information on FP6, including a sub-priority 1.1.6.3 'Global Change and terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, downloadable guide on participating in the Ecosystems' and special programme 1.10 including biological invasions (also by The following topics for Specific Support sixth framework programme; the full text of ‘Specific measures in support of pathogens), climate change, environmental Actions, formerly Accompanying measures, all five specific programmes in 11 International Cooperation’ (INCO). chemicals, rate and extent of loss of will be considered for funding in 2003: languages; and FAQs, please see However, also other thematic priorities, pollinators (NoE or IP) * Actions such as the European Network for http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/fp6 special programmes and structuring Research in Global Change (ENRICH) /index_en.html activities provide funding possibilities for 6.3.IV.1.a Research on mechanisms of * Capitalisation of results from past forest research. and soil quality (STREPs research on sustainable agriculture and ETFRN NEWS and CAs) includes developing and perspectives for future research actions. Please note the following first calls for demonstrating ecotechnological innovation; Comparison of externalities calculation in ETFRN and the UK’s DFID-FRP are proposals, published 17 Dec 2002, on methods and tools for landcare agricultural and forest production organising an information meeting in http://www.cordis.lu/fp6/calls.htm * Lessons from past research on Brussels on February 4, 2003 on EC 6.3.V.2.2.a Development and application of sustainable production and utilisation of funding sources for forest research in the 1.1.6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems: integrated approach and tools for long-term forests. Characterisation of the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean, Closes 8 April 2003, 17:00 hrs (Brussels sustainability of forest status and multifunctionality aspects of forestry/wood focussing on FP6 in particular. time) productivity (NoE or IP) - role and impact of chain with regard to natural resource the complete forestry-wood chain in the conservation, landscape creation and land For information, please contact the ETFRN The following themes in the call may be of context of the EU sustainable development use according to different types of regions Coordination Unit. specific interest; the funding instrument is strategy taking into account the (mountains, coastal zones, cultivated areas given between brackets: multifunctionality aspects, including the and urban forests)

ETFRN News 37/02 1 2 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

important feature of forest soils in view of humification processes. Herbaceous likely to deteriorate, if forest remnants are HOW FOREST PLANTATIONS AFFECT regeneration ecology and biodiversity. understorey has to be taken into account too. more heavily exploited. In new plantations THE SOIL It is controlled by light availability and the biomass accumulation on the forest floor may An introduction to the theme and why we For all these reasons forest soil science is a structure and chemical composition of the litter increase fire danger both from natural causes need more research on it well recognised, special field and it is deposited from the canopy. In terms of its and from herders in need of pasture. sufficient to refer to textbooks on forest soils direct contribution to carbon sequestration, the Prescribed burning may be used to reduce the By Gerhard Glatzel to answer the question of how forests affect understoreuzy may not be very significant. risk of damaging fires, but it requires skills on the soil in general. In the context of forest Indirectly it may have a large effect because of the local level and acceptance by the Even the casual hiker notices changes in soil plantations however, there are gaps in its role in nutrient cycling and soil biology. educated public because a role of fire in properties when he enters a forest from knowledge on various scales. carbon sequestration is difficult to explain. grassland. Usually he sees leaf litter, fallen In the planning of forest plantations many The role of plantations in landscape hydrology from forest trees on the soil surface and the As a consequence of carbon trading, factors other than carbon sequestration in has many facets. Well established forests are soil is likely to be softer to the impact of his ecosystem restoration and increased demand plant biomass and soil have to be considered. usually considered beneficial because of boots. In a forest not much foliage is consumed for specific and uniform wood and fibre tree Soil erosion is not necessarily minimised in better infiltration of rain water and more even by herbivores and more or less integer leaves plantations will most likely increase forest plantations. Seasonally dense canopies discharge. From the perspective of local users are shed from the canopy, when their significantly world wide during the coming of deciduous trees may suppress herbaceous dried up wells as a consequence of increased functional lifespan is over. These dead or decades. In order to understand and quantify forest floor vegetation, making the topsoil water use by plantations of fast growing tree dying leaves are depleted of nutrients due to the effect of forest plantations, not only the susceptible to erosion in the dry season, in species may be a catastrophe, despite all re-translocation into the tree and are aboveground biomass has to be taken into particular if litter has been reduced by benefits further downstream. Where high consumed on the forest floor by a well account, but also how these plantations affect prescribed burning or by collection for fuel by water tables and salinity are a problem, structured community of organisms, which are the soil. With regard to carbon sequestration, the local population. Water repellent litter plantations have been used to control capable of utilizing the tree litter. Fallen there is a lack of information on the dynamics layers or soil sealing by waxy substances may interflow and seepage to effectively lower branches or dead trees harbour many highly of carbon incorporation in the soil as well as increase runoff. Mechanical site preparation, water tables at valley bottoms. specialised consumers as well as their carbon saturation and potential carbon chemical weed control, nutrient exports from parasites and predators. The shady and humid release from soil, if the plantation is destroyed harvesting and stool renewal in coppiced Unfortunately a very simple concept of the interior of forests allows soil organisms to act or if the climate changes. Recent work shows, plantations may significantly impact on soil benefits of forest plantations has been at the soil surface much more often than in the that soils have a long carbon memory. The properties. Many plantation tree species are followed in the carbon trade argumentation harsh climate outside the forest. The humus assumption that forest soils store more carbon capable of outgrowing the supply of mineral and it is to be feared that in reality forest layer and topsoil in forest is therefore generally than steppe or scrub soils has been nutrients provided by the soil. Deficiency plantations will not always produce the more porous and open to infiltration of water. challenged. The correlation of carbon storage symptoms, retarded growth, susceptibility to desired effects. In view of the local, regional Less evident but by no means unimportant are potential of forest soils with basic soil abiotic and biotic stress and even dieback may and global importance it would be important to the effects of tree roots. Frequently more than properties such as clay content, pH or soil surprise some years after planting, if the soil is establish a global database on the effects of 50 percent of the photosynthetic carbon gain in hydrology is by far not as well worked out as unknown and has not been tested. forest plantations on soils, landscapes and the canopy is used for root processes, in arable land. A much broader spectrum of communities and to establish a scientific sustaining not only root growth but a diverse soil properties of soils potentially suitable for Land use and conservation deserve special network to identify and address gaps in microbial community deep within the soil. Tree tree plantations adds to the problem. Tree attention, in particular in subtropical and knowledge. The following contributions roots of large trees bear a remarkable static species used in forest plantations are tropical countries. Degraded land or badlands provide insight into some ongoing research in and dynamic load. When trees sway in the physiologically much more diverse than targeted for carbon plantation may be so this field. wind, the lower parts of the soil profile are agricultural crops. Rooting depth and root classified from a forester's perspective or that compacted, while the upper layer is lifted and distribution in the soil profile determine carbon of a company in the carbon trade business. Something to read: loosened. The border between compaction input, in particular to deeper soil layers, soil From a villager’s viewpoint the same land may Calder IR 2002. Forests and hydrological services: water relations and mineral nutrition. Leaves be pasture and source of various plant or Reconciling public and science perceptions. Land and loosening depends very much on the root Use and Water Resources Research 2.2:1-12 architecture of the tree species in the forest. of evergreen trees are often highly protected animal resources for household use. by hard to degrade and toxic substances to Establishing and protecting plantations, usually On slopes tree roots bind the soil and prevent Currie WS and Nadelhoffer KJ. 2002. The imprint of erosion. Another feature of forest soils is ensure long functioning in the canopy. on the more suitable sites, will inevitably land-use history: Patterns of carbon and nitrogen in arborturbation, the turnover of soil by uprooting Deposited to the forest floor they resist quick increase pressure on the remaining land if food downed woody debris at the Harvard forest. of trees. It creates inhomogeneity, another decomposition and become substrate for and fuel are scarce. As plantations offer little in Ecosystems 5:446-460 unique decomposition food webs and terms of biodiversity, the over all situation is

ETFRN News 37/02 3 4 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

Koerner W, Dupouey JL, Dambrine E and Benoît M consumption was supplied by biomass fuel cakes were broken down and mixed and out of wood biomass was 32.9 kg while caloric 1997. Influence of past land use on the vegetation and sources. Cow dung is widely used and its the mixture a sub-sample of 100 gram was equivalent amounts of dung contained 858 kg, soils of present day forests in the Vosges mountains, share is particularly high in the Ethiopian drawn for oven dry weight determination and which is more than 25 times as much. This France. J of Ecology 85:351-358 Highlands, increasing with increasing nutrient analysis. means that substitution of dung as biomass Little D, Farrell E and Collins J 1997. Land-use elevation. Above 2400 m the share of cow fuel by Eucalyptus wood depletes the land far legacies and soil development in semi-natural dung of the total biomass fuel consumption, is Sample preparation and chemical analysis less. For one kg of nitrogen exported by ecosystems in the marginal uplands of Ireland. Catena in the range of 41-65% (Mesfin 1991). of biomass samples burning Eucalyptus wood 26 kg of nitrogen in 30:83-93 All biomass samples were oven-dried at 80 0C dung could be saved and returned to the Research Rationale to constant weight and dry weight was fields as organic fertilizer. At the average Noble AD and Randall PJ 1998. How trees affect soils. RIRDC Publication No 98/16, 129 pages, worth Expansion of forest plantations using fast determined. Samples were homogenized for conditions of the investigated sites (age and to read growing, browsing resistant species, such as further chemical analysis by milling (mesh = stocking), a hectare of E. globulus plantation Eucalyptus, would help to alleviate the 0.5 mm). Chemical parameters were represents more than 800 kg of net nitrogen Gerhard Glatzel problem. Plantations of Eucalyptus species, determined by standard procedures used in recycling potential in the farming system in the Institute of Forest Ecology however, are considered potentially harmful to the analytical laboratory of the Institute of form of organic fertilizer by replacement of UNI BOKU Vienna the environment, because of excessive water Forest Ecology at Vienna University of dung from its present use as fuel resource. Peter Jordan-Strasse 82 use, soil nutrient depletion and adverse Agricultural Sciences The recycling potential is even higher in A-1190 Vienna, Austria effects on biodiversity. As nutrient depletion Weldeab Ager (Table 1 Pg 7). For [email protected] and land degradation due to dung collection Biomass energy balance phosphorus the amount in the stem wood and its use as fuel is extremely harmful Newcombe (1989) used a calorific value of biomass was 11.9 kg at Teda Ager research because of its adverse effects on food 14.3 MJ.kg-1 for wood and 13.8 MJ.kg-1 for cow site, and that of dung was 168.5 kg. This DUNG OR FOREST BIOMASS AS FUEL security, a scientific study was conducted to dung in his report of economic justification for means that 1 kg of phosphorus removed with - EVEN PLANTATION TREES WITH A compare nutrient drain from Eucalyptus rural in Ethiopia. This means that stem wood harvest for biomass fuel allows for BAD REPUTATION HELP CONSERVE globulus fuel wood plantations and cow dung 0.952 kg of wood can substitute 1.0 kg of cow the return of more than 14 kg of phosphorus SOIL FERTILITY collection. dung. Based on this calorific value equivalence from cow dung not used as fuel. The trend is the nutrient depletion by E. globulus fuel wood similar with the other macronutrients (Table By Zerfu Hailu Materials and Methods plantations could be compared to nutrient 1Pg 7). losses caused by the current use of cow dung Introduction Tree biomass sampling as biomass fuel. The importance of soil organic matter for Ethiopian highlands suffer from a severe fuel Tree biomass sampling was done in sustainability lies predominantly in those wood shortage. Despite of a long history of December 1999 and January 2000 at two Results circumstances where management based on Eucalyptus plantations on the Ethiopian different sites. Sample trees were felled at a Table 1(Pg 7) shows biomass and nutrient fossil-fuel sources is either impossible or highlands, the potential of the forest resources stump height of 10 cm from the ground with a content of two Eucalyptus plantations in the undesirable, which is the case in many to supply fuel-wood on a sustainable yield bow saw as practiced by the farming Ethiopian Amhara Region as compared to tropical farming systems (Swift & Woomer basis is 12.5 million m3.year-1, vastly communities in the research areas. After equivalent amounts of cow dung (based on 1993). Although application of mineral fertilizer caloric equivalents). At Teda Ager research insufficient to satisfy the calculated demand of felling and removal of branches total tree increases yields in arable farming, mineral site the calculated stem wood biomass in a fuel-wood of 45 million m3.year-1 (Forestry height up to the tip of the leading shoot was fertilizer alone cannot sustain crop yields in Action Program, ’94),. The projected demand measured. Discs with a width of 3 cm were 11.5 years old E. globulus plantation was 46.3 the long run. Addition of organic matter, such taken from the very bottom of the stem and at -1. This stem wood biomass can substitute for 2014 is about 88.9 million m3.year-1 and the t ha as cow dung, in agricultural fields plays an every 1 m interval along the length until the 48.6 t of cow dung from its present use as a projected supply on a sustainable yield basis important role in nutrient cycling, erosion diameter over bark dropped below 2.5 cm. fuel with equivalent calorific value. At Weldeab will be only 8.84 million m3.year-1. This means control and the maintenance of favourable soil that the demand will be ten times the Ager research site, calculated stem wood chemical and physical properties. However, Cow dung sustainable supply. biomass in 14.5 years old E. globulus with the present Ethiopian situation, it is Livestock dung was collected from the villages plantation was 176.5 t.ha-1, which can unthinkable to bring cow dung into the farming near the research sites. Five dung cake substitute 185.4 t of cow dung at equivalent The Ethiopian energy assessment report by system without having a substitute for its use samples were taken from five different calorific value. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as domestic fuel. At present no other species, households. The cakes were collected from and World Bank (1995), indicates that in the be it indigenous or exotic, is available, which the dung-drying yard, as it was ready to be Discussion early 1990s 93% of the total national energy can substitute Eucalyptus in narrowing the used for fuel or to be marketed. The dung At Teda Ager research site, nitrogen in stem ever-widening gap between demand and

ETFRN News 37/02 5 6 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

Table 1. E.Globulus stem wood and equivalent livestock dung biomass in t and macronutrients in kg.

Site and Sources Macronutrients Teda Ager Age Stoc Biomass N P K Ca Mg S king

E.Globulus 11.5 1044 46.3 32.9 11.9 48.2 33.6 14.2 3.6 (Stem wood)

Equivalent 48.6 859 169 1091 841 233 124 amount of dung

Proportion 1.05 26.1 14.2 22.6 25.0 16.4 34.6 (D/W)

Weldeab Ager

E.Globulus 14.5 1121 176.5 94.8 48.2 203.7 147.2 33.9 17.5 (Stem wood)

Equivalent 185 3274 547 4527 3410 910 423 amount of dung

Proportion 1.05 34.5 11.3 22.2 23.2 26.9 24.2 (D/W)

Source Zerfu 2002

ETFRN News 37/02 7 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes supply of fuel biomass. This is not only held between 4-6 November, Leuven, Belgium. 1999) to improve both plant productivity and (Fig.1 Pg 9). This resulted from the additional because of its rapid growth, but also its deep soil nitrogen dynamics (Khanna 1998), to N that was made available to eucalypts when rooting and tolerance of drought as well as its Zerfu, H., 2002. Ecological impact evaluation of increase biomass production (Binkley 1992, grown in mixtures with acacia and also from Eucalyptus plantations in comparison with agricultural resistance to extreme browsing and ease of and grazing land-use types in the Highlands of Montagnini et al. 1995, Binkley 1997) and to better utilisation of soil resources. propagation. Therefore only a step-by-step Ethiopia. Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Forest increase soil carbon sequestration (Kaye et al. Investigation by Bauhus et al. (2000) of fine strategy will be able to alleviate the present Ecology, Vienna University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000). In addition, a range of additional roots of mixed-species plantation (at 6.5 years biomass fuel crisis in the Ethiopian Highlands Vienna. potential advantages may occur. For example, of age) suggested that increased productivity and to allow for consideration of other structural and biological diversity is increased (most evident in the 50:50 acacia-eucalypt important issues such as biodiversity Zerfu Hailu while susceptibility to pest and disease mixtures) was the result of stratification in the conservation and rebuilding of close to nature Environmental Protection Land outbreaks may be reduced. The faster-growing fine-root systems of the two species. A key forests in the future. Administration & Use Authority species in the mixture provide improved challenge in managing mixed-species forests P.O.Box 145, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia microclimate for establishment and growth of is establishing the desired competitive Conclusion Tel +251 8 206810, Fax +251 8 202275 companion species (i.e., serve as a ‘nurse balance between species, so that each The role of E. globulus plantations in crop’), and improve stem form. From a species achieve their potential by making Ethiopia’s situation is far reaching when it is MIXED SPECIES PLANTATIONS OF commercial viewpoint, mixed-species optimum use of their resource niche. This evaluated in view of its potential contribution to plantations have the advantage of producing challenge of balancing species may not be EUCALYPTUS AND ACACIA: the farming system through substitution of more than one product, giving their managers economically feasible in some temperate dung. Therefore, E. globulus plantations are GROWTH, NUTRITION AND SOIL a better chance of adapting successfully when forests, but harvesting of small-diameter recommended and most likely the only realistic CHANGES market demands change. materials to remove improper species balance solution to the crisis, despite many critical would have substantial fuelwood value in views on Eucalyptus plantations. Under by Partap Khanna, Juergen Bauhus, About 10 years ago we established three many tropical areas. appropriate management practices dung is a Wilawan Wichiennopparat and Peter experiments (two in Thailand and one in renewable and sustainable organic fertilizer Snowdon Australia) where Eucalptus (E) and Acacia (A) and it should be targeted as a key resource were mixed in five proportions (100% E, because of its positive effects on the physical Introduction 75%E+25%A, E50+A50; E25+A75; 100A) and and chemical properties of the soil, and Eucalypts and acacias are preferred were grown under two planting densities. In consequently on the farming system and food plantation species in the tropics and sub- Thailand the trees in denser planting were security in the Ethiopian Highlands. tropics because of their fast growth which is thinned to remove Acacia at 28 months; and expected to meet the extensive demands of were harvested at 98 months. Preliminary data References wood for construction, poles, pulp and fuel. on the growth and biomass of trees and Ethiopian Forestry action plan 1994, The challenge for Almost all the industrial plantations are nutrient contents were published by development, volume 2, Ministry of Natural Resources monocultures, and questions are being raised Wichiennopparat et al. (1998) and the final development and Environmental Protection, Addis data will be presented at the ‘International Ababa, Ethiopia. about the sustainability of their growth and their effects on the site. Repeated harvesting Conference on Eucalypt Productivity’ at Mesfin Wolde-Mariam, 1991. Suffering Under God’s of eucalypt plantations on short rotations may Hobart, Australia (http://www.cdesign.com.au Environment: A vertical study of the predicament of deplete site nutrients because of export of /Eucprod/). Some data on the growth and peasants in North-Central Ethiopia. Institute of nutrients in the harvested wood and other tree nutrition of trees were presented by Khanna Fig. 1. Stem basal area of average trees of Geography, University of Berne, Switzerland, pp 220. components, and further losses may occur (1997, 1998) and Bauhus et al. (2000). Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A) at 5.5 years of age in monoculture (100E and Newcombe, K. 1989. An economic justification for during inter-rotation site management 100A) and 50E+50A mixed stands. rural afforestation: The case of Ethiopia. In:Schramm, practices e.g., slash burn, site preparation. Growth and management G. and Warford, J.J. 1989. Environmental Nitrogen (N) losses are likely to be very Mixing Eucalyptus species with N-fixing trees Effects on nutrient supply and soils management and economic development, important for future growth. It is therefore generally increases the total production of Inputs of carbon to the soil may be greater International bank, Johns Hopkins University press, appropriate to explore new systems of wood, and in some cases even the total Baltimore, U.S.A. when N-fixing species are incorporated in the plantation management in which N may be production of Eucalyptus wood. For example, plantation mixture (Paul et al. 2002), which is mixtures of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia Swift, M.J. and Woomer, P., 1993. Organic matter and added via fixation. As an attractive alternative likely to occur because increased productivity sustainability of agricultural systems: Definition and to monoculture plantations, Mixed-species mearnsii produce 15% more eucalyptus will cause greater organic matter input to the measurements. PP 3-17. In: Mulongoy, K. and Merckx, plantations can include an N-fixing species biomass than pure stands of eucalypts in soil by high turnover rates of plant litter R. (eds), Proceeding of an international symposium with more valuable tree species (Parrotta addition to the substantial growth of acacias 8 ETFRN News 37/02 ETFRN News 37/02 9 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

(above-ground residues and below-ground Future Binkley, D. 1992. Mixtures of nitrogen-fixing and non- afforestation. For. Ecol. Manage. 168, 241-257 roots). In both temperate and tropical forests, It has been demonstrated that the productivity nitrogen-fixing tree species. In: Cannell, M. G. R., D. C. the presence of N fixation trees has been and vitality of mixed plantations can be higher Malcolm, and P. A. Robertson (ed.) The ecology of Wichiennopparat, W., P.K. Khanna and P. Snowdon. mixed species stands of trees. London, Blackwell 1998. Contribution of acacia to the growth and shown to increase soil pools (Kaye et al. 2000) than that of mono-specific plantations of either Scientific. pp. 99-123. nutrient status of eucalypts in mixed-species stands of both nitrogen and carbon, and to have species used in the mixture. Mixing the at Ratchaburi, Thailand. In: Turnbull, J.W. Crompton, variable effects on soil P (reviewed by Binkley species is expected to increase the amount Binkley, D. 1997. Bioassays of the influence of H.R. and K. Pinyopusarerk (eds) Recent and Giardina 1997). Studies have shown that and quality of the harvested wood by Eucalyptus saligna and Albizia falcataria on soil Developments in Acacia Planting. Proc. Intern. the nitrogen status in mixed-species improving the form of the tree. Mixed species nutrient supply and limitation. For. Ecol. Manage. 91, Workshop Hanoi, Vietnam 27-30 Oct. 1997, pp281- plantations that include an N-fixing species can may return a higher amount and better quality 229-234. 287. be enhanced quickly e.g., one year after of leaf and root litter resulting in a higher Binkley, D., C. Giardina and M. A. Bashkin. 2000. Soil For further information contact; plantation establishment (Khanna, 1998). storage of organic carbon in the soil. phosphorous pools and supply under the influence of Dr P.K. Khanna, Bauhus et al. (2000) did not observe any However, very little is known about the Eucalyptus saligna and nitrogen-fixing Albizia Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, change in C in the 0-30 cm of soil from mixed environmental and economic benefits and the facaltaria. For. Ecol. Manage. 128, 241-247. Buesgenweg 2, 34077 species when compared with the soil from pure appropriate design and management of mixed Bauhus, J., P.K. Khanna and N. Menden. 2000. Goettingen, Germany, stands. However a more differentiated soil plantations. Adequate control of competition Aboveground and belowground interactions in mixed e-mail : [email protected] sampling in smaller depth increments at 10 may be essential to best manage the mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia years after plantation establishment showed species plantations. We suggest that the mearnsii. Can. J. For. Res. 30, 1886-1894. that soil organic carbon was highest in the mixed species will provide : INFLUENCE OF POPLAR 50:50 mixtures of eucalypts and acacias (Fig 2 Increased stand productivity, better stand Kaye, J. P., S. C. Resh, M. W . Kaye and R. A. SHORT-ROTATION COPPICE ON Chimner. 2000. Nutrient and carbon dynamics in a Pg10), and that the amount of soil carbon was health, improved site fertility, enhanced soil SOME SOIL PROPERTIES related to above-ground productivity, but not to ecological values, and improved carbon replacement series of Eucalyptus and Albizia trees. Ecol. 81, 3267-3273. the percentage of acacia in mixtures. Nitrogen sequestration. fertilisation of the pure eucalypt stands, Higher economic returns and better stability of Khanna, P.K. 1997. Comparison of growth and By A. Berthelot, however, did not increase soil organic carbon plantations. nutrition of young monocultures and mixed stands of when compared to the unfertilised stands Additional research efforts and social Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii. For. Ecol. Introduction (shown as Efer in Fig 2 Pg 10) and that the soil awareness to develop suitable management Manage. 94, 105-113. Fast growing plantations are likely to provide from the surrounding native forest had higher models for mixed species plantations. a huge quantity of raw material quickly and at Khanna, P.K. 1998. Nutrient cycling under mixed tree a relatively low cost. Hybrid poplars, in french C levels than in either fertilized or unfertilized We see an essential and significant role of systems in south-east Asia. Agrofor. Systems 38, 99- eucalypt monocultures. international organisation such as CIFOR to 120. conditions and suitable soils, offer a high facilitate the development and acceptance of productivity. Thanks to the use of clonal such alternative plantation systems. Montagnini, F., E. Gonzalez, C. Porras and R. varieties it is possible to obtain material with 120 Rheingans. 1995. Mixed and pure forest plantations in a homogeneous and well-known properties. 100 ab a ab b the humid neotropics: a comparison of early growth, AFOCEL planted many plots of short-rotation b Acknowledgements 80 c pest damage and establishment costs. Commonw. coppice (SRC) of poplar in France. The stand 60 This project received financial support from For. Rev. 74, 306-314. density varies from 2,000 to 3,000 stems ha-1 40 ACIAR and the following institutions and many and the rotation length is fixed at 7 or 8 years. 20 of their research and technical staff and Pares, A. 2002. Soil organic carbon sequestration in 0 students were involved: mixed and monospecific plantations of Eucalyptus The objective is to produce 10 to 12 dry tons A 100 E25 E50 E75 E100 Efer NFs t CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. globulus ssp. pseudoglobulus and Acacia mearnsii. ha-1 year-1 of total biomass, with a main Plantation Treatments Box E4008, Canberra-Kingston 2606, Thesis B. Sci. (Hon), Forestry Program, School of proportion (75%) of pulpwood. Between 1991 Resources, Environment and Society, The Australian and 1995, the first plots of industrial size were Australia., National University. Silvicultural Research Division, Royal Forest harvested and the effects of several felling Fig 2. Organic carbon in 0-30 cm depth of soils systems were studied (Sutter et al., 1995). A from 10-yr old plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Department, 61 Paholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Parrotta, J. A. 1999. Productivity, nutrient cycling, and (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A) mixtures (25-100) and Bangkok, 10900 Thailand. succession in single- and mixed-species plantations European project also aimed to study the eucalypt monoculture receiving inorganic School of Resources, Environment and of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and impact of debarking on the harvest cost and fertilization (Efer), and from the surrounding Society, The Australian National University, Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico. For. Ecol. soil fertility (Toval et al., 1995). This paper, Manage.124, 45-77. native eucalypt forest (NFst). Treatments carrying ACT 2002, Australia. based on soil analyses carried out at planting the same letter were not significantly different at and at the time of harvest, presents the (P<0.05). (Source: Pares 2002) Paul, K. I., P. J. Polglase, J. G. Nyakuengama and P. References K. Khanna. 2002. Change in soil carbon following evolutions of the most common properties of

10 ETFRN News 37/02 ETFRN News 37/02 11 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes the soil. in the same way as the organic matter. The carry out new analyses 5, 10 or 15 years after agriculture, pasture and living. Most of the rate of P2O5 does not change, and it is planting in order to characterize the evolution occurs in the highland on soils Materials and methods impossible to observe a clear tendency of soil. which are extremely susceptible to soil AFOCEL has soil analyses for 9 sites at the between the planting and harvest. On the erosion. The destroyed or threatened forests time of planting and at the time of harvest (age other hand it appears clearly that the two plots References are important for the water supply to local and 7 or 8). We also have the analyses for 5 plots, planted on arable lands are definitely richer in Berthelot A., Ranger J., 2000. Nutrient uptake and downstream communities as well as for both immobilization in a short-rotation coppice stand of each year after felling for 2 methods of P2O5 than the plots planted on meadows, plant and animal biodiversity. For the past mechanical felling: debarked and pulplogs reflecting the durable influence of the old hybrid poplars in north-west France. Forest Ecology three decades, the Thai government has and Management 128 167-179. which had been debarked and pulplogs with fertilizations (fig.3 Pg14). For K2O, we attempted to restore degraded highland areas bark. The analyses were carried out by observe more significant variations but, there Bouvet A., Berthelot A., 1994. Taillis à courtes through carried out by the Royal agricultural laboratories, according to the still, without particular tendency. rotations de peuplier - Tarifs masses et volumes. Forest Department. Exotic tree species were methods usually used. Only the results Annales de recherches sylvicoles AFOCEL, p preferred because they are fast growing and concerning the upper layers are presented Table 2 (Pg 16) shows the results for 5 plots, 219-234. provide cover rapidly and thus protect the soil here. For the whole of the plots we profit from according to 2 methods of harvest (debarked from ongoing erosion. More recently concerns Gastine F., Bouvet A., Deleuze C., Monchaux P., an estimate of the total above-ground biomass, and with bark). After harvest, an analysis was 2002. Le réseau d'essais AFOCEL fête ses 40 ans ! were aired that exotic plantations use more calculated by AFOCEL mass tables (Bouvet carried out every year for both methods. Only Submitted to Rev. For. Fr. water and nutrients for their growth. In order and Berthelot, 1994). We also know the the most recent data are provided (1 to 3 to obtain data, several exotic tree plantations biomass remaining on the soil after felling years after harvest, according to the site). Ranger J., Nys C., Barnéoud C., 1986. Production et were studied with regard to their nutrient (crowns and branches) as well as the quantity The variations are very weak and no exportation d'éléments nutritifs de taillis de peuplier à uptake, storage and return to forest soils. and the nutrient content of the bark remaining difference is visible between both felling courte rotation. Annales de recherches sylvicoles AFOCEL, p 183-225. on the soil for the debarked treatment (Ranger methods. The most visible tendencies once Litter fall represents a major biological et al., 1988 ; Berthelot et al., 2000). The again relate to the pH of the upper layer (fig.4 Sutter B., Reuling. D., Berthelot A., Bonduelle P., pathway for element transfer from vegetation previous crop was primarily made up of Pg 14). We observe a slight increase in the 1995. La récolte du TCR de peuplier. Fiche to soils. Knowledge of seasonality of nutrient meadows (6), but also of arable lands (2) and pH probably due to the setting in light of the informations-forêt AFOCEL, fasc. 508, p 141-152. and mass return through litter fall to the forest a poplar plantation. Two plots are located on soil and its action on the organic matter. This floor is important for plantation management. slightly acidic soils, all the others are located phenomenon is more pronounced in the plot Toval G., Soria F., Mansilla P., Bonduelle P., Sutter B., The objective of this study was to study soil Petit H., Berthelot A., 1995. Mechanized logging and on alkaline soils. located in an acidic context (Ecorches). on-site dedebarking of short rotation coppice properties and rooting as well as to quantify (eucalyptus and poplar): impact on silviculture, the litter fall and its nutrient status of four Results Conclusion environment and economy. Eclair project n/0160 exotic tree species, i.e. Acacia confusa, The results of the analyses at the plantation All these analyses confirm that only long term contract n/ AGRE-CT91-0057 : Final technical report, Liquidambar formosana, Cinnamomum and at felling appear in table 1 (Pg 15 ). The evolutions are easily noticeable. The 45 p. camphora and Cunninghamia lanceolata. pH of the upper layer remains stable except for variations observed here result from the For further information please contact: These species were chosen because they are the two plots located in a slightly acidic change of land use: short-rotation coppice A. Berthelot, common and allow the comparison of geological context (Ecorches and Gavrus). In planted on former agricultural lands. On the AFOCEL Nord-Est, route de Bonnencontre, evergreen vs, deciduous species including a these two cases we note a light acidification other hand, the nature of the forestry 21170 Charrey-sur-Saône, nitrogen fixing legume and a conifer. due to the humification of the organic matter interventions and their possible impact on the France. falling down on the soil each year (fig.1 Pg13). soil require heavy studies, standardized Email: [email protected] As the chemical analyses of the soil samples protocols and a long period of observation. To are not yet finished only the litter fall data are In half of the plots we observe a light assess the impact of some practices over a THE EFFECT OF EXOTIC TREE presented here. enrichment of organic matter, even on old period of only a few years appears quite PLANTATIONS IN NORTHERN THAILAND meadows. Curiously it is not the case on the hazardous compared to the precision of the ON SOIL PROPERTIES Materials and Methods two old arable lands. The particular case of the analyses. plot of Tourtenay must be mentioned: it is an Study site old drained peaty swamp. The organic matter AFOCEL has an important network of trials, By Roongreang Poolsiri This study was carried out at The Royal rate is very high is dropping regularly due to on many species: Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Picea, Project, Doi Angkhang, Chiangmai Province, mineralisation (fig.2 Pg 13 ). Populus, etc. (Gastine et al., submitted). We Introduction which is located in the northern part of already perform soil analyses at planting for The forest area in Thailand is decreasing Thailand. It lies at a latitude of 19º 52′ N and The nitrogen content in the upper layer varies several tens of plots. It would be useful to steadily due to of the demand of land for longitude of 99º 02′ E. Doi Angkhang is

12 ETFRN News 37/02 ETFRN News 37/02 17 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

pH of the upper layer P2O5 content of the upper layer 8.5 0.45 8.0 0.40 initial pH old arables lands initial P2O5 7.5 0.35 content

7.0 0.30

6.5 0.25 final pH final P2O5 pH 6.0 0.20 content

5.5 per thousand 0.15 light 5.0 0.10 acidification 4.5 0.05

4.0 0.00

Braye Braye Gavrus Gavrus Violaine Violaine Ecorches Ecorches Conteville Menneville Tourtenay Conteville Menneville Tourtenay site name site name

Figure 1: pH of the upper layer for 9 plots of SRC of poplar Figure 3: P2O5 rate of the upper layer for 9 plots of SRC of poplar

pH of the upper layer organic matter content of the upper layer 8.5 30 8.0 initial organic 25 matter 7.5 old peaty content CondéCondé barked debarked swamp CondéCondé unbarked with bark 20 7.0 EcorchesEcorches barked debarked 6.5 final organic pH EcorchesEcorches unbarked with bark 15 matter MennevilleMenneville AA debarkedbarked

per cent content 6.0 MennevilleMenneville A withunbarked bark 10 5.5 MennevilleM enneville B debbarked arked MennevilleMenneville B withunbarked bark 5 5.0 TourtenayTourtenay barkeddebarked TourtenayTourtenay unbarkedwith bark 0 4.5 initial harvest harvest+1 harvest+2 harvest+3 Braye time Gavrus Violaine Conteville Ecorches Menneville Tourtenay site name

Figure 4: pH of the upper layer for 5 plots of SRC of poplar, according to the age and harvest method Figure 2: organic matter rate of the upper layer for 9 plots of SRC of poplar

ETFRN News 37/02 13 14 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes Organisations - Institutions - Programmes 3 -1 O* pH 2 3 Plot Year K %o N %o O* pH J-H * 2 Yield dt ha CaCO 5 Dyer* Plot 5 K Analyse N %o O J-H * Year 2 O CaCO 5 Dyer* 2 5 P Felling Method P O 2 O 2 P P Prévious crop Analyse organic matterorganic %

Brave Mead Initial 70 0 7.6 3.0 1.7 1.10 0.11 0.13 matterorganic % ows Final 7 7.5 1.1 2.7 1.50 0.09 0.29 Conde initial 0 7.6 30.0 2.8 0.21 0.15 harvest debarked 7 7.8 25.0 3.4 2.20 0.20 0.24 Conde Mead Initial 88 0 7.6 30.0 2.8 0.21 0.15 harvest With bark 7 7.8 24.0 3.2 2.10 0.25 0.28 ows Final 7 7.7 21.8 3.9 2.08 0.22 0.31 harvest + 3 debarked 10 8.0 30.0 2.9 1.23 0.13 0.26 harvest + 3 With bark 10 8.0 29.0 2.9 1.68 0.12 0.28 Conte Mead Initial 79 0 7.6 1.4 4.4 0.06 0.22 Ecorches initial 0 5.8 0.0 4.3 2.60 0.14 0.26 ville ows Final 8 7.8 13.4 4.5 3.04 0.06 0.31 harvest debarked 8 5.0 0.0 5.9 3.57 0.28 0.37 harvest With bark 8 5.2 0.0 5.4 3.33 0.16 0.24 Eccorc Mead Initial 80 0 5.8 0.0 4.3 2.60 0.14 0.26 harvest + 1 debarked 9 5.7 0.0 4.3 3.35 0.44 0.45 hes ows Final 8 5.1 0.0 5.7 3.45 0.22 0.31 harvest + 1 With bark 9 5.8 0.0 4.2 3.06 0.26 0.21

Gavru Mead Initial 80 0 6.9 0.0 4.3 2.80 0.10 0.08 Menneville initial 0 7.6 11.0 5.2 3.0 0.36 0.36 s ows Final 8 6.3 0.0 3.5 2.20 0.12 0.06 A harvest debarked 8 7.9 12.0 4.0 2.60 0.30 0.32 harvest With bark 8 7.9 11.0 3.5 2.98 0.31 0.36 harvest + 3 debarked 11 8.1 12.0 3.6 2.80 0.27 0.33 Menne Arable Initial 95 0 7.6 11.0 5.2 3.00 0.36 0.36 harvest + 3 With bark 11 8.1 11.5 3.8 2.95 0.25 0.32 ville Land Final 8 7.8 11.6 3.9 2.89 0.32 0.34 Menneville initial 0 7.6 11.0 5.2 3.00 0.36 0.36 Tourte Poplar Initial 88 0 7.3 8.0 29.7 13.20 0.06 0.43 P harvest debarked 8 7.8 12.5 3.5 2.98 0.31 0.32 nav Stand Final 7 7.6 11.5 20.5 11.70 0.07 0.33 harvest With bark 8 7.7 11.0 4.4 2.98 0.35 0.36 harvest + 3 debarked 11 8.0 12.5 4.4 2.96 0.25 0.33 harvest + 3 With bark 11 8.0 11.0 4.2 3.05 0.31 0.37 Brebie Arable Initial 0 7.9 0.7 1.5 1.00 0.26 0.20 res Land Final 8 7.7 1.93 0.30

Violain Mead Initial 78 0 7.8 3.2 3.2 2.00 0.09 0.12 Tourtenay initial 0 7.3 8.0 29.7 13.20 0.06 0.43 e ows Final 7 7.9 5.0 5.0 3.00 0.10 0.06 harvest debarked 7 7.6 12.0 19.8 11.0 0.07 0.32 harvest With bark 7 7.6 1.0 21.0 12.80 0.08 0.54 harvest + 2 debarked 9 7.9 8.5 18.7 11.48 0.16 0.41 harvest + 2 With bark 9 7.9 3.0 17.2 11.42 0.13 0.57 * P2O5 : Joret-Hebert méthod for alkaline soils and Dyer method for acidic soils (P =

P2O5 / 2.29)

* K2O : Acetate d’ammonium method (K = K2O / 1.205) * P2O5 : Joret-Hebert méthod for alkaline soils and Dyer method for acidic soils (P =

Table 1 : soil analyses results of upper layer for 9 plots, at the time of the planting P2O5 / 2.29) (initial) and at the time of harvest (final) * K2O : Acetate d’ammonium method (K = K2O / 1.205)

Table 2 : soil analyses results of upper layer for 5 plots, at the time of the plantation, at the time of harvest and 1 and 3 years after harvesting, with or without bark

ETFRN News 37/02 15 16 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes situated on limestone and shale mountains laid In order to allow a rough estimate of nutrient Values in parentheses are mean actual litter fall tree species. Typical for forests, the down in a north south direction. On shale and fluxes in the C. lanceolata plantation actual masses of the C. lanceolata plantation in the component with the highest share in terms of sandstone the land is undulating. Limestone litter fall was adjusted to equivalent amounts study year. mass on an annual basis was leaves outcrops have been weathered by bicarbonate of litterfall in the other plantations. The actual (Caldentey et al., 2001, Vogt et al., 1986) Nutrient flux in the litter fractions solving, producing a typical Karst topography litter fall mass is given in the parentheses in followed by branches, others and fruits Table 2 (Pg 20 )shows the nutrient flux in the (Phupharung, 1979). The study area has an the row below the assumed litter fall mass of fractions. The monthly litter fall depends litter fractions for 3 of the exotic tree altitude of 1,400 m msl. The experimental the C. lanceolata plantation in the Table 1 mostly on factors responsible for leaf plantations. For this study the litter fractions of plots, 20 x 25 m in size, were selected in (Pg.20) senescence and abscission. In areas with no C. lanceolata were not used for calculation plantations of four exotic tree species, i.e. prevalent or strongly seasonal water and comparison as they were not Acacia confusa, Cinnamomum camphora, Litter deposition limitations, temporal variations of leaf litter on representative because of the disturbance due Liquidambar formosana and Cunninghamia The mean mass of the annual litter fall ranged the forest floor are the combined result of rate to pruning. The nutrient flux was calculated in lanceolata which were 28 years old, fully from 575 g.m-2 for C. camphora plantation to of fall and decomposition of falling material, g.m-2 and is presented in Table 2 (Pg 20 ). stocked and growing well without visible 694 g.m-2 for the L. formosana plantation and the diverse responses of species to nutrient deficiencies or growth defects. (Table 1 Pg 20). There were no significant different environment cues (Cuevas and Lugo, The nutrient flux generally followed the pattern differences among species. However the 1998). In this study, the plantations have the leaves > branches > fruits > others (Table 2 Litter fall mean weight of annual litter of the C. same climate and environment, and there was pg 20). The nutrient flux of N, P, K, Ca and Mg Litter fall samples were collected during one camphora plantation was significantly lower no significant difference between the litter fall of leaves varied according to stand. Acacia year starting in March 2000. In each plantation than other non conifer plantations. The leaves for each tree species; even C. camphora is an confusa had the highest nutrient flux of N there were 5 litter traps set up randomly in the fraction ranged from 337 g.m-2 for the C. evergreen-broadleaf tree species. compared with L. formosana and C. camphora. plot. The litter trap area was 1x1 m2 . Every lanceolata plantation to 535 g.m-2 for the L. Liquidambar formosana had highest values for month the litter was sorted and divided into 5 formosana plantation (Table 1 Pg 20). The As expected, the litter fall in the forest P, K, Ca and Mg. The nutrient flux from fractions for each plantation, i.e., leaves, leaves fraction of A. confusa accounted for plantations has released the nutrients back to branches follows the same pattern described branches, barks, flowers and fruit, and other about 66% of the mean annual litter fall, while the forest soils. We could not calculate the above, with a few exceptions. Branches of A. fractions. All the samples were taken for oven for the other plantations, that fraction nutrient releases from the C. lanceolata confusa were considerably higher in N and dry weight determination and nutrient analysis. accounted for between 75% and 77% of the plantation because of the sample disturbance Mg, while C. camphora was higher in P and K. mean annual litter fall. due to pruning. In accordance with theory the Branches of L. formosana had intermediate Sample preparation and chemical analysis legume tree species A. confusa has the values for N, P and K but were higher in Ca. of litter fall samples The branches fraction ranged from 112 g.m-2 highest nitrogen levels in all fractions of the Fruits litter had consistently lower N, P, K, Ca All the litter fall samples were oven-dried at 80 for the C. camphora plantation to 166 g.m-2 for litter fall because it is capable of nitrogen and Mg nutrient fluxes than either leaves or ºC to constant weight and oven-dried mass the C. lanceolata plantation. Fruits fraction is fixation from the air. was determined. Samples were homogenized composed of flower and fruit parts. These branches litter (Table 2 Pg 20). Fruits litter from A. confusa had higher for all nutrient for further chemical analysis by milling ranged from 3 g.m-2 for L. formosana These preliminary results show that between fluxes than the fruits fraction from other (mesh=0.5). Chemical parameters were plantations to 55 g.m-2 for C. lanceolata 60 and 100 kg of nitrogen are returned species. Nitrogen, P, K, Ca and Mg nutrient determined by standard procedures used in plantations. In this fraction the mean masses annually with a litter fall of between 5.5 to 7 fluxes in the others fraction of L. formosana the analytical laboratory of the Institute of of L. formosana could not be analyzed tons of biomass. The ongoing soil analyses and C. camphora were always higher than in Forest Ecology at University of Agricultural because there was only one month’s data for will show how this is reflected in soil the fruits fraction. Sciences, Vienna. a year in this study. In the other parts fraction chemistry. The beneficial effects of litter of L. formosana and C. camphora plantations decomposition on topsoil porosity as Discussions and conclusions Results and discussions there is no significant difference in values. compared to degraded open or agricultural land is obvious even to the casual observer. The mean and fractioned (leaves, branches, Table 1(Pg 20 ). Mean masses of annual litter flux The litter fall study provides an estimate of the magnitude of nutrients returned to the forest fruits, and others) mass of the annual litter fall and masses of litter fall fractioned in to leaves, References for A. confusa, L. formosana, C. camphora and branches, fruits, and other under 4 exotic tree soil each year. It has to be seen in relation to Caldentey, J., M. Ibarra and J. Hernández. 2001. plantations at Doi Angkhang, Chiangmai other land use practices where very little is Litter fluxes and decompostion in Nothofagus C. lanceolata plantations are given in Table Province 1(Pg 20). In this study litterfall mass was returned because of biomass harvesting or pumilio stands in the region of Magallanes, Chile. where nutrients are lost due to soil erosion. For. Ecol. Manage. 148 : 145-157. calculated in g.m-2. The litterfall mass of the C. 1 Means in the same column followed by the lanceolata plantation was uncommonly low same lette r are not significantly difference at The contribution of different biomass fractions to annual litter contributions varies among the Cuevas, E. and A. E. Lugo. 1998. Dynamic of due to tree pruning in the years before study. 0.05 level of significance (LSD). organic matter and nutrient return from litterfall in

18 ETFRN News 37/02 ETFRN News 37/02 19 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

Tree Species Mean annual flux (g.m-2)1

Total Leaves Branches Fruits Others

A. confusa 603a 401a 158a 36a 8a

L. formosana 694a 535a 127a 329ab

C. camphora 575a 436a 112a 8a 19ab

C. lanceolata (*estimate) 626* ----

(6434170607)

Table 1. Mean masses of annual litter flux and masses of litter fall fractioned in to leaves, branches, fruits, and other under 4 exotic tree plantations at Doi Angkhang, Chiangmai Province

Fraction/element A. confusa L. formosana C. camphora

Leaves

N 10.40 7.23 7.83 P 0.16 0.88 0.46 K 2.85 4.12 2.73 Ca 4.91 17.26 17.38 Mg 1.02 4,62 1,65

Branches

N 2.44 0,67 0.73 P 0.04 0.07 0.33 K 0.50 0.31 0.98 Ca 2.69 5.08 1.35 Mg 0.34 0.21 0.30

Fruits

N 0.68 0.02 P 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 K 0.23 <0.01 0.01 Ca 0.18 <0.01 0.02 Mg 0.08 <0.01 <0.01

Others

N 0.12 0.29 18 P 0.01 0.03 0.02 K 0.06 0.12 0.13 Ca 0.15 0.18 0.52 Mg 0.04 0.04 0.07

Table 2. Annual litter fall flux N, P, K, Ca and Mg (g.m-2) of the fractions of the total elemental flux in each partitioned litter fraction under 3 exotic tree plantations at Doi Angkhang, Chiangmai Province

20 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes stands of ten tropical tree plantation species. For. only debarked, commercial-sized boles were planting. obtained at other stands indicate that root Ecol. Manage. 112 : 263-279. removed, 5) Organic residues were burned, contribution to total soil CO2 efflux increases following stemwood harvest, as in treatment CO fluxes and carbon sequestration with stand age, probably as a result of root Phupharung, B. 1979. Soil classification and land 2 potential determination at Doi Angkhang, Chiangmai SH, and 6) Double slash retained (DS): Since October 2000, CO2 and water fluxes biomass increase with stand age. Province. M.Sc. Thesis, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok. commercial trees were harvested as in the have been measured within a young eucalypt

SBH treatment ; the residues from the WTH stand. The main objective is to derive the net Similar to soil CO2 efflux, NEE measured by Vogt, K., C. Grier and D. Vogt. 1986. Production plots were added to the residues from this carbon ecosystem exchange (NEE = carbon eddy correlation exhibited strong seasonal turnover and nutrient dynamic of above- and below- treatment. sequestration) from continuous eddy flux variations with lowest values (highest CO2 ground detritus of world forest. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 : measurements, and to compare these uptake) obtained during the wet season. At 303-377. One year after replanting, eucalypts in estimates to those obtained from: this time, minimum diurnal peaks of NEE were treatment R exhibited a lower total biomass -2 s-1. By contrast, minimum For further information please contact 1) Measurements of Net Primary Productivity about -25 mmol m compared to other treatments (5.9 t ha-1 vs a peaks obtained at the end of the dry season Roongreang Poolsiri (NPP = carbon stock increment in the aerial mean of 7.2 t ha-1 for the remaining were about -12 mmol m-2 s-1. Monthly NEE Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and below-ground tree compartments + litter treatments). The lowest values of nutrient ranged from -85.3 g C m-2 up to 29.8 g C m-2. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. production from the aboveground tree content aboveground were observed in This positive value (net carbon emission) has 10900 compartment + litter production from the fine treatment R. Under the most favourable been observed at the transition between the E-mail : [email protected] root turnover) and soil heterotrophic respiration treatment (usually DS), plots accumulated 53, (Rh = soil CO2 efflux resulting from soil organic dry and the wet season, and resulted from a 63, 45, 145, and 92% more N, P, K, Ca and matter and litter decomposition), with NEE = faster increase of ecosystem respiration than THE CARBON CYCLING IN THE Mg, respectively, compared to treatment R. At NPP – Rh, and photosynthesis, after the first rains. EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS IN CONGO 24 months, treatment R was significantly less 2) Measurements of carbon stocks (soil and productive than other treatments. The biomass) and their variations over a For the two-year period covered by eddy differences between the most and least chronosequence. correlation measurements, mean annual NEE By Jean-Pierre Bouillet, Yann Nouvellon, productive treatments (DS and R) were 1.7 m was -370 g C m-2 year-1. This corresponds to Jean de Dieu Nzila and Olivier Hamel in height, 7.4 cm in circumference, and 8.3 m3 Carbon stocks and soil respiration a net carbon uptake by the stands, but ha-1 year-1 in total volume. Using the model measurements were obtained over a represents a small fraction of the gross Since 1978, 42,000 ha of clonal Eucalyptus proposed by Olson (1963), the coefficient of chronosequence that includes 6 stands from 6 primary production (-1990 g C m-2 year-1), due plantations have been established in the decomposition was found to be about 0.10, months up to 10 years. The eddy correlation to high carbon loss by ecosystem respiration savannas around Pointe-Noire (Congo), on irrespective of treatment. It was estimated that measurements were obtained from the top of a (1620 g C m-2 year-1 ). Aboveground sandy soils with low nutrient content. Two a 50% loss in mass occurred within 6-8 tower erected within the 3 year-old stand of the respiration, root respiration, and heterotrophic studies focusing on carbon cycling have been months after clearcutting. The amount of chronosequence. respiration represented 27%, 19% and 54% of conducted. The first one dealt with the effects nutrients released during slash decomposition ecosystem respiration, respectively. of organic matter management on plantation varied considerably among treatments. Soil CO efflux exhibited strong seasonal productivity, and the second one dealt with 2 Maximum values were reached in treatment variations, reflecting the seasonal changes in Over the same period NPP was -1203 g C m-2 CO fluxes and carbon sequestration within 2 DS, 20 months after the initial harvest, with soil water content. Maximum values were year-1 (-676 g C m-2 year-1 for total tree stands. 329 kg N ha-1, 41 kg P ha-1, 99 kg K ha-1, 73 obtained during the wet season, while biomass increment, and -527 g C m-2 year-1 kg Ca ha-1 and 52 kg Mg ha-1. This rapid minimum values were obtained at the end of for fine root turnover and litter production). Organic matter management release of nutrients leads to great risks of the dry season. Annual soil CO efflux was Summing NPP and Rh provides another Six treatments simulating different harvesting 2 nutrient leaching, especially if there is a long 11.8 t C ha-1 at eddy correlation site and 16.7 estimate of annual NEE (-330 g C m-2 year-1), intensities, were designed to leave six levels of delay between clearfelling and planting. t C ha-1 at the 10 year-old stand. At each site, slightly lower to the one obtained from eddy organic matter or aboveground biomass on good relationships were obtained between correlation measurements (-370 g C m-2 site: 1) Residue removed (R): all aboveground It was then shown that the productivity of the volumetric water content of the surface soil year-1). Carbon stocks measurements organic residues (slash, litter,…) were eucalypt plantations is largely dependent on and soil respiration. Rhizospheric and obtained at the other stands will further be removed from the plot, 2) Whole tree conservative management of organic matter heterotrophic contributions to total soil CO used for estimating carbon sequestration over harvest(WTH): all aboveground components of 2 and nutrients. From an operational point of efflux were estimated from comparison of soil successive rotations. the commercial trees were removed, 3) view, it is recommended: (i) to debark stems CO efflux measured over trenched plots and Stemwood and bark harvested (SBH): only the 2 in the field; (ii) to retain stem tops on the site; over non-trenched plots: at the eddy commercial-sized boles and associated bark (iii) to avoid slash burning; (iv) to reduce the correlation site, root respiration contributed to were removed, 4) Stemwood harvested (SH): delay between stand harvesting and crop 25% of total annual CO2 efflux. First results ETFRN News 37/02 21 22 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

For further information please contact : found on 80% of the site exhibiting low pH depletion will first occur on nutrient poor sites most important factor for potential nutrient

(pH(H2O): 4.5-4.8), high aluminum saturation such as Ferral- and Arenosols or shallow Ali- savings. Between 10 to 50% of total nutrient Jean-Pierre Bouillet (56-91%), an effective cation exchange and Acrisols at the study site, but is also losses could be avoided if alternatives to Cirad-Forêt capacity (ECEC) of 18-26 cmol+ kg-1 clay and expected to occur after 2-5 rotations on slash burning were adopted. Additional Campus international de Baillarguet, TA 10C a clay content of 20-42%. Eucalyptus average plantation sites. leaching and erosion losses triggered by 34 Montpellier Cedex 5 France deglupta and Acacia mangium are the slash burning will also be reduced. Tel: + (33) 04 67 59 38 66 dominant species. Investment calculation is Compensation for these nutrient losses is Fax: + (33) 04 67 59 37 33 based on mean annual increment (MAI) of essential to avoid distinctive depletion of soil References Email: [email protected] 25m3 ha-1 for both species during a rotation nutrient storage. Without fertilizer application Mackensen J., Fölster H. & Klinge R. (2002). length of 8 years resulting in an expected intensively managed tree plantations generally Assessment of management-dependent nutrient harvest volume of 200m3 ha-1. have a negative nutrient balance: within one fluxes in tropical industrial tree plantations. Ambio, in THE IMPACT OF TROPICAL press. rotation more nutrients are lost from the system INDUSTRIAL TREE PLANTATIONS ON By deriving relative values for nutrient losses than gained. Fertilizer compensation for Mackensen J., Fölster H. & Ruhiyat D. (2000). Cost- SITE NUTRIENT STATUS, SITE due to stem harvest, leaching, erosion and nutrient losses incurred due to tree harvest analysis for a sustainable management of fast PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC slash burning and applying them to relevant increased standard plantation establishment growing tree plantations in East-Kalimantan, PROFITABILITY site-specific parameters such as soil cost by 18 to 33%. As a consequence, the Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management parameters, species, and management internal rate of return dropped from 14% to 9- 131:239-253. By Jens Mackensen and Horst Fölster intensities, we derived the best estimate 12%. Fertilization costs are species specific. Mackensen J. (1999) Nutrient management for available for assessment of off-site losses Considering the fertilization costs, which can industrial tree plantations (HTI) in Indonesia – Introduction under industrial plantation management. potentially make up for any gain, Practical guideline towards integrated nutrient Nutrient input through precipitation and strategies to reduce management-dependent management. Tropical Forest Research, TÖB The establishment of industrial plantations in FTWF-17e, GTZ, Eschborn, pp. 96. the tropics is increasing. International efforts to weathering was considered. The approach is nutrient losses are unavoidable. A low-impact considered a first approximation but no management including alternatives to slash credit plantations for carbon sequestration will Mackensen J. (1998) Untersuchung zur further enhance this development. As the rate substitution for detailed and long-term site- burning, soil-conserving harvesting Nährstoffversorgung in schnellwachsenden of carbon sequestration equals the stand specific nutrient losses. In awareness of the techniques, and appropriate site selection are Plantagensystemen in Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien - productivity the main question is on how methodological uncertainties we applied a recommended. ökologische und ökonomische Implikationen. conservative estimate for management- Göttinger Beiträge zur Land- und Forstwirtschaft in sustainable industrial plantation management den Tropen und Subtropen, 127:1-209. can be - for both timber production and carbon dependent nutrient losses (Mackensen, 1998, Discussion 1999; Mackensen et al. 2001, in press). Plantations established on poor soils in the Jens Mackensen sequestration? Industrial tree plantations are United Nations Environment Programme known for their nutrient mining impact. Nutrient humid tropics incur significant nutrient losses Results due to harvesting and site management. Even Division of Policy Development and Law loss is unavoidable but depends on the P.O.Box 30551, Nairobi, KENYA management intensity. For the generally Average management induced nutrient losses though these losses can be reduced by low- within one rotation ranged from 10 to 50% of impact management, they are still high weathered tropical soils already a modest soil Horst Fölster nutrient loss can result in nutrient deficiency, plant available soil nutrients. The calculated compared to plant available soil nutrient nutrient losses for the assumed harvest stocks, accumulated losses under intensive Corresponding author which in turn has an impact on the stand Institute for Forest Nutrition and Soil Science productivity. The main objective of the volume and according to management short-rotation management will result in severe intensity and soil fertility ranged between 14- soil nutrient depletion and subsequently University Göttingen research conducted was to assess Büsgenweg 2 management dependent nutrient losses and 63% for N, 3-17% for P, 14-53% for K, 5-42% decrease stand productivity and carbon for Ca and 3-33% for Mg. Under high and sequestration rates, if not compensated for. D-37077 Göttingen, GERMANY the economic impact of the required nutrient e-mail: [email protected] compensation, which is to be considered for medium-impact management scenarios Compensation of nutrient losses will raise economical carbon sequestration schemes. nutrient losses due to leaching, burning and plantation establishment costs significantly, erosion were comparable or even higher than especially on marginal sites. Site and approach nutrient export caused by stem harvest. Slash Our results point to the need for developing In this assessment, we draw partly on global or burning contributed most to nutrient losses. better nutrient management in industrial regional data, partly on own data from the Erosion caused significant losses of Ca , Mg plantations. Nutrient losses and thus PT.IHM plantation concession in East- and P. Ca-losses are especially high for fertilization costs can be reduced by Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ali- and Acrisols are Acacia stands, whereas K- and Mg-losses appropriate site management. The were higher in Eucalypt stands. Nutrient abandonment of slash burning is the single

ETFRN News 37/02 23 24 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes

by the aromatic structure making the favorable conjunction of mineral and organic THE LONG TERM MEMORY OF compound also resistant to microbial contributions, making these soils highly SOILS - HOW AMAZONIAN DARK degradation. This assumption was emphasized enriched in non-exchangeable forms of EARTHS REFLECT PAST LAND USE by 14C ages of 1000 to 2000 years of this nutrients (Glaser, 1999). carbon type in soils (Glaser et al., By Bruno Glaser 2001b). Slow oxidation during this time Theoretically, only C and N can be produced produced carboxylic groups on the edges of in situ via photosynthesis and N fixation, Soils store valuable information on site and the aromatic backbone, which increased the respectively. All other elements such as P, K, climate conditions under which they were nutrient retention capacity. It was concluded Ca, and Mg must be incorporated from the formed (e.g. Zech et al., 2000). It has also that pyrogenic carbon found in these surroundings for nutrient accumulation. In situ been shown that land-use especially anthropogenic soils not only acts as a weathering can be excluded in Amazonia, at influences amounts and composition of soil significant carbon sink, but is also a key factor least on the heavily weathered Oxisols and organic matter (e.g. Srivastava and Singh, for maintaining the sustainable fertility of Terra Ultisols. Therefore, for the Terra Preta 1991; Guggenberger et al., 1994; Neufeldt, Preta soils. Nevertheless, high amounts of genesis, the following primary and secondary 1998; Glaser et al., 2000a). While classical pyrogenic carbon do not primarily contribute to nutrient sources are possible: research on the genesis of soils quantified the higher nutrient contents. However, pyrogenic a) Human and animal excrements (rich in P amounts of organic matter and nutrients, new carbon plays an important role for nutrient and N) analytical approaches based on sophisticated retention and, thus, for reduction of nutrient b) Waste including animal and fish bones (rich chemical biomarker analysis aim to identify leaching (Glaser et al., 2002; Lehmann et al., in P and Ca) their sources. 2002). Other recalcitrant biomacromolecules c) Ash residues of incomplete combustions such as lignin contributed only a minor part to (rich in Ca, Mg, K, P, and pyrogenic C) In Amazonia, nutrient poor Oxisols and Ultisols soil organic matter (SOM). d) Terrestrial plant biomass (e.g. green predominate. These soils can hardly be used manure, compost) for agriculture in a sustainable way. It is known Further investigations showed that organic e) Aquatic plant biomass (e.g. algae) that Oxisols can not be used for continuous matter is mainly stabilized via chemi-sorption to cropping longer than for one or two years mineral surfaces whereas physical stabilization The aim of an ongoing research project is the without application of high amounts of imported via entrapment into the interior of aggregates small scale field sampling of archaeological fertilizers such as NPK or super phosphate Figure 1. Typical soil profile of a Terra Preta at accounts for about 20% in Terra Preta soils remains and soil samples and the the Hatahara site close to Iranduba near (Sanchez and Logan, 1992; Steiner, 1996). compared to 10% in adjacent soils. Therefore, investigation of artifacts and "land-use" Manaus, Brazil. This is one of the most besides the occurrence of recalcitrant soil biomarkers in order to reconstruct the genesis However, these fertilizers are not affordable for impressing Terra Preta sites comprising about the poor smallholder farmers. Additionally, 16 hectares which has been continuously organic matter in pyrogenic forms, the stability of Terra Preta soils with special emphasis of according to Tiessen et al. (1994) sustainable excavated by Dr. Ne v es and his group (Neves, of soil organic matter in Terra Preta can be the origin of soil nutrients. The occurrence of agriculture in the humid tropics is hardly 2000; Neves et al., 2001; Petersen et al., 2001). partly explained by physical stabilization in archaeological remains such as human and possible even after intensive fertilization due to Up to now, a digital topographic map of that site; aggregates. Additionally, higher amounts of animal bones, fish bones and turtle backs about 20 m2 of e xcavations have been realised; the low nutrient retention soil organic matter in Terra Preta soils favor helps us to identify major nutrient input paths and 19 samples were radiocarbon dated (Neves, soil aggregation (Glaser, 1999). especially of P. By means of lipid biomarker 2000). This site also has an excellent capacity of many soils. Within this landscape preservation of organic matter including plant analysis which are especially stable in the of infertile soils anthropogenic dark earths remains, human bones as well as terrestrial and The higher N contents were also explained by environment, a differentiation between input of known as Terra Preta (do Indio) occur in aquatic faunal residues. chemical recalcitrance as only 30% of total N human and animal excrements as well as patches of up to several hundred hectares, in Terra Preta soils could be chemically between terrestrial and aquatic biomass can covering in total about 10% of Amazonia Recent investigations have shown that the identified, amino acid-N contributing 18-25%, be obtained. (Mann, 2002). These soils are characterized high amounts of stable soil organic matter in amino sugar-N 4-7%, and inorganic N 1-2% by high amounts of stable and labile organic Terra Preta soils are mainly due to residues of (Glaser, 1999). It was speculated that the If we look first at the potential to differentiate matter and nutrients which enable sustainable incomplete combustion (pyrogenic carbon, major part of the unknown N in Terra Preta between human and animal excrements as cropping. It is obvious that these dark earths black carbon) (Glaser et al., 2000b; Glaser et soils consisted of heterocyclic N as it is known nutrient sources for Terra Preta formation, are the product of intensive anthropogenic al., 2001a, b). It is assumed that pyrogenic that charred residues contain such N forms. sterols and bile acids have been proven to be influence by pre-Columbian Indians (Figure 1.) carbon persists in this environment over Finally, it is considered that the high fertility of especially useful. Preliminary results of sterol centuries due to its chemical stability caused anthropogenic dark earths results from a analysis of a Terra Preta show that human

ETFRN News 37/02 25 26 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes excrements do contribute to the nutrient history of a sustainable land-use system may Email: [email protected] From the point where the Red River enters richness of Terra Preta soils (Glaser, help to produce such soils in the future, thus the sea, the area extends approximately 10 unpublished data). Such biomarkers are very providing (i) economic development of poor km to the north, 10 km to the south and 5 km MANGROVES IN THE RED RIVER stable in the environment, even under extreme countries, (ii) a reduction of the greenhouse seaward, covering a total area of 107 km2. environmental conditions (Evershed and gas effect by carbon sequestration, and (iii) a ESTUARY IN VIETNAM: A SINK OR The LOICZ approach is a budgeting Bethell, 1996; Simpson et al., 1998). reduction of the risk of a further destruction of SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS? procedure describing the rate of material the Amazonian rain forest. delivered to the system ("inputs"), the rate of If we look further into the potential to By J.H.M. Wösten material removed from the system ("outputs"), differentiate between the input of terrestrial References and the rate of change of material within the and aquatic biomass as nutrient sources in Collister, J. W., Rieley, G., Stern, B., Eglinton, G., Fry, Introduction system ("internal sources or sinks"). In this B. 1994. Compound-specific d13C analyses of leaf Terra Preta soils, the n-alkane pattern looks Mangroves are tidal forest ecosystems in approach four sequential budgets are very promising. While cuticular waxes of lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide established: (i) water budget, (ii) salt budget, metabolism. Organic Geochemistry 21, 619-627. sheltered saline to brackish environments. terrestrial plants contain predominantly long They act as a buffer between land and sea as (iii) budgets of P, and (iv) C:P and N:P ratios chain n-alkanes (>C20), short chain n-alkanes Evershed, R. P., Bethell, P. H. 1996. Application of they prevent erosion, reduce currents, to calculate C and N sequestration. (

ETFRN News 37/02 27 28 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisation - Institutions - Programmes Organisation - Institutions - Programmes component in the water budget, while ha-1 d-1 is calculated. This calculated growth Gordon, D.C., Boudreau, P.R., Mann, K.H., Ong, J.E., Figure 2. Estimated monthly changes in groundwater flow is negligible and precipitation rate agrees well with rates measured by Gong Silvert, W.L., Smith, S.V., Wattayakorn, G., Wulff, F. & concentrations of DIN and DIP in river water, and evaporation are also small. Large monthly and Ong (1990). Yanagi, T. 1996 LOICZ Biogeochemical modelling and salinity in the estuary. guidelines. LOICZ Reports and Studies 5, pp. 96, differences exist in river discharge, with Biomass growth of a full grown mangrove LOICZ, Texel, Netherlands. relatively high values in the wet months May- stand in the Red River Estuary as measured J.H.M. Wösten October and low values in the months by Tri et al. (1999) amounts to 31 kg dry Tri, N.H., Ninh, N.H., Lien, T.V., Trinh, B., Chinh, N.T., Alterra Green World Research, November-April. Measured data for salinity, matter ha-1d-1. Agreement between calculated Trong, T.D. & Secretario, F.T. 1999 Economic- P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Dissolved Inorganic N (DIN) and Dissolved and measured growth rates (80 versus 31 kg Environmental modelling of coastal zones in the Red The Netherlands. Inorganic P (DIP) concentrations are shown in ha-1d-1 respectively) is considered to be River delta. Final Report. Hanoi, Vietnam, 62 pp. [email protected] Figure 2 (Pg 32). acceptable. These values provide an Wösten, J.H.M., de Willigen, P., Tri, N.H., Lien, T.V., independent validation mechanism and thus Smith, S.V. 2003 Nutrient dynamics in mangrove Water and nutrient balance support the accuracy of the calculated N and areas of the Red River Estuary in Vietnam. Estuarine, First, residual and mixing flows are calculated P sequestration data. Coastal and Shelf Science (in press). resulting in values of -108.106 m3 d-1 and 119.106 m3 d-1 respectively. The negative sign Conclusions List of Figures for residual flow indicates that there is a net Mangroves in the Red River Estuary function Figure 1. Measured monthly changes in river water outflow from the estuary to the sea. as a sink of nutrients. Independent data on discharge (VQ), precipitation (VP), evaporation 6 3 -1 Because residual flow carries salt out of the mangrove growth rates support the calculated (VE) and groundwater (VG) in 10 m d . estuary, there is a compensating salt source in N and P sequestration data. As a follow up, it the form of a mixing flow which has a positive would be attractive to use the described sign. Next components of the N and P budgets budget approach to investigate the effects of are calculated. Table 1 shows the calculated realistic future scenarios on changes in river three major components of the material discharge and river nutrient concentrations. balance, daily import and daily export, and net These changes could be caused by changes balances. Daily import of N in the estuary is in the water retention of the Red River about 1090 kmol d-1 while daily export of N is catchment or by predictions on the population 268 kmol d-1. This implies that mangroves in growth of Hanoi. In such a scenario analysis the estuary sequester the difference between it should be remembered that calculations are import and export, yielding 822 kmol d-1 of N largely based on average hydrological and and thus act as a sink for N. nutrient concentration data, whereas in reality Similar to N, Table 1 (Pg32) shows that daily these data vary considerably in time and import of P is about 389 kmol d-1 while daily space. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates export of P is 286 kmol d-1. This means that the that the described budget approach is mangroves in the estuary sequester the capable of assessing the nutrient status of the difference, yielding 103 kmol d-1 of P and thus Red River Estuary even if relatively few input also act as a sink for P. data are available on hydrology and nutrient concentrations. Biomass production With a calculated P uptake of 100 kmol d-1 References which equals 3 100 kg P d-1 and a C:P ratio of Augustinus, P.G.E.F. 1995 Geomorphology and 300 for mangroves (Tri et al., 1999), net sedimentology of mangroves. In Geomorphology carbon metabolism amounts to 30 Mmol d-1 and sedimentology of estuaries (Perillo, G.M.E. ed). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. pp. 333-357. which equals 360 000 kg C d-1 for the total 2 area of 107 km . Expressed per unit surface Gong, W.K. & Ong, J.E. 1990 Plant biomass and area this implies a carbon fixation of nutrient flux in a managed mangrove forest in -1 -1 approximately 33 kg ha d . Assuming that Malaysia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31, 40% of the dry matter is carbon, a maximum 519-530. biomass growth rate of about 80 kg dry matter

ETFRN News 37/02 29 30 ETFRN News 37/02 Organisations - Institutions - Programmes Organisations - Institutions - Programmes

1000 n

Table 1. 100 Calculated inorganic N and calculated inorganic P flows, daily import in the estuary system River discharge (V Q ) -1 (F ), daily export from the estuary system , and net balances (import-export) for the estuary

d Q 3 system in kmol d-1. m 6 10 Table 1 Precipitation (V P ) 1 Nutrient Daily import Daily export Balance Groundwater 10 Evaporation (V E ) 0,1 N 1090 268 822 Groundwater (V G ) River discharge, Precipitation, Evaporatio River discharge, Precipitation, 0,01 P 389 286 103 jfmamjjasond Month

Figure 1.Measured monthly changes in river discharge (VQ), precipitation (VP), evaporation 6 3 -1 (VE) and groundwater (VG) in 10 m d

14

12 DIN -3 10

8 Salinity 6

(N,P) or Salinity 4 DIP Concentration mmol m Concentration mmol 2

0 jfmamjjasond Month

Figure 2. Estimated monthly changes in concentrations of DIN and DIP in river water, and salinity in the estuary

31 32 ETFRN News 37/02 Research Cooperation Sought Research Cooperation Sought

c. decision support systems (DSS), using the adverse effects on others. For example, high ehtyl-soluble portion of the resin from the DFID-FRP SEEKS SOCIO-ECONOMIC result of (b) above as one element, to help levels of sequestered carbon may be associated ethyl-insoluble portion and impurities like dirt, EXPERTISE FOR WATER CATCHMENT participatory processes and institutions work with acidified stream flows. So trade-offs will pieces of bark, stones and others. MANAGEMENT STUDIES through arguments about changes in forest need to be examined as they affect different and land use. The decision support systems categories of stakeholder, not just the The refined resin will then be of uniformly high The Forestry Research Programme (FRP) of the should use minimum data sets. The new producers. quality. The local communities are expected to British Department for International research should build on the FAO André earn better income from their tapping Development (DFID) is working in tropical forest Mayer Fellowship study by Sebastiao Kengen g.a more rational approach to valuation of forest operations. This, we hope, would motivate areas and is looking for people/institutions to (1997) "Forest valuation for decision-making: goods and services should enable greater them to protect existing natural almaciga trees work on socio-economic aspects of projects on lessons of experience and proposals for consensus to be obtained on taxation regimes and the associated trees. In the end, water catchment management. Outputs should improvement", and the IUFRO for forests and lands in marginal areas. biodiversity resources would be conserved. include the following: 1.05.06/4.11.03 conference at BOKU Operation of the refining plant is expected to (Institute of Silviculture at the University of The experts we are looking for should work start by January, 2003. a. a guide to which economic and financial tools Agricultural Sciences, Vienna) on "Decision primarily on a, b and c and secondarily on e and and instruments are most appropriate under support for multiple purpose forestry", 23-25 g. Meanwhile, we are looking for possible what specific circumstances, taking the FAO April 2003. markets for the refined resin. We thought that Forestry Paper number 127 ("Valuing forests: Contact person perhaps you may have information on this context, issues and guidelines", by Hans d.compensation mechanisms which have Katelijne Rothschild - Van Look, matter."You may contact Mar at Gregersen, Mike Arnold, Allen Lundgren and potential to transfer value captured by FRP Senior Administrator, [email protected]. Arnoldo Contreras Hermosilla, 1995) as a downstream users and consumers of goods Natural Resources International Ltd, starting point. The development of this guide and services, to benefit those forest Park House, Bradbourne Lane, Source; Forest Information Update, Vol 3, should include comparative studies of the managers who adopt good (conservative or Aylesford, Kent ME20 6SN, No.34 26 August 2002 different methods at one or more data-rich sites. service-enhancing) land and forest UK, tel: +44-1732-87.86.92, management practices upstream. fax: +44-1732-22.04.97, The data requirements for some methods PHD SUPPORT SOUGHT described in FAO Forestry Paper 127 are too e-mail: [email protected] large for most upland communities, so research e.equitable mechanisms for the capture and Note: For more information on the DFID Forest on parsimony will be one element of the distribution of benefit (values) resulting from Research Programme also see Pg 38 Ms. Mildred Nafuna, Coordinator, writes, comparisons between methods. good forest management. More than a "One of our staff is interested in pursuing a decade of trial implementation of trading in PhD in community forestry for the tropics. He RESIN MARKETS SOUGHT b. through participatory consultation, the carbon emission reduction certificates has has come up with a project targeting the development of a "common currency" or the use resulted in a relatively narrow range of prices Ogiek community in Kenya, living in the Mt of multi-criteria analysis to facilitate rational for sequestered carbon. There is much less Mar Dalmacio writes, "We are helping some 15 Elgon, and Mau forests. These people have debate between stakeholders who only use experience in developing countries in markets Peoples' Organizations to acquire permits for been utilizing these forests sustainably, until monetised values and those who also consider for watershed protection services tapping almaciga (Agathis dammara) resins recently when the government started social and cultural benefits. "Common currency" (commercially known as Manila copal). excising bits of these forests for settlement. does not necessarily mean reduction to money. f.guidance on trading of forest-based The proposal is titled 'Sustainable forestry use It could mean a common set of understandings, environmental services. The decision support To improve quality, the resins will be refined and stewardship- An example of the Ogiek or agreed units for goods against services for systems may be applied to markets for water using technology developed by the Forest forest community in Kenya'. We are seeking barter trade (as used by self-help groups in this quantity and quality, sequestered carbon, Products Development Institute. The refining information on this area, as pertains funding country to reduce trading taxes - for example, conserved biodiversity, and landscape technology involves the extraction of resin with and possibly individuals who can assist with a one sack of potatoes = 2 hours of house beauty. It seems likely that trading in bundles ethyl alcohol at about 95 degrees centigrade good proposal in the area. Those interested painting). The common currency or result of of environmental services may be more with applied pressure and allowing the ethyl could get in touch with the student. the multi-criteria analysis should help in beneficial for upland communities but more alcohol to distill and condense through the resin Nicholas Kunga, reaching a consensus for decisions about forest difficult for downstream users and consumers several times in a continues operation and then PO Box 2831,Kampala. and land use change intended to produce the who may not be interested directly in removing the ethyl alcohol for futher use in Tel +256 77 580935 greatest net social benefit. biodiversity or carbon benefits. Maximisation subsequent operation. The extraction vessel is Email: [email protected] of outputs of some services may have provided with filtering medium to separate the

ETFRN News 37/02 33 34 ETFRN News 37/02 Internet Features Internet Features

By Jelle Maas www.forest.go.th/Research/English/abstracts SOURCING IMAGES FOR TREES AND INFORMATION SOUGHT ON ON HOW _silvic/Soil%20Research.htm; plantation LEAVES FOREST FIRES CHANGE MICROBIAL The International Soil Reference and research abstracts may be found at GROWTH Information Centre (ISRIC) www.isric.org is the www.forest.go.th/Research/English/abstracts _silvic/Plantation.htm. I am looking for images of the following trees, World Data Centre for Soils of the International their leaves and seeds. Council of Sciences (ICSU); and is involved in Last summer we had extensive forest fires in The International Soil Conservation Could you recommend any books or online developing the World Overview of the San Juan Mountain near Durango Organization (ISCO); links to the meetings resources where I might find Conservation Approaches and Technologies Colorado. We grew microbes from soil and action agenda are available at: (WOCAT) www.wocat.net with the Centre for this sort of imagery. samples diluted 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:4000. http://topsoil.nserl.purdue.edu/iscohome/ Development and Environment, University of Soil samples were taken from arid land with index.html Anigre - Aningeria SPP an elevation of 6000 ft and from a forested Berne, Switzerland. Lacewood - Cardwellia sublimis area, elevation about 8500 ft. We also had The Kerala Forest Research institute (KFRI) Pearwood - Pyrus communis samples from the burned area at 8500 ft. The Forest Soils homepage of the Soil Science in India has a number of interesting activities Teak - Tectona grandis There was little rizoid type growth in the burn Society of America provides access to online including plantation forestry research Sapele - Entandrophrama cylindricum soil but abundant bacterial type growth with glossaries, forest soils related material, projects, agroforestry, non wood forest Makore - Tieghemella heckelii much variety. Why was this so? The sample databases, electronic journals, tools and products, soil science and the upcoming Bubinga - Guilbourtia demeusii from near the burn area had a variety of both organisations (including universities). international teak conference (December http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/S-7/ Macassar Ebony - diospyros celebica types of growth. If you could send information 2003). Please see http://www.kfri.org Wenge - Juglans regia on how forest fires change microbial growth it Satinwood - Chloroxylon swietenia would be fantastic. Also we are looking for the CSIRO Land and Water (Australia) has a The Brazilian research institute EMBRAPA, difference between microbes in arid climate programme on tropical forests; publications, eg www.embrapa.br/english/embrapa.htm Thank you very much for considering my and high forest (Ponderosa Pines and technical documents on N, P and C balances presents some papers on forest soils at request. shrubs.) can be downloaded. www.cpaa.embrapa.br/env52/env52aeng.htm www.clw.csiro.au/research/tropical/ Kristian Bodek Name: Valerie Uschuk The Australian Cooperative Research Centre The department of Forest Soils of the Swedish 900 Broadway, Suite 903 Bayfield School System for Sustainable Production Forestry is a agricultural University in Uppsala has an New York, NY 10003 E-mail: [email protected] collaborative venture between Australian English website: www.sml.slu.se/indexe.phtml USA forestry companies, the Commonwealth Email: [email protected] Government, State Government enterprises The International Erosion Control Association and Universities. The Centre’s sustainable offers provides education, resource information management programme includes research and business opportunities for professionals in projects on Site productivity; Management of the erosion and sediment control industry at tropical soils; Silvicultural systems; and http://www.ieca.org/ Modelling production and wood quality. http://www.forestry.crc.org.au/susman.htm The ICG, Netherlands Centre for Geo- ecological Research co-ordinates and The South African paper manufacturer Mondi, organises research at several Universities in has large plantations in South Africa. More the Netherlands, and the Katholieke information at www.mondiforests.co.za/ Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Some of their research projects deal with forest - soil relationships. www.frw.uva.nl/icg/index.htm

The forest research office of the Royal Forest Department of Thailand www.forest.go.th/default_e.asp has published abstracts on their forest soils research at

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local organisations and communities to make supporting research on priority developmental RGS-IBG FUNDING FOR FIELD informed decisions regarding natural resource problems of the forest-dependent poor. These RESEARCH TROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATION management. It should be stressed that CCC problems are identified and documented in ASSISTANCE is not a funding agency and does not simply DFID forestry partner countries through The Royal Geographical Society (with The provide resources or facilitate the acquisition consultation with a wide range of Institute of British Geographers) is an Coral Cay Conservation (CCC) is keen to of equipment since the mode of operation is stakeholders, including representatives of the important source of funding for research and learn of opportunities to collaborate with local through partnership, collaboration and poor. training in Geography. The Society’s grants conservation NGOs in tropical forest resource participation. are wide-ranging and offer support to assessment and conservation. FRP has stressed the importance of multi- individual researchers, expedition teams and Such work is exemplified by the Negros disciplinarity and multi-institutionality, so that school teachers. Grants are for work in both CCC provides resources to help sustain Rainforest Conservation Project in the central specialist research staff do not feel obliged to the UK and overseas and range in value from livelihoods and alleviate poverty through the Philippines which is being undertaken with the take on roles for which they may not be ££350 to ££15,000. In 2002 the Society has protection, restoration and management of Negros Forests and Ecological Foundation Inc. trained. provided over ££100,000 in grants, supporting tropical forests. The mechanism through Details of this and the numerous reserves, over 70 expeditions and research projects. Full which CCC achieves this is via working in wildlife sanctuaries, and community What is DFID’s research strategy ? details of all the projects approved and collaboration with local in-country management initiatives that CCC has helped to DFID’s overarching priority in all its supported by the RGS-IBG throughout 2002 conservation organisations and local establish around the world are detailed on the development assistance is the reduction of can be found in the Society's 'Researching the communities, and recruiting volunteers CCC website. Ultimately, CCC prides itself on poverty. DFID funds research with the aim of World 2002' press release. (internationally and locally) who work with assisting host country organisations to develop helping to meet the Millennium Development qualified staff (recruited and managed by sufficient capacity and human resources to Goals agreed by the OECD Development The Society encourages geographical CCC) to undertake forest resource deal with natural resource management issues Assistance Committee and adopted by the UK research and exploration by granting approval (biodiversity) assessments as dictated by independently. Government. Through its Renewable Natural and financial support to expeditions with partner organisations. CCC maintains a Resources Research Strategy 1995-2005, significant scientific content. To be eligible, strong policy of collaboration by invitation from For further details, please contact: DFID funds studies which are exclusively expeditions should have strong links with host appropriate government and non-government related to developmental problems identified country institutions. Involvement of nationals organisations within a host country in order to Craig Turner (Terrestrial Science Co- as priorities by the poor or their from the host country in research is provide resources to achieve tropical forest ordinator) representatives in DFID partner countries. encouraged. conservation management goals. Coral Cay Conservation, The Tower, 125 High The mandate of the research programmes is Teams rather than individuals are supported; Street, Colliers Wood, limited to research and the promotion of solo ventures are not eligible. Studies in CCC can provide teams of well-qualified London, SW19 2JG, UK research outputs. human and physical geography, and research technical staff (scientific, logistics, and T: +44-(0)20-8545-7722, in a geographical aspect of discipline where management), research equipment and a F: +44 (0)870-750-0667 How does FRP operate ? the emphasis is on environmental factors, continual stream of staff and volunteers E: [email protected], FRP clearly cannot solve all the problems geographical relationships, survey, mapping or (whom all receive appropriate training) in W: www.coralcay.org raised by DFID forestry partner countries. For exploration are supported. order to undertake appropriate data collection the moment, FRP is concentrating research effort by selecting a small number of major Deadlines for applications are: activities for the development of resource THE UK FORESTRY RESEARCH problems, and operating through a matrix of 25 Jan for the following Summer or Autumn management tools (e.g. habitat maps, PROGRAMME 25 Aug for the following Winter or Spring Geographic Information Systems etc). CCC structural and thematic clusters. also provides training opportunities and Details and an application form can be down- information for education initiatives for wider What is the FRP ? FRP issues calls for concept notes on well- loaded from the web site at: stakeholders. FRP is one of ten competitive grants defined themes on average once a year. The www.rgs.org/grants programmes of the UK Department for 2002-03 call with deadline 31 October 2002 Email: [email protected] All research is undertaken at no cost to host International Development (DFID) Renewable was within FRP structural cluster 1 (Global country partners and all research is primarily Natural Resources Research Strategy issues and generic tools) and thematic cluster self-financed through the volunteer (RNRRS). FRP intends to help country 5 (Non-timber forest products): participatory scheme. This hopefully enables partners in the eradication of poverty by Theme 1: Processing, marketing and market

ETFRN News 37/02 37 38 ETFRN News 37/02 Funding/Opportunities Funding/Opportunities intelligence for indigenous tropical tree fruits. technical reasons for implementation in other spin-off effects for the people in Europe – What we seek Theme 2: Biometrically sound assessment countries, research results should be imports of ethically traded high-quality tropical We are looking to establish European methods for productivity and sustainable applicable to the needs of very poor people in tree fruits, certified tropical timber, reduction of research alliances that will be eligible for harvests of non-timber forest products. at least two partner countries. carbon emission are few examples of ultimate funding through FP6. We are particularly outcomes from FRP-funded research. interested to include into our network of Who can apply ? contacts scientists with experience in the The FRP welcomes applications from Our well-established network of contacts of social sciences and economics of forest Structural Global Land use / Institutio Sustainable institutions, both public and private sector, highly qualified scientists in the UK and product and services markets to complement cluster issues forest nal liv elihoods and decision change and income with a documented record of completed and worldwide is a valuable asset in the brokering our existing skills base in other areas. (Also Thematic generic making and generation cluster tools reform published research related to tropical forestry of research alliances. Decades of experience see Research cooperation Sought Pg 33) Tropical timber and land use. Applications are similarly in research management are our backbone to trees welcomed from NGOs and CBOs. For success. Our experience covers themes such Need more information? Multi- purpose accountancy reasons, applications are not as sustainable livelihoods, tropical and sub- Please contact: trees and accepted from individuals without an tropical forestry management, watershed Katelijne Rothschild-Van Look shrubs Trees in institutional affiliation. For legal and management, carbon sequestration and CDM FRP Senior Administrator land use accountancy reasons, the lead institution tools, forest product certification and Park House systems should be UK-based. There should be at least marketing, ethical trade, biodiversity Bradbourne Lane Forest managem two collaborating institutions, one (or more) conservation, non-timber forest products. Aylesford ent from each of two (or more) of the DFID Kent ME20 6SN Non- timber forestry partner countries. Proposals from We anticipate to operate both at project level U.K. forest products institutions in EU continental countries should by researchers applying for research funding email: [email protected] be linked to a lead UK-based institution. through the FP6 mechanisms (Networks of Website: www.frp.com.uk Peri-urban issues Institutions in developing countries must be Excellence and Integrated Projects) and at formally associated with a U.K.-based programme level through a consortium of Programm e institution. Applications from developing similar research management offices, by developm countries must show how the problem has offering project management skills for larger ent and dissemina been identified as a national priority in at least forestry networks or projects. tion one other DFID forestry partner countries.

Which are DFID’s forestry partner What doesn’t FRP fund ? countries? FRP cannot fund: DFID's bilateral programme in forestry academic expenses such as tuition fees and concentrates on approximately 20 countries. academic residence costs unless these are These are currently (October 2002): necessary and integral with the research Africa: Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya (Civil project Society only), Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, study tours or attendance at conferences as Uganda and Zimbabwe. stand-alone activities Asia: India, Indonesia (case-by-case descriptive case studies on their own consideration) and Nepal. Latin America and Caribbean: Eastern Partnerships in Framework 6 Caribbean States, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, El What we can offer Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, FRP is seeking partnerships with researchers Nicaragua. and research management bodies throughout Europe. Our aim is to improve the livelihoods FRP projects will generally be carried out in of poor forest-dependent people in tropical these partner countries. If there are strong and subtropical countries, which has positive

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constantly learn and share relevant rigorous and objective analysis and for about events, job opportunities, or institutional NEW NAM E FOR ICRAF: WORLD information to help people improve their lives promoting constructive and informed dialogue issues. We try to maintain a balance with AGROFORESTRY CENTRE and their environment. Our approach is between industry groups, private companies, regard to geographical region and topic deeply rooted in a dedication to top-quality government agencies, NGOs, and local covered. We give particular emphasis to how Dear Partners, Friends and Colleagues, research that results in innovative science, communities. policies and trends outside the forest sector ICRAF is pleased and excited to announce that giving us a rich understanding of needs and of affect forests and the people who depend on we are adopting a new brand name – solutions, from the village scale to the global Our Board of Trustees recently approved a them. World Agroforestry Centre. We are very level. new program structure whereby we will have This is not a discussion list, as such. It is a proud of ICRAF’s rich history of only three programs instead of six. These channel for keeping you informed about policy accomplishment, but we are also aware that We look forward to our efforts with you to programs will be: Forests and Livelihoods, research by CIFOR and others. Often our acronym communicates little about our attack poverty, hunger, and environmental Environmental Services and Sustainable Use interesting dialogues develop directly between organization to those who do not already know degradation through agroforestry. of Forests, and Forest Governance. The new list members and the authors of the our work. As we look to the future, we need to structure will not significantly change the documents discussed. However, we do not foster a more immediate recognition of our Sincerely, content of our research, but it should make our generally post those dialogues. focus on agroforestry, ultimately allowing us to Dennis P. Garrity, Director General operations more efficient and give our partners reach more people, more effectively. Hence a better sense of what we are about. We are very interested in your feedback this change. Along with the brand change, we United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677- regarding the list serve itself and your have adopted a new logo and distilled the 00100 Nairobi, Kenya CIFOR-POLEX messages can be found at the suggestions with regard to what documents intended impact of our work into a simple four- Ph: 254 2 524000 or 1 650 833 6645 CIFOR website: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ we should promote. Please send them to: word tagline: Transforming Lives and Fax: 254 2 524001 or 1 650 833 6646 David Kaimowitz at [email protected] Landscapes. Email: [email protected] Anyone wanting to subscribe to the list should http: www.worldagroforestrycentre.org CIFOR’s FOREST POLICY EXPERTS also contact David Kaimowitz. (POLEX) LISTSERVE Our legal name has not changed. Previous CIFOR-POLEX messages can be While we are adopting a new brand name, all CHANGES AT THE CENTER FOR of our existing and future contracts and other Forest Policy Experts (POLEX) is an electronic found at the CIFOR website: INT ERNATIONAL FOREST RY legal and governmental documents will list serve managed by the Center for Http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ continue to refer to the Centre as “ICRAF” RESEARCH (CIFOR) International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in and/or feature our full name. We will not be Bogor, Indonesia. Its objective is to keep key If you would like to receive CIFOR-POLEX in using the acronym WAC for any purpose. Extract from special Polex message opinion leaders in the area of forestry policy English, Spanish, French, Bahasa Indonesia, Some things are changing at CIFOR; others informed about recent relevant policy research or Nihon-go (Japanese), send a message to Our mission, vision, values, and core remain the same. We are now working harder results by CIFOR and others. The list forms Ambar Liano at strategies also remain unchanged. to show the important role that forests can part of CIFOR's program on the 'causes of [email protected] The World Agroforestry Centre is the play in addressing the challenges of poverty, deforestation, , and changes international leader in agroforestry – the poor health, violence, corruption, and in human welfare in forested areas'. FOREST ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: science and practice of integrating “working Although CIFOR sponsors the list, the content environmental destruction. We are devoting CAN THEY PAY OUR WAY OUT OF trees” on smallholder farms. Agroforestry is an of the messages sent out reflects only the more attention to communications and DEFORESTATION? effective and innovative means to reduce becoming more systematic about achieving views of the authors of the original research poverty, create food security, and improve the impact. and the list manager. They are not the official environment. The Centre and its many views of CIFOR as an institution. Polex Message 3 July 2002 partners provide improved, high quality tree At the same time, CIFOR remains a "center Forests provide huge benefits. Besides germplasm, as well as the knowledge needed without walls", which emphasizes networking, Because we know you are very busy, we only supplying wood and other products,they store to use them effectively. capacity building, and strong partnerships. send two messages per month. Each message a vast amount of genetic information, regulate Our vision of multidisciplinary research that includes a 500 word summary of some recent the climate and the flow of water, protect and At the heart of our Centre is our passion for brings together silviculture, ecology, social research document with information on how to enrich soils, control pests and diseases, creating better choices for future generations sciences and other disciplines continues to obtain the document and contact its author. pollinate useful plants and disperse their and our belief that we have a responsibility to inspire everything we do. We still stand for We do not generally post announcements seeds, safeguard water quality, offer beautiful

ETFRN News 37/02 41 42 ETFRN News 37/02 Other News Other News landscapes, and enrich us spiritually.Forests to come up with some theoretical figure about Willem Martens and Belinda Kinkead, written CDM investment flows in small to medium can also create significant costs. Each hectare the forest's "value". Schemes to pay for for the UK Department for International developing countries; and to suggest ways of forest is one less hectare farmers can use environmental services should focus on those Development (DFID), the study summarises that donors could get involved in capacity for crops or livestock. Forest animals can forests that are under threat but where small the official text on small scale projects and building to facilitate the participation of these become pests. Forests compete with other payments would be sufficient to keep them analyses the impact of these policies on a wide developing countries in the CDM. Find more activities for water. from being destroyed. range of energy projects. information about the project in Many people believe economic techniques can www.ecosecurities.com/mend/index.html. tell us when the benefits of forests outweigh Of course, it is nice for policymakers to see Laying the Foundations for Clean the costs and which forest to clear and which the value of forests. But for most people who Development: Preparing the Land Use All these reports can be downloaded free of to protect. These same people also frequently would like to clear those forests the bottom Sector. A quick guide to the Clean charge from the publications section of assume such studies will prove it is better to line is "show me the money". Good research Development Mechanism – by Louise Aukland, www.ecosecurities.com. protect most forest and that once policymakers can contribute a lot to figuring out how to do Pedro Moura Costa, Stephen Bass, Saleemul realize that the forests will be conserved as a that. Huq, Natasha Landell-Mills, Richard Tipper, For more information on EcoSecurities, please result. and Rebecca Carr, written for the UK contact: To request free electronic copies of Nasi and Department for International Development Louise Aukland/Belinda Kinkead Robert Nasi and Sven Wunder of CIFOR and Wunder's paper you can write to (DFID). This booklet summarises the steps EDGE Forestry Coordinator Jose Joaquin Campos from CATIE are not fully Levania Santoso at: [email protected] required for the development of sustainable [email protected] convinced. In "Forest Ecosystem Services: To send comments or queries to the author land use CDM projects, as well as the policies [email protected] Can They Pay Our Way Out of Deforestation?" write Robert Nasi at: [email protected] required to address the needs of Host Tel. +44 (0)1865 202635 they argue that in many cases we still know so Countries. More information can also be found Fax. +44 (0)1865 251438 little about the specific services forests provide in the website www.cdmcapacity.org. Versions that attempting to assess their value in a ECOSECURITIES FINALISES FOUR in Spanish, French and Portuguese will also particular location would take us into the realm STUDIES ON CARBON TRADING AND be available soon in EcoSecurities’ website. FUELWOOD ISSUES PAPERS of science fiction. They point out that different THE CDM, FUNDED BY THE UK This booklet complements a previous AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING economic valuation techniques often generate GOVERNMENT. publication by EcoSecurities and partners, FROM ODI FOREST POLICY AND quite distinct results. They also note that such called Rural Livelihoods and Carbon ENVIRONMENT GROUP WEBSITE techniques cannot really address the large- EcoSecurities Group, News Release – Management (by Stephen Bass, Olivier scale or long-term consequences of forest loss October 2002 Dubois, Pedro Moura-Costa, Michelle Pinard, We are very pleased to announce that we or the distributional issues concerning who Richard Tipper and Charlie Wilson), also have now put the next collection of fuelwood loses and who gains. Determination of baselines and available at EcoSecurities’ website. papers from our (unpublished) Grey Literature monitoring protocols for non-LUCF on to the website. This batch of papers is In any case, figuring out how much a forest is projects - by Pedro Moura Costa, Jessica Moving towards Emissions Neutral available NOW for downloading in pdf format worth is not enough. To conserve them, Troni, Veronique Bovee, and Justin Guest, Development (MEND) – by Jessica Troni, at:http://www.odifpeg.org.uk/ someone has to give the people that want to written for the UK Department for Pedro Moura Costa, Nasim Haque, Humberto publications/greyliterature/fuelwood/index.html clear forests a real incentive not to do so. That Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Rodriguez, Ash Sharma, Martin Hession, will often require paying them, either because The study analyses the existing requirements Sarah Agbey, Lalith Gunaratne and Youba Should you encounter any technical they effectively control the forestland or and guidance provided by the Marrakech Sokona, written for the UK Department for difficulties downloading these papers, please because they have political influence. Creating Accords, and provides a decision tree to help International Development (DfID). This report contact us at: [email protected] protected areas and eliminating perverse guide project developers and regulatory summarizes the findings of a 2-year long policies that encourage people to clear forests agencies through the process of developing research project carried out in collaboration We very much hope that you enjoy reading are important, but they can only go so far. baselines for GHG (green house gas) with partners in four developing countries: these papers – your comments are always mitigation projects in the energy sector. Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana and Sri Lanka, welcome. Valuation efforts can contribute most by as well as with Imperial College of London and determining how much one would have to pay Simplified Modalities and Procedures for ESD. The objectives of the project were to: Vicky Pett, RDFN Administrator different groups to get them to maintain land Small Scale Projects in the CDM – by examine the developmental potential of the under forest. That is more relevant than trying Pedro Moura Costa, Jessica Troni, Jan- CDM; to investigate strategies to encourage SYMFOR: SOFTWARE FOR

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The research, published in Forests at the grasp the idea that millions of people rely on charcoal, rattan, game, fruit, medicinal herbs SUSTAINABLE TIMBER YIELD Edge: A review of EC aid spending, is based forests for their most basic needs." and many other products. Forests are often REGULATION FOR TROPICAL on investigations into 16 Country Strategy Forests at the Edge includes a series of particularly important to the poor, providing FORESTS Papers and two Regional Strategy Papers, detailed recommendations for the European them with a “safety net”, which is to say, a the official documents that say how EC aid will Commission. A summary of the report and the source of emergency sustenance during times SYMFOR is a software tool developed by the be spent. The report is the first result of the main report itself are available as PDFs at of hardship, when crops have failed, when an University of Edinburgh, supported by the EC Forest Platform, a FERN initiative that www.fern.org. economic crisis has hit, when war or conflict Forestry Research Programme (FRP) of the links peoples in the South and the EU on aid have broken out, or when floods have washed United Kingdom's Department for International and forest issues. Berenice Muraille away homes. Yet forests are under great Development (DFID). It is designed to be used All of the 16 countries investigated include Forest Policy Officer, FERN threat, especially in developing countries. for the sustainable timber yield regulation for large areas of forest, yet none of the Country Avenue des Celtes, 20 Clearing forests, either to make way for tropical forests and is currently being applied Strategy Papers offers a thorough analysis of 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium farmland or to exploit timber, may provide in Indonesia, Brazil, Guyana and Ecuador. how poor people depend on forests for food, Tel: +32 2 7333653 - Fax:+ 32 2 7368054 some economic benefits, but deforestation fuel, materials and medicines. Almost no [email protected] - www.fern.org and forest degradation frequently undermine The latest issue of the SYMFOR newsletter is money is allocated to forests or forest FERN jointly with the Forest Peoples the ability of rural people to make a living and now available from http://www.symfor.org/ peoples. Programme, acts as the Northern Office of the to subsist during hard times. At the same time, newsletter/issue6.pdf (240KB), or may be World Rainforest Movement www.wrm.org.uy forest loss threatens biodiversity and the requested by email to [email protected]. FERN also found that: environmental services which forests provide. • Out of E1.66 billion allocated to 16 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON The newsletter covers project activities from countries, only E63.6 million (3.8%) is for Objectives RURAL LIVELIHOODS, FORESTS AND January to July 2002 including forests or forest-dependent peoples. This The objectives of the conference are: is allocated in only three countries, E51m BIODIVERSITY 26-30 MAY 2003, BONN, • to survey the current state of knowledge on • SYMFOR training at the University of in Indonesia. GERMANY the role forests play in sustaining and Edinburgh for overseas researchers; • The connection between poverty and improving rural livelihoods; • Multi-stakeholder workshops in partner natural-resource management is often An international conference on the role of • to identify national and international policy countries; completely overlooked or given only forests in supporting rural livelihoods in lessons with the aim of enhancing • The release of the latest version of superficial attention. developing countries and on the maintenance awareness about the significance of forests SYMFOR. • In Africa nearly 50% of aid will be spent of biodiversity. Key objectives are to survey for rural livelihoods; and on roads that in many cases will facilitate current knowledge and identify policy lessons • to define an overall research strategy on Stefanie Halfmann forest degradation and aggravate and a future research strategy. rural livelihoods, forests and biodiversity. Project Administrator conditions for forest-dependent people. FRP-DFID Project R6915 • Participation with civil society and Organizers Key questions Email:[email protected] indigenous peoples is non-existent or The Center for International Forestry Research This conference will address four fundamental inadequate. (CIFOR), in collaboration with questions: Germany’s Ministry of Economic Cooperation • How can the ‘safety net’ functions of FERN REPORT CONCLUDES: EC AID "If what is happening in these countries is and Development (BMZ), forests be preserved so that rural people MISSES FOREST LINK typical of the wider picture then EC aid is the German Foundation for International do not fall deeper into poverty? probably making conditions worse for people Development (DSE) and • How can forest resources be used as a Research published by FERN last month who depend on forests," said Bérénice Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische means to lift rural people out of poverty? reveals that EC aid programming is failing to Muraille, FERN’s aid programme campaigner. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). • How can forest-based poverty alleviation help people in developing countries who "We were told that the environment was going strategies be made compatible with the depend on forests for their survival. The to be prioritised across the whole of the aid The problem preservation of biodiversity and other findings undermine the claim that the EC programme. It’ s now clear that it has fallen off Hundreds of millions of rural people depend on ecological functions of natural forests? Development Policy, revised in 2000, the agenda almost completely. The European forests. Forests provide a wide variety of • How can the owners and managers of integrates the environment into all focal areas Commission needs make urgent changes to goods for use in the household or to sell for forests be encouraged to accommodate as promised by the European Commission. the way that aid is allocated and needs to cash income. Examples are timber, fuelwood, and protect the various social and

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ecological roles which forest play? abandoned resources and the rights to exploit environmental services which benefit society agroforestry for solving problems related to them in a sustainable manner. as a whole. deterioration of family farms, increased soil In assessing whether forests can prevent or erosion, surface and ground water pollution, alleviate poverty, there are grounds for both The growing threat posed by global warming Output and decreased biodiversity was recognized in optimism and pessimism. Take, first, the may work in favour of poor people living in A book will be published including selected the industrialized nations too. Thus, grounds for optimism. Many countries are forest areas. The Clean Development papers and synthesis chapters. A web site will agroforestry is now receiving increasing undergoing profound political changes, with Mechanism of the may be established to post all papers and to attention as a sustainable land-management governments ceding power and responsibility eventually provide means through which encourage dialogue before and after the option the world over because of its to local and district authorities. In some communities in developing countries can be conference. ecological, economic, and social attributes. countries decentralization is giving local people paid to conserve their forests and 'lock up' greater access to forests and a greater say in carbon. The carbon trade between polluting Participation Agroforestry research and development are, how they are used. businesses in the North and forest Approximately 120 participants are expected. however, at a crossroads today. The potential communities in the South will become Limited funds are available to support the of the practices has been amply illustrated, The trend towards greater democracy in many increasingly important in the future. participation of developing country presenters. but the investment in a science base has not developing countries may well increase the reached a level that can meet the demand for bargaining power of communities and local There are, however, grounds for pessimism Format technology delivery. It is time, therefore, to organisations. In the past, power has often too. Timber harvesting and commercialization The conference will consist of keynote evaluate progress, assess available options, been firmly vested with large enterprises and may often require amounts of capital that speeches on the opening day, two and a half and design strategies for the future. state-owned companies. This may now be exclude the poorest from participation. Timber days of presentations and discussions in changing, to the benefit of both forests and also requires a long time to mature and this parallel sessions and a one-day field trip. Program local communities. mitigates against the involvement of the poor, The overall Congress theme is “Working who need to generate income in the Contact Together for Sustainable Land-use Systems.” There has been a massive redistribution of immediate, not the distant, future. If you have questions or comments, please Plenary, concurrent, and poster sessions will forest resources in recent years. Rural contact: be organized around five major topics: communities and small holders now own In most developing countries it is clear that William Sunderlin • Improvement of Rural Livelihoods approximately a fifth of the world's forests. This people in positions of power and those Center for International Forestry Research • Enhancement of the Environment and is obviously a good thing: rural people should blessed with great wealth and good contacts, P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Landscape receive a larger share of forest resources. And tend to appropriate high value resources such Jakarta 10065, Indonesia • Agroforestry Science and Education security of tenure, if it is obtained, improves as precious timbers. Inevitably, the poor lose Tel.: 251-622-622, Fax: 251-622-100, • Policy, Social, and Institutional Issues the chances of good forest management. out. Email: [email protected] • Agroforestry: The Next 25 Years

The abuse of natural resources is often The process of decentralization is helping Who Should Attend exacerbated by corruption. Furthermore, the some communities gain access to the forests, 1ST WORLD CONGRESS OF • Academicians poor are especially vulnerable to exploitation but in some countries it has also had a AGROFORESTRY • Development Professionals by corrupt forces. Fortunately, campaigns negative impact on the forests and on the Working Together for Sustainable • Environmental Consultants against corruption are calling to account poorer members of rural communities. In Land-use Systems • Extension Specialists governments, businesses and international Indonesia, for example, decentralization has • Farmers/Land Owners institutions. This should be to the benefit of the tended to speed up forest destruction and it • Government Officials 27 June - 02 July 2004 Orlando, Florida, poor and to the forest resources on which they has done little to increase the bargaining • Land Managers/Consultants USA depend. power of local people. • Natural Resource and Forestry Professionals Background In many countries logging companies over- Forests provide many important environmental • Non-Government and Private-Voluntary Agroforestry began to attain prominence in the harvest the resource to such an extent that services whose value is hard to measure in Organizations late 1970s, when the international scientific they do not bother to renew their concessions. economic terms. For this and other reasons, • Policy Makers community realized its potentials in the tropics This can provide an opportunity for forest forest-dwellers are rarely compensated for • Private Sector Representatives and recognized it as a practice in search of communities, providing they gain access to the ensuring that the forests provide • Scientists science. During the 1990s, the relevance of

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• Students Contact Information: Conservation, Resources Institute (HIRI) as a demand draft. Technical Program and Sponsorship • Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs), Provide following information in the pre- Congress Objectives P. K. Nair, Distinguished Professor • Eco- tourism. registration form: • To provide a global forum for agroforestry Director, Center for Subtropical Agroforestry Name, Designation, Full Mailing Address, professionals to share knowledge, SFRC, University of Florida/IFAS, Objectives: Phone Number, Fax, E-mail, along with Title experiences, and ideas. PO Box 110410 Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, The specific objectives of the conference are of the Lecture and Abstract addressed to: • To plan future strategies in agroforestry USA to: Himalayan Resources Institute (HIRI), GPO research, education & training, and Tel: 1-352-846-0880 Fax: 1-352-846-1277 1. Identify the major issues and options on Box : 13880, New Baneshwor, development. E-mail: [email protected] biodiversity conservation in the Himalayan Kathmandu, Nepal. Expected Outputs Web Site: www.sfrc.ufl.edu/pknair region. Planned publications include a state-of-the-art 2. Share ideas on recent biodiversity 6. Programmes: compendium, a summary document, a book of Congress Logistics conservation and management approaches. There will be four categories of presentations: abstracts, and refereed journal articles. A Mandy Padgett, Conference Coordinator 3. Review the existing government policies and 1. Plenary Lecture - 30 minutes declaration that embodies the essence of Office of Conferences & Institutes, extension programmes of the Hindu Kush- 2. Invited Lecture - 25 minutes Congress deliberations will be developed as a University of Florida/IFAS, Himalayan (HKH) countries. 3. General oral presentations - 15 minutes tool for discussions with policy makers and PO Box 110750, Gainesville, FL 32611-0750, 4. Explore mutual regional cooperation for 4. Poster session - as per schedule donor agencies to advance the cause of USA effective implementation of biodiversity action Plenary and invited lectures will be distributed agroforestry worldwide. Tel: 1-352-392-5930 FAX: 1-352-392-9734 plans. in all the sub-themes, and the selected E-mail: [email protected] 5. Develop an international network of speakers will be invited for the presentation. Sponsorship Web site: http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/ Himalayan biodiversity conservation to The poster session will be reviewed and The Congress is being organized as exchange information and technologies at presented by the conveners in the last collaborative effort by a diverse group local, national, regional and international session in a summarized form. institutions worldwide. Current sponsors the INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON levels. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation HIMALAYAN BIODIVERSITY For details please contact: Agriculture (IICA); Mars, Inc.; University of Registration: Mr. Ram Bhandari Florida/IFAS; and the World Agroforestry In commemoration of The International Year of Registration fee for participants Himalayan Resources Institute (HIRI), Centre/ICRAF. If you are interested in Mountains (IYM) 2002 and The International from Nepal Nrs.1,000/- Local / national NGOs P.O. Box 13880, New Baneshwor, becoming involved in this effort providing finan Year of Eco-tourism, 2002, the Himalayan NRs.2, 000/- Kathmandu, Nepal If you are interested in becoming involved in Resources Institute (HIRI) Nepal in Registration fee from participants from India IC Tel.: +977-1-490399 this effort providing financial assistance in collaboration with Biodiversity Research Rs.1,000/- Fax : +977-1-332636, 331964 support of Congress, please contact P.K. Nair. Group (BRG), Central Department of Zoology, Registration fee for INGO located in Nepal US E-mail: [email protected] Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Ecological $ 50/- [email protected] Global Organizing Committee Chairs: Association of Nepal and Nepal Biotechnology Registration fee for participants from Hindu Website: www.hirinepal.com Chair: Association (NBA), are organising an Kush- Himalayan (HKH) countries US $ 50/- • P. K. Nair, University of Florida/IFAS, Participants other than the HKH countries US International Conference on Himalayan COURSE ON PLANT FAMILIES OF Gainesville, FL, USA Biodiversity, from February 26-28, 2003 in $ 100/- SOUTHEAST ASIA Kathmandu, Nepal. All interested in attending the conference and Co-Chairs: submitting an abstract are encouraged to pre- • Dennis Garrity, World Agroforestry Theme: register electronically from the conference From May 6 to May 23 2003, the Nationaal Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya The theme of the conference is "Conservation homepage at http://www.hirinepal.com. Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University • Gregory Ruark, USDA/Forest Service, of Himalayan Biodiversity for Human Welfare" Alternatively, you may request a pre- Branch, Leiden, The Netherlands, is National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, NE, with the following the major topics of the registration form from the conference organising its two yearly course "Plant USA conference: organisers. This ensures that you will receive Families of Southeast Asia". This course is • Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars, Inc., • Himalayan Flora and Fauna, the Final announcement containing detailed meant for everyone interested in the plants Hackettstown, NJ, USA • Biodiversity Conservation, conference information. Registration fee from this region. The main aim of this course • Indigenous Knowledge on Biodiversity should be sent in favour of Himalayan is to treat several important plant families in

ETFRN News 37/02 49 50 ETFRN News 37/02 Other News Other News such a way that the participants of the course of distribution, intra- and inter-continental Email: [email protected] nearly 5,000 attendees from some 160 will get a good basis for plant recognition. patterns, ecological issues relevant to Web: Http://www.ectf.co.uk countries. Ideas and projects discussed will Additionally lectures will be given on how to conservation and maintenance of vegetation have a direct impact on forest management, collect plants in the field (both for herbarium as diversity. conservation, and development. Discussions well as molecular purposes), evolution of the Animal Biodiversity: SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT are intended to bring together a wealth of plant families, wood, seed and pollen anatomy, examines the relationship between faunal and THROUGH FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS knowledge, experience and views that will tropical vegetations in general, plant floral diversity, the role of vertebrate and help guide the development of forestry morphology, the use of interactive keys, etc. invertebrate fauna as producers and The Land and Water Development Division policies, practices, research, and international There will also be two excursions to the exploiters of floral diversity and the connection has launched a web Portal on Soil Productivity cooperation. The Congress will also be a greenhouses of the Hortus Botanicus in between animal species richness and Improvement through Farmer Field Schools world stage for the latest innovations in the Leiden, which harbours living plants of most of ecosystem processes such as carbon and http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/farmspi/default.stm. field. the treated species. Participation fee for this nutrient cycling. course is 500 Euro. Participants have to pay Palaeoecology and Environmental This site provides information on FAO's pilot Based on the theme Forests, source of life, for accommodation and travel expenses Change: programme on Soil Productivity Improvement deliberations will explore the following areas: themselves. Please react quickly since there is examines records of environmental change through Farmer Field Schools. Specifically, it (A) Forests for People, only place for 20 participants!! from past and present areas of savanna and aims at promoting the exchange of information (B) Forests for the Planet, and dry forest. Considers the significance of these and experiences on the development and (C) People and Forests in Harmony. For more information contact records for our understanding of climate implementation of FFS for enhancing and Ferry Slik Email:[email protected] change, particularly over the late Quaternary sustaining soil productivity. The site is Discussions will also be led on issues and Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Plantdiversity and Holocene and the impact of human targeting those involved in developing situations specific to individual ecological and of the Indopacific and Tropical Asia disturbance. participatory or FFS land management and major sociocultural units. Their various Einsteinweg 2 room B101 Environment and Environmental conservation programmes, resource persons processes for establishing sustainable forest PO-Box 9514 Processes: and senior extension officers as well as management criteria and indicators will be 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands encompasses interactions between the agricultural development specialists. taken into account in forming the discussion http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~slikjwf/ atmosphere and the biosphere and assesses groups. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforce links between geology, relief, soils, water Your comments ,suggestions and contribution biodi/index.htm resources and ecology. from relevant work for further improvement and The Congress will offer different outings, tel: +31-71-5273529 Human Ecology and Development: updating of the site would be highly visits, and study tours throughout Canada and fax: +31-71-5273511 examines the interaction between humans appreciated . the United States, combining technical and and their environments. Considers land scientific dimensions with the cultural With kind regards, development, land use change, issues of rural attraction of a beautiful land. Also featured will TROPICAL SAVANNAS & SEASONALLY livelihoods, conflicts between conservation Parviz Koohafkan, Chief AGLL FAO be an exhibition where some hundred DRY FORESTS and development, and management organizations will showcase their products, strategies, both traditional and contemporary. THE services, and achievements. Attendees will be Edinburgh 14 - 20 September 2003 able to participate in many side events and The aim of the meeting is to collate the The lecture programme will be held at the seminars related to the main theme. Under the auspices of the Food and endeavours of widely disparate research RBGE while the accommodation will be at the More details about the Congress are available Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, groups and focus attention on the key University of Edinburgh Halls of Residence. on the Web site at www.wfc2003.org the XII World Forestry Congress will be held in ecological, environmental and developmental Quebec City, Canada in September 2003. issues. Five principal themes will be Enquiries and abstract submission through: For more information: addressed:- Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Trees Secretariat, XII World Forestry Congress Pentlands Science Park Persons interested in forests and forestry are 800 Place D’Youville, 18th floor invited to this important international meeting. Plant Biodiversity: Bush Loan, Penicuik, Québec City, Québec; Canada G1R 3P4 During this open forum, the participants will covers studies of the exceptionally rich plant Edinburgh EH26 0PH, Scotland Telephone: (418) 694-2424 have the opportunity to freely exchange biodiversity of savannas and dry forests and Tel: +44 (0) 131 440 0400 Fax: (418) 694-9922, knowledge, experience, and views on the their biogeography, including historic aspects Fax:+44 (0) 131 440 4141 Email: [email protected] Congress theme Forests, source of life with

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By Bert van der Linden TGCS. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON J.P. Cobbinah, D.E.K.A Siaw & A. Gyimah The annual report contains information on the TIMBER PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT (2001) organisation, the participants and projects that FIVE THOUSAND YEARS OF PROCEEDINGS are carried out in different states of India. SUSTAINABILITY? A CASE STUDY ON This manual is intended to provide step-by- GEDEO LAND USE (SOUTHERN The conference was organised in November step guidance to those people who have taken For further information contact: ETHIOPIA) 2000 by the Forest Management Bureau of up the challenge to plant trees. The content Jagdeesh Rao, Foundation for Ecological the Philippines’ Department of Environment should be considered and adapted to the local Security, PB no. 29, NDDB Campus, T K. Kanshie (2002) and Natural Resources with the assistance context in which it is used. Written in clear Anand 388 001, India. from the International Tropical Timber words and accompanied by simple drawings Tel.: 02692-61402,61238 and 239. This publication is the fifth in a series of Organisation (ITTO) and in cooperation with along with other graphic representations it is Fax: 02692-62087 and 62196. Treebooks, published by Treemail according to Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of explained how to establish a tree plantation. Or contact: the criteria of free, independent, original the United Nations. From growing tree seedlings in a nursery, to Managing Director, thinking and high quality warranted by the tree planting and maintenance of the National Tree Growers Cooperative scientific performance of its authors. The Conference was composed of five plantation guidance is given and points of Federation Limited, sessions. Session 1 focused on attention are highlighted. Finally some PB 156, NDDB Campus. The present volume is a study of an ancient developments in plantation forestry from a guidelines are given for successful Anand 388 001, Gujarat, way of land use, over five thousand years old, global and regional (Asia-Pacific) perspective. management of a tree plantation. INDIA. by the Gedeo in Ethiopia. Gedeo land use These included current timber supply and Telephone:++91-2692-41303, 21402. emphasises perennial cropping. Emphasis on demand scenario and trends in government ISBN: 9988-582-13-7, 36p. FORIG. Published Telefax: ++91-2692-40173, 40213. trees lends the “agroforests” a forest-like interventions/policies. Session 2 provided by Forestry research Institute of Ghana (CSIR) Website:://www.irma.ac.in/about/ntgcf.html. appearance. The central theme of the discussions on the economics of plantation University, P.O.Box 63. Kumasi, Ghana. ecological study is to understand holistic land forestry including opportunities and GLOBAL REVIEW OF FOREST FIRES use better, and to contribute to the design constraints for investment. Session 3 tackled Printed by The Advent Press, P.O.Box 0102, capability of the farmers, so as to cope better technological breakthroughs in plantation Osu, Accra, Ghana. Tel.: +233 21 777861. with the problems of rural development. The forestry and latest developments in the Email: [email protected]. Prepared by A. Rowell and Dr. P. F. Moone book contains nine chapters. In the first different aspects of timber plantation This report is a follow-up to the WWF chapter the agricultural background in Ethiopia management. Session 4 focused on country NATIONAL TREE GROWERS’ specific experiences on plantation forestry. International Discussion Paper “The Year the is presented. Chapter two addresses the COOPERATIVE FEDERATION context and the scope of the study. Chapter Session 5 discussed the contribution of World caught Fire” which was published in three builds on the methodological framework various key elements towards the attainment Annual Report 2000-2001 December 1997. Although action may be and the research questions raised. In chapter of a successful timber plantation program. happening on a local, regional, national or even international level, this report shows that four an architectural analysis of the agroforests The proceedings also contain general The National Tree Growers' Co-operative it is too slow and, in many cases misdirected. is presented. Chapter five discusses the role of statements and recommendations, closing Federation (NTGCF) is a national level multi- WWF and IUCN believe it is time to a certain plant species in the agroforests. messages and appendices. state co-operative society in India, registered profoundly rethink the approach to forest Chapter six concerns principle and practice of in 1988. It was promoted by the Village-level management, with much greater emphasis on natural resource management by farmers. ISBN 971-8986-39-1, 392 p. For further Tree Growers' Co-operatives. It is responsible community involvement in fire management Chapter seven deals with their soil information contact the Forest management for providing financial and technical assistance and use of fire. The aim of the report is to management. Chapter eight reviews the Bureau of the Department of Environment and to the Tree Growers' Co-operative Societies show that the ecological, cultural, social and carrying capacity of Gedeo “agroforests”. natural Resources (TGCS). Apart from regenerating the village economic cost of fires is so immense that it Finally, chapter nine presents a synthesis of Visayas Avenue, Diliman, commons and private marginal lands through needs strategic thinking backed up by firm the different findings and their implications. Quezon City, 1100 Philippines. plantations, NTGCF has also been practical action now. Tel.: (632)-926-2141. Fax: (632)-920-8650. implementing energy conservation Treemail Publishers, 295 p. For further Email: [email protected] programmes, viz., smokeless chulhas and For further information contact information on this and other Treemail http://www.fmb.denr.gov.ph/. family biogas plants funded by the Ministry of WWF, Forest for Life Programme Unit, publications visit the website at Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES), WWF International, www.treemail.nl/books/index.htm. GUIDE TO TREE PLANTING IN GHANA Government of India through its member

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Avenue du Mont-Blanc, (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. deliver sustainable development benefits in an countries are presented. Challenges and CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; This booklet provides information to forestry equitable and cost-effective manner. It also opportunities for sustainable forest Tel: +41 22 364 9019; Fax: +41 22 364 0640; and land use audiences, principally in reviews the environmental and social impacts management in different countries are www.panda.org/forests4life, developing countries, who want to find out of forestry and land-use activities for the discussed. One chapter presents the more about the Clean Development purposes of carbon sequestration, and producers’ perspective of forest management or IUCN, World Headquarters, Mechanism (CDM) and how it affects their describes approaches to address these certification in Indochina, another focuses on Rue Mauverney 28, activities. CDM was developed within the impacts within the context of sustainable the adaptation of certification approaches in CH-1196 Gland, framework of the Kyoto Protocol in order to development. The emergence of markets for initiatives promoting community-based forest Switzerland; enable developing countries to reach the carbon credits creates new opportunities to management regimes. Also the development Tel.: +41 22 999 0001; Fax: +41 22 999 0002; targets drawn up in the Protocol through generate value from ecosystem services. The of the contents of a criteria and indicator website: www.iucn.org. flexible mechanisms, including projects in perception is addressed that including based auditing system is discussed. which developed countries take part in order environmental and social considerations in to reach their own targets as well. The booklet carbon sequestration activities will raise For copies and further information contact TRIAL BY FIRE describes the potential for land-use projects transaction costs. While this might be true in S. Appanah, FORSPA, Postfire Development of a tropical within the CDM. some cases, fully addressing these issues in FAO Regional Office for Asia and the pacific, dipterocarp forest PhD thesis project design and implementation can 39 Phra Atit Road, For further information contact minimize risks through higher project quality. Bangkok 10200, Thailand. M.G.L. van Nieuwstadt (2002) IIED, Endsleigh Street, Tel.: (662) 697 4136. Fax: (662) 697 4411. Endsleigh Street For copies please contact: Email: [email protected]. This study focuses on a comparison of the London WC1H 0DD, Mr. Brett Orlando, IUCN central part of Sungai Wain dipterocarp forest Tel (+44) 20 7388-2117, Email: [email protected] or Fax (+44) 020 7388-2826 Dr. Jens Mackensen, UNEP "TOWARDS POLICIES OF in East Kalimantan that dried out in two COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT extreme droughts in 1997-1998, but remained [email protected], Email: [email protected] unburned, with the surrounding forest that Website: www.cdmcapacity.org. AND CERTIFICATION IN LAT IN AMERICA" burned once at low density. Tree mortality, FOREST MANAGEMENT resprouting, plant succession dynamics, seed "CARBON, FORESTS AND PEOPLE: CERTIFICATION AND T HE DESIGN OF viability were studied in both forest types. In a TOWARDS THE INTEGRATED LOCAL AUDITING SYSTEMS "Hacia Políticas de Manejo Forestal synthesis an assessment is made of the Comunitario y la Certifficación en América MANAGEM ENT OF CARBON Proceedings of A Regional Workshop consequences of drought and fire in a lowland Latina" dipterocarp rain forest. SEQUESTRATION, ENVIRONMENT for Indochina (2002) AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS" The policy brief contains a brief assessment ISBN: 90-393-3002-6. 142 p. Although forest certification has existed for of the current situation of community forestry Mark van Nieuwstadt can be contacted at: This is a jointly produced publication by IUCN- over a decade, few countries in the and the role of certification in Latin America Tel: +31 (0)30 253 6699/670; The World Conservation Union and the United Indochinese region (Cambodia, China, Lao and summarizes the main findings and Fax: +31 (0)30 251 8366; Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam) have proposals for future action. The document is Email: [email protected]. collaboration with the Institute for European any experience in its application. Recognising the result of an international workshop that Environmental Policy (IEEP) and Swiss the need in Indochina for further learning and was held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia from 22 - 26 January 2001. The workshop was organized LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR Organization for Development and exchange of information on certification, the jointly by WWF Bolivia and GTF (Grupo de CLEAN DEVELOPMENT: PREPARING Cooperation (Intercooperation). Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA) held a regional Trabajo Forestal con Pueblos Indigenas) in THE LAND USE SECTOR The publication discusses the opportunities workshop on forest management certification cooperation with GTZ, Germany and EC LNV, A quick guide to the Clean Development and challenges of carbon sequestration and the design of local auditing systems. the Netherlands. Mechanism activities in the forestry and agricultural sectors of both industrialized and developing The proceedings contain 12 chapters The policy brief (available in English and This publication is the result of a research countries. It outlines a set of strategies and addressing a number of issues concerning Spanish) and the proceedings can be project funded by the United Kingdom approaches for ensuring that forest and other certification of forest management. Several downloaded from: Department for International Development land-use climate change mitigation measures ongoing certification programmes in different http://bolfor.chemonics.net/novedads/INDEX

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.HTM Biological Diversity, outcome and is followed by a section with World Trade Centre, recommendations. WILDLIFE TRADE IN LAOS Further information can be obtained from: 393 St. Jacques Street, Suite 300, The end of the Game Nils S. Häger Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9. For further information contact Regional Community Forest Certification Tel.: 1 (514) 2882220. Fax: 1 (514) 288 6588. Fern in United Kingdom H. Nooren & G. Claridge (2001) Project Email: [email protected]. 1c Fosseway Business Park, WWF Bolivia Website: http://www.biodiv.org. Stratford Road, The material presented in this book Casilla 1633, Santa Cruz, Moreton-in-Marsh, GL56 9NQ, UK summarises the information available on Bolivia. Tel.: +44 1608 652895, Fax: +44 1608 STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF wildlife trade in Laos. Laos is a country rich Tel/Fax: (+ 591 (0)3 343 06 09/ 343 04 06/ 343 652878. in wildlife. Some species were discovered 06 41/342 97 14 FOREST-RELATED CLAUSES IN THE Email: [email protected], CBD; AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW AND only a decade ago. Wildlife trade in Laos is E-mail: [email protected] Http://www.fern.org seriously endangering the country’s still RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION considerable biodiversity values. In ten or Fern Belgium ASSESSMENT, CONSERVATION AND chapters the book tries to provide insight Global Forest Coalition (2002) 20 Avenue des Celtes, into the demand for wildlife and the nature SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST 1040 Brussels, Belgium BIODIVERSITY CBD of this demand in Laos and in neighbouring The purpose of this report is to take stock of Tel.: +32 27333653. Fax: +32 27368054. countries, especially Vietnam, China, Technical Series No. 3 2001 the current status of implementation of forest- Thailand, Japan and Korea. It also provides related clauses in the Convention on NATURAL RESOURCE PERSPECTIVES information on the people involved in wildlife The goal of the CBD Technical Publications Biological Diversity (CBD) which has been in trade in terms of ethnic groups and Series is to contribute to the dissemination of existence since 1992 and to research the affiliations. The book describes legislation Natural Resource Perspectives present up-to-date and accurate information on implementation of commitments under the relevant to wildlife trade and to what extent accessible information on current development selected topics that are important for the CBD that are most relevant to forests. laws are enforced to regulate wildlife trade. issues. This series is published by ODI, an conservation of biological diversity, the One chapter is dedicated to conservation independent non-profit policy research sustainable use of its components and the The report presents the results of research in aid projects which were started to conserve institute, with financial support from the equitable sharing of its benefits. This 21 countries on those CBD commitments, 14 biodiversity in Laos. In the final chapter Department for International development publication comprises 40 contributions divided in the South, 2 with economies in transition conclusions are drawn and (DFID). into 4 sections: Keynote Addresses, and 2 in the North. The heart of the reports recommendations for further action are Issue 73 of January 2002 deals with Assessment and Monitoring, Conservation and comprises a synthesis of the 21 country given. biodiversity management and local livelihoods. Sustainable Use, and Institutional and Socio- reports, which are all available at It argues that rural development problems are economic Aspects. The contributions address www.fern.org and on www.wrm.org.uy. ISBN: 90-75909-07-1, 304p. Netherlands closely related to those of the environment and a wide variety of topics on biological diversity The country reports are all based on a Committee for IUCN. For further information the other way around. The paper provides a of forests, ranging from a general assessment questionnaire that was first sent to contact IUCN Publication Services Unit, conceptual framework understanding the of possibilities and restrictions of forest governments (and governments’ comments 219c Huntingdon Road, issues and ways of dealing with them. management, to very specific topics like the were peer-viewed by civil society) Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Issue 74 of the same month deals with CITES influence of chemical tree injection on investigating whether and how governments Tel.: +44 1223 277 894. in the context of the relationship between populations of bark beetles in young spruce have implemented the most relevant Fax: +44 1223 277 175. international conservation treaties, poverty and and pine stands in a region of Russia. The commitments, contained in the Convention. Email: [email protected]. development. articles are short, mostly 3 to 4 pages. Website:www.iucn.org/bookstore. Contributions are related to research on forest In an attempt to make the report as readable For further information contact ecosystems all over the world, ranging from as possible, many answers have been ODI , 111 Westminster Bridge Road, ECONOMIC VALUATION OF the Brazilian Amazon to the forests in northern reported in tables and graphs, specific London SE1 7JD, UK. FORESTS AND NATURE Russia. positive and negative notes have been indicated, and explanatory boxes with Tel.: +44 (0)20 7922 0399. A support tool for effective decision- Email [email protected], ISBN 92-807-2110-0, 130p. For further supplementary information have been added making See http://www.odi.org.uk/nrp/ for papers in information please contact where needed. The conclusion section at the this series. The Secretariat of the Convention on end of the report provides a summary of the H. Lette & H. de Boo (2002)

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This document reviews the major issues and this book is to gather information on methodologies and the latest developments production, marketing and utilisation of in the field of the valuation of forests and tamarind, to highlight the importance of the nature. It tries to explain the need for species for nutrition and poverty alleviation. economic valuation in decision-making and The book contains 12 chapters, addressing touches on the causes and effects of the taxonomy, origin and natural distribution, undervaluation of forests and nature. It production areas, properties of the species, emphasises the importance of thorough uses, genetic resources, breeding, analysis of the various different functions of a agronomy, harvest and processing and forest or nature area and their relationship to economics of production and marketing. all the relevant stakeholders that contribute in any way to maintaining those functions or ISBN: 0854327274, 170 p. For further who benefit from them. information on the series visit the website: http://www.civil.soton.ac.uk/icuc/ Copies can be downloaded from the internet, or ordered by telephone, email or by writing to the Expertise Centre for Agriculture, NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF THE Nature Management and Fisheries, giving NETHERLANDS – CATALOGUE the code “2002/083” and the number of SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS copies. National Reference Centre for Agriculture, The National Herbarium has published a Nature Management and Fisheries, catalogue that provides an overview of P.O.Box 482, 6710 BL Ede, the Netherlands. scientific publications produced at the Tel: +31 (0)318 671 400. herbarium that can be ordered at the Fax: +31 (0)318 624 737. Publications Department. Examples are Email: [email protected]. Flora Malesiana, an systematic account of Website: www.minlnv.nl/inm. the Flora of Malesiana; Blumea, an international journal containing papers on TAMARIND, TAMARINDUS INDICA L. descriptive botany; and Orchid Monographs, a periodical offering systematic monographs Fruits for the Future 1 and revisions of groups of Orchidaceae. The catalogue contains a form for ordering H.P.M. Gunasena & A. Hughes (2000) publications listed in the catalogue.

Tamarind is the first in a series of 5 For orders and further information contact monographs and extension manuals, Publications Department, published within the framework of the project National Herbarium of the Netherlands, “Fruits for the Future”, a cooperation of the P.O.Box 9514, British Department for International 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Development (DFID), the International Tel.: +31 (0)71 5273570. Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Fax: +31 (0)71 5273511. and the International Plant Genetic Email: [email protected]. Resources Institute (IPGRI). The purpose of Website: http://nhncml.leidenuniv.nl

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