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Home , Alcide (horse), Biopreparat, Botulinum toxin, Bungarotoxin, Glanders, Operation Whitecoat

Medical Aspects of Index

INDEX

A clinical , 492–496 diagnosis of, 492–496 Abbreviations, xxvii–xxxi differential diagnosis of, 495–496 “ABCDE” algorithm, 116 eastern equine encephalitis, 484–485, 493–494 Abortions, septic epidemiology and ecology, 486–488 Brucella and, 162–163 genetic relationships, 483–486 ACAM2000 vaccine, 115, 631–632 historical perspectives, 481–483 ACB. See immune effector mechanisms, 496–497 Acellular vaccines, 235 immunoprophylaxis, 496–501 Acinetobacter baumannii medical countermeasures, 773–776 antibiotic resistance, 328 medical management, 496 characterization and identification of source, 327–328 passive immunization, 497–498 epidemiological consultation, 324–327 pathogenesis, 490–492 genetic analysis, 327–328 prevention of, 496 historical perspectives, 322–324 replication of, 488––490 inclusion in ESKAPE pathogens, 322, 328–332 significance of, 482–483 molecular analysis, 327–328 therapeutics, 501 strain collection and sampling, 327 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 483–484, 485, 492–493, 773–774 U.S. Military Health System response, 328–332 virion structure, 488––490 Acronyms, xxvii–xxxi western equine encephalitis, 484, 485–486, 494–495 Active immunization American Biological Safety Association, 889–890 alphavirus encephalitides, 498–501 Aminoglycoside toxicity Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 663–664 differentiating from , 343 Adjuvants, vaccines, 831–832 Aminoglycosides Advanced Trauma Life Support, 110, 116, 117 treatment, 166–167 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 141 AML. See Area Medical Laboratory Aerobiology Amnesic shellfish poisoning biological aerosol exposure systems, 860–864 description of , 467–468 clinical applications in the U.S., 857–860 diagnosis of, 468–469 conceptual basis of, 857 inhalation-acquired disease, 468 dosimetry, 863 mechanism of action, 468 exposure chambers, 862 medical management, 469 exposure systems, 860–862 oral ingestion, 468 generators, 861–862 signs and symptoms, 468 Henderson apparatus, 861 Amoxicillin monitoring and control, 862–863 treatment, 140 offensive biological development in the U.S., 857–860 treatment, 204 overview, 856–857 prophylaxis, 236 parameters impacting aerosol dosimetry, 863–864 “AMPLE” history, 117 sampling, 862 , 654–655 Aerosol dosimetry, 863–864 Angel’s trumpet, 449 Afghanistan Angiotensin-converting inhibitors, 417 Acinetobacter , 322, 323, 324–327 Animal and Health Inspection Service, 80, 897–899, 902–904 Al Qaeda biological warfare program, 15 Animal care, 888–889 outbreak, 307 Animal disease models, 186–189, 382–384, 406, 587, 888–889 as biological weapon research, 376 Animal , 443, 445 African milk bush attack, 79 Africa alphavirus encephalitides, 481–501 outbreak, 674 anthrax attacks by Germany in 1915-1916, 43–44, 78 virus epidemic, 677–678 perfringens diseases, 362–367 African milk bush, 79 coxiellosis, 310 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 329 deaths as indicator of attack, 40 Agent Orange, 79 filoviruses, 580 Agent X, 338 foot and mouth disease, 78–79 Agglutination tests, 165 glanders, 186–189, 191–193 Agricultural terrorism, 78–80 Hendra virus, 549, 552–553, 669 Air Force field laboratories, 706 Nipah virus, 549–552, 553–554, 669–670 Al Qaeda occurring simultaneously with human disease, 41 biological warfare program, 15, 16–17 Animal Efficacy Rule, 272, 931–932 Alcide EXSPORE, 883 Animal poisons, 422 Alibek, Dr. Kenneth, 254, 339 Anthrax Alibekov, Colonel Kanatjan, 254, 339 accidental release of, 49–50, 130 Alphavirus encephalitides active immunization, 140–142 active immunization, 498–501 attacks by Germany in 1915-1916, 43–44, 78 antigenicity, 483–486 attacks in US, 2001, 47–48, 130

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Aum Shinrikyo cult attacks, 13, 46–47 Antiviral monoclonal , 839–842 attacks, 13–15 Aquariums characteristics of organism, 131–132 exposure, 471–472 clinical disease, 135–138 Arachnids, 419–420 cutaneous, 135–136 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis of, 138–139 Area Medical Laboratory, 117, 705 epidemiology of, 132 Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, 520, 526, 528, 530 foodborne, 72 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 329 gastrointestinal, 138, 650 Armed Forces Medical Policy Council, 921 historical perspectives, 130–131 ARMoR. See Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research incidence in the US, 132 Program inhalational, 136–137 Army field laboratories, 705 medical countermeasures, 752, 754, 757–761 Army Public Health Command, 324 meningitis, 137 Army Techniques Publication, 716 oropharyngeal, 138 Army Techniques Publication No. 5-19, 95 pathogenesis, 132–135 Arthritis prophylactic treatment after exposure, 140, 760–761 brucellosis and, 164 Russian epidemic, 9 Asahara, Shoko, 46, 339 treatment of, 139–140 Asia vaccine side effects, 142 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 vaccines, 10, 113, 114, 753–758 melioidosis incidence, 227 WHO surveillance and control guidelines, 140 pandemic, 251 Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, 754, 757–758 Aspergillus, 76 Anthrolysin O, 135 Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies, 837–839 Animal Care, 889 Antibiotic resistance diseases, 655–656 Association of Professionals in Control and Epidemiol- Antibiotic susceptibility testing, 727 ogy, 329 Antibiotics ATLS. See Advanced Trauma Life Support Animal Efficacy Rule, 272 ATP-binding cassette , 190–191 anthrax treatment, 139–140 Aum Shinrikyo cult bacterial disease treatment, 759–760 bioterrorism attacks, 13, 46–47 brucellosis treatment, 166–167, 768–769 C. botulinum research program, 72, 339 treatment, 363 Aureomycin glanders treatment, 202–204, 766–767 glanders treatment, 204 melioidosis treatment, 233–234, 766 Australia multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, 328 melioidosis studies, 233–234 plague treatment, 272, 765 paramyxovirus infections, 669 Q fever, 771–772 Q fever outbreak, 306 treatment, 292–294, 763–764 Automated identification systems, 724–727 Antibodies Autotransporter proteins antibacterial monoclonal antibodies, 837–839 glanders virulence mechanism, 190–191 generations, 832–835 plaque , 263 monoclonal antibodies Autumn crocus, 447 antiviral monoclonal antibodies, 839–842 Avian influenza A virus, 19–22, 657–660, 661–662 development, 832–842 Avian influenza H5N1 virus, 662–663 development of new therapeutic formats, 832–835 Avian influenza H7N9 virus, 663–664 ricin treatment, 388 Azithromycin , 450 glanders treatment, 204 Anticrop agents produced by the US military, 5 B Anticrop terrorism, 79 Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus, 362 Antigen-presenting cells, 404–406 Bacillus anthracis Antigenic shift, 658 accidental release of, 49–50, 130 Antihypertensives, 417 active immunization, 140–142 Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program, attacks by Germany in 1915-1916, 43–44, 78 331–332 attacks in US, 2001, 47–48, 130 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 727 Aum Shinrikyo cult attacks, 13, 46–47 Antitoxin monoclonal antibodies, 835–837 bioterrorism attacks, 13–15 characteristics of, 131–132 C. botulinum pre- and postexposure prophylaxis, 347 confirmatory tests for, 131–132 for C. botulinum, 345–346 cutaneous anthrax, 135–136 for Clostridium perfringens, 363 diagnosis of, 138–139 Antivenoms, 432 epidemiology of, 132 Antiviral agents foodborne, 72 hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses, 531–532 gastrointestinal anthrax, 138, 650 , 787–788 historical perspectives, 130–131 viral hemorrhagic fevers, 790–791 inhalational anthrax, 136–137

xxxi

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medical countermeasures, 752, 754, 757–761 the US program, 4–8 meningitis, 137 use during the World Wars, 3–4 oropharyngeal anthrax, 138 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 375 pathogenesis, 132–135 Biological Defense Research Program Laboratories, 888 prophylactic treatment after exposure, 140, 760–761 Biological Incident Annex, 94, 98 Russian anthrax epidemic and, 9 Biological Integrated Detection System, 112 treatment of, 139–140 Biological Personnel Reliability Program, 898, 901, 905–908 vaccine for US military, 10 Biological safety. See Biosafety vaccines, 10, 113, 114, 753–758 Biological safety cabinets, 860 Bacillus cereus, 132, 134 Biological select agents and Bacillus welchii, 362 biosafety, 904–905 Bacterial culture techniques biosecurity, 908–910 glanders, 198–199 centralized management of, 901 tularemia, 293 control of, 898–899 Bacteriophages, 202 identifying, 904 Baghdad, Iraq incident response and emergency management, 910–911 Acinetobacter infections, 325–326, 328 inventory and accountability, 900–901 BALB/c mice, 186, 188, 205 inventory audits, 901–902 Balkengrippe. See Q fever inventory discrepancies, 911 Bangladesh list of Tier 1 agents and toxins, 898 Nipah virus outbreak, 553–554, 670 permissible toxin amounts, 903 BAT, 345 personnel reliability, 905–908 Bats registration for possession, use, and transfer of, 899 influenza viruses in, 664–666 reporting theft, loss, or release of, 903–904 BCA agar, 199 restricted experiments, 904 BCX4430, 791 sample criteria for retaining or destroying, 901 Bedbugs security breaches, 911 as plague vector, 256–257 security risk assessment, 900 Bee , 420, 421 theft, loss or release of, 910 Belladonna, 449 transfers, 902–903 Belladonna toxicity Biological surety differentiating from botulism, 343 biological and toxin transfers, 902–903 Bergendorff, Roger, 16 biological select agents and toxins inventory and accountabil- Beta-, 367 ity, 900–901 Biochemical identification, 199 biological select agents and toxins inventory audits, 901–902 Biocrimes, 12 biosafety, 904–905 Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act biosecurity, 908–910 Renewal of 2011, 933 centralized management of long-term biological select agents Biofire Defense FilmArray, 702 and toxins, 901 Biological aerosol exposure systems, 860–864 control of biological select agents and toxins, 898–899 Biological agents. See also specific agents by name identifying select agents and toxins, 904 accidental release of, 49–50 incident response and emergency management, 910–911 biocrimes, 12 information security, 909–910 biological surety, 896–911 international rules and treaties to limit or ban biological biosafety levels, 122 weapons use, 896 characteristics of, 742 inventory discrepancies, 911 consequences of, 96–98 operational security, 909 critical agents for health preparedness, 113 overview, 897–898 delivery systems developed by Iraq, 11 personnel reliability, 905–908 disarmament, 17–18 personnel security, 909 dual use research of concern, 19–22 physical security, 909 early use of, 2–3 registration for possession, use, and transfer of biological hospital infection control precautions, 121 select agents and toxins, 899 the Iranian program, 12 reporting theft, loss, or release of biological select agents and the Iraq program, 10–11 toxins, 903–904 the Libyan program, 12 restricted experiments, 904 the North Korean program, 12 security breaches, 911 pan-hazard preparedness, 17–24 security risk assessment, 900 produced by the US military, 5 theft, loss or release, 910 prophylaxis against diseases caused by Category A agents, 119 Biological Surety Program, 888 regulated biological select agents and toxins, 703 Biological terrorism. See Bioterrorism risk assessment systems, 95 Biological warfare the South African program, 11–12 impact of advanced molecular techniques on epidemiology of, the Soviet program, 8–10 58–59 study of natural outbreaks for potential bioweapon use, 50–54 Biological Weapons Convention, 8, 11, 17–18, 179, 338, 375, 897 the Syrian program, 12 Biologics Control Act, 926 therapy of diseases caused by Category A agents, 119 Biomarkers, 716–718

xxxii

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Biopreparat, 9, 10 Biosafety antitoxins, 345–346 assessing individual risk, 876–877 bioterrorist attack signs, 346–347 assigning agents in risk groups, 872–874 botulinum production, 340–341 Biological Defense Research Program Laboratories, 888 clinical disease, 341–342 biosafety levels, 874–876 description of agent, 72–73, 340–341 case-fatality rate by disease, 873 diagnosis of, 343–344 definition of, 870 diagnostic assays, 343–344 documenting safety procedures, 876 foodborne botulism, 72–73, 342, 344 evolution of, 870–871 historical perspectives, 338–340 human infectious dose by organism, 873 inhalation-acquired botulism, 342, 344 laboratory animal care and use program, 888–889 pathogenesis, 341 laboratory safety audits, 887–888 prophylactic treatment, 347, 794–795 laboratory worker protection, 876 symptoms of, 342 medical surveillance, 880–881 therapeutic drug research, 348–349 microbiological practices, 884–886 treatment of, 345–349 personal protective equipment, 878–880 vaccine research, 348, 793–794 physical barriers, 877–878 BPRP. See Biological Personnel Reliability Program precautions employed, 122 Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, 521 the profession, 889–890 Brevetoxins, 463, 465–467 program elements required for containment and maximum Brooke Army Medical Center containment laboratories, 876–886 Acinetobacter infections, 324 program management role, 886–889 Brucella protecting the community and environment, 881–882 host specificity, 161 risk groups, 872 epitopes, 161–162 solid and liquid waste inactivation and disposal, 882–884 nomenspecies, 160–161 BioSense 2.0 program, 57, 58 virulence factors, 162 BioShield Act of 2004, 932–933 , 163 Biosurety Program, 888. See also Biological surety Brucella canis, 162 Biosurveillance, 739–741 Brucella melitensis, 164 Bioterrorism. See also Medical countermeasures; specific agents by Brucella suis name development as biological weapon, 160 agricultural, 78–80 Brucellosis case studies, 43–49 clinical manifestations, 164–165 casualty management, 110–124 diagnosis of, 165–166 consequence management, 94–96 epidemiology of, 162 consequences of, 96–98 historical perspectives, 160 historical perspectives, 13–17 infectious agent characteristics, 160–162 hospital infection control precautions, 121 medical countermeasures, 768–770 impact of advanced molecular techniques on epidemiology of, minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint ranges, 167 58–59 pathogenesis, 163 improving recognition and surveillance of, 56–58 prophylactic treatment, 167, 769–770 infectious diseases resulting from, 121 symptoms and signs of, 164 local and national response, 98–102 treatment of, 166–167 recovery, 103–105 vaccines, 768 risk assessment systems, 95 BSAT. See Biological select agents and toxins samples to obtain from victims, 118 , 265, 267 signs of C. botulinum attack, 346–347 Buffalopox, 623, 628 Bioterrorism Act, 897 Bundibugyo virus, 571–575, 589, 592 BioThrax, 140–141, 754, 757 BurkDiff, 200 BioThreat Alert Lateral Flow Assay, 386 mallei BioWatch program, 56, 101 animal disease models, 186–189 Bites, venomous, 418 attacks by Germany in 1915-1916, 43–44, 78 Bivalent botulinum , 347 biochemical identification, 199 Bivalent recombinant botulinum vaccine, 348 characteristics of, 181–182 Black Death plague, 2–3, 250–251 clinical disease in animals, 191–193 “Black Maria,” 858 clinical disease in humans, 193–198 Black rats clinical features of laboratory-acquired infections, 196–197 plague role, 257 control of, 208–109 Black tar heroin, 342 decontamination, 208–109 Bloomberg, Michael diagnosis in equines, 202 ricin attacks in 2004, 48, 377 differentiation from B. pseudomallei, 181, 182 Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 520, 526, 530 epidemiology of, 182–183 Borreliosis, 652–654 growth characteristics, 198 BotDB resource, 348 historical perspectives, 179–181 Botulinum immune globulin, 347 host immunity, 205–206

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identification of, 199–201 infection control, 118, 121 immunological detection, 201 maintaining level of proficiency, 124 immunotherapies, 208 maintaining level of suspicion, 110–12 intracellular characteristics, 186 managing psychological aftermath, 123–124 isolation of organism, 198–199 physical protection, 112–113 laboratory diagnosis, 198–202 primary assessment, 116 medical countermeasures, 766–768 prophylaxis against diseases caused by Category A agents, 119 military relevance, 178–179 protecting self, 112–116 morphology, 198 providing therapy, 118 nucleic acid-based identification, 199–201 psychological effects of biological attacks, 123–124 pathogenesis, 184–191 saving patient’s life, 116 prophylactic treatment, 205–209, 767–768 secondary assessment, 116–118 septicemia, 195 therapy of diseases caused by Category A agents, 119 serologic diagnosis, 201–202 Catalytic A-chain, 377–378, 380, 390 transmission of, 183–184 Cationic liposome DNA complexes, 208 treatment of, 202–204 Cats vaccines, 206, 207–208, 766 plague transmission role, 257 virulence mechanisms, 189–191 Cavanaugh, Lieutenant Colonel Dan C., 252 Burkholderia pseudomallei C57Bl/6 mice, 186, 188 candidate virulence factors, 228–230 CBRNE Command, 705 characteristics of, 224–225 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical disease, 227, 230–232 Ceftazidime diagnosis of, 232–233 glanders treatment, 204 differentiation from B. mallei, 181, 182 melioidosis treatment, 233 epidemiology of, 226 Cell-free translation assay, 386, 387 medical countermeasures, 766–768 Cell-mediated immune responses, 205 military relevance, 225–226 Cellular stress response inhibitors, 391 pathogenesis, 226–227 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention prevention of, 234–236 BioSense 2.0 program, 57 prevention of disease, 234–236 BSAT forms, 899, 902–904 treatment of, 233–234 case definition for brucellosis, 165 Burnet, Dr. Frank Macfarlane, 306 Division of Select Agent and Toxins, 860, 897–898 Bush, George H., 10 Emergency Operations Center, 345 Bush, George W., 22, 114 epidemiological investigative assistance, 123 BWC. See Biological Weapons Convention Laboratory Registration and Select Agent Transfer Program, 897 Byetta, 417 Laboratory Response Network, 14, 22, 101, 122, 386, 704, 727–728 C Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 259 plague diagnosis procedures, 270 Caffa plague treatment procedures, 272 plague pandemic, 250, 252 procedures for isolation and presumptive identification of CAFOs. See Concentrated animal feeding operations Y. pestis, 269 California public health preparedness capabilities, 102 plague pandemic, 251 Select Agents and Toxins Program, 375 Camelpox, 623 smallpox specimen collection, 628 Camp Detrick, Maryland Centipedes, 443 biological warfare agents research, 857–858, 923–925 Central America infections, 178, 183, 194–195, 196–197 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482, 487–488 , 73, 77, 650–651 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 Canada Central Intelligence Agency, 8, 377 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 CFT. See Cell-free translation assay; Complement fixation test Capsular polysaccharides, 235 Chapare virus, 521, 523–524 Captopril, 417 Chemical Battalions, 117 Cardiotoxic plants, 448–449 Chemical-Biological Incident Response Force, 117, 123 Cardiotoxins, 440–441, 448 , 116 Cardiovascular system Chemical poisoning Staphylococcal B effects, 407–408 differentiating from botulism, 343 Caribbean Islands Chemical protection, 113 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 Service, 5 Castor beans, 375, 377, 382, 446 Chemical Weapons Convention, 375 Casualty management CHEMPACKs, 102 alerting authorities, 118–123 Chikungunya, 673–674 chemical protection, 113 diagnosis of casualties, 118, 120 accusations of US biowarfare attacks, 6–7 disinfecting or decontaminating, 116–117 Avian influenza H7N9 virus infections, 663–664 epidemiological investigation, 123–124 plague pandemic, 251 establishing diagnosis, 117–118 severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, 675–676 immunologic protection, 113–116

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Chloramphenicol Community Emergency Response Team Program, 100 glanders treatment, 204 Competent medical authority, 907 melioidosis treatment, 234 Complement fixation test, 201, 202 plague treatment, 272 Comprehensive Health Surveillance, 739 Chloroform: residue vaccine, 312 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 201, 95 Chloroquine Concentrated animal feeding operations, 79 Q fever treatment, 311 Confirmation identification methods, 709–716 , 647–649 Congo Cidofovir, 635 incidence of human plague cases, 259 Ciguatoxic , 422, 462 Congressional Office Building Cilastatin ricin bioterrorism attack, 16 melioidosis treatment, 233 Consequence management Ciprofloxacin Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 201, 95 anthrax exposure prophylaxis, 10, 140 consequences of biological incidents, 96–98 anthrax treatment, 139 definition of, 94 plague treatment, 272 local and national response, 98–102 Civil Support Teams, 123 National Disaster Recovery Framework, 94 Clavulanate recovery, 103–105 glanders treatment, 204 risk assessment systems, 95 melioidosis prophylaxis, 236 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production CLIA. See Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on Clindamycin their Destruction, 8, 11, 17–18, 179, 338, 375 anthrax treatment, 140 Cooperative Biological Engagement Program, 10 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 702–703 Corals Clinical Laboratory Improvement Program, 702–703 palytoxin exposure, 469, 471–472 Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 166 Coronaviruses, 666–669 CLIP. See Clinical Laboratory Improvement Program Countermeasures. See Medical countermeasures Clorox Ultra Germicidal Bleach, 883 Cowpox, 623, 628 , 340 Coxiella burnetti , 340 characteristics of, 307–309 diagnosis of, 311 antitoxins, 345–346 disease in animals, 310 bioterrorist attack signs, 346–347 disease in humans, 310 botulinum neurotoxin production, 340–341 epidemiology of, 309–310 clinical disease, 341–342 historical perspectives, 306 description of agent, 72–73 medical countermeasures, 770–772 diagnosis of, 343–344 military relevance, 306–307 diagnostic assays, 343–344 pathogenesis, 309 foodborne botulism, 72–73, 342, 344, 651 postexposure prophylaxis, 772 historical perspectives, 338–340 treatment of, 311 inhalation-acquired botulism, 342, 344 vaccines, 312, 770–771 pathogenesis, 341 Coxiellosis, 310 prophylactic treatment, 347 Critical control points, 81 symptoms of, 342 Crocus, 447 therapeutic drug research, 348–349 Crooker, Michael, 16 treatment of, 345–349 Crop diseases, 79 vaccine research, 348 Cruikshank, George, 918 , 340 Cryptosporidiosis, 75 Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, 362–363 Cryptosporidium parvum, 75, 77, 78 Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin Culture-based methods, 722–724, 727–728 chemical properties, 364 Cutaneous anthrax, 135–136 description of, 363–365 Cutaneous plague, 268–269 diseases, 363 Cyanogenic plants, 448 historical perspectives, 362–363 Cysticercosis, 77 mechanism of action, 364–365 Cytotoxic plants, 446–447 medical management, 366–367 Czechoslovakia natural occurrence of, 363–364 use of biological agents during World War II, 4 physical properties, 364 signs and symptoms of, 365–366 D toxin types, 362 Dalles, Oregon Clostridium perfringens type D, 365–366 Salmonella typhimurium attacks, 1984, 44–46 Clostridium welchii, 362 Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study, 227, 230, 234 Cnidarians, 420–422 Daschle, Tom Co-trimoxazole, 203 anthrax attack, 2001, 47–48 Colony collapse disorder, 678 Decontamination Colorado potato beetle, 79 glanders, 208–109 source outbreaks, 40 Decontamination procedures, 104, 116–117

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Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, 388 coronaviruses, 666–669 Defense Laboratory Network, 706–707 definition of, 646 Delaware , 671–672 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, 677–678 Dengue fever, 671–672 factors contributing to, 646 Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance foodborne diseases, 650–652 and Response System, 324, 329, 331 genetically engineered organisms, 679–681 Dermal exposure genomic epidemiology, 656–657 palytoxin, 471 high-throughput DNA sequencing, 678–679 Derrick, Dr. Edward Holbrook, 306 H1N1 influenza pandemic, 660–661 Despeciated equine heptavalent antitoxin, 345 human infection with avian influenza viruses, 661–664 DHHS. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services influenza viruses in bats, 664–666 DHS. See U.S. Department of Homeland Security mosquitoborne viruses, 670–674 Diagnostic tests, in vivo/in vitro, 728 paramyxoviruses, 669–670 Digital imaging, 202 swine influenza, 660–661 Dilger, Anton, 44, 78, 178 synthetic biology, 681 Diphtheria tickborne diseases, 652–655 differentiating from botulism, 343 tickborne phleboviruses, 675–677 Disinfection procedures, 116–117 viral diseases, 657–679 Division of Select Agent and Toxins, 860, 897–898 waterborne diseases, 647–650 DNA assays, 199–201 West Nile virus, 672–673 DNA vaccines, 500 Encephalitis. See Alphavirus encephalitides DoD-Geis. See Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Encephalomyelitis Surveillance and Response System nonviral causes of, 496 Dominant-negative inhibitors, 366 viral causes of, 495 Dominican Republic Endocarditis, Q fever, 310 cholera outbreak, 648 Endopep-MS, 344 Domoic acid, 463, 467–469 England Dosimetry, 863 plague pandemic, 250 Doxycycline Enhanced Response Force Package Teams, 123 anthrax exposure prophylaxis, 140 Enrofloxacin anthrax treatment, 139 glanders treatment, 204 brucellosis treatment, 166–167 Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli, 74 glanders treatment, 203–204 Enterotoxemia, 363, 365 melioidosis treatment, 234 Envenomation, 417, 418 plague postexposure prophylaxis, 273 Environmental niche modeling, 583 plague treatment, 272 Environmental Protection Agency, 101 Q fever treatment, 311 Enzootic Drug-resistant . See Multidrug-resistant organisms definition of, 249 Dryvax, 631–632 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Dual use research of concern, 19–20 botulism diagnosis, 344 DURC. See Dual use research of concern brucellosis diagnosis, 165, 166 Dutschke, Everett, 16, 377 filoviruses diagnosis, 593–595 , 363 glanders diagnosis, 201, 202 hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses diagnosis, E 529–530 orthopoxviruses diagnosis, 629 Eastern equine encephalitis, 484–485, 493–494 overview, 728–730 Ebola virus, 118, 571, 573–575, 580–592, 596–598, 677–678 plague diagnosis, 270 ECL. See Electrochemiluminescence Q fever diagnosis, 311 Eczema vaccinatum, 633 ricin diagnosis, 385, 387 Edema toxin, 132–135 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B diagnosis, 408 Ehrlich, Paul, 375 EpiCenter application, 57 , 654–655 EPICON. See Epidemiological consultations “Eight Ball,” 859, 925 Epidemics Electrochemiluminescence, 385, 386, 387, 730–732 clues to an unnatural event, 39–41 Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of definition of, 38 Community-based Epidemics, 57 downwind plume patterns, 41 ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Ebola virus in West Africa, 38 Emergency management, 910–911 epidemic curves, 42 Emergency Operations Center, 345 multiple epidemics, 40 Emergency support functions, 98, 101, 123 outbreak investigation, 41–43 Emergency Use Authorization, 703, 740–741, 925–926, 929 recognition of, 38–39 Emerging infectious diseases Epidemiological consultations, 324–327 antibiotic resistance, 655–656 Epidemiology avian influenza, 657–660 accidental release of biological agents, 49–50 bacterial diseases, 647–657 assessment tool, 54–56 chikungunya, 673–674

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bioterrorism events, 43–49 Field laboratories, military, 705–706 clues to an unnatural event, 39–41, 111 FilmArray, 738 common source outbreaks, 40 Filoviruses of epidemics, 38–43 behavioral modification for prevention, 586 the epidemiological triangle, 38 categorization of viruses, 571–572 impact of advanced molecular techniques, 58–59 clinical presentation of disease, 590–591 improving recognition and surveillance of bioterrorism, 56–58 decontamination, 586 investigations after biological attacks, 123–124 diagnosis of, 591–595 point source outbreaks, 40 disease nomenclature, 571, 574 study of natural outbreaks for potential bioweapon use, 50–54 environmental niche modeling, 583 Epizootic epidemiology of, 580–583 definition of, 249 epizootiology of, 580 Epsilon toxin vaccine, 367 filovirion structure, 572 Equine encephalitis. See Alphavirus encephalitides function of, 576–579 Equines genomes, 572–573, 575 C botulinum antitoxin, 347 geographic distribution, 574 glanders diagnosis, 202 inactivation of, 586 , 74, 77, 78, 377, 651–652 lifecyle, 573–574 Escherichia coli O104:H4, 652 molecular biology, 572–583 Escherichia coli O157:H7, 651–652 natural reservoirs of, 574–575 ESKAPE pathogens, 322, 328–332 nomenclature, 571–572 Ethical issues pathogenesis, 587, 590 Animal Efficacy Rule, 931–932 prevention of, 586–587 biodefense, ethics, and research in the 20th Century, 921–925 proteins, 572–573 biodefense and ethics in the 18th and 19th Centuries, 918–921 serological surveys, 583 Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act Soviet biological warfare program, 584–586 Renewal of 2011, 933 taxonomy, 571 BioShield Act of 2004, 932–933 transmission of, 583–584 conflict between regulations and ethical responsibilities, 926–929 treatment of, 595, 596–598 current movements in the regulatory environment, 931–933 vaccines, 587, 588–589 dilemmas for biodefense research, 933–934 Fimbrae, 262–263 DoD/FDA Memorandum of Understanding, 927 Fish, venomous, 420–422 impact of regulating agencies on strategic research, 925–926 investigational new drug status, 927–929 as plague vector, 256–257 options for fulfilling mission and ethical responsibilities to plague virulence and transmission factors, 264 military personnel, 929–931 Florida overview of, 916–925 plague pandemic, 251 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Flow cytometry, 732–733 Response Act of 2002, 931 Flu Near You, 57 summary points, 929 Fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, 202 The Turner Bill, 933 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, 630 EUA. See Emergency Use Authorization Fluorescence spectroscopy, 202 Europe Fluorescent antibody staining, 166, 270–271 plague pandemic, 250–251 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 926 Excitatory , 430–432 Food and Drug Administration, 82, 112, 272, 587, 702–704, 916, Exendin-4, 417 926–933 Expeditionary Medical Dental Group, 326 Food Emergency Response Network, 101 Exposure chambers, 862 Food Safety and Modernization Act, 82 Exposure systems, 860–862 Food supply security, 80–82 Eyes Foodborne diseases Staphylococcal enterotoxin B effects, 408 anthrax, 72 botulinum toxins, 72–73, 342, 344 F Campylobacter jejuni, 73, 77, 650–651 Clostridium botulinum, 72–73, 342, 344, 651 F1 antigen, 262 Clostridium perfringens diseases, 363 F1-V vaccine, 273–274 cryptosporidiosis, 75 Fairchild Air Force Base emerging diseases, 650–652 ricin attacks in 2004, 377 Escherichia coli, 74, 651–652 Farcy. See Glanders gastrointestinal anthrax, 650 Favipiravir, 791 hepatitis A, 75 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation , 73–74 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 14, 45, 101 mycotoxicosis, 75–76 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 94, 100 parasites, 76–77 Federal Experts Security Advisory Panel, 23 , 44–46, 73, 652 Federal Response Plan, 22 , 47, 74–75 Federal Select Agent Program, 20, 897–900, 904–906 threat potential, 76, 77 FEMA. See Federal Emergency Management Agency Foot and mouth disease, 78–79

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Force health protection, 928–929 clinical features of laboratory-acquired infections, 196–197 , Maryland control of, 208–109 Burkholderia mallei infections, 178, 183, 194–195, 196–197 decontamination, 208–109 Fox squirrels diagnosis in equines, 202 plague transmission role, 257 epidemiology of, 182–183 Foxglove, 447 historical perspectives, 179–181 Francisella pathogenicity island, 289 host immunity, 205–206 identification of, 199–201 acquired, 289 immunological detection, 201 aerosol transmission, 288 immunotherapies, 208 arthropod vectors, 288 infectious agent characteristics, 181–182 bacterial culture techniques, 293 isolation of organism, 198–199 characteristics of, 286–287 laboratory diagnosis, 198–202 clinical manifestations, 290–292 medical countermeasures, 766–768 diagnosis of, 292–294 military relevance, 178–179 direct contact, 287 morphology, 198 epidemiology of, 287–289 nucleic acid-based identification, 199–201 food and water ingestion, 288 organism growth characteristics, 198 laboratory-acquired disease, 289 pathogenesis, 184–191 laboratory worker exposure, 296 prophylactic treatment, 205–209, 767–768 mammalian bites, 288 septicemic, 195 medical countermeasures, 761–764 serologic diagnosis, 201–202 pathogenesis, 289–290 transmission of, 183–184 postexposure prophylaxis, 295, 764 treatment of, 202–204 prophylactic treatment, 295–295 vaccines, 206, 207–208, 766 rapid diagnostic methods, 293–294 virulence mechanisms, 189–191 serology, 293 Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, treatment of, 294–295 324, 329 in unusual settings, 288–289 Gonyautoxins, 463 use as biological weapon, 296 Good Clinical Practices, 927, 929 vaccination with live vaccine strain, 289, 290, 295–296, 761–763 Government Accountability Office, 24 Freeman, Dr. Mavis, 306 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 234 Frist, Bill Great Britain ricin attacks in 2003-2004, 48–49 eradication of glanders, 180 Fugu puffer fish, 422 use of biological agents during World War II, 4 Fungal toxins, 443, 445 Ground squirrels plague transmission role, 257, 258 G Guanarito virus, 521, 522, 523–524, 530–531 Guillain-Barré syndrome Gas , 362–363 differentiating from botulism, 343 Gas masks, 112 Guinea pigs Gastroenteritis, 78 as animal disease models, 186 Gastrointestinal diseases Gulf War anthrax, 138, 650 Q fever outbreak, 307 plague, 268 plant irritants, 451 H tularemia, 291 Genetic analysis HACCPs. See Hazard analysis critical control points Acinetobacter baumannii, 327–328 Haffkine, Waldemar M.W., 273 Genetically engineered organisms, 679–681 Hague Convention, 3 Geneva Convention, 8, 11 HAIs. See Healthcare-assisted infections Geneva Protocol, 3, 6, 896–897 Haiti Genomic epidemiology, 656–657 cholera outbreak, 648–649 Gentamicin Hamsters plague treatment, 272 as animal disease models, 186 Germany Handheld assay devices cholera outbreak, 647 overview, 733–734 deaths, 377 ricin detection, 385, 387 use of biological agents during and II, 3–4, 43–44, Harris, Larry Wayne, 13–14 78, 178 Hatfill, Dr. Steven J., 14 Giardia lamblia, 78 HAVCR1. See Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 Gila monster, 417 Hazard analysis critical control points, 81 Glanders Hazardous Material Regulations, 902 animal disease models, 186–189 Hazardous Materials Response Unit, 117 attacks by Germany in 1915-1916, 43–44, 78, 178 HBAT, 345 biochemical identification, 199 Healthcare-assisted infections, 329 clinical disease in animals, 191–193 Heartland virus, 676–677 clinical disease in humans, 193–198

xxxviii

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Hematology HHA. See Handheld assay devices Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 408 High-efficiency particulate air filters, 871, 877, 882 Hemolytic toxins, 437–440 High throughput DNA sequencing, 678–679 Hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses High throughput screening, 390, 391 antiviral agents, 531–532 Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus, 19–22, 662–663 clinical presentation, 522–523 H1N1 influenza A virus, 19, 22, 660–661 coagulopathies, 527–528 H5N1 virus, 19–22 diagnosis of, 529–530 Homeland Security Council, 22 epidemiology of, 519–521 Homoheptamers, 365 historical perspectives, 519–521 Hong Kong, China immune response, 528–529 Avian influenza H5N1 virus infections, 662–663 molecular characteristics, 524–525 Horses New World mammarenaviruses, 520–521, 523, 526–527, glanders diagnosis, 202 528–529 Host immunity, 205–206 Old World mammarenaviruses, 519–520, 522–523, 525–526, Host response, 741–743 528 HTS. See High throughput screening passive antibody therapy, 530 Human fleas pathogenesis, 525–527 as plague vector, 256 pathology, 525–527 Hussein, Saddam, 10–11 phylogenetic relationships, 523–524 Hybridization probes, 630 reservoirs of, 521–522 Hydroxychloroquine taxonomy, 523–524 Q fever treatment, 311 treatment of, 530–532 Hyperimmune sera, 367 vaccines, 530–532 Hemorrhagic toxins, 437–440 I Hemostasis-active toxins, 435–437 Iatrogenic botulism, 342, 344 Hemostasis system, 438–439 IHA. See Indirect hemagglutination assay Henderson apparatus, 861 Ilimaquinone, 391 Hendra virus, 549, 552–553, 669 Illumina MiSeq instrument, 740 Henipaviruses Imipenem anti-henipavirus immune response detection, 558–559 glanders treatment, 204 antigen detection, 558 melioidosis treatment, 233 availability of, 557–558 Immunization. See also Vaccines as biological weapons, 557–558 alphavirus encephalitides clinical presentation, 554–555 anthrax, 140–142 diagnosis of, 558–559 Immunodiagnostic methods, 728–730 dissemination of, 558 Immunologic protection, 113–116 emergence of, 549–552 Immunological detection, 201 epidemiology of, 552–554 Immunosorbent assays. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays epizootiology of, 552–554 Immunotherapies Hendra virus, 549, 552–553 glanders, 208 historical perspectives, 549–552 IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, 792 innate immunotherapy, 560 In vivo/in vitro diagnostic tests, 728 isolation of virus, 559 Inactivated vaccines, 499 medical management, 559–560 Incapacitating agents molecular biology of, 555–556 produced by the US military, 5 newly identified viruses, 552 Incident Command System, 121 next-generation sequencing, 559 Incident response and emergency management, 910–911 Nipah virus, 549–552, 553–554 IND. See Investigational new drugs passive immunotherapy, 559–560 India pathogenesis, 557 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 pathology, 555 Nipah virus outbreak, 553–554 potential for high morbidity and lethality, 558 plague pandemic, 251 production of, 558 Indian Ocean islands reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 558 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 ribavirin, 560 Indian Plague Commission, 256 signs and symptoms of, 554–555 Indirect hemagglutination assay, 201 therapies evaluated in vitro, 560 Indirect immunofluorescence assay, 311 virus genome, 555 Infants virus proteins, 555–556 botulism, 342, 346 virus structure, 555 Infection control, 118, 121 Hepatitis A, 75, 77 Infectious Diseases Society of America, 322 Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, 367 Influenza Heptavalent despeciated antitoxin, 346 Avian influenza pandemic threat, 657–660 Herbal medicine H1N1 influenza pandemic, 660–661 ricin poisoning, 381 swine influenza, 660–661 Hfab-BAT, 346

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Inhalation-acquired disease K amnesic shellfish poisoning, 468 anthrax, 136–137 Kathmandu, Nepal botulism, 342, 344 cholera outbreak, 648 neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 466 Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 926 palytoxin, 471 Kennedy, John F., 7 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 464 Khrushchev, Nikita, 9 ricin, 382–384 Killed whole cell vaccines, 206–207 Injections Kosovo ricin administration, 382 tularemia outbreak, 1999-2000, 52–53 Innate immunotherapy Kostov, Vladimir, 9, 376 henipaviruses, 560 Krishnaswami, Dr. C.S., 224 Insect stings, 420, 421 Institutional Biosafety Committee, 904 L Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks, 706–707 Laboratories Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, 406 allies’ identification levels, 718–719 Interferon gamma, 163, 205–206, 406 antibiotic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 727 Interferons, 791 assessing individual risk, 876–877 International Clonal Complex, 323 automated identification systems, 724–727 International Committee of the Red Cross, 6 Biological Defense Research Program Laboratories, 888 International Health Regulations, 259 biosafety program element requirements, 876–886 International Society on Toxinology, 416 biosurveillance, 739–741 Invasive species, 80 civilian identification levels, 707–708 Inventory audits, 901–902 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 702–703 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Program, 702–703 as disease models, 188–189 containment and maximum containment laboratories, 876–886 Investigational new drugs, 114–116, 345, 346, 347, 498, 927–929 culture-based microbiological methods, 722–724 Iran Defense Laboratory Network, 706–707 biological warfare agents, 12 documenting safety procedures, 876 ricin as biological weapon research, 376 early recognition of host response, 741–743 Iraq electrochemiluminescence, 730–732 Acinetobacter infections, 322, 323, 324–327 emerging threat surveillance, 739–741 biological warfare agents, 10–11 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, 730 C. botulinum research program, 339 flow cytometry, 732–733 Q fever outbreak, 2005, 53–54, 307 future perspectives, 734–736 ricin as biological weapon research, 376 hand held assays, 733–734 Iraq Survey Group, 11 horizon-agnostic diagnostic applications, 738–739 Iron sequestration, 263 identification approaches, 719–739 Irritants, local identification levels, 707 plants causing, 451 immunodiagnostic methods, 728–730 Ishii, General Shiro, 3–4, 5, 338 integration of in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests, 728 Ivins, Dr. Bruce E., 15 Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic Systems, 112, 702, 704 J laboratory animal care and use program, 888–889 Japan laboratory worker protection, 876 Aum Shinrikyo cult bioterrorism research and attacks, 13, MAGPIX, 733 46–47, 72, 339 medical surveillance, 880–881 biocrimes, 12 microbiological culture methods, 727–728 biological agent research during World War I, 3–4 microbiological practices, 884–886 bioterrorism attacks, 13 military field laboratories, 705–706 C. botulinum research program, 338 military identification levels, 708, 716–718 development of Burkholderia mallei as potential biowarfare molecular detection methods, 736 agent, 179 Next Generation Diagnostic System, 702 plague warfare research, 252–254 next generation molecular diagnostics, 738 severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, 676 personal protective equipment, 878–880 Japanese encephalitis virus, 550 physical barriers, 877–878 JBAIDS. See Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic presumptive and confirmation methods, 709–716 Systems protecting the community and environment, 881–882 Jellyfish stings, 420, 430, 432, 441 rapid methods, 727–728 Jewett, Frank B., 921 real-time polymerase chain reaction, 736–738 Joint Bacterial Repository, 329 regulated biological select agents and toxins, 703 Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic Systems, 112, research, development, test, and evaluation laboratories, 888 702–704, 738 role of military clinical and field laboratories, 705 Joint Biological Integrated Detection System, 112 safety audits, 887–888 Joint Task Force for Civil Support, 123 solid and liquid waste inactivation and disposal, 882–884 Junín virus, 519–520, 522, 523, 526–528, 530531 specimen collection and processing, 719–722 Justinian plague, 250

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Laboratory-acquired diseases Marine algal toxins botulinum intoxication, 342 amnesic shellfish poisoning, 467–469 tularemia, 289, 296 neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 465–467 Laboratory of HealthCare Associated Infections, 327 palytoxin, 469–472 Laboratory Registration and Select Agent Transfer Program, 897 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 463–465 Laboratory Response Network, 14, 22, 101, 122, 386, 704, 727–728 Marine envenoming, 420–422 Lahore Polo Club, 204 Markov, Georgi, 9, 375, 376, 382 Lambert-Eaton syndrome Marshall, Lieutenant Colonel John D., 252 differentiating from botulism, 343 Marshall Plan, 7 Landstuhl Regional Medical Center Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts Acinetobacter infections, 323, 324–327 tularemia outbreak, 2000, 51–52, 292 Lassa virus, 519, 522, 523–525, 528–531 Maryland Latin America alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 cholera outbreak, 647 MASCAL. See Medical mass casualty event LcrV, 261–262 Masks, 112–113 Lectin B-chain, 377–378, 389–390 Mass median aerodynamic diameter, 862 Legionella, 308–309 Mass spectrometry, 202, 328, 344, 386, 387 Legionellosis, 649–650 Massachusetts Lethal toxin, 132–135 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 Levofloxacin tularemia outbreak, 2000, 51–52, 292 plague postexposure prophylaxis, 273 Mau-Mau attack, 79 plague treatment, 272 MDCK cells, 366 Libya MDR Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, 329–332 biological warfare agents, 12 MDROs. See Multidrug-resistant organisms Lice Meadow saffron, 447 as plague vector, 256–257 MEDCOM. See U.S. Army Medical Command Linezolid Medical countermeasures anthrax treatment, 140 anthrax, 752, 754, 757–761 Lipid rafts, 364–365 bacterial diseases, 752–772 Lipopolysaccharide antibodies, 235, 308 botulinum neurotoxin, 793–795 Liquid chromatography, 386, 387 brucellosis, 768–770 Listeria monocytogenes, 73–74 encephalitic New World alphaviruses, 773–776 Listeriosis, 73–74 glanders, 766–768 Liston, W.G., 256 melioidosis, 766–768 Live attenuated vaccines, 207, 273, 758, 825–826 plague, 764–765 Live vaccines Q fever, 770–772 alphavirus encephalitides, 498–499 ricin, 796–797 tularemia, 289, 290, 295–296, 761–763 rickettsial diseases, 752–772 Livestock. See Animal diseases smallpox, 776–788 Lloviu virus, 571–575, 580 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 795–796 Local response, 98–102 toxins, 793–797 London, England tularemia, 761–764 ricin bioterrorism attack, 16 viral diseases, 773–793 Louisiana viral hemorrhagic fevers, 788–793 plague pandemic, 251 Medical ethics. See Ethical issues LRN. See Laboratory Response Network Medical mass casualty event Lujo virus, 519–520, 523 casualty management, 110–124 LVS tularemia vaccine, 295–296 Medical Reengineering Initiative, 705 , 652–654 Medical treatment facilities, 705 Lymphocyte function-associated antigen, 406 Melioidosis Lysosomal-associated membrane proteins, 308 candidate virulence factors, 228–230 clinical disease, 227, 230–232 M diagnosis of, 232–233 epidemiology of, 226 M-44 vaccine, 312 infectious agent characteristics, 224–225 Machupo virus, 520, 522, 523–524, 526–527, 531 medical countermeasures, 766–768 MAGPIX, 733 military relevance, 225–226 Major histocompatibility complex, 404–405 pathogenesis, 226–227 Malaysia postexposure prophylaxis, 235–236, 767–768 Nipah virus outbreak, 553 prevention of, 234–236 paramyxovirus infections, 669–670 treatment of, 233–234 Malleomyces mallei, 178 vaccines, 766 Mammarenaviruses. See Hemorrhagic fever-causing mammare- Meningitis naviruses anthrax meningitis, 137 Manganese sequestration, 263 plague meningitis, 268 MAP. See Mitogen-activated kinase Merck, George W., 5 , 571–575, 580–592, 596–598 Merck, George W., Jr., 921

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Meropenem Mushrooms, 422, 442, 444–445, 452 glanders treatment, 204 Mussolini, Benito, 375 melioidosis treatment, 233 MERS. See Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome differentiating from botulism, 343 Meselson, Matthew, 9 , 75–76 Metropolitan Medical Response System, 121 Myonecrosis, 362, 363 Mexico Myotoxins, 432–435 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 487 Meyer, Karl F., 273 N MHS. See Military Health System National Academy of Sciences, 73, 857 Mice National Biosurveillance Integration System, 101 as animal disease models, 186–188 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 166 Microbiological methods National Disaster Medical System, 123 culture-based, 722–724, 727–728 National Disaster Recovery Framework, 94, 96, 104 Microbiological practices National Guard, 100, 123 biosafety, 884–886 National Incident Management System, 96–97, 121 MicroChem Plus, 883 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 879 Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, 666–669 National Institutes of Health MIDI Sherlock Microbial Identification System, 199 human genome project, 58 Military field laboratories, 705–706 Office of Biotechnology Activities, 898 Military Health System Office of Science Policy, 20 response to Acinetobacter infections, 328–332 National laboratories, 122 Military installations. See also U.S. military National Mitigation Framework, 96 plague risks, 252, 253 National Naval Medical Center, 328 Military personnel National Preparedness Goal, 94, 98 options for fulfilling mission and ethical responsibilities, 929–931 National Prevention Framework, 96 Minnesota Patriots Council, 13–14 National response, 98–102 Minor Groove Binding Proteins, 630 National Response Framework, 94, 96, 98–99, 100 Missoula, Montana National Response Plan, 22 Q fever outbreak, 306 National Safety Council, 6 Missouri National Science Advisory Board for Biodefense, 20–21 Heartland virus, 676–677 National Security Council, 22 Mitogen-activated protein kinase, 134, 378 National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats, 23 MNGCs. See Multinucleated giant cells Navy field laboratories, 706 Modified Vaccinia Ankara, 632 NBC News Modified vaccinia virus, 826 anthrax attack, 2001, 47–48 Mold toxins, 443 NDRF. See National Disaster Recovery Framework Molecular detection methods Necrotizing enteritis, 363 Acinetobacter baumannii, 327–328 Nectrotoxins, 442–443 next generation diagnostics, 738 Nepal overview, 736 cholera outbreak, 648 Molecular sequencing technology, 58–59 Nephrotixic plants, 450 Monkeypox, 623, 627–628 Nephrotoxins, 442 Monoclonal antibodies Nerve agent poisoning antibacterial, 837–839 differentiating from botulism, 343 antitoxin, 835–837 Neuraminidases, 365, 367 antiviral, 839–842 Neurotoxic plants, 450 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, 205, 406 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Montana description of toxin, 465–466 Q fever outbreak, 306 diagnosis of, 467 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 259 inhalation-acquired disease, 466 Mosquitoborne viruses, 670–674 mechanism of action, 466 Mousepox virus, 19 medical management, 467 MRSN. See MDR Organism Repository and Surveillance Network oral ingestion, 466 Mucosal vaccines, 830–831 signs and symptoms, 466 Multidrug-resistant organisms Neurotoxins, 340–341, 424–432 antibiotic resistance, 328, 655–656 New Orleans, Louisiana characterization and identification of source, 327–328 plague pandemic, 251 epidemiological consultation, 324–327 New World mammarenaviruses, 520–521, 523, 526–527, 528–529 ESKAPE pathogens, 322, 328–332 New York, New York genetic analysis, 327–328 plague pandemic, 251 historical perspectives, 322–324 West Nile virus outbreak, 1999, 50–51 molecular analysis, 327–328 Next Generation Diagnostic System, 702, 704 strain collection and sampling, 327 Next generation molecular diagnostics, 738 U.S. Military Health System response, 328–332 Next-generation sequencing, 559, 738–739 Multilocus sequence typing, 181, 182 NGDS. See Next Generation Diagnostic System Multinucleated giant cells, 186, 190 Nightshade, 449 Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, 182–183

xlii

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NIH. See National Institutes of Health morphology, 617–618 Nine Mile variant, 307–308 nucleic acid diagnosis, 629–630 Nipah virus, 549–552, 553–554, 669–670 pathogenesis, 621–622 Nixon, Richard M., 7, 338, 897 phenotypic diagnosis, 628–629 Nomenspecies, 160–161 phylogenetic relationships, 620–621 North America prophylaxis, 630–634 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482, 487 replication, 619 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 718–719 specimen collection and handling, 628 North Carolina treatment of, 624–635 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 Outbreak investigations, 41–43 North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Col- lection Tool, 57 P North Korea p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, 391 accusations of US biowarfare attacks, 6 Pacific Yew tree, 449 biological warfare agents, 12 Paclitaxel, 416–417 Nosocomial infections, 326–327 Pakistan NSABB. See National Science Advisory Board for Biodefense glanders outbreak, 204 Nucleic acid-based identification Palytoxin glanders, 199–201 dermal exposure, 471 Nucleic acid vaccines, 829–830 description of toxin, 469–470 Nunn-Lugar Biological Threat Reduction Program, 10 diagnosis of, 472 Nuremberg Code, 921, 922 exposure through home aquaria, 471–472 Nuttall, George, 362 inhalation-acquired disease, 471 O mechanism of action, 470 medical management, 472 Obama, Barack, 48, 377, 898 oral ingestion, 470–471 Occupational Safety and Health Administration signs and symptoms, 470–472 Respiratory Protection Standard, 879 Pan-hazard preparedness, 17–24 Oculoglandular tularemia, 291 Pandemics Office International des Epizooties, 180–181 Avian influenza threat, 657–660 Office of Biotechnology Activities, 898 Paralytic neurotoxins, 424–430 Office of Emergency Preparedness, 22 Paralytic shellfish poisoning Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness, 22 cause of death, 464 Office of Science and Technology Programs, 21 description of toxin, 463 Office of Science Policy, 20 diagnosis of, 465 Ofloxacin differentiating from botulism, 343 glanders, 203 inhalation-acquired disease, 464 Q fever treatment, 311 mechanism of action, 463–464 OFPBL agar, 199 medical management, 465 Old World mammarenaviruses, 519–520, 522–523, 525–526, 528 oral ingestion, 464 Oleander, 440 signs and symptoms, 464 , 6, 858, 923 Paramyxoviruses, 669–670 Operations Desert Shield/Storm Parasites, 76–77 biological agents exposure, 10 Passive antibody therapy immunologic protection, 113 hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses, 530 bromide prophylaxis, 113 Passive hemagglutination antibody detection, 270 Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom Passive immunotherapy Acinetobacter infections, 322, 323, 324–327 alphavirus encephalitides, 497–498 Q fever outbreak, 53–54, 307 bacterial diseases, 758–759 Oral ingestion botulinum toxins, 794 amnesic shellfish poisoning, 468 henipaviruses, 559–560 neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 466 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 795–796 palytoxin, 470–471 viral hemorrhagic fevers, 792 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 464 PBT. See Pentavalent botulinum toxoid ricin, 380–382 pCD, 261 Oropharyngeal anthrax, 138 PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction assays Orthopoxviruses Peake, Lieutenant General James B., 324 as biological warfare agents, 622–623 Penicillin characteristics of, 617–622 anthrax exposure prophylaxis, 140 classification, 617 anthrax treatment, 139 clinical aspects of infections, 624–628 Pennsylvania diagnosis of, 628–630 Legionnaires’ disease outbreak, 649 entry into cells, 618 Pensacola, Florida immunodiagnosis, 629 plague pandemic, 251 medical management, 630–635 Pentavalent botulinum toxoid, 347, 793 monkeypox, 627–628 Personal protective equipment, 860–861, 877–880 morphogenesis and egress, 619 Personnel reliability programs, 898, 901, 905–908

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PFGE. See Pulsed field gel electrophoresis Poisons Phage shock protein response, 263 animals, 422 Pharyngeal plague, 268 as biological warfare agents, 423 Phleboviruses, 675–677 definitions, 417 Phospholipases, 135 epidemiology of, 418–423 Physical protection, 112–113 mushrooms, 422, 444–445 PLA2 toxins, 432–434 plants, 422, 446–452 Plague research directions, 452–453 antibiotic treatment, 272 Poland autotransporter proteins, 263 use of biological agents during World War II, 4 biochemistry of, 255–256 Poliovirus type 1, 19 as biological warfare agent, 252–254 Polymerase chain reaction assays Black Death, 250–251 Acinetobacter infection diagnosis, 328 bubonic plague, 265, 267 botulism diagnosis, 344 clinical manifestations, 265–269 brucellosis diagnosis, 161, 165 cutaneous, 268–269 filoviruses diagnosis, 593–595 diagnosis of, 269–271 glanders diagnosis, 200, 202 endemic disease, 251–252 hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses diagnosis, epidemiology of, 256–259 529–530 F1 antigen, 262 orthopoxviruses diagnosis, 629–630 fimbrae, 262–263 overview, 728–730 first pandemic, 250 real-time polymerase chain reaction, 678, 736–738 gastrointestinal, 268 ricin diagnosis, 387 growth characteristics, 254–255 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B diagnosis, 408 historical perspectives, 249–251 tularemia diagnosis, 293 incidence of, 259–261 viral pathogen diagnosis, 678–679 infectious agent characteristics, 254–256 Polysaccharide-based subunit vaccines, 207–208 iron sequestration, 263 Portal Shield, 112 isolation of patients, 271–272 Powered air-purifying respirators, 879 Justinian plague, 250 Poxviruses, 617 laboratory confirmation, 269–271 pPCP, 261 mammals known to harbor plague in the US, 257 Prairie dogs manganese sequestration, 263 plague transmission role, 257, 258 medical countermeasures, 764–765 President’s Disaster Relief Fund, 100 meningitis, 268 Presumptive identification methods, 709–716 morphology, 254 Primary atypical , 307 pathogenesis, 264–265 Primates, nonhuman phage shock protein response, 263 as animal disease models, 188 pharyngeal, 268 , 7 plasminogen activator, 262 , 22–23, 740, 926 pneumonic, 259, 267, 268 Pronase, 367 postexposure prophylaxis, 273, 765 Protective clothing, 112–113 prevention of, 272–273 Protein kinases, 391, 406 second pandemic, 250–251 Protein subunit vaccines, 207 septicemic, 265–267 Protein tyrosine kinases, 406 signs and symptoms, 269 Proteolysis, 364 small RNAs, 263 Proteus OX-19, 4 surface structures, 263 Protoxin, 367 taxonomy, 254 PTA. See Pteroic acid third pandemic, 251 Pteroic acid, 390 transmission of, 2–3 Public health preparedness, 102 treatment of, 271–274 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Re- twin arginine transport, 263 sponse Act of 2002, 931 Type III secretion system, 261–262 Public Health Service Act, 925, 926 vaccines, 115, 273–274, 764–765 Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, 925 virulence and transmission factors in the , 264 Puffer fish, 422 virulence determinants, 261–264 Pulpy kidney disease, 365 virulence factors in mammalian hosts, 262–263 Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, 325, 327, 328 warfare and, 251–254 Purple foxglove, 447 Plague Manual, 269 Putin, Vladimir, 10 Plague Vaccine USP, 273 Pyridostigmine bromide, 113 Plant poisons, 422, 440, 446–452 Plaque reduction neutralization test, 629 Q Plasminogen activator, 262 Q fever pMT, 261 diagnosis of, 311 Pneumonic plague, 259, 267, 268 disease in animals, 310 Pneumonic tularemia, 291–292 disease in humans, 310 Point source outbreaks, 40

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epidemiology of, 309–310 detection of, 385–386 Gulf War, 307 diagnosis of, 386–387 historical perspectives, 306 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, 385, 387 infectious agent, 307–309 handheld assay detection devices, 385, 387 Iraq outbreak, 2005, 53–54, 307 historical perspectives, 375–376 medical countermeasures, 770–772 inhalation of, 382–384 military relevance, 306–307 injection of, 382 outbreaks during World War II, 8, 306–307 liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, 386, 387 pathogenesis, 309 medical countermeasures, 796–797 postexposure prophylaxis, 772 medical management, 387–391 treatment of, 311 oral intoxication, 380–382 vaccines, 115, 312, 770–771 pathogenesis, 378–379 Q-Vax, 312 pathology, 379–385 Queensland, Australia ricin A chain inhibitors, 390–391 Q fever outbreak, 306 sample verification platforms, 385–386 Quorum sensing systems, 191 signs and symptoms of, 379–385 small molecule inhibitors, 389–390 R attacks, 9 supportive and specific therapy, 389 Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree, 13, 44–46 transport inhibitors, 391 Rajneeshee cult vaccines, 387–388, 796 bioterrorism attacks, 13, 44–46 Rifampin Raman spectroscopy, 202 brucellosis treatment, 167 RANTES protein, 206 Riluzole, 366 Rat fleas Ring vaccination, 115 as plague vector, 256 RIPs. See Ribosome inactivating proteins Rats Risk assessment systems, 95 plague transmission role, 257, 258 Risk communication, 115, 124 Ravn virus, 571–575 RiVax, 388 Raxibacumab Rock squirrels anthrax treatment, 140 plague transmission role, 257, 258 Reagan, Ronald, 9 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 858 Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance Laboratory, 57 RTA. See Catalytic A-chain Real-time polymerase chain reaction, 678, 736–738 RTB. See Lectin B-chain Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 234 Russell, Findlay E., 416 Recombinant vaccine vectors, 826–827 RVEc, 388 Recovery operations, 103–105 Red tides, 466 S Reference laboratories, 122 Registered Biosafety Professional, 889–890 Sabiá virus, 521, 523–524, 531 Research, development, test, and evaluation laboratories, 888 Sacroilitis Research ethics. See Ethical issues brucellosis and, 164 Respiratory Protection Standard, 879 Safety audits, 887–888 Respiratory system Saint Joseph, Missouri Staphylococcal enterotoxin B effects, 407 Heartland virus, 676–677 Respiratory tularemia, 291 Salmonella Reston virus, 571–575, 580, 587 bioterrorism attacks, 13, 44–46 Restriction fragment-length polymorphism, 629–630 food- and waterborne, 44–46, 73, 652 RevCons, 17 Salmonella typhimurium Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 558, 678 attacks in Dalles, Oregon, 1984, 44–46 Review conferences, 17 food and waterborne, 73 Salmonellosis biological warfare agents, 11–12 attacks in Dalles, Oregon, 1984, 44–46 Ribavirin food and waterborne, 73 henipavirus treatment, 560 Sample verification platforms, 385–386 viral hemorrhagic fever treatment, 790–791 San Francisco, California Ribosome inactivating proteins, 377 plague pandemic, 251 Richardson, Shannon Guess, 16, 48, 377 Ricin bioterrorism attacks, 13 activity assay, 386 SARS, 666 antibody treatment, 388 Saudi Arabia attacks in US, 2003-2004, 48–49 Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, 666–669 biochemical identification, 377–378 , 463–465 as biological warfare agent, 376 Scolopendrid centipede, 443 bioterrorism attacks, 13, 15–16, 376–377 stings, 419–420, 430–432, 442–443 cause of death, 384–385 Sea , 420–422 cellular stress response inhibitors, 391 Secreted proteins, 189–190 description of agent, 377–379 Secretory systems, 189–190

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Security risk assessment, 900 treatment of, 624–635 Select Agent List, 22 vaccine, 114–115, 777–787 Select Agent Program, 14, 23 WHO eradication program, 9 Select Agent Regulations, 900, 902 Smallpox Response Plan, 628 Select Agents and Toxins Program, 375 Smuggling risks, 80 Senate Office Building Snakes, venomous, 418–419, 424–426, 428–430, 432–442 anthrax attack, 2001, 47–48 ricin attacks in 2004, 48–49, 377 pyridostigmine bromide prophylaxis, 113 Sentinel laboratories, 122 South Africa Septic abortions biological warfare agents, 11–12 Brucella and, 162–163 South America Septicemic disease alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 plague, 265–267 Chikungunya outbreak, 674 septicemic glanders, 195 South Korea tularemia, 292 severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, 676 Sequence types, 328 Soviet Union Sequencing technology, 58–59 accidental anthrax release, 49–50, 130 Serologic diagnoses accusations of US biowarfare attacks, 6–7 filoviruses, 583 biological warfare agents, 8–10 glanders, 201–202 C. botulinum research program, 338–339 plague, 270 filoviruses biological warfare program, 584–586 tularemia, 293 plague warfare research, 254 Severe acute respiratory syndrome, 666 ricin as biological weapon research, 376 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, 675–676 Specimen collection, 719–722 Shiga toxins, 74, 377, 651–652 bites, 419–420, 421, 430, 432, 442–443 Spokane, Washington attacks in Dallas, Texas, 1996, 47 ricin attacks in 2004, 377 food and waterborne, 74–75 Squirrels , 78 plague transmission role, 257–258 Shigellosis Stafford Act, 98, 100 attacks in Dallas, Texas, 1996, 47 Stalin, Joseph, 9 food and waterborne, 74–75 Standing operating procedures, 876 Shipping standards, 723 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B Sialidases, 365 animal models, 405–406 Simonson, Stewart, 340 cardiovascular symptoms, 407–408 Armed Forces characterization of, 404–405 melioidosis cases, 225 clinical disease, 406–408 Skin diseases detection of, 408 cutaneous anthrax, 135–136 development of therapeutics, 409 cutaneous plague, 268–269 diagnosis of, 408 Skin irritation fever onset and duration, 407 plants causing, 451 onset and duration, 407 Small molecule inhibitors, 389–390 hematology, 408 Small RNAs, 263 host response, 405–406 Smallpox medical countermeasures, 795–796 as biological warfare agents, 622–623 medical management, 408–409 biothreat policy, 634 nausea and vomiting, 407 characteristics of virus, 617–622 ocular effects, 408 classification, 617 respiratory symptoms, 407 clinical aspects of infections, 624–626 signs and symptoms, 406–408 diagnosis of, 628–630 vaccines, 409, 795 entry into cells, 618 aureus immunodiagnosis, 629 animal models, 405–406 impact on Native Americans, 3 cardiovascular symptoms, 407–408 medical countermeasures, 776–788 characterization of toxins, 404–405 medical management, 630–635 clinical disease, 406–408 morphogenesis and egress, 619 detection of, 408 morphology, 617–618 development of therapeutics, 409 nucleic acid diagnosis, 629–630 diagnosis of, 408 outbreak in Yugoslavia, 39 fever onset and duration, 409 pathogenesis, 621–622 headache onset and duration, 407 phenotypic diagnosis, 628–629 hematology, 408 phylogenetic relationships, 620–621 host response, 405–406 preparedness, 18–19 medical management, 408–409 prophylaxis, 630–634 nausea and vomiting, 407 replication, 619 ocular effects, 408 Soviet Union production of virus, 9 respiratory symptoms, 407 specimen collection and handling, 628 signs and symptoms, 406–408 vaccines, 409

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Bio 2016 A&A - mark index 3.indd 46 6/21/18 1:15 PM Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare Index

State response planning, 102 Texas Sternberg, Surgeon General George, 918 plague pandemic, 251 Stevens, Robert, 14 Thailand Stillmark, Peter Hermann, 375 botulinum toxin foodborne outbreak, 339–340 Stimson, Henry L., 921 melioidosis incidence, 227 Stingrays, 421–422 Thompson, Diane, 12 Stings, venomous, 418 Thrombocytopenia syndrome, 675–676 Strategic National Stockpile, 22–23, 102, 123, 631–632 Tickborne disease pyogenes anaplasmosis, 654–655 animal models, 405–406 borreliosis, 652–654 cardiovascular symptoms, 407–408 differentiating from botulism, 343 characterization of toxins, 404–405 Ehrlichiosis, 654–655 clinical disease, 406–408 Heartland virus, 676–677 detection of, 408 paralysis caused by Ixodidae family, 419–420 development of therapeutics, 409 phleboviruses, 675–677 diagnosis of, 408 severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, 675–676 fever onset and duration, 409 TMP-SMX headache onset and duration, 407 melioidosis treatment and prophylaxis, 234, 236 hematology, 408 , Japan host response, 405–406 Aum Shinrikyo cult anthrax attacks, 13, 46–47 medical management, 408–409 Toll-like receptors, 404 nausea and vomiting, 407 Torovirus, 78 ocular effects, 408 , 404–405, 408 respiratory symptoms, 407 Toxins signs and symptoms, 406–408 arachnids, 419–420 vaccines, 409 biological surety, 896–911 Streptomycin as biological warfare agents, 423 brucellosis treatment, 166–167 bites, 418 glanders treatment, 204 botulinum toxins, 72–73, 340–349, 793–795 cardiotoxins, 440–441 differentiating from botulism, 343 classes, 424–452 Structural vaccinology, 829 cnidarians, 420–422 Subunit vaccines, 827–829 definitions, 417 Sudan virus, 571–575, 587–589, 597 epidemiology of, 418–423 Sulfadiazine excitatory neurotoxins, 430–432 glanders treatment, 204 fish, 420–422 , 404 hemolytic toxins, 437–440 Supportive therapy hemorrhagic toxins, 437–440 ricin, 389 hemostasis-active toxins, 435–437 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 408 insects, 420, 421 Surface polysaccharides, 189 marine algal, 462–473 Surface structures, 263 medical countermeasures, 793–797 Suzuki, Dr. Mitsuru, 12 myotoxins, 432–435 Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union nectrotoxins, 442–443 accidental anthrax release, 49–50, 130 nephrotoxins, 442 Swine influenza, 660–661 origin of word, 2 Syndromic surveillance, 56–57 paralytic neurotoxins, 424–430 Synthetic biology, 681 research directions, 452–453 Syria , 419–420 biological warfare agents, 12 sea snakes, 420–422 ricin as biological weapon research, 376 snakes, 418–419 Systems vaccinology, 829 , 419–420, 421 staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 404–409, 795–796 T stings, 418 Transport inhibitors, 391 T-cell receptors, 404–405 Tree squirrels T-cells plague transmission role, 257 response to Brucella, 163 Trimethoprim Tactical Combat Casualty Care, 140 glanders treatment, 204 Taenia solium, 76–77 Tularemia Taï virus, 571–575, 580, 587, 589 aerosol transmission, 288 Tanzania arthropod vectors, 288 Chikungunya outbreak, 673–674 bacterial culture techniques, 293 Tapeworms, 76–77 clinical manifestations, 290–292 Technical Escort Units, 117 diagnosis of, 292–294 Terrorism, biological. See Bioterrorism direct contact, 287 , 422, 426, 430 epidemiology of, 287–289 food and water ingestion, 288

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infectious agent, 286–287 ricin attacks in 2003-2004, 48–49 Kosovo outbreak, 1999-2000, 52–53 ricin bioterrorism attack, 16 laboratory-acquired, 289 USA PATRIOT Act, 897, 900 laboratory worker exposure, 296 USAMRIID. See U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infec- mammalian bites, 288 tious Diseases Martha’s Vineyard outbreak, 2000, 51–52, 292 USDA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture medical countermeasures, 761–764 pathogenesis, 289–290 V postexposure prophylaxis, 295, 764 V3526 vaccine, 500 prophylactic treatment, 295–295 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 757 rapid diagnostic methods, 293–294 Vaccines serology, 293 ACAM2000 vaccine, 115 treatment of, 294–295 adjuvants, 831–832 in unusual settings, 288–289 adverse events, 757–758 use as biological weapon, 296 alphavirus encephalitides, 498–501, 773–776, 777–787, 789–790 vaccination with live vaccine strain, 289, 290, 295–296, 761–763 anthrax, 10, 113, 114, 140–141, 753–758 The Turner Bill, 933 bacterial diseases, 753–756 Twin arginine transport, 263 botulinum toxin, 348, 793–794 Type III secretion system, 261–262 brucellosis, 768 Typhoidal tularemia, 291, 292 Clostridium perfringens, 363, 366–367 U filoviruses, 587, 588–589 glanders, 206, 207–208, 766 U.K. Laboratory of HealthCare Associated Infections, 327 inactivated, 499 Ukraine live attenuated vaccines, 207, 273, 758, 825–826 plague pandemic, 250, 252 live vaccine strains, 289, 290, 295–296, 498–499 Ulceroglandular tularemia, 291, 292 melioidosis, 234–236, 766 UN Special Commission, 10, 11 mucosal vaccines, 830–831 United States Naval Ship Comfort, 323, 325 nucleic acid vaccines, 829–830 University of Pittsburgh, 57 orthopoxviruses, 630–634 UNSCOM. See UN Special Commission plague, 115, 273–274, 764–765 Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Q fever, 115, 312, 770–771 Phytosanitary Measures, 80 recombinant vaccine vectors, 826–827 U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 324 ricin, 387–388, 796 U.S. Army Medical Command, 329 rickettsial diseases, 753–754 U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 329 ring vaccination, 115 U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases smallpox, 114–115, 777–787 anthrax sample testing, 14–15 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 409, 795 biosafety, 880–881 Staphylococcus aureus, 409 casualty management, 110–124 Streptococcus pyogenes, 409 creation of, 8, 923 subunit vaccines, 827–829 ricin vaccine research, 388 trends in biodefense development, 824–825 tularemia vaccine, 295–296 tularemia, 289, 290, 295–296, 761–763 U.S. Congress viral hemorrhagic fevers, 788–790 anthrax attacks in US, 2001, 47–48, 130 whole cell vaccines, 312 ricin bioterrorism attack, 16, 377 , 115 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 5, 23, 44, 80, 101–102, 703, 897 Vaccinia immune globulin, 633, 634 U.S. Department of Defense, 57, 112, 324, 329, 331–332, 628, 704, Vaccinia virus, 825–826 888, 927–931 Variola virus, 617, 622–623–626 U.S. Department of Energy, 58 Vascular leak syndrome, 376 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 20, 21–22, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 483–484, 485, 492–493, 773–774 100–102, 703, 897 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, 521, 530 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 23, 56, 94, 101–102 U.S. Department of State, 102 arachnids, 419–420 U.S. Department of Transportation, 902 as biological warfare agents, 423 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 882–883 bites, 418 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 82, 112, 272, 587, 702–704, cnidarians, 420–422 916, 926–933 definitions, 417 U.S. military. See also specific wars by name epidemiology of, 418–423 biological warfare agents, 4–8 fish, 420–422 Health System response to Acinetobacter infections insects, 420, 421 laboratories, 705–708, 716–718 research directions, 452–453 options for fulfilling mission and ethical responsibilities to scorpions, 419–420 military personnel, 929–931 sea snakes, 420–422 plague risks at military installations, 252, 253 snakes, 418–419 U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, 59 spiders, 419–420, 421 U.S. Postal Service stings, 418 anthrax attacks in 2001, 47–48, 130 Verotoxin, 377

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Bio 2016 A&A - mark index 3.indd 48 6/21/18 1:15 PM Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare Index

VHF. See Viral hemorrhagic fevers World Health Assembly, 18 , 77, 647–649 World Health Organization Vibrioses, 649 anthrax surveillance and control guidelines, 140 Vietnam War attempted investigation of biologic agent use during World melioidosis cases, 225 War II, 6 plague incidence, 252 Plague Manual, 269 plague prevention, 249 smallpox eradication program, 9 Viral hemorrhagic fevers, 725, 788–793 Weekly Epidemiological Record, 259 Virginia World Trade Organization, 80 alphavirus encephalitides outbreaks, 482 World War I and II Virtual screening, 390, 391 , 363 Virulence factors plague attacks, 252–254 glanders, 191 plague outbreak, 252 melioidosis, 228–230 Q fever outbreaks, 8, 306–307 Virus-like particles, 828 ricin as biological weapon research, 376 Virus replicon particle vaccines, 501, 827 use of biological agents, 3–4, 43–44, 78 Virus-Toxin Law, 926 Wound botulism, 342, 344 WRAIR. See Walter Reed Army Institute of Research W X W bombs, 376 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 324, 327, 328–330 Xoma 3AB, 346 Walter Reed Army Medical Center Acinetobacter infections, 323, 324–327 Y War Bureau of Consultants, 857 Yellow fever, 115 War Research Service, 921 Yellow Fever Commission, 918 War Reserve Service, 5 Yellow fever virus, 827 Washington Yellow oleander, 440 plague pandemic, 251 Yeltsin, Boris, 10, 338–339 ricin attacks in 2004, 377 Washington, George, 918 antibiotic treatment, 272 Waste disposal, 882–884 autotransporter proteins, 263 Water Sentinel program, 78 biochemistry of, 255–256 Water supply as biological warfare agent, 252–254 bioterrorism concerns, 77–78 Black Death, 250–251 security of, 80–82 bubonic plague, 265, 267 Waterborne diseases characteristics of, 254–256 cholera, 647–649 clinical manifestations, 265–269 cryptosporidiosis, 75 cutaneous plague, 268–269 emerging diseases, 647–650 diagnosis of, 269–271 Escherichia coli, 74 differentiation from Y. pseudotuberculosis, 254 hepatitis A, 75 endemic disease, 251–252 Legionellosis, 649–650 epidemiology of, 256–259 listeriosis, 73–74 F1 antigen, 262 parasites, 76–77 fimbrae, 262–263 salmonellosis, 73 first pandemic, 250 shigellosis, 74–75 gastrointestinal plague, 268 threat potential, 76, 77 growth characteristics, 254–255 vibrioses, 649 historical perspectives, 249–251 Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil Support Teams, 123 incidence of, 259–261 Weekly Epidemiological Record, 259 iron sequestration, 263 Welch, , 362 isolation of patients, 271–272 West Africa Justinian plague, 250 Ebola virus epidemic, 677–678 laboratory confirmation, 269–271 West Nile virus manganese sequestration, 263 New York City outbreak, 1999, 50–51 medical countermeasures, 764–765 yearly spread of activity across the U.S., 1999-2004, 672–673 morphology, 254 Western blot assay, 202 pathogenesis, 264–265 Western equine encephalitis, 484, 485–486, 494–495, 774–776 phage shock protein response, 263 Whitmore, Captain Alfred, 224 pharyngeal plague, 268 WHO. See World Health Organization plague meningitis, 268 Whole cell vaccines, 312 plasminogen activator, 262 Whole genome sequencing, 656–657 pneumonic plague, 267, 268 Wicker, Roger postexposure prophylaxis, 273, 765 ricin attacks in 2004, 48–49, 377 prevention of, 272–273 Wood rats second pandemic, 250–251 plague transmission role, 258 septicemic plague, 265–267 Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, 272, 273

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signs and symptoms, 269 small RNAs, 263 surface structures, 263 taxonomy, 254 third pandemic, 251 treatment of, 271–274 twin arginine transport, 263 Type III secretion system, 261–262 vaccines, 115, 273–274, 764–765 virulence and transmission factors in the flea, 264 virulence determinants, 261–264 virulence factors in mammalian hosts, 262–263 warfare and, 251–254 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 254, 255 YopK, 262 Yugoslavia smallpox outbreak, 39 Z Zmapp, 792 Zoonotic illnesses. See Animal diseases

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