DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Strategies for Survival: Indian Transitions in the Mountains of San Diego County, 1846 - 1907 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vr603fq Author Hicks Dunn, Dana Ruth Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Strategies for Survival: Indian Transitions in the Mountains of San Diego County, 1846 – 1907 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Dana Ruth Hicks Dunn June 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Clifford Trafzer, Chairperson Dr. Catherine Gudis Dr. Michelle Raheja Copyright by Dana Ruth Hicks Dunn 2013 The Dissertation of Dana Ruth Hicks Dunn is approved: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge a variety of people that I had the privilege of working with while attaining information and adhering to this process to make this dissertation possible as well as those that surround and support me on a daily basis. Dr. Clifford Trafzer for his patience, expertise, support and guidance; Dr. Catherine Gudis and Dr. Michelle Rahaja for their support and professional direction; Dr. Robert Perez for teaching me about the realities of Indian perspective when applying it to culture and history; colleagues Dr. Alfred Flores and Dr. Kevin D. Motes for always believing in me; UCR Interlibrary staff Janet Moores and Maria Mendoza; Librarian Susan Painter at the San Diego Public Library/California Room; the archivists at the San Diego History Center Research Library; curatorial staff at the San Diego Museum of Man; Dr. Seth Mallios and David Caterino at the South Central Coastal Information Center; the curatorial staff at the San Diego Archaeological Center; Richard Carrico for welcoming my questions and his offers of mentorship; Nelda Taylor for being a gracious, kind hostess and welcoming me into her home; David and Debbie Duro for opening their home and sharing their family history with me; Mel Vernon, Diana Caudell and Joyce Vernon for taking time to share their family history with me; Joe Garcia and his wife for their patience, hospitality and welcoming me into their home; Tracy Lee Nelson for his friendship and for walking the landscape with me and teaching me about San Diego Indian culture, history and community from a very real and undeniable ground zero; William Pink for the camaraderie, friendship, support and hands-on teaching; all of the people I had the iv privilege to meet, brush shoulders with and talk to on the La Jolla, Mesa Grande, Santa Ysabel, Pauma, Pala, Rincon, Los Coyotes and Pechanga Reservations; George Peck for making a comment one day, that I will never forget; Richard Melanovich for the enlightening, passionate talk we had in the fields of Poomacha and the promise given; David L. Toler for welcoming me, revealing his personal family information and making me feel comfortable; Gary DuBois for pushing me to go to graduate school and opening the door; Eric Elliot for going out of his way to help me with the Luiseño language; my lifetime friends Christy French, Cindi Alvitre, Gary Farmer, Dr. Tharon Weighill, Jonathan Baker, Dodie Rogers, Lindsey Sun, Jack McCrea, Dr. Wendy Teeter, Lori Glover Sisquoq, Richard Scearce, Dr. Eric Foemmel, Don Agdeppa, Robert and Edwina Freeman, Craig Torres, Michael Coleman, and Carrie Garcia who held me up with positive encouragement; Rick Serrano for loving support and a place to rest when all is said and done; my son Matthew Rooney and my daughter Rachel Rooney for their patience, support, love and belief in me over two decades of study. v This Dissertation is dedicated to: Hokoyel Mattaweer (Cinon Duro), The People of Nipiguay and the Padre Dam, and in memory of my loving daughter Rachel Rooney (1985 – 2010) vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Strategies for Survival: Indian Transitions in the Mountains of San Diego County, 1846 - 1907 by Dana Ruth Hicks Dunn Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, June 2013 Dr. Clifford Trafzer, Chairperson Survival Strategies were chosen by Indians in the mountains of northern San Diego County from 1846 to 1907 according to their personal, individual transition situation and needs of their families, tribes and clans. These choices were complex and varied from clan to clan and village to village. Americans arrived and permanently settled in San Diego, California in 1846 during the Mexican War. By 1850 California had become a part of the United States. In 1848, gold was discovered in northern California and American Easterners received word of free, rich lands to the west. Luiseño, Iipay, Diegueño and Cupeño Indians adhered to their wisest choices in survival strategies according to the abrupt and immense changes that were overcoming them such as the organization of American law that affected them profoundly, American thievery of Indian land and resources, forced removals of villages and the establishment of reservations. Indian lives would never be the same. As Americans continued to flood onto Indian lands, Indians came under more and more pressure. During this time period, Indians vii responded with many strategies for survival from diplomacy to revolt, always choosing what was best for their families and the coherence of their socio-cultural foundations. These strategies carried and reflected the thread of ancient Indian culture, as the Luiseño, Diegueño, Iipay and Cupeño used their traditional cultural manners, traditions, oral law and customs to balance and correct the traumatic experiences raining down on them as they adapted to loss of land and resources. Luiseño, Diegueño, Iipay and Cupeño succeeded in their survival and are still alive and thriving today in the mountains of northern San Diego County. Some of their socio-cultural structure is not being utilized today, at the turn of the twenty-first century, as they have adapted to the American wave of colonization. However, they have succeeded in living wisely in two worlds and still keep Indian identity intact. viii Table of Contents Chapter 1 – The Arrival of America: Transitioning Once Again ………………………1 Chapter 2 – Strange Ways: Transitions with Oral Sovereignty and Written Law………42 Chapter 3 – Diplomatic Leadership: The Treaties of Temecula and Santa Ysabel…….120 Chapter 4 – People in Motion: Removals and the Reservation System………………..159 Chapter 5 – Whispers in the Wind: Celebrating Survival and Preserving the Past…….205 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...249 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………251 ix Chapter 1: The Arrival of America: Transitioning Once Again By 1846, when the war between the United States and Mexico reached Indian populations in the mountains and valleys of northern San Diego County, Indians had already experienced two major transitions. The first was the arrival of the Spanish padres and soldiers in 1769. The second included both the transition that Indians and Californios brought to California after Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821 and the secularization of the missions that followed around 1834. All of these situations required specialized survival strategies. The next and most injurious transition was the arrival of the Americans, which has still not seen its end. Indians today are still in survival mode. In 1846 Indians in the valleys of Warner Springs, Santa Ysabel, and San Pasqual became involved in historic events that occurred in and around their villages from December 3 to December 6. These indelible events include the entry of American troops into California and the Battle of San Pascual.1 Many changes came to Indians that lived in the mountains of northern San Diego County after the Americans arrived. The Garra Revolt would also become an event that separated allegiances between Indians as well as Indians and Californios, and Indians and Americans. These challenges forced varied survival strategy decisions throughout the area. Indians found themselves in decision-making positions concerning strategies to deal with these new invading Americans and to keep balance within Indian communities. 1 In order to gain control of California at the commencement of the Mexican- American war, the United States sent Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny with Kit Carson and Companies C and K of the First Dragoons on the trail from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to California. Their orders were to assist in overthrowing the Californios under the leadership of the Mexican government and to take control of California. The heavily traveled trail, which the American troops took into California, was until an old route between the pueblo of Los Angeles and Sonora.2 The trail led through Cupeño territory near the Indian village of Cupa, presently in north eastern San Diego County. This portion of the territory, once known as Agua Caliente because of its hot springs, was renamed Warner Springs in 1844 after John Warner, the American owner, was granted Mexican citizenship. He had received the land from Governor Pio Pico. At the Cupeño village site of Cupa, at the headwaters of the San Luis Rey River, Warner’s land included the hot springs where locals from San Diego city and southern California
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HOLLYWOOD CENTER PROJECT, CITY of LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Assembly Bill 52 Consultation Summary Report
    APPENDIX O Tribal Cultural Resources Report HOLLYWOOD CENTER PROJECT, CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Assembly Bill 52 Consultation Summary Report April 2020 HOLLYWOOD CENTER PROJECT, CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Assembly Bill 52 Consultation Summary Report April 2020 Prepared by: ESA 626 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 1100 Los Angeles, CA 90017 Project Director: Monica Strauss, M.A., RPA Project Location: Hollywood (CA) USGS 7.5-minute Topographic Quad Section 10, Township 1 South, Range 14 West Acreage: Approx. 4.46 acres Assessor Parcel Numbers: 5546-004-006; 5546-004-029; 5546-004-020; 5546-004-021; 5546-004-032; 5546-030-028; 5546-030-031; 5546-030-032; 5546-030-033; and 5546-030-034 626 Wilshire Boulevard Suite 1100 Los Angeles, CA 90017 213.599.4300 esassoc.com Oakland Bend Orlando Camarillo Pasadena Delray Beach Petaluma Destin Portland Irvine Sacramento Los Angeles D170105.00 OUR COMMITMENT TO SUSTAINABILITY | ESA helps a variety of public and private sector clients plan and prepare for climate change and emerging regulations that limit GHG emissions. ESA is a registered assessor with the California Climate Action Registry, a Climate Leader, and founding reporter for the Climate Registry. ESA is also a corporate member of the U.S. Green Building Council and the Business Council on Climate Change (BC3). Internally, ESA has adopted a Sustainability Vision and Policy Statement and a plan to reduce waste and energy within our operations. This document was produced using recycled paper. Table of Contents Hollywood Center Project – Assembly Bill 52 Consultation Summary Report Page Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Project Description ................................................................................................................................. 2 Project Location .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sacramento District 1325 J Street Sacramento, California Contract: DACA05-97-D-0013, Task 0001 FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
    CALIFORNIA HISTORIC MILITARY BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES INVENTORY VOLUME II: THE HISTORY AND HISTORIC RESOURCES OF THE MILITARY IN CALIFORNIA, 1769-1989 by Stephen D. Mikesell Prepared for: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sacramento District 1325 J Street Sacramento, California Contract: DACA05-97-D-0013, Task 0001 FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION Prepared by: JRP JRP HISTORICAL CONSULTING SERVICES Davis, California 95616 March 2000 California llistoric Military Buildings and Stnictures Inventory, Volume II CONTENTS CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... i FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. iv PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1-1 2.0 COLONIAL ERA (1769-1846) .............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Spanish-Mexican Era Buildings Owned by the Military ............................................... 2-8 2.2 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation-Master Copy
    Coloniality and Border(ed) Violence: San Diego, San Ysidro and the U-S///Mexico Border By Roberto Delgadillo Hernández A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Ramón Grosfoguel, Chair Professor José David Saldívar Professor Ignacio Chapela Professor Joseph Nevins Fall 2010 Coloniality and Border(ed) Violence: San Diego, San Ysidro and the U-S///Mexico Border © Copyright, 2010 By Roberto Delgadillo Hernández Abstract Coloniality and Border(ed) Violence: San Diego, San Ysidro and the U-S///Mexico Border By Roberto Delgadillo Hernández Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Ramón Grosfoguel, Chair Considered the “World's Busiest Border Crossing,” the San Ysidro port of entry is located in a small, predominantly Mexican and Spanish-speaking community between San Diego and Tijuana. The community of San Ysidro was itself annexed by the City of San Diego in the mid-1950s, in what was publicly articulated as a dispute over water rights. This dissertation argues that the annexation was over who was to have control of the port of entry, and would in turn, set the stage for a gendered/racialized power struggle that has contributed to both real and symbolic violence on the border. This dissertation is situated at the crossroads of urban studies, border studies and ethnic studies and places violence as a central analytical category. As such, this interdisciplinary work is manifold. It is a community history of San Ysidro in its simultaneous relationship to the U-S///Mexico border and to the City of San Diego.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 2019, Volume 65, Number 2
    The Journal of The Journal of SanSan DiegoDiego HistoryHistory The Journal of San Diego History The San Diego History Center, founded as the San Diego Historical Society in 1928, has always been the catalyst for the preservation and promotion of the history of the San Diego region. The San Diego History Center makes history interesting and fun and seeks to engage audiences of all ages in connecting the past to the present and to set the stage for where our community is headed in the future. The organization operates museums in two National Historic Districts, the San Diego History Center and Research Archives in Balboa Park, and the Junípero Serra Museum in Presidio Park. The History Center is a lifelong learning center for all members of the community, providing outstanding educational programs for schoolchildren and popular programs for families and adults. The Research Archives serves residents, scholars, students, and researchers onsite and online. With its rich historical content, archived material, and online photo gallery, the San Diego History Center’s website is used by more than 1 million visitors annually. The San Diego History Center is a Smithsonian Affiliate and one of the oldest and largest historical organizations on the West Coast. Front Cover: Illustration by contemporary artist Gene Locklear of Kumeyaay observing the settlement on Presidio Hill, c. 1770. Back Cover: View of Presidio Hill looking southwest, c. 1874 (SDHC #11675-2). Design and Layout: Allen Wynar Printing: Crest Offset Printing Copy Edits: Samantha Alberts Articles appearing in The Journal of San Diego History are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Services of Stephen Watts Kearny, 1815•Fi1848
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 21 Number 3 Article 2 7-1-1946 The Western Services of Stephen Watts Kearny, 1815–1848 Mendell Lee Taylor Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Taylor, Mendell Lee. "The Western Services of Stephen Watts Kearny, 1815–1848." New Mexico Historical Review 21, 3 (1946). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol21/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. ________STEPHEN_WATTS KEARNY NEW MEXICO HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXI JULY, 1946 NO.3 THE WESTERN SERVICES OF STEPHEN WATTS KEARNY, 1815-18.48 By *MENDELL LEE TAYLOR TEPHEN WATTS KEARNY, the fifteenth child of Phillip and S. Susannah Kearny, was born at Newark, New Jersey, August 30, 1794. He lived in New Jersey until he matricu­ lated in Columbia University in 1809. While here the na­ tional crisis of 1812 brought his natural aptitudes to the forefront. When a call· for volunteers was made for the War of 1812, Kearny enlisted, even though he was only a few weeks away from a Bachelor of Arts degree. In the early part of the war he was captured at the battle of Queenstown. But an exchange of prisoners soon brought him to Boston. Later, for gallantry at Queenstown, he received a captaincy on April 1, 1813. After the Treaty of Ghent the army staff was cut' as much as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Arizona History Index, M
    Index to the Journal of Arizona History, M Arizona Historical Society, [email protected] 480-387-5355 NOTE: the index includes two citation formats. The format for Volumes 1-5 is: volume (issue): page number(s) The format for Volumes 6 -54 is: volume: page number(s) M McAdams, Cliff, book by, reviewed 26:242 McAdoo, Ellen W. 43:225 McAdoo, W. C. 18:194 McAdoo, William 36:52; 39:225; 43:225 McAhren, Ben 19:353 McAlister, M. J. 26:430 McAllester, David E., book coedited by, reviewed 20:144-46 McAllester, David P., book coedited by, reviewed 45:120 McAllister, James P. 49:4-6 McAllister, R. Burnell 43:51 McAllister, R. S. 43:47 McAllister, S. W. 8:171 n. 2 McAlpine, Tom 10:190 McAndrew, John “Boots”, photo of 36:288 McAnich, Fred, book reviewed by 49:74-75 books reviewed by 43:95-97 1 Index to the Journal of Arizona History, M Arizona Historical Society, [email protected] 480-387-5355 McArtan, Neill, develops Pastime Park 31:20-22 death of 31:36-37 photo of 31:21 McArthur, Arthur 10:20 McArthur, Charles H. 21:171-72, 178; 33:277 photos 21:177, 180 McArthur, Douglas 38:278 McArthur, Lorraine (daughter), photo of 34:428 McArthur, Lorraine (mother), photo of 34:428 McArthur, Louise, photo of 34:428 McArthur, Perry 43:349 McArthur, Warren, photo of 34:428 McArthur, Warren, Jr. 33:276 article by and about 21:171-88 photos 21:174-75, 177, 180, 187 McAuley, (Mother Superior) Mary Catherine 39:264, 265, 285 McAuley, Skeet, book by, reviewed 31:438 McAuliffe, Helen W.
    [Show full text]
  • An Early Mormon Enterprise on Point Loma by Bradley Hill
    The San Diego Coal Company: An Early Mormon Enterprise on Point Loma By Bradley Hill t he san diego Coal Company went into business with modest fanfare—but with no lack of fervor—in november 1855. the company excavated a mine shaft on the western slope of Point loma, about a mile and a half north of the lighthouse. the mine consumed thousands of man-hours spent in earnest labor. It also con- sumed thousands of investor dollars. near the close of its first year in business, the company was within a few vertical feet of exposing and exploiting a proven and potentially profitable coal reserve. toward the end of the second year, however, the company’s activities came to an abrupt standstill, and most of the original entre- preneurs and laborers abandoned the operation. since then, historians, journalists, and even geologists have occasionally written about this mid-century mining episode. their articles and papers usually focus on the mine itself, relying on scant contemporary documents and speculation to account for the actual men and motives that energized the original enter- prise. little has been written about the human drama that drove the digging. today, 154 years since its incorporation, few people have even heard of the san diego Coal Company. Many san diegans, though, are aware of a folk legend about a “Mormon Mine” or “Mormon Well” somewhere on Point loma. one version of the legend holds that mem- bers of the Mormon Battalion initiated the mine while garrisoned in old town as early as 1847, just after the U.s.
    [Show full text]
  • Exemplary Programs in Indian Education
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 445 845 RC 022 569 AUTHOR Chavers, Dean, Ed. TITLE Exemplary Programs in Indian Education. Third Edition. INSTITUTION Native American Scholarship Fund, Inc., Albuquerque, NM. ISBN ISBN-1-929964-01-3 PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 129p. AVAILABLE FROM Native American Scholarship Fund, Inc., 8200 Mountain Rd. NE, Suite 203, Albuquerque, NM 87110; Tel: 505-262-2351 ($39.95 plus $3.50 shipping). PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Directories/Catalogs (132)-- Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; Adult Education; *American Indian Education; American Indians; *Demonstration Programs; *Educational Practices; Elementary Secondary Education; Evaluation Criteria; Higher Education; Program Descriptions ABSTRACT This book presents 16 exemplary programs in schools that enroll American Indian or Alaska Native students. Exemplary, by definition, means the top 5 percent of education programs in student outcomes. In most cases, these programs are in the top 1 percent. Each program entryincludes contact information, a narrative description, and in some cases, awards received, documentation of student outcomes, and other relevant information. Schools range from elementary through college and include public, private, tribal, and nonprofit. Programs address student support services, comprehensive school improvement, dropout prevention, adult education, college preparation, technology integration, and other areas. All 16 programs are summarized on one page in the beginning of the book, and program characteristics are presented in chart form. A brief history of Indian education is followed by a description of the 11 elements that are characteristic of exemplary programs: acknowledgement of the problem; set priorities for problems; vision, planning; commitment; restructuring and retraining; goal setting; experimentation, testing, and evaluation; outreach; expertise; and administrative support.
    [Show full text]
  • Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
    Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2. Native Languages of West-Central California
    Chapter 2. Native Languages of West-Central California This chapter discusses the native language spoken at Spanish contact by people who eventually moved to missions within Costanoan language family territories. No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact. In the chapter we will examine the information that leads scholars to conclude the following key points: The local tribes of the San Francisco Peninsula spoke San Francisco Bay Costanoan, the native language of the central and southern San Francisco Bay Area and adjacent coastal and mountain areas. San Francisco Bay Costanoan is one of six languages of the Costanoan language family, along with Karkin, Awaswas, Mutsun, Rumsen, and Chalon. The Costanoan language family is itself a branch of the Utian language family, of which Miwokan is the only other branch. The Miwokan languages are Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Bay Miwok, Plains Miwok, Northern Sierra Miwok, Central Sierra Miwok, and Southern Sierra Miwok. Other languages spoken by native people who moved to Franciscan missions within Costanoan language family territories were Patwin (a Wintuan Family language), Delta and Northern Valley Yokuts (Yokutsan family languages), Esselen (a language isolate) and Wappo (a Yukian family language). Below, we will first present a history of the study of the native languages within our maximal study area, with emphasis on the Costanoan languages. In succeeding sections, we will talk about the degree to which Costanoan language variation is clinal or abrupt, the amount of difference among dialects necessary to call them different languages, and the relationship of the Costanoan languages to the Miwokan languages within the Utian Family.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes
    National Plant Data Team August 2012 Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes and the Klamath Tribe of Oregon in the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology Collections, University of California, Berkeley August 2012 Cover photos: Left: Maidu woman harvesting tarweed seeds. Courtesy, The Field Museum, CSA1835 Right: Thick patch of elegant madia (Madia elegans) in a blue oak woodland in the Sierra foothills The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its pro- grams and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sex- ual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Acknowledgments This report was authored by M. Kat Anderson, ethnoecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Jim Effenberger, Don Joley, and Deborah J. Lionakis Meyer, senior seed bota- nists, California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Center. Special thanks to the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum staff, especially Joan Knudsen, Natasha Johnson, Ira Jacknis, and Thusa Chu for approving the project, helping to locate catalogue cards, and lending us seed samples from their collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Fitzgerald Beale from a Woodcut Edward Fitzgerald Beale
    <*. o "-Q -. ^ <? 'o.o' c;,^ '.,1' 0' ^.^'^ "^..^^ /JiKv v-^ y^iA^^ v,.^-^•i- 'v^^^ V-^' ';r<^- .'^ <'. 'o. o :'^^>^f^^ v-^:r^; .•''! ,-k.^ .O"^ c'l -^o V^^'\** %'^-*/ *^,--!^\/ "o^' ^0^'i v^^ ^^S- \ .^^ V<J^ 0' c t^-o^ ?y^-^^ '^^ • ^V ^ o ^0^ ..L-^-. -> r^^ c^ General Edward Fitzgerald Beale From a Woodcut Edward Fitzgerald Beale A Pioneer in the Path of Empire 1822-1903 By Stephen Bonsai With 17 Illustrations G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London Ube ftnicfterbocfter press 1912 r6n5 Copyright, iqi2 BY TRUXTUN BEALE Ube finickerbocher pteee, 'Mew ]|?ocft £CI.A;n41 4S INTRODUCTORY NOTE EDWARD FITZGERALD BEALE, whose life is outlined in the following pages, was a remarkable man of a type we shall never see in America again. A grandson of the gallant Truxtun, Beale was bom in the Navy and his early life was passed at sea. However, he fought with the army at San Pasqual and when night fell upon that indecisive battlefield, with Kit Carson and an anonymous Indian, by a daring journey through a hostile country, he brought to Commodore Stockton in San Diego, the news of General Kearny's desperate situation. Beale brought the first gold East, and was truly, in those stirring days, what his friend and fellow- traveller Bayard Taylor called him, "a pioneer in the path of empire." Resigning from the Navy, Beale explored the desert trails and the moimtain passes which led overland to the Pacific, and later he surveyed the routes and built the wagon roads over which the mighty migration passed to people the new world beyond the Rockies.
    [Show full text]