A Survey of Flowering in Aquban region During Spring Season

Research Project Submitted to the Department of (Biology) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BSc. in Biology

By Nur Syamand Ismail

Supervised by Dr. Shilan A. Husain

May – 2021

CERTIFICATE

This research project has been written under my supervision and has been submitted for the award of the BSc. degree in Biology with my approval as a supervisor.

Signature Name: Dr. Shilan A. Husain

Date: April, 2021

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to: The sake of Allah, my Creator and my Master, my great teacher and messenger, Mohammed (May Allah bless and grant him), who taught us the purpose of life. My homeland Aquban. To my lovely supervisor, Shilan Abdulaziz Husain. She helped me a lot in my research. I will never forget her help and support. It is dedicated to The Salahaddin University-Erbil, my second magnificent home. My dearest husband, who leads me through the valley of darkness with light of hope and support. To my father and my mother for their constant support and unconditional love. My beloved brothers and sisters. To all my family, the symbol of love and giving. My friends who encourage and support me. All the people in my life who touch my heart, I dedicate this research.

Nur

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I must acknowledge my limitless thanks to Allah, the Ever- Magnificent; the Ever-Thankful, for His help and bless. I am totally sure that this work would have never become truth, without His guidance. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to our university for giving us an opportunity to complete this work. I am grateful to some people, who worked hard with me from the beginning till the completion of the present research particularly my supervisor Shilan Abdulaziz Husain, who has been always generous during all phases of the research. I would like to take this opportunity to say warm thanks to all my beloved friends, who have been so supportive along the way of doing my thesis. I also would like to express my wholehearted thanks to my family for their generous support they provided me throughout my entire life and particularly through the process of pursuing the master degree. I owe profound gratitude to my husband whose constant encouragement, limitless giving and great sacrifice, helped me accomplish my degree. I am very appreciative to University of Salahaddin-Erbil, who participated in this study.

Last but not least, deepest thanks go to all people who took part in making this thesis real.

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SUMMARY In this study, a survey of flowering plants during spring season was done in Aquban region which is lies (57) km from the northeast of Erbil province among MRO district. (75) genera were collected during one scientific exclusion in which they belong to (27) families, the most of these collected plants are herbs, with the present of the tree also in this area. (21) families of them belong to the dicotyledon plants and (6) families are among monocotyledon plants. The most diagnosed genera were backed to , Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Lamiaceae families.

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LIST OF CONTETNTS

SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE I

DEDICATION II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III

Summary IV

List of Contents V

List of Plates VI

List of Figures VI

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Chapter 2: Methodology 3

Chapter 3: Results 4

Chapter 4: Discussion 7

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendation 8

References 9

Appendices 10

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure (1): This map shows the region of Aquban among other regions ...... 3

LIST OF PLATES Plate (1) Some of the specimens collected during this research ……………………. 10 Plate (2) Some of the specimens collected during this research ……………………. 11 Plate (3) Some of the specimens collected during this research ……………………. 12 Plate (4) Some of the specimens collected during this research ……………………. 13

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Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

The plant is one of the earth's major lives; it can produce its food but cannot move. Plants have well-organized structures. They are beautiful, determine local climates, use as live fences, phytoremediation and cool our environment. They provide us with oxygen, medicines, fuel, timber, recreation, industrial products, preservatives, pesticides in addition to all the three necessities of life: food, clothing and shelter. They purify the air and water bodies. It is impossible to talk about life without plants because of their importance to the balance of nature. However, people have altered and often degraded their environment, though it has been taking place so gradually that its effects have not been drastically felt. Despite the enormous benefits of plants to humanity, they are disappearing at alarming rates. The reasons for this loss are many and include many anthropogenic activities. therefore, quite imperative to ensure their effective conservation (Usman, Abubakar et al. 2014).

The discovery and naming of plants have attracted a lot of attention throughout history. The science that explores, describes names and classifies all plants is called . Plant taxonomy includes the description of the variation of plants, the investigation of the causes and consequences of this variation, and the manipulation of the data obtained to produce a system of classification. Taxonomy makes communicating biological information on plants much easier because it facilitates categorizing them. The three activities of identification, nomenclature and classification are the main functions of taxonomy. Traditionally, plants have been classified based on one or few easily observable characters or morphological features and overall similarities using as many taxonomic characters as possible (Haider 2018)

Iraq is one of the countries rich in wild plants and considered to be an essential national wealth in the region, taxonomic studies of this wealth helping to know and identify the species and their numbers, these studies have taken good steps in different Iraqi areas. The researches have done numerous studies and various excursions, and Kurdistan region is one of the most abundant vegetation and cultivated plants in Iraq.

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Introduction

However, it's still far from giving the area its right, so more studies needed to identify and determine the species that are grown there.

Generally there are a few studies related to the survey of plants in Iraq because the diagnostic of each plants needs long time like the study of Khalaf (1980) for vascular the plants that are found on Sinjar mountain and the study of Faris (1983) which including Piramagron mountain plants, there is also Saeed (2003) studied the flowering plants in Gali Ali beg the study of the plants on Haibat sultan mountain which made by Fatah (2003),the study of vascular plants in Gomaspan region by Ahmed (2010) also the study of vascular plants of Hawraman region by Ahmad (2013),Hameed, Uzun et al. (2016) survey the plants that are found in Hujran Basin region and the study of Darwesh (2017) in Choman region , It's clear that Kurdistan region contain a different kinds of plants which are grown in its because of the different suitable environments factors that help to grow these plants in this area, for this reason Aquban region which found to the northeast of Erbil province was detected to make a survey of the flowering plants that grow in this region in spring season and during this process some kinds of plant are observed that have a medical important such as Verbascum has been used to treat pulmonary problems, inflammatory diseases, asthma, spasmodic coughs, diarrhea and migraine headaches(Turker, Gurel et al. 2005) also the seeds of the Linum contains components effective in reducing cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, digestive system, urinary tract disorders(ARSLANOĞLU, Aytac et al. 2020).

The aim of the present study The aims of this study are to collect and diagnosis of the flowering plants that’s found in Aquban Region during spring season.

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Methodology

2. Methodology

In this study one scientific exclusion was made to Aquban region in 8-4-2021, the specimens are collected and dried, after that the specimens are diagnosed depending on the flora of Iraq (Guest and Townsend 1966, Townsend and Guest 1974, Townsend, Guest et al. 1985, Al-Musawi 1987). A map was done to the study area (figure 1).

Figure (1): This map shows the region of Aquban among other regions

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Results

3. RESULTS

In this study (75) genera are collected which belong to (27) families as the following:

1. Amaryllidaceae Allium 2. Apiaceae Daucus Scandix 3. Araceae Biarum 4. Asteraceae Silybum Echinops Crepis Senecio Crupina Gandlia Sonchus Notobasis Crupina Calendula 5. Boraginaceae Anchusa Onosma Echium 6. Brassicaceae Aetheonima Sysmbrium Biscuttela Brassica Erucaria 7. Crassulaceae Rosularia Sedum

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Results

8. Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria Silene 9. Capripholiaceae Cephalaria 10. Cistaceae Helianthemum 11. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia 12. Fabaceae Astragalus Vicia Trigonella Trifolium Prosopis Scorpiurus Onobrychis Medicago Pisum Lathyrus Onopordum 13. Geraniaceae Erodium Geranium 14. Iridaceae Iris 15. Lamiaceae Lamium Marrubium Salvia Lallemancia Teuerium 16. Liliaceae Tulip Gagea Muscari Ornithogalum

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Results

17. Linaceae Linum 18. Orchidaceae Ophrys Orchis 19. Papaveraceae Papaver Fumaria 20. Plantaginaceae Plantago 21. Poaceae Aegilops Poa Hordium Polypogon Lolium Phalaris 22. Polygonaceae Rumex Polygonum 23. Phagaceae Quercus 24. Ranunculaceae Adonis Anemone Ranunculus 25. Rosaceae Prunus Poterium 26. Rubiaceae Galium 27. Scrophulariaceae Verbascum

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Discussion

4. DISCUSSION This study was done in Aquban region which is found to north of Erbil city during spring season, during this scientific exclusion (75) genera are collected, these genera are belong to (27) plant families. Most of the collected plants are herb with present of cultivated plants and trees in the area. The favorable weather helps to present different kinds of flowering plants, the results showed that (21) of the collected plants are dicotyledon plants which have a tap roots, and (6) families are belong to the Monocotyledon plants which have tubers or adventitious root. The number of plants is different between the families, some of families have (11-12) genera such as Asteraceae and Fabaceae while the most remain families has between 1 to 6 genera.

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Conclusions and Recommendations

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that Aquban Region contain different types of flowering plants (75) genera were collected during one scientific exclusion in this area which they belong to (27) plant families, the most of these collected plants are herbs, with the present of the tree also in this area (21) Families of them are belonging to dicotyledon plants and (6) families are monocotyledon plants. The commonly diagnosed genera were backed to Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae families.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Conduct other surveys during the different season of the year. 2. Protection the rare and threaten species that’s found in the study area and other plant families.

REFERENCES Ahmad, S. (2013). Flora of the Vascular Plants of Hawraman mountain in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Ph. D. thesis, University of Sulaimani. Ahmed, K. (2010). "The Vascular Plants of Darband Gomaspan and the Adjacent Areas in Erbil Province." High Deploma Thesis, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq 29. Al-Musawi, A. J. U. o. B. (1987). "Plant taxonomy." 379. ARSLANOĞLU, F., et al. (2020). "The Important In Terms of Health of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)." 3(1): 95-107.

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Appendices

Darwesh, D. (2017). Plant Biodiversity and Ethnobotanical Properties of Various Plants in Choman (Erbil-Iraq), M. Sc. Thesis, Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam University, Graduate School of …. Faris, Y. S. (1983). The Vascular Plant of Pira Magrun Mountain Msc. Thesis, University of Salahaddin (In Arabic). Fatah, H. (2003). The Vascular Plants of Haibat Sultan mountain and the Adjacent Areas, M. Sc. Dissertation, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniya, Iraq: 80. Guest, E. and C. Townsend (1966). "Flora of Iraq." Haider, N. (2018). "A Brief Review on Plant Taxonomy and its Components." The Journal of Plant Science Research 34(2): 277-292. Hameed, M., et al. (2016). "Vascular Plant Taxa of Hujran Basin-Erbil/Iraq." M. Sc. Khalaf, M. (1980). "Vascular plants of Jabal Sinjar [Iraq]." Saeed, J. F. (2003). "Surveying Study of Flowering Plants of Gali Ali Beg Gorge." Journal of Zanko, Salahaddin University- Hawler 15(1). Townsend, C. and E. Guest (1974). Flora of IRAQ” ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform, Iraq. Townsend, C., et al. (1985). Flora of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Iraq, University Press Glasgow. Monocotyledons. Turker, A. U., et al. (2005). "Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.): recent advances in research." 19(9): 733-739. Usman, A. B., et al. (2014). "Plant: a necessity of life." 20: 151-159.

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