Corps Simulacres Et Virtualisation Du Réel : La Capture De Mouvement Et D

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Corps Simulacres Et Virtualisation Du Réel : La Capture De Mouvement Et D UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL CORPS SIMULACRES ET VIRTUALISATION DU RÉEL: LA CAPTURE DE MOUVEMENT ET D'INTERPRÉTATION AU CINÉMA MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN COMMUN!CATION PAR JUSTIN BAILLARGEON JANVIER 2016 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006) . Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire." REMERCIEMENTS L'accomplissement du présent mémoire n'aurait pu être possible sans la contribution de certaines personnes et établissements qui ont permis de mener à bien ce projet de recherche. Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement la Cinémathèque québécoise, et plus particulièrement messieurs Fabrice Montai et Marco de Blois, de m'avoir permis de mettre en pratique mes recherches dans le cadre du cycle de films Corps simulacres: Virtualisation du réel. Un grand merci également à mes invités, messieurs Tom Wilczynski et Sébastien Leblanc, pour leur généreuse participation à la discussion animée sur la capture de mouvement, ainsi qu' à monsieur Guillaume Larray pour la captation vidéo de l'évènement. J'aimerais aussi remercier le Cégep de Matane et le Centre de développement et de recherche en imagerie numérique (CDRJN) pour leur collaboration à la discussion animée, ainsi que Vox Populi et toute l'équipe de la production et de la distribution de Et Dieu créa ... Lajlaque, principalement messieurs Philippe-Louis Martin, Karl­ Patrice Dupuis et Luc La Barre, d 'avoir bien voulu m'ouvrir les portes de leur plateau de tournage virtuel et de m'avoir accordé une entrevue des plus passionnante. Un merci tout spécial à Tintin lui-même Ue n'arrive pas à croire que j 'écris ces lignes!), monsieur Jean-Pierre Talbot, d'avoir si gentiment accepté de m'accorder un long entretien, et de m'avoir permis par la même occasion, de réaliser un de mes nombreux rêves d'enfant de rencontrer un jour le célèbre reporter en chair et en os. Sapristi! Ill Un très grand merci à ma directrice de recherche, madame Viva Paci, pour ses nombreux conseils avisés, sa grande disponibilité, son soutien, ainsi que pour les nombreuses et inestimables opportunités. Je tiens également à remercier messieurs Jean-François Renaud et Michel Caron pour leur aimable contribution au jury. Je tiens à remercier du plus profond de mon cœur mes incroyables parents qui m'ont depuis toujours encouragé et soutenu tout au long de ma vie et de mes études. Ce mémoire est, en quelque sorte, le fruit des nombreux efforts et sacrifices que vous avez faits pour moi. Finalement, les mots ne suffisent pas pour remercier Johanna, ma compagne, ma partenaire, ma meilleure amie, mon inspiration, depuis maintenant plus de dix ans, qui m'accompagne, m' encourage, me soutient, me supporte (dans les deux sens du terme, bien sûr), me pousse à vouloir me dépasser et faire de moi une meilleure personne chaque jour. Je tiens à dédier, à toi et à notre cher petit Killian, notre petit miracle qui illumine tant nos vies, ce présent mémoire. CORPS SIMULACRES ET VIRTUALISA TION DU RÉEL : LA CAPTURE DE MOUVEMENT ET D 'INTERPRÉTATION AU CINÉMA TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ........ .. ................................. ..... .... ......... .. ............ ... vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............ .............. ...... .............. ............ .... ... .. ......vii RÉSUMÉ .. .. .. ... ..... ......... ... ................. .. ..... .... .... ....... ... .. .. .. ... .. ...... .......... ix INTRODUCTION .......... .. ........................... ............. ....... ... .. .... ...... ... .... ... 1 CHAPITRE l BRÈVE HISTOIRE DE LA CAPTURE DE MOUVEMENT ................................. 10 1.1 Survol. ... ....... ... ......... ............... .............. ..... ................... .... ........ .. ... 10 1.2 Pratiques anciennes .. ...... .......... ....... .............. ......... .............. .. ... ... ... .... .11 1.3 Les pionniers .... .... .. .... .................... .. .. ... ..... ...... .............. ...... .. ....... .. l6 1.4 Les innovateurs ..................................................... .............................20 1.5 Les virtuoses ........ ..... ...... .............. ... ... .. .............. ... ... .. ..................................... 22 1.6 Le cinéma virtuel : une nouvelle façon de faire du cinéma ....... .... .. .. ... ..... ......... 30 CHAPITRE II LES ACTEURS ET LE RÉALISME INVISIBLE ........... .................... .. .... .. ..... 37 2.1 Des pixels et des hommes ............. .. ...... ... ................ ........ ... ........... ... .. .37 2.2 Une seconde venue du cinéma? ....... ............ ......... ............................................ ......... .40 2.3 Question du réalisme .............. ......... ... .... .. .. ...... .. ............. ............ ...... .44 2.3.1 Vers un réalisme« bazinien »....... ..... ...... ............ .. .................................. ...... ...45 2.4 Andy Serkis et Terry Notary : vedettes invisibles ................. ....... .. ................ .48 2.5 La capture d'interprétation: un simple maquillage num érique? ................. ...... 52 2.6 Le vrai du faux : les acteurs et les doublures numériques au cinéma ... ..... ....... ...... 58 CHAPITRE III ET DIEU CRÉA ... LES CYBERACTEURS .. .... .. .. .. ... .... ... ...... ............. ... ........ 65 3.1 Des acteurs aux 1001 visages ..... ........................... ..................... ........ ... 65 3.2 Le marionnettisrne 2.0 ................. ... .......... ........ ............ ................ ......... .. ... ... 69 3.3 L'évolution du marionnettisme au cinéma- Le cas TMNT ....... ................... ..... ... ... .. 71 v 3.4 La capture de mouvement et d'interprétation: une certaine tendance du métier d'acteur ........ .. .............................................. ...................... ......... 78 CHAPITRE IV THE AD VENTURES OF TINTIN : LA LIGNE CLAIRE SELON SPIELBERG .................................................... ................................. .... 83 4.1 Introduction .... ... .................. ........ ... ... .. ...... ............................. ..... .. .. 83 4.2 Rendre possible l'impossible? ........................................................... .... 85 4.2.1 L'album qui s'ouvre .... ............. ...................... .. ......................... 86 4.2.2 De la case à l'écran ........................... ............................. ............90 4.3 De l'aplat au stéréoscopique ... .. ...... .. .. .... ....... ........... .......... ........ .......... 91 4.3. 1 La fidélité à l'œuvre .................... ... ......... ..................................93 4.4 Quand la prise de vue rencontre le virtuel. ................................................ 98 4.4.1 Plan-séquence et courses-poursuites tintinophiliennes : une expérience vidéoludique? ........................ ................................................................. .. 101 CONCLUSION ..... .. ...................... ............................. ..... .. ..................... 103 ANNEXE A ENTREVUE COMPLÈTE AVEC L'ÉQUIPE DE ET DIEU CRÉA ... LAFLAQUE ... 115 ANNEXEB ENTREVUE COMPLÈTE AVEC JEAN-PIERRE TALBOT ..... ... .................... .. 121 ANNEXEC TABLE RONDE:« CORPS SIMULACRES: VIRTUALISATION DU RÉEL ». ..... 132 FILMOGRAPI-IIE ........ ..... ... ... .. ....... ............... ....... .......... .. .................. 133 BIDLIOGRAPHIE ........... ........ ................... ............ ............... ... .... ......... 136 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure Page 0.1 Portrait d' Aki Ross, héroïne du film Final Fantasy: 1 The Spirits Within ... ... ...... ... .. ....... .. ... .. .. ............ .. 1.1 Modèle humain d'Étienne-Jules Marey portant une Il combinaison de chronophotographie ....................... 1.2 Croquis du rotoscope tiré du brevet de Max Fleischer. ... 12 1.3 L' Animac de Lee Harrison ill .............. ..... ........... 14 1.4 Portrait du personnage Tony De Peltrie ............. ....... 15 1.5 Avatar de l'actrice Angelina Jolie dans le fi lm Beowulf.. 22 1.6 Portrait de l'actrice Camilla Luddington portant sur son 24 visage la technologie « Contour » pour le tournage du jeu vidéo Rise ofthe Tomb Raider..... ........... ......... ...... .. .. ...... 1.7 Capture d'écran du film The Boxer, alias Adventures in 27 Animation 3D ... ... ...... ...... ...... .. .. ... ...... ......... ... ... ... 2.1 Captures d'écran du film Tron: Legacy ... ...... ... .. ....... ... 38 2.2 Photo promotionnelle du fi lm The Polar Express ... ... .... 41 2.3 Capture d'écran
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