Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan) t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ ds >ksVokM+k mi[k.M ds dqN xkaoksa esa I;kt Qly izca/ku ij Hkzef.kJkfo= ¼eksckby Qksu½ lsokvksa dk izHkko

AJAY PAL

Project Report

Master of Science in Agriculture (Information and Communication Technology)

2016

Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER – 303 329 SRI KARAN NARENDRA AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, JOBNER Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan) t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ ds >ksVokM+k mi[k.M ds dqN xkaoksa esa I;kt Qly izca/ku ij Hkzef.kJkfo= ¼eksckby Qksu½ lsokvksa dk izHkko

AJAY PAL Project Report

Master of Science in Agriculture (Information and Communication Technology)

2016

Dept. of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER – 303 329 S.K.N. AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY JOBNER Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan) t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ ds >ksVokM+k mi[k.M ds dqN xkaoksa esa I;kt Qly izca/ku ij Hkzef.kJkfo= ¼eksckby Qksu½ lsokvksa dk izHkko

Project Report

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Science

In the

Faculty of Agriculture

(Information and Communication Technology)

By

AJAY PAL

2016 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

CERTIFICATE - I

Date: ______2016

This is to certify that Mr. AJAY PAL has successfully completed the Comprehensive Examination held on ______as required under the regulation for Master’s degree.

(K.N. Gupta) Professor & Head Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer science Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

CERTIFICATE - II

Date:______2016

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan).” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Information and Communication Technology (Agriculture) embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. AJAY PAL under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this project report has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the project report was also approved by advisory committee on ______.

(K.N. Gupta) (O.P. Garhwal) Professor & Head Major advisor Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science

(R.C. Kumawat) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

CERTIFICATE – III Date:_____2016

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan).” submitted by Mr. AJAY PAL to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Information and Communication Technology (Agriculture), was defended by the candidate before the following members of the advisory committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his project report has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the Project Report be approved.

(O.P. Garhwal) (Pratibha Manohar) Major Advisor Advisor

(L.N. Bairwa) (Parvati Deewan) Advisor Director Education Nominee

(K.N. Gupta) ( R.C. Kumawat ) Professor & Head Dean Department of Statistics, S.K.N. College of Mathematics and Computer Agriculture, Jobner Science

Approved

Director Education Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

CERTIFICATE - IV

Date______2016

This is to certify that Mr. AJAY PAL of the Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections /modifications in the project report entitled “Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan).” Which were suggested by the advisory committee in the oral examination held on / /2016. The final copies of the project report duly bound and corrected were submitted on / /2016 are forwarded herewith for approval.

(O.P. Garhwal) Major Advisor

(K.N. Gupta) Professor & Head Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science

( R.C. Kumawat ) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

Approved

Director Education Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel great pleasure to express my sincere with that the most influential person in my post graduate career has been my advisor, Dr. O.P. Garhwal, Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner and Major advisor of my Advisory Committee for his clairvoyance in selecting my research topic, invaluable and inspiring guidance and his immense zeal of hard work, never withering patience and perfection has always been a source of constant inspiration and encouragement for me during the course of present investigation. I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards him. I avail this opportunity to express my deep sense of reverence and gratitude to members of my advisory committee, namely Dr. Pratibha Manohar, Assistant professor, Dept. of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, Dr. L.N. Bairwa, Associate professor, Department of Horticulture and Dr. Parvati Deewan, Assistant professor, Department of Agronomy (Director Education Nominee), S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for providing suggestions and guidance as and when needed. I extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Suresh Kumar Sharma, Asstt. Professors, Dept. of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer science, Mr. Ravi, Mr. Rajendra and other staff members of the Department for their valuable co-operation in completing this investigation smoothly. I, with immense pleasure, takes the privilege to express my deepest sense of gratitude, indebtedness and heart melted sincerity to Dr. Pratibha Manohar, Mrs. Meenu singh and Miss. Kishu for their valuable guidance, inspiring motivation, love and thought provoking suggestion in entire research work during the entire programme. Words can hardly acknowledge the help made by Dr. K.N. Gupta, Professor and Head, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science and Dr .M.R. Choudhary, Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture for providing necessary facilities and benevolent patronage. I asseverate my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. S.N. Sharma, former Dean, and Dr. R.C. Kumawat, Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, for providing necessary facilities and administrative help in this venture. I have been highly fortunate in having my affectionate friends, Mrinal, sunita, Sumitra, Kamlesh, Shyoram, Rajneesh, Vinod, Naresh, Irfan, Gurunath, Shubham, Love Kumar, Mahendar and others, whose help was evident at every stage of tension, anxiety and achievement. I extend my deep sense of gratitude to my seniors Rajneesh, Shuklal and juniors Manoj, Jai Singh and Ashwini for their help and suggestions during my research work. On my personal note, it is an immense pleasure to express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt respect to the blessings of my parents Sri. Ved Prakash, Smt. Gora devi. My grandfather Choudhary Shravan Saharan, late grandmother Savitri and my uncles Rajendra and Devat Ram. My brothers Indrapal, Kartik and Lokesh for their boundless love, needy inspiration, unshakable confidence on me, without whose affection I would not have come up to this level. Last but not the least, I would like to pray the ‘JWALA MATA’ to bestow her best wishes and blessings that made it possible to complete this task. Place: Jobner Dated: / /2016 AJAY PAL LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

CERTIFICATE-I ……….

CERTIFICATE-II ……….

CERTIFICATE-III ……….

CERTIFICATE-IV ……….

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….

LIST OF CONTENTS ……….

LIST OF TABLES ……….

LIST OF FIGURES ……….

Chapters

1. INTRODUCTION ……….

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……….

3. MATERIALS AND METHEDS ……….

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……….

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ……….

LITERATURE CITED ……….

ABSTRACT ENGLISH ……….

HINDI ……….

APPENDIX ………. LIST OF TABLES Table Page Particulars No. No. 3.1 Selected block, gram panchayats and villages for the present study ...... 4.1 Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management ......

4.2 Categorisation of age group of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management ......

4.3 Knowledge of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about package of practices onion crop management ......

4.4 Categorisation of farmers based on their score of extent of use of mobile phone services under different categories ......

4.5 Categorisation of age group of farmers based on their score of extent of use of mobile phone services under different categories ......

4.6 Extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers ......

4.7 Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management ......

4.8 Difference of knowledge of mobile phone service user and non-user respondents about onion crop management practices ......

4.9 Knowledge Comparison of Mobile User and non-user farmers by Mann Whitney U-test ...... 4.10 Comparison of various components of onion crop management between mobile phone service users and non-user respondents

...... Table Particulars Page No. No. 4.11 Categorisation of respondents mobile phone services user according to level of constraints faced by them in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.12 Infrastructural constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.13 Technical constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.14 Economic constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.15 Miscellaneous constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.16 Over all Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.17 Infrastructural constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory ......

4.18 Technical constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara ......

4.19 Constraints faced by the extension functionaries from mobile phone service users farmers ......

4.20 Miscellaneous constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agriculture advisory ...... 4.21 Overall constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agriculture advisory ...... LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Between Particulars No. page No. 4.1 Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management ......

4.2 Knowledge of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about package of practices onion crop management ......

4.3 Categorisation of farmers based on their score of extent of use ......

4.4 Extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers ......

4.5 Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management ......

4.6 Significance of difference of knowledge of mobile phone service users and non-user respondents about onion crop management practices ......

4.7 Comparison of various components of onion crop management between mobile phone service users and non-user respondents ...... 4.8 Categorisation of farmers according to level of constraints faced by them in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.9 Infrastructural constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.10 Technical constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

...... Figure Between Particulars No. page No. 4.11 Economic constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ...... 4.12 Miscellaneous constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ......

4.13 Over all Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services ...... 4.14 Infrastructural constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory ...... 4.15 Technical constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory ...... 4.16 Constraints faced by the extension functionaries from mobile phone services users farmers ......

4.17 Miscellaneous constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory...... 4.18 Overall constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory ......

______LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix Page Particulars No. No.

1 Interview schedule ...... ABBREVIATIONS

A.D. Assistant Director A.A.O. Assistant Agriculture Officer A.M.S. Average Mean Score A.O. Agriculture Officer A.R.S. Agricultural Research Station A.S. Agricultural Supervisor Asst. Assistant B.D.O. Block Development Officer d.f. Degree of freedom et al. (and others) or (et alibi) and else where Ext. Edu Extension Education H.Y.V. High Yielding Variety

H0 Null Hypothesis H1. Alternate Hypothesis ha Hectare i.e. That is ICT Information and Communications Technology IKSL IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited Kg. Kilogram KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra M.P.S. Mean per cent score M.S. Mean Score N Number of respondents NGOs Non-governmental organizations NS Non-significant S.D. Standard Deviation S.E. Standard error S.M.S. Subject Matter Specialist t Tonnes TV Television VEW Village Extension Worker viz. (Videlicet) namely VLW Village Level Worker SAU’s State Agricultural Universities ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

______Chapter - 1 INTRODUCTION

India is predominantly a vegetarian country and vegetables have an important place in the diet of Indians. Many annual and perennial vegetables are grown in Indian tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. India is next only to China in area and production of vegetables. It occupies first position in okra, peas, potatoes, pumpkin and cauliflower. However, second in brinjal, onion and cabbage. Onion occupies an area of 1.17 mha. with a total production of 18.9 million tonnes and average productivity of 16.13 tonnes/ha which is lower than the average productivity of USA (56.0 t/ha), Spain (53 t/ha) and China (21.0 t/ha) (Anonymous, 2015). The potent reasons for lesser productivity and market price of the produce to be attributed to poor management and lack of recent technological knowledge not only among the onion growers as well as whole agricultural sector of India. Serious challenges must be addressed in order to achieve faster productivity, which includes infrastructure constraints, supply chain inefficiencies and significant problems in the diffusion and access to informations. The challenge for the government and policy makers is to regain agricultural dynamism. To achieve a higher agricultural growth rate, the next generation green revolution in India must be preceded by the next generation of technology and infrastructure development. Small and marginal farmers are the majority of Indian farmers and they are often unable to access information that could increase yield and lead to better prices for their crops. The sector also faces problems arising from a shortage of investments in rural infrastructure, which adversely affects farm productivity. An improvement and strengthening of agricultural infrastructure is needed at all levels of the supply chain – input delivery, credit, minimizing post-harvest losses, cold storage chains, marketing etc. Shrinking extension is another component of infrastructure that needs attention. The government has a huge research and development infrastructure in the form of institutions such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), agricultural departments and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs). The role of this set-up in research and extension activity is of great importance. After the green revolution in the mid-sixties, there has been no major technological innovation, which could give a fresh impetus to agricultural productivity. Insufficient extension services and poor access to informations further widen the gap in the adoption of technology and lead to poor productivity levels. A push towards higher agricultural/horticultural productivity will require an information-based, decision-making agricultural system (precision agriculture). This is often described as the next great evolutionary step in agriculture. Precision agriculture, in turn, is heavily dependent on an efficient information dissemination system – GPS and mobile phones. Today’s farmers desire not only the meals for their families from their hard sweat but also surplus production, which can be sold in the market to get sufficient money to fulfill their other daily needs. According to economic reforms in the country each and every sector has changed its strategies in view of global competition. In 21st century agriculture including horticultural aspects continues to be the key sector to provide foundation for sustainability of millions of Indian farmers’ families. The livelihood of millions of people in the developing world depends heavily on agriculture/horticulture and small businesses. It applies on nearly 80% of the people who are mostly small- scale farmers and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. These smallholder farmers need to access the information about new agricultural technologies, before they can consider adopting them and thus look up to research and extension workers as sources of new information and technologies. However, the traditional approach of providing agricultural information through extension services is overstretched and under- resourced. It is in working with and improving these informations and communication systems (ICTs) can be used to enhance the delivery of these services. Through ICT intervened advisory and knowledge services incorporated into projects lead towards a modified extension system. Agriculture growth spreads its benefits widely and wisely. There is need to inform the farmers about choosing appropriate variety of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and a range of other agricultural inputs. Farmers should be updated about knowledge and informations regarding land preparation, intercropping, water management, harvesting and so many farm related activities. This information could be transferred to farmers by use of ICT such as mobile phone, radio and television. In Pakistan, there is a center with the name of Information and Communication Center (ICC) established in 2009 in district Sialkot Punjab province on pilot basis providing information to farmers about weather forecast, market prices and adoption of modern information technology. Being located within the community, the ICC brings the latest information at the doorstep of the farmers. By getting innovative information, the farmers’ community has initiated a powerful social discourse and dialogue to evaluate the applicability and relevance of the new information by use of mobile phone and other technology. The dissemination of ICTs in developing countries provide much opportunity to transfer of knowledge and information by private companies and government departments. Use of ICTs in agricultural extension services, particularly use of mobile phone services, helps in providing information on market, weather, transport and agricultural techniques. ICT could play an important and potential role in increasing the reach to agricultural extension. In terms of India where farmers explore the use of a voice message to provide interactive access to appropriate and timely agricultural/horticultural knowledge and information from experts by use of mobile phones. Now, mobile phones are being adopted by rural communities in India to get knowledge and information about agriculture as well as weather disaster. Knowledge and innovation are being widely regarded as key drivers of economic growth and with the clarity that ICTs are deeply involved in knowledge flow and innovation. Access to appropriate information and knowledge is an overriding factor for successful natural resource management (NRM) planning, implementation and evaluation processes, and it is known to be one of the most important determinants of agricultural productivity. Agricultural information is a key component for improving small- scale agricultural/horticultural production and linking increased production to remunerative markets, thus leading to improved rural livelihoods and food security. Improvement of agricultural productivity will be realized when farmers are linked to market information. Accurate and timely market information, particularly of perishable items, can significantly reduce transaction and travel costs. The web-based system could be used to disseminate information among farming communities via Short Message Service (SMS) and sending alert to farmers about weather, price and pesticides. Mobile phones are one form of ICT. Personal computers, laptops, Internet, television, radio, and traditional newspapers are all used to promote horticultural & agricultural development. The reason of our focus on mobile phones is the sheer scale of adoption. Mobile phone penetration, especially in developing countries, which had more than 85 per cent of the world’s mobile phones. Following are the reasons of high penetration of mobile phones- Access-Mobile wireless networks are expanding as technical and financial innovations so as to widen coverage to more areas. Affordability-Prepaid connectivity and inexpensive devices make mobile phones far cheaper than alternatives. Appliances-Mobile phones are constantly increasing in sophistication and ease of use. Innovations arrive not only through traditional trickle-down effects from expensive models but have also been directed at the bottom of the pyramid. Applications- Applications and services using mobile phones range from simple text messaging services to increasingly advanced software applications that provide both livelihood improvements and real-time public services. There have been quite a few studies that explored how mobile phones impact livelihoods of farmers and agriculture. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of mobile phone networks in developing countries. Currently mobile telephony is the predominant mode of communication in the developing world. However, SMS and voice record have given improvements in social relations. In the past, the adoption of the mobile phones was primarily by rich people residing in urban areas. Nowadays mobile phones have been adopted by rural and urban populations in developing countries and they are getting good benefits and latest information regarding weather, market and other related issues. Furthermore, farmers could get price information from friends and relatives or to get an estimate from another trader for selling their produce in good price. Mobile phone is a good medium to disseminate information to different layers of the society. The level of usage of mobile phone is spreading rapidly in developing countries for the purpose of business, education and agricultural/horticultural development. By use of mobile phones farmers may deal directly with wholesalers or larger-scale intermediaries rather than small-scale intermediaries, with conduct market searches over a wider number of markets, with increasingly use mobile phones to reduce their costs, increase the prices they receive and eventually acquire market knowledge that improves supply-chain efficiencies and adjusts supply more closely to changing demand, farmers could save money and time consuming travelling. It also makes it possible to reach markets or new customers who would not be contactable without mobile phones. Among the horticultural commodities onion ranks third in the world production. In India, it's significance is defined not only by its essential role in the diets of millions of Indians, rich and poor, but also the resulting political significance. Onion is the only vegetable that can bring down a government from power. As history has shown, onion prices brought down the central govt. from power in 1980. Then again in 1998, the BJP lost majority in major states due to onion prices while in 2010, the Congress- led ruling government was forced to ban exports and start importing onions to prevent street protests against rising prices. One major cause of increase in the prices of vegetables is the rise in the prices of the raw materials required in the production starting from seeds to fertilizers, pesticides and labour costs. As a result, the cost of the end product also increases. Per capita consumption of onions across all over India has been increasing due to many reasons including lifestyle changes. In 10 years consumption of onions boosted to 40% in rural India and 20% in urban India. But the production has not increased in India to that degree.

Onion is commonly used as a flavoring or side dish, and is a staple food in Indian cooking. There are countless ways to enjoy onion. It can be baked, boiled, grilled, fried, roasted, sautéed, powdered or eaten raw in salads

Onion is high in vitamin C, a good source of fiber and with only 45 calories per serving add abundant flavour to a wide variety of food. Onion is sodium, fat, and cholesterol free and provide a number of other key nutrients. The health benefits of onion are attributed to their antioxidants and sulphar-containing compounds. Onion is also the main dietary sources of flavonoids in many countries specifically a beneficial compound called quercetin. Some important health benefits of onion are- o The phytochemicals in onion along with their vitamin C help improve immunity. o Onion contain chromium which assists in regulating blood sugar. o For centuries, onion has been used to reduce inflammation and heal infections. o Raw onion lowers the production of bad cholesterol (LDL), thus keeping our heart healthy. o Application of onion juice on the area for immediate relief from the pain and burning sensation if get stung by honey bee. o Onion scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing your risk of developing gastric ulcers. o The bright green tops of green onion is rich in vitamin A.

Keeping in mind the above facts, the present study entitled "Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan)" was carried out with the following specific objectives i. To assess the knowledge level of mobile user and non mobile user farmers, ii. To ascertain the extent of the use of mobile phone services by farmers, iii. To study the impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management and iv. To find out the constraints faced by the farmers and extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone services. Chapter – 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of similar studies of social science conducted in past is of paramount importance. This gives sound support to any kind of research, it helps in defining the problem, formulating the objectives, deciding the methodology and discussing the findings. An attempt has been made to review the available relevant literature having direct or indirect bearing on the present study. The review of literature is presented under the following major heads:

2.1 Knowledge level of mobile phone services user farmers

Chapman and Slaymaker (2002) concluded that ICTs have been introduced in agricultural projects which have provided fruitful results in rural and agricultural development. For instance ICT can be used for distance learning programs and help the farmer for learning new approaches and technologies. Such kind of technologies can provide information on weather, prices, and profitable income. It was revealed that those farmers who have used the ICTs in agriculture have increased their production and knowledge.

Pandian et al. (2002) in their study on video education on layer farming for farm women in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu revealed that significant increase in knowledge level of farmers was observed exposure stage (65.54 per cent) as compared to the pre-exposure stage (5.17 per cent) This indicate that substantial knowledge gain (60.37 per cent) has occurred due to video education programme.

Matthews et al. (2007) concluded that 62.10 per cent of the respondents had adequate access to information technology, however. About 98 per cent of the respondents agreed that they were aware of information technologies. This means that most of the respondents were aware of information technologies especially as they were concerned with agriculture extension work.

Ndag et al. (2008) concluded that the proportion of respondents who did not have the requisite knowledge of computer use was slightly higher in the North-central (57.14 per cent) than in the South-west Nigeria (55.71 per cent). Age and ownership of a personal computer (PC) were significant factors (p < 0.1) influencing the probability of respondents using ICT to search for information in South-west Nigeria, while age and computer training were the significant factors (p < 0.1) determining the probability of respondents using ICT to search for information in North-central Nigeria. In the short-run, there is need for improvement of ICT literacy level of extension personnel in the North- central and training and retraining of extension personnel in the South- west, while in the long-run, a succession plan for extension personnel should be implemented in both regions in order to replace older generation of extension workers with younger and dynamic, computer literate, ICT savvy workers.

Yadav et al. (2011) reported that out of 120 respondents a significant number of farmers (45.83 per cent) had medium level of awareness about modern communication media. The extent of awareness of non-tribal farmers ranging from 33.33 to 98.33 per cent, whereas, the extent of awareness of tribal it was found to be from 13.33 to 93.33 per cent. It was also observed that there was significant difference between non-tribal and tribal panchayat samiti respondents with regard to status of awareness.

Kaur and Rathore (2013) conducted a study on 60 women members of 6 women dairy cooperative societies at Hanumangarh and Sri Ganganagar districts of Rajasthan for studying Effectiveness of e- Booklet in terms of gain in knowledge and concluded that majority of respondents (57 per cent) were in category of medium level of knowledge gain with mean per cent score of 19.41 followed by low knowledge gain category (23.33 per cent) with MPS of12.33 and high knowledge gain category (20 per cent) with MPS of 28.42.

Verma et al. (2013) carried out a study on 120 (60 IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited mobile phone service users and 60 IKSL mobile phone service non-users) respondents of Baran district of Rajasthan state to study knowledge level of IKSL mobile phone service user farmers. The findings show that majority of respondents possessed medium level of knowledge whereas; more than 40.00 per cent mobile phone users and only 5.00 per cent non-users were reported to have high level of knowledge, the extent of knowledge of cell phone users and non-users was 64.03 to 88.23 & 44.76 to 65.05 MPS about all major improved crop production techniques. Therefore, the conclusion was that the mobile phone user respondents possessed more knowledge than the non-users of mobile phone services of IKSL because the cell phone users were closely associated with experts of IKSL and got need based information regularly.

2.2 Extent of use of Mobile phone services

Gupta et al. (2003) reported that cent per cent of JDAs(Joint director of Agriculture) used phone calls regularly, followed by ADRs(Additional Director Research) (52.15 per cent) and AOs(Agriculture officer) (20.37 per cent) whereas, less than fifty per cent (47.82 per cent) of ADs (Assistant Director) used phone calls occasionally followed by AOs (44.44 per cent) used phone calls as communication channels for establishing linkages with scientists. Meera et al. (2004) studied in madya pradesh and concluded that younger farmers prefer to use more ICT as compared to older farmers and this might be due to that the younger farmers had higher education and they had been exposed more to ICT usage and courses.

Singh et al. (2008) concluded from an investigation on ‟Role of helpline services in technology dissemination‟ conducted on 200 respondents showed that farmers were more keen to know about method of seed sowing and thus, 16.50 per cent questions asked by farmers were related to sowing of seed. The level of use of on-line information about improved varieties of crops was much higher than the information on management and other practices. Information related to cash crops was sought by more number of farmers (23 per cent). in case of rice(56 per cent) farmers used private helpline service of ITC to get information on basmati rice. In case of oilseeds, 17.5 per cent farmers used helpline services. Among vegetable crops like Onion, 8.0 per cent farmers asked about varieties followed by 6.5, 4.5 and 5.0 per cent farmers sought information about seed treatment, insect and diseases & their management, respectively.

Masuki et al. (2010) reported that mobile phones have potential to improve agricultural productivity and access to lucrative markets. Mobile phones can play in greater efficiency for farmers in rural setting. It was found that the lower-income group farmers were more excited about using the phone to access information on agriculture, natural resources management and marketing. Mobile phones can best be utilized to boost agricultural development that accounts for more than 30.2 per cent of the county’s GDP has given the fast growth of the mobile in the countries like Uganda. The mobile phone services for capacity building programmes for rural communities on the emerging innovations in mobile phone application in order to realize their usefulness in agriculture. Tenywa et al. (2009) conducted a study on 155 households (85 and 70 households selected respectively from Kisoro and Kabale district) of Bufundi Sub-county in South Western Uganda and concluded that a ratio of 1:25000 extension workers to farmers calls for a radical paradigm shift to the use of innovative approaches that integrate mobile technology in the provision of extension services, research and development. The use of a web based platform that integrates the use of web technologies and SMS platform (text, audio and video). The use of these tools in L3F (Life long Learning for Farmers) initiative holds great potential for the transformation of the traditional agricultural extension services.

Chauhan (2010) concluded from an investigation carried out on 100 farmers of four villages of Anand district of Gujarat state and found that the Community Internet Centre (CIC) were effective to collect informations related to agriculture and other goverment programmes, speed up communication and to know more about market price in local language in tha form of audio-visual aids. Majority of the respondents expressed their desire to use internet daily or twice in a week further. More than 70 per cent of the farmers expresed that internet is the rich source and fastest way of exchanging informations in short time. It must be used by the farming community for their betterment.

Dhaka and Chayal (2010) concluded from a study carried out in Bundi district of Rajasthan on a sample of 75 farmers that the farmers used ICT as a source of reliable and timely information in Hindi and other regional language about the best production techniques, processing, marketing, input and output prices, financial and risk covering institutions etc. in user friendly and, cost-effective ways at the right time. The results also showed that nearly 50.67 per cent of farmers among the respondents used the ICT services frequently as and when they needed information. Masuki et al. (2010) concluded that the mobile phones have potential to improve agricultural productivity and access to lucrative markets. It was found that the lower-income group farmers were more excited about using the phone to access information on agriculture, natural resources management and marketing. The mobile phones can best be utilized to boost agricultural development that accounts for more than 30.2 per cent of the country”s GDP which has given the fast growth of the mobile in the countries like Uganda. The mobile phone services for capacity building programmes for rural communities are the emerging innovations in mobile phone application in order to realize their usefulness in agriculture.

Parihar et al. (2010) conducted a study on 200 respondents of Kanpur- Dehat of U.P to study the utilization pattern of on-line communication service and reported that 18.92 per cent respondents used telephone mostly, 43.24 per cent used it often and 37.84 per cent used it sometimes. Maximum 53.70 per cent respondents used computer and internet mostly however, 46.30 per cent used it sometime and none was found often user.

Devi et al. (2011) conducted a study on 165 farm women of Kaithal and Jind districts of Haryana state and concluded that the neighbours, family members and friends were used as more frequently local source of information however radio, television, cassette recorder, newspaper and telephone were found frequently used and useful mass media sources of information by the farm women for wheat cultivation.

Kameswari et al. (2011) conducted a study in the state of Uttarakhand on a sample of 132 respondents and concluded that the use of certain media–including ICTs-are source of information by the farmers over other available sources. Among new ICTs, mobile phones were widely available in the study area but were mostly being used for post-sale inquiry rather than price negotiation, accessing markets or price information or increasing production efficiency. While this study indicates that the possible advantages from use of ICTs in rural areas are offset by an absence of other input agencies, interventions in other parts of the country also indicated that the entire agricultural supply chain can be made more efficient by use of ICTs.

Saxena et al. (2011) concluded that ICT can play a crucial role in providing up-to-date information about pests and diseases management, early warning systems, new varieties, new ways to optimise production and regulations for quality control. The mobile phone services like Kisan Mobile Sandesh (KMS) also play a very effective role in recalling the agricultural practices at critical time. Out of 200 respondents 82.06 per cent farmers clearly expressed that the SMS which they received not only kept them on alert, but also reminded the practices at very crucial time. Almost 91.42 per cent, 90.00 per cent and 50.00 per cent extension personnel, seed growers and input dealers, respectively were in close agreement with this statement.

Das et al. (2012) conducted a study on 60 farmers (who were using IKSL Green Card an endeavor to disseminate information and knowledge amongst the farmers through voice messaging system in local language) of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal and concluded that the increasing penetration of mobile network and widespread use of mobile phones, voice mail and SMS solutions could be an opportunity to make useful information available at the farmers doorstep. The result of the study revealed considerable contact of farmers with the progressive farmers (43.3 per cent) followed by IKSL (40.0 per cent) and input retailers (28.3 per cent). In respect of frequency, quality and timeliness of the information provided by IKSL, farmers ranked fertilizer, pesticide and seed as Ist, 2nd and 3rd category. Overall, the farmers were benefited in respect to adoption of better agricultural practices, followed by increased production and revenue, influenced cropping pattern, get connected to market and reduced wastage decision.

Sendilkumar et al. (2012) carried out a study to know the awareness and utilization of ICT among farmer users of Thrissur district, Kerala and concluded that the awareness regarding information provided through ICT tools was medium. The utilization of computer enabled ICT tools for seeking agricultural information was not substantial. The information provided through ICT tools was found to be useful to farmers and they had expressed medium level of satisfaction towards its usage.

Shankaraiah et al. (2012) conducted a study on 40 farmers of Doddaballapur taluka of Bangalore Rural District of Karnataka to know the agricultural technologies disseminated through (MMS) and concluded that agricultural technologies on crop management, marketing, Horticultural technologies on tissue culture, floriculture, veterinary technologies on dairy, poultry and others on weather information were rated as more relevant technologies disseminated through the MMS network.

Chhachhar et al. (2013) conducted a research on the use of mobile phone among farmers for agriculture development and concluded that mobile phone was playing a vital role for the enhancement of farmers business towards agriculture. Farming communities appreciated mobile phone as easy, fast and convenient way to communicate and get prompt answers of respective problems. Nowadays, the mobile phone has generated an opportunity for the farmers especially to get the information about marketing, weather forecast and application of agriculture inputs like fertilizer and pesticides. This device has given new direction and approach to farmers to communicate directly and share about recent advances with each other.

Kokate and Singh (2013) conducted a study of mobile based projects in rural India like aAqua Mini, mKrishi, Fisher Friend, Reuters Market Light (RML), IFFCO Kisan Sanchar (IKSL), Life Tools, CERES, KISSAN Kerala, Sanchar Shakti and concluded that the use of mobile technologies for providing information and advice on agricultureal aspects to small holder farmers across the country has indicated flow of variety of messages which reduce the cost and made informations available at right time. The study also reported that timely and actionable information from, locally relevant, storable, usable, access to experts and may trusted sources enhance the effectiveness of mobile services. Video calling facility may further enhance the quality of communication.

Yadav and Sharma (2013) reported during a study of agriculture & rural development that, a variety of fairly large scale and mature ICT enabled projects are providing social and economic‐ values all along the‐ agro value chain by filling the information gap for the farmers. Such projects,‐ directly linked to income generating activities, have visible direct economic value for end users.‐ The large projects have impact on up to several million rural dwellers,‐ while benefiting all actors of rural development.

Animashaun et al. (2014) conducted a study on 120 respondents in Kwara State, Nigeria and concluded that all of the respondents (100 per cent) used mobile phones for contacting family members with 88 per cent frequency, the second most use of the mobile phone by 90 per cent respondents for recruiting farm labour with 80 per cent frequency, third use of the mobile phone by the 86 per cent respondents for sourcing transport facilities with 76 per cent frequency and the fourth use by 86 per cent respondents for contacting social group member with 76 per cent frequency. The findings reveaedl that more than 50 per cent of the respondents used 11 out of the 14 identified uses of mobile phones in the study area. The study also reported that most of the mobile phones contain the clock application which is useful in coordination of farm activities and the monitoring of daily schedules. Specifically, respondents indicated using the mobile phone to clarify agricultural methods learned during training sessions and the sourcing of agricultural information from friends, social group members and extension workers.

Jehan et al. (2014) concluded from a study conducted on a sample of 60 farmers In Charsadda district of Pakistan that mobile phones are proved to be a cheaper source of getting information and have increased farmers market participation. Case of mobile phone also helped farmers in setting base price and choice of market. The farmers can get up-to-date information about various markets in different regions and can accordingly arrange transportation and labour services in time. It was perceived that low communication cost and availability of information about wholesale market prices through SMS service and low cost calling packages will help farmers and market agents in improving bitter gourd production and its marketing, respectively.

2.3 Impact of mobile phone services

Raju and Takalkar (1999) conducted a study on Warana Nagar Wired Village Project and revealed that the information technology can accelerate the process of socio-economic development if used and implemented effectively along with being people oriented and information provider. Rao (2001) stated about study on the impact of (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) carried out by the Indian Space Research Organization which conceived and implemented the project revealed that instructional programme blended with entertainment could make a significant impact on the rural society in a variety of ways.

Rao and Ranga (2001) opined that the satellite based remote sensing is suitable to obtain pre-harvest crop yield estimates and early crop condition assessments along with providing immense possibilities of studying soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste lands, assessment of drought and crop growth situation, crop acreage and production estimates.

Aker (2008) conducted a study in Niger country, West Africa to identify the impact of mobile phone. The study showed that the mobile phones increased traders reservation sales prices and the number of markets over which they search, leading to a reduction in price dispersion across markets. The results also provided evidence that cell phones reduced grain price dispersion across markets by a minimum of 6.4 per cent and reduced intra-annual price variation by 10 per cent. Cell phones had a greater impact on price dispersion for market that were farther away, and for those with lower road quality. The primary mechanism by which cell phones affected agriculture market- costs, as grain traders operating in markets with cell phone coverage search over a greater number of markets and sell in more markets. The results suggested that cell phones improved consumer and trader welfare in Niger.

Ahmed and Laurent (2009) concluded from an investigation on 150 farmers, importers, and fishermen that the farmers have secured, about 15 per cent higher profit for their farms after having paid net costs. In addition, the fishermen were able to reduce the amount of spoiled fish. Moreover, an added benefit in reducing information asymmetry in the local context led the farmers to realize that there were often higher returns on produce for the local markets compared to the export markets.

Mittal and Tripathi (2009) reported that mobile phones act as catalyst to improve of farm productivity and rural incomes, The quality, timeliness and trustworthiness of information are the three important aspects that have to be delivered to the farmers to meet their needs and expectations. The study has reported many examples of the benefits created by the characteristics of mobility, customized content delivery and convenience of mobile phones. The most common benefit of mobile phone has been found as a basic device of communication for many of the farmers, it was the only convenient access to agricultural information. Increased extension services and capacity building efforts can complement information dissemination via mobile phones and associated services to accelerate the adoption of new techniques.

Aker and Mbiti (2010) concluded from a study that mobile phones have provided good facilities and access to farmers for getting the information about agriculture from their near markets. In west African countries However many farmers liveing in remote areas have no proper access of communication technologies in their areas. The study showed that mobile phones have given a positive impact on farmers‟ income.

Mittal et al. (2010) conducted an investigation on 187 farmers of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, New Delhi and the union territory of Pondicherry in 2008 to study impacts of mobile phone services on agriculture and concluded that the farmers of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan benefited from improved access to information included seed variety selection, best cultivation practices, protection from weather-related damage, handling plant disease and price realization However Maharashtra farmers reported benefits accruing from mobile usage including yield improvements, price realization and increased revenues through better adjustment of supply to market demand. Among small farmers, they noted some increase in convenience, cost savings and significant gain in productivity from using mobile phones as basic communication devices to seek information.

Kefela (2011) concluded from a study in Bangladesh that farmers use mobile phones for getting the information from different markets and weather parameters while other communicate with agriculture experts to obtain information about the use of pesticides in their farms. The farmers directly contact with buyers and get the information about rice price and vegetables while some of them inquire about the price of coffee from international brokers Countries. The use of mobile phones among farmers has played positive impact in their income. Two decades before it was very difficult for farmers to take information about their production from market within minutes from their villages.

Muto and Yamano (2011) conducted a study in Ghana to identify the impact of mobile phone and concluded that the mobile phones were used by farmers to communicate with traders and their representatives for selling their bananas in advance and to negotiate with customers and get high price. The mobile phones technologies directly connected the farmers and buyers without any disturbances and they received directly good price from brokers and customers. Famers had another advantage of mobile phones to not go to market but directly communicated and asked the price of their production. In this context they saved their money, time and energy.

Siraj (2011) concluded from a study in Pakistan that mobile phone technologies were used in different sectors of the society such as health, education, rural development and in agriculture for the economic growth. The impact of ICT was empowerment of farmer communities in rural areas which provided access to marketing information. The study also showed that the farmers communicated with buyers in different markets of cities and sold their product where they found better price of their goods and services.

Adhiguru and Devi (2012) conducted a study on 120 farmers (40 farmers from each initiative i.e. “e-chaupal” in Dhar district of M.P., ”Helpline” in Kanpur district of U.P. and “I-Kisan” in Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu). The study showed the impact of ICT on reduction in transaction cost for information acquisition. “e-chaupal” saved 68 per cent transaction cost in the case of soybean and “Helpline” services reduced transaction cost for seeking information by about 90 per cent.

Duncombe (2012) concluded that mobile phones are an important technological innovation which has positive impact on lives of the poor in developing countries. These interactions have been conceptualized in relation to how the use of the phone leads to interrelated forms of substitution, enhancement (or diminution), exchange, combination and disembodiment of assets.

Verma et al. (2013) concluded after the study of impact of IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited (IKSL) on 120 farmers that the extent of knowledge of mobile phone users was from 64.03 per cent to 88.23 per cent , while in case of non-users it was found from 44.76 per cent to 65.05 per cent in all major improved crop production techniques, the extent of knowledge of cell phone users and non-users was 64.03 to 88.23 & 44.76 to 65.05 Respectively Therefore, it is concluded that mobile phone user respondents possessed more knowledge than the non-users of mobile phone services of IKSL.

Prihandoyo et al. (2014) conducted research on vegetable farmers in sub district Pacet Cianjur West Java Province. Important results of this study showed that only 121 farmers out of 129 had been using mobile phones which has a significant correlations between: 1) general characteristics of the respondents, accessibility of information and intensity of communication with the effectiveness of agricultural information dissemination through the media mobile phone on vegetable farmers; 2) three independent variables: characteristics, accessibility of information and communication intensity vegetable farmers use mobile phones; and 3) there is no significant correlation between the use of mobile phones and the smooth increase vegetable farmers.

Jehan et al. (2014) conducted experiment and revealed that, average yield of bitter gourd crop was 23569 kg/acre with cell phone use of 8h per season. It is perceived that low communication cost and availability of information about wholesale market prices through SMS service and low cost calling packages will help farmers and market agents in improving bitter gourd production and its marketing, respectively.

2.4 Constraints in the use of mobile phone services

Acharya (2003) in his study on Bhoomi e-Governance Project of Karnataka state found that Bhoomi Project is being plagued by problems related to the vast inequities, cutting across the social, economic and cultural spectrum of India and information technology is reinforcing more than attacking inequality, men are benefiting more than women, the rich are benefiting more than the poor.

Shenoy and Banerjee (2004) stressed those obstacles in order to use ICT to best benefit women which are basically focused on two principal themes that emerge as barriers for women viz, (i). Economics and (ii). Awareness. (i). Economics : Economic barriers to technology used women are very common and relate to initial as well as purchasing and maintenance cost of communication technologies, lack of time required for participating in its use and learning new things and costly economic issues are exacerbated by the lack of funding to women and women‟s groups leading to those with money, education, time and support are utilizing new communication technologies to the most. (ii). Awareness: There is awareness barrier that debars women from utilizing the communication technologies to its positive and fullest extent such as lack of awareness of personal ability leading to fear and anxiety, lack of awareness of the utility of communication technologies and lack of awareness of available resources.

Kpabio et al. (2007) conducted a study focused on constraints affecting the utilization of ICT for agricultural extension activities by agriculture extension officers in Nigeria's Niger delta region. Findings revealed that important specific constraints were poor ICT infrastructure development, high cost of broadcast equipment, high charges for radio/television presentations, high cost of access / interconnectivity and electricity power problems. The use of factor analysis aided to crystallize identified constraints into three factors of 'poor enabling environment', 'lack of access' and 'dissemination of unrelated information in the study area. Singh et al. (2008) conducted a study on 20 experts as respondents involved in helpline service providing in Kanpur Dehat and Saharanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. The study showed the major constraints faced by the service providers were less co-operation from the farmers, followed by adoption of prescribed technologies by the farmers was very low, lack of confidence in government programmes, slow progress of the programme, single telephone line, funds not provided timely by the government, incomprehensible technical information and poor condition of the equipments. It was found that unawareness about help-line numbers was the biggest constraint in making help-line services effective.

Hassan et al. (2009) found that there were five main problems faced by Malaysian agro-based entrepreneurs in utilizing ICT in their agro business, namely, they did not know the benefits of ICT (47.8 per cent) did not have skills or expertise in using ICT (46.9 per cent), lack of time spent on ICT (44.9 per cent), difficulties in using ICT (43.1 per cent) and did not have ICT knowledge (38.7 per cent). They further observed that entrepreneurs aged 51 years and above were more exposed to problems of not knowing the benefits of ICT (59.4 per cent). Almost two fifth of respondents aged 41-49 years stated the problems of having no skills in ICT as their main problems, while for respondents aged 40 years and below indicated the same problems (39.6 per cent). That is why younger entrepreneurs (<40 years) were less affected by the five main problems.

Masuki et al. (2010) reported that the language, illiteracy, poor signals, high cost and unavailability of electric power were the major constraints faced by the farmers of Rubaya sub-county in Kabale district of south-western Uganda. The study showed that the rural communities had faced impeded mobile application due to language barrier and illiteracy. Higher rate of illiteracy reduced the extent of SMS usage by farmers. Farmers also reported problems in charging the phone due to unavailability of electric power supply, Poor signal of the service provider network in the area and high cost per call which most farmers could not afford.

Falola and Adewumi (2011) conducted a study on 170 farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria and concluded that non-membership of agricultural society, inadequate extension services, fluctuating telecommunication services, inadequate access to mobile services and lack of electric power supply are the constraints to the use of mobile telephone services by the farmers.

Adhiguru and Devi (2012) conducted a study on 120 farmers (40 farmers from each initiative i.e. “e-chaupal” in Dhar district of M.P., ”Helpline” in Kanpur district of U.P. and “I-Kisan” in Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu ). The study showed the major constraints faced by the farmers during use of service of “e-chaupal” were ranked as- 1) Inadequate facilitator‟s knowledge. 2) Insufficient regional specific information. 3) Inadequate subject matter. Major constraints faced by the farmers during use of service of “I- Kisan” were ranked as- 1) Insufficient regional specific information. 2) Lack of infrastructure facilities. 3) Inadequate phone/internet connectivity. Major constraints faced by the farmers during use of service of “Helpline” were ranked as- 1) Inadequate phone/internet connectivity. 2) Facilitator is not available. 3) Inadequate subject matter. Franklyn et al. (2012) conducted a study on a sample of 60 respondents precisely 20 extension workers and 40 farmers in North- eastern Nigeria. The study showed that out of the 20 respondents of extension workers, 10 (50 per cent) agreed that the major factor limiting the use of ICT in agriculture was the lack of ICT knowledge by the stakeholders, 5 (25 per cent) said it‟s due to lack of access to ICT, 2 (10 per cent) opined that the high cost of ICT is responsible , none (0 per cent) believed that it is as a lack of interest in ICT usage while 3 (15 per cent) were of the view all the above stated factors equally limit its usage by extension workers. In the same light, of the 40 respondents of farmers, 15 (37.5 per cent) opined that lack of knowledge is a major factor limiting the use of ICT in agriculture. 9 (22.5 per cent) attributed it to lack of access to ICT while 10 (25 per cent) suggested high cost of ICT. Interestingly, none (0 per cent) of the farmers believed that lack of interest in ICT usage is a limiting factor to the use of ICT by farmers. 6 (15 per cent) of these group of respondents also agreed that all of the above mentioned factors equally limited the use of ICT in agriculture. We could thus deduce that lack of ICT knowledge, lack of access to ICT and high cost of ICT were very strong indicators militate against the use of ICT in agriculture in Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Chukwudumebi et al. (2013) concluded from a study in Delta state, Nigeria that Non- availability of institutional mobile phone (M=2.81), high call tariff and fluctuating services (M=2.3) and lack of supportive government polices (M=2.57) were major constraints to make use of mobile phone for information dissemination by public extension agents.

Verma et al. (2014) conducted a study In Udaipur district of Rajasthan on 160 extension personnel as respondents (60 from governmental organizations and 60 from NGOs) to identify the constraints faced by Extension personnel in the use of ICT (Computer, Internet, mobile phone, Kisan Call Centre and Information Kiosks). The findings revealed that more than two-third of the extension personnel perceived either medium or higher level of the constraints regarding ICT use in agriculture, It was also found that the extension personnel of government organizations faced more constraints than NGOs personnel. Chapter – 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The design and conduct of the study was developed according to the central purpose and nature of the specific objectives as outlined. Consequently, this chapter highlights on the following steps before collection and analysis of data. 3.1 Locale of the study and selection of : I. Block II. Gram panchayats III. Villages IV. Respondents 3.2 Finalisation of schedule for data collection 3.3 Tools and techniques of data collection 3.4 Measurement of knowledge level 3.5 Measurement of extent of use of mobile phone services 3.6 Measurement of impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management 3.7 Measurement of constraints faced by : a) Farmers b) Extension functionaries 3.8 Tabulation, analysis and Interpretation of Data 3.9 Derivation of hypothesis 3.1 Locale of the study and selection of sample: 3.1.1 Selection of block The study was conducted in selected villages of Jhotwara block of Jaipur district which are nearer to the SKN college of agriculture, Jobner and where onion is one of the leading vegetable crop. 3.1.2 Selection of gram panchayats Separate list of gram panchayats of the Jhotwara block was prepared with the help of revenue department. Jhotwara block comprises of 48 gram panchayats. Among which five gram panchayats viz, Khejrawas, Bassinagan, Dehra, Murlipura and Kalakh in which agriculture extension department provides mobile services were selected randomly. 3.1.3 Selection of villages For selection of villages separate lists of villages falling under each selected gram panchayat and two villages from each of the selected gram panchayats were selected (as shown in table 3.1) by simple random sampling technique. Thus, in all ten villages were selected for the study purpose. Table 3.1 Selected block, gram panchayats and villages for the present study: Selected Selected gram All villages Selected villages block panchayats Bassinagan Bhikhawas Bassinagan Bassinagan Tibariya Ramsinghpura Sankhlaka bas Roopsinghpura Sankhlaka bas Joshiwas Khejrawas Gokalpura Khejrawas Khejrawas Kuchyawas Kuchyawas Jhotwar Ganeshpura a block Kalakh Kalakh Kalakh Bagron ka bas Haripura Haripura Murlipura Murlipura Murlipura Thakur jika bas Chirnotiya Chirnotiya Chakjobner

Dehra Dehra Dehra Agarpura Agarpura 3.1.4 Selection of respondents To select a sample of respondents a preliminary list of onion grower farmers was prepared from each selected village out of them 4+2=6 (mobile phone service users + non-users) farmers were selected randomly and all 6 extension functionaries working under the office of Assistant Director (Agriculture) Extension Jhotwara were selected. Thus, a sample of 66 respondents was selected. To identify the constraints faced by extension functionaries is providing mobile phone services, all the extension functionaries working at under the office of Assistant Director (Ag) Extension Jhotwara were selected as respondents. 3.2 Finalization of schedule for data collection: To make the research concrete, a schedule for data collection was prepared. The schedule consisted of the following parts: PART-1 The first part named “PART-1” dealt with the general background information of the respondents viz., name of the respondents, age, father’s name, education, size of land holding, village, gram panchayat and tehsil, date of interview, khasra number and mobile number. This helped in preparing a profile of the respondents. PART-2 The second part named “PART-2” was specially designed to measure the extent of use of mobile phone services for onion crop management by the respondents. It included the frequency of use of mobile phone services. This part was divided into eleven components and each component consisted set of questions. This part of schedule had total 45 questions. PART-3 The third part named “PART-3” dealt with the measurement of the knowledge level of mobile phone services user respondents about onion crop management. Knowledge about onion crop management included knowledge of field preparation, seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer application, irrigation management, weed management, plant protection measures, harvesting and storage, marketing activities etc. The schedule was thoroughly discussed with the experts working in the field of Extension and Horticulture for necessary modifications and to include additional items, if any left uncovered. PART-4 The fourth part named “PART-4” was used to identify the constraints being faced by the farmer respondents in use of mobile phone services. To prepare this part of the schedule, a complete list of all the possible constraints was developed with the help of extension workers and reviewing the available literature. It includes infrastructural, technical and economic constraints etc. Total 29 constraints were finally included. To assess the constraints faced by the respondents, they were recorded on three points continuum viz. very serious, serious and less serious by assigning scores 3, 2 and 1, respectively. PART-5 The fifth part named “PART-5”, framed a separate section of the schedule and was used to identify the constraints being faced by the extension functionaries (respondents) in providing mobile phone services for providing agricultural advisory. To prepare this part of the schedule, a complete list of all the possible constraints was assessed with the help of extension functionaries of Jhotwara block and reviewing the available literature. Total 27 constraints were finally included. The constraints were again recorded on three points continuum viz. very serious, serious and less serious by assigning scores 3, 2 and 1, respectively.

3.3 Tools and techniques of data collection: The data were collected with the help of an a interview schedule. The interview schedule was pre-tested with farmers (other than the study sample) so as to achieve clarity of language, coverage of subject matter, to remove the double barreled questions from the schedule. The schedule was then revised in the light of modifications, suggestions received from the farmers. The final schedule after inclusion of suggestions was used for data collection. The responses were recorded in the schedule by the researcher himself after interviewing the respondents. The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents to get the unbiased response of the respondents.

3.4 Measurement of knowledge level: For measuring the knowledge level of respondents the knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was adopted with slight modifications and used for the study. Eleven practices about knowledge of onion crop management were included in the schedule as suggested by the experts of department of extension education and Horticulture and Agriculture officers of AD office, Jhotwara. Each selected practice was further divided into several questions to find out the existing knowledge level of respondents about onion crop management. In the knowledge test 46 questions were included in the schedule for measuring the knowledge level of farmers about onion crop management. Marks in range of 0-5 were assigned depending on the impact of question. Therefore, maximum possible knowledge score was 71. The responses obtained from the respondents were counted and converted into mean per cent score. The knowledge index for each respondent was calculated by using following formula. K KI  100 P where KI is the knowledge index thus obtained, P is the possible maximum score K is knowledge score obtained The mean of all the respondents’ knowledge scores and standard deviation of all the respondents’ knowledge scores were computed. Based on the mean and standard deviation the farmers were categorized under three knowledge level categories, namely low, medium and high knowledge level which is as follows:

Category Scores obtained

Low Level of knowledge = < (Mean Score – S.D.)

Medium Level of knowledge = (Mean Score – S.D.) to

(Mean Score + S.D.)

High Level of knowledge = > (Mean Score + S.D.)

Where S.D. stands for standard deviation They were further sub categorized on the basis of age, all farmers fall in the range of age 30 years to 70 years, it was divided into ranges 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 and 60-70. the provided idea of knowledge based on age of farmer. The mean per cent score (MPS) for knowledge level about all the eleven practices of onion crop management was further obtained and ranking of knowledge about these practices was done based on the MPS. 3.5 Measurement of extent of use of mobile phone services: To measure the extent of use of mobile phone services the three point continuum scale developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was adopted with slight modification and used for the study. Five elements about use of mobile phone services were included in the schedule as suggested by the expert of department of extension education and office of Assistant Director (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara. Each selected element was further divided into several questions to find out the extent of use of mobile phone services by the respondents. Total 36 questions were included in the schedule for measuring extent of use of mobile phone services for agriculture by farmers. One score was given to every correct answer and zero for wrong answer. The possible maximum score one could obtain was 41. Finally the use index was calculated by the following formulae: The formula was applied for all practices which helped in calculating use index. The responses obtained from the respondents were counted and converted into mean, S.D. (standard deviation) and M.P.S. (mean per cent score). The mean and S.D. of all the respondents’ scores were computed for classifying the extent of use of mobile phone into different categories. Based on the mean score and S.D. the farmers were categorized under three categories, namely low, medium and high extent of use of mobile phone services which are as follows:

Category Scores obtained

Low extent of use = < (Mean Score – S.D.)

Medium extent of use = (Mean Score – S.D.) to

(Mean Score + S.D.)

High extent of use = > (Mean Score + S.D.)

They were further sub categorized on the basis of age, All the farmers fall in the range of age 30 years to 70 years, it was divided into ranges 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 and 60-70 this provided idea of knowledge level based on age of farmer. 3.6 Measurement of impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management: The impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management was calculated by comparing the knowledge level of mobile phone services users and non-users. To measure the knowledge level of all respondents the knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was also adopted with slight modifications. Mean and S.D. values of all the respondent’s knowledge score were computed. Based on the categories defined in Section 3.4, percentages of mobile phone services user and non user farmers were compared for the level of knowledge. Ranking of crop management practices was also done on the basis of mean per cent score, specially mobile phone services user or non user farmers. The z values for the knowledge level about eleven practices of onion crop production for measuring the impact of mobile phone services on onion crop production were also calculated and the significance of difference of knowledge was tested by Maan-Whitney U test. Finally the impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management was calculated by making comparison between mobile phone services users and non-users on the basis of knowledge level about onion crop management, yield of onion crop, loss in onion crop production due to pest and diseases and cost of acquisition of information of onion crop management. 3.7 Measurement of constraints: 3.7.1 Constraints faced by farmers To measure the constraints responsible for hindering the use of mobile phone services, a separate schedule was developed by way of enlisting all the possible constraints, which may be faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services. To study the constraints more effectively, they were divided mainly into four parts namely infrastructural, technical, economical and miscellaneous constraints. Each of these parts was further described into several relevant items. The total score obtained by beneficiary farmers and their each statement was calculated. To measure the degree of severity of each constraint the responses were recorded on a three point continuum scale, viz., most severe, severe and least severe which were assigned 3, 2 and 1 score, respectively. The constraints faced by beneficiary farmers were divided into three categories (low level of constraints, medium level of constraints and high level of constraints) on the basis of mean score and standard deviation. The mean per cent scores for all constraints were calculated and aspect wise study of all the constraints was made, based on their severity.

Category Scores obtained

Low level of constraints = < (Mean Score – S.D.)

Medium level of constraints = (Mean Score – S.D.) to

(Mean Score + S.D.)

High level of constraints = > (Mean Score + S.D.)

3.7.2 Constraints faced by extension functionaries To measure the constraints faced by extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone services, a separate schedule was developed by way of enlisting all the possible constraints, which may be faced by extension functionaries in the use and provision of mobile phone services. To study the constraints more effectively, they were also divided mainly into four parts namely infrastructural technical constraints from mobile phone service users and miscellaneous constraints. Each of these parts was further described into several items. The total score obtained by respondents as well as for each statement was calculated. To measure the degree of severity of each constraint the responses were recorded on a three point continuum scale, viz., most important, important and least important which were assigned 3, 2 and 1 score, respectively. The constraints faced by extension functionaries (respondents) were again divided into three categories (low level of constraints, medium level of constraints and high level of constraints) on the basis of mean score and standard deviation. The mean per cent scores for all constraints calculated and were ranked according to their severity. Category Scores obtained

Low level of constraints = < (Mean Score – S.D.)

Medium level of constraints = (Mean Score – S.D.) to

(Mean Score + S.D.)

High level of constraints = > (Mean Score + S.D.)

3.8 Statistics and interpretation of data: The data so collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed by applying appropriate statistical tests. Statistical test used The collected data were quantified by giving scores to each appropriate answer as referred in the earlier pages. Further, the statistical tests were applied in the light of objectives to arrive at conclusions. The following statistical tools were used in the study for precise and meaningful analysis and interpretations. I. Mean II. Standard deviation (S.D.) III. Mean per cent score (MPS) IV. Mann-Whitney U test I. Mean Mean score of the practices or statements was obtained by total score of all practices or statements divided with total number of practices or statements. Similarly mean score of the respondents was obtained by dividing the total score of all respondents with the total number of respondents. N 1 x1 x 2 .....  xN x xi  NNi1

Where, x = Mean of population, Xi = An observation and N= Number of samples II. Standard deviation (S.D.): The standard deviation measures the absolute dispersion of variability of distribution. It is found by taking the difference of each item from the arithmetic mean, squaring the difference, summing all the square differences dividing by number of item and then extracting the square root. Here mean and standard deviation were used in categorization of respondents or practices in different categories.

1 N 2   xi  x N i1 where σ = Standard deviation (S.D.), x = Mean of samples, xi =an observation and N = Number of samples III. Mean per cent score (MPS): Mean per cent score was obtained as total score obtained by the respondents for that item, divided by the maximum obtainable score for the item and multiplied by 100. IV. Mann-Whitney U test: U - test used to study is the difference in the knowledge between the mobile phone users and mobile phone non-users. m N 1 Wx 0.5  z  2 mn N 1 12 where wx  sum of ranks of small group, m  no. of sample points in small sample, n  no. of sample points in large sample, N m  n.

If zcal 1.96 , reject Ho at  = 0.05.

3.9 Derivation of hypotheses:

H0- There is no difference between knowledge of mobile phone users and non-users about onion crop management.

H1- There is difference between knowledge of mobile phone users and non-users about onion crop management. Chapter - 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter, concerns with the presentation of findings emanated from the study in view of objectives. This chapter includes statistical analysis of data, interpretation of results and their discussions. The logical arguments find place in this chapter to provide strength to the findings and also to authenticate the results achieved. The presentation of the findings of the study has been made under the following heads:

4.1 Knowledge level of mobile phone services user and non mobile user farmers about onion crop management

4.2 Extent of the use of mobile phone services by the farmers

4.3 Impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management

4.4 Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

4.5 Constraints faced by extension functionaries in providing mobile phone services

4.1 Knowledge level of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about onion crop management

The knowledge level of mobile user farmers about onion crop management was measured with the help of knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000). Knowledge test was used with slight modification for the study purpose. To examine the level of knowledge of the farmers, they were grouped in certain categories, namely farmers possessing (i) Low (ii) Medium and (iii) High knowledge. These ranges were based on mean (43.47) and standard deviation (9.84) of knowledge score. The knowledge index of respondents was 61.22. The three categories with their ranges are as follows: and the maximum knowledge level score was 71.

1. The farmers who obtained knowledge score below 33.62 were categorized as having low knowledge level.

2. The farmers who obtained knowledge score from 33.62 to 53.31 were categorized as having medium knowledge level.

3. The farmers who obtained knowledge score above 53.31 were categorized under high knowledge level.

The statistical data regarding the level of knowledge of mobile phone user farmers about onion crop management have been presented in Table 4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.1.

Table 4 .1 - Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management N=60

S.No. Knowledge Number of Percentage (%) Category Respondents

1. High 14 23.33

2. Medium 31 51.67

3. Low 15 25.00

Total 60 100

Mean =43.47 S.D. 51.67% 60 50 40 23.33% 25% 30 20 10 0 % of respondents % High Medium Low Knowledge lavel of farmers

Fig.4.1 - Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management

The data in Table 4.1 and Fig.4.1 indicates that out of the total respondents 51.67 per cent of the farmers were having medium knowledge level about onion crop management and 23.33 per cent farmers were having high knowledge level, whereas, 25.00 per cent of farmers were having low knowledge level.

Table - 4.2 Categorisation of age group of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management N=60

Age group No. of respondents with knowledge S. No. (year) High Medium Low Total 1. 30 – 40 8 6 3 17 2. 40 – 50 3 7 4 14 3. 50 – 60 2 13 4 19 4. 60 – 70 1 5 4 10 Total 14 31 15 60 Among all the farmers with high knowledge level, majority of respondents fall in thirty to forty years age group. These findings are supported by the findings of Verma et al. (2013), who revealed that out of total IKSL mobile phone service user farmers of Baran district of Rajasthan, majority of respondents possessed medium level of knowledge.

Furthermore, the knowledge about onion crop management was also analyzed separately. The relative knowledge level about all the eleven package of practices of onion crop management was highlighted by ranking their knowledge level on the basis of mean per cent scores (MPS) of knowledge about each practice and data have been presented in Table 4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.1.

Table 4.3 – Knowledge of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about package of practices onion crop management practices. N = 60

S. Mean Per cent Package of practices Rank No. Score 1. Field preparation 67.62 VII 2. High yielding varieties 82.33 II 3. Seed treatment 62.08 VIII 4. Sowing and transplanting 79.67 III 5. Nutrient management 55.17 IX 6. Irrigation management 20.56 XI 7. Weed management 77.92 IV 8. Plant protection measures 86.46 I 9. Harvesting and Storage 68.89 VI 10. Marketing activities 70.83 V 11. Miscellaneous activities 36.67 X Average :- 61.22 The data in Table 4.3 and Fig. 4.2 indicates that the average knowledge level about all the eleven practices of onion crop management was obtand 65.75 per cent. The data in some table also indicates that farmers had highest knowledge about “Plant protection measures” with 86.46 MPS and hence this practice was ranked first. The second highest knowledge was about “High yielding varieties” with 82.33 MPS followed by “Sowing and transplanting” (79.67 MPS) and “Weed management” (77.92 MPS) which were ranked third and fourth, respectively.

The knowledge aspects like “Marketing activities”, “Harvesting and Storage”, “Field preparation” and “Seed treatment”, were moderately known by the farmers as they were having 70.83, 68.89, 67.62 and 62.08 MPS and were ranked fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, respectively.

Lowest knowledge was found about “Nutrient management” (55.17 MPS), “Miscellaneous activities” (36.67 MPS) and “Irrigation management” (20.56 MPS) hence last ninth, tenth and eleventh ranks were assigned to them, respectively. 86.46 90.00 82.33 79.67 77.92

80.00 68.89 70.83 67.62 70.00 62.08 55.17 60.00

50.00 36.67 40.00

30.00 20.56

20.00 Mean per centscoreper Mean 10.00

0.00

Knowledge level

Fig. 4.2 – Knowledge of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about package of practices onion crop management Discussion

Knowledge assessment of farmers about onion crop management is important agricultural information, with this view in mind the knowledge test was applied to farmers to know their knowledge about onion crop production.

Out of the farmers with high knowledge level majority of respondents were under 30-40 year of age group reason may be that youths are more aware about utilization of mobile phones.

From the findings, it is clear that majority of the farmers (51.66 per cent) have medium knowledge level about onion crop production activities like field preparation, seed treatment, nutrient management, harvest and storage of onion.

The results revealed that mobile user onion growers had high knowledge about insect pests and diseases of onion crop. They very well versed about the control measures like chemicals and methods of their application, selection of high yielding varieties and also about early and late sowing varieties, name of weeds and control of weeds by mechanical and chemical method by spraying herbicides, importance of seed treatment and chemicals used for that, marketing activities like last year market price. for onion. The minimum knowledge about irrigation management was due to the farmers usually they did not know about the critical stages for irrigation in onion crop and management of irrigation according to critical stages.

The findings are supported by the findings of Verma et al. (2013) who reported that majority of total IKSL mobile phone service user respondents had medium level of knowledge. 4.2 Extent of use of mobile phone services by farmers

As stated in the previous chapter, the extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers was worked out by means of use index developed by Chaturvedi (2000) which was used with slight modification in this study.

To get an overall view of extent of use of mobile phone services, the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Based on calculated mean (14.87) and standard deviation (9.25), the use index of user farmers was found to be 36.28, the score of extent of use of the farmers were divided into three categories, namely low, medium, high extent of use of mobile phone services. The three categories were as follows: and the maximum extent of use score is 41.

1. Farmers who obtained extent of use score below 5.63 were counted in low extent of use category.

2. Farmers who obtained extent of use score from 5.63 to 24.12 were counted in medium extent of use category.

3. Farmers who obtained extent of use score above 24.12 were counted in high extent of use category.

The statistical data regarding the extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers has been presented in Table 4.4 and Fig. 4.3. Table 4.4 - Categorisation of farmers based on their score of extent of use of mobile phone services under different categories N=40

Number of Percentage S. no. Extent of Use Respondents (%) 1. High 09 32.50

2. Medium 31 77.50

3. Low 00 00.00

Total 40 100

Mean =14.87 S.D. =9.25

Table 4.4 reveals that most of the respondents (77.50) had medium extent of use followed by high extent of use (32.50%). None of respondents fall in category low extent of use of mobile phone services.

Table 4.5 - Categorisation of age group of farmers based on their score of extent of use of mobile phone services under different categories N=40

Age group No. of respondents with extent of use S.no. (year) High Medium Low Total 1. 30 – 40 3 10 0 13 2. 40 – 50 2 07 0 09 3. 50 – 60 2 11 0 13 4. 60 – 70 2 03 0 05 Total 9 31 0 40

Out of all the respondents with high extent of use majority fall in 30 to 40 year age group. 31% 35 30 25 20 9% 15 10 0% 5 % of respondents of % 0 High Medium Low Extent of use of mobile phone

Fig. 4.3 - Categorisation of farmers based on their score of extent of use

These findings are supported by the findings of Parihar et al. (2010), who revealed that in Kanpur- Dehat of U.P(Uttar Pradesh)., 43.24 per cent farmers showed medium level of utilization, 37.84 per cent farmers showed low level and 18.92 per cent farmers showed high level of utilization of on-line communication services.

Furthermore, the extent of use of mobile phone services was also analyzed separately. The relative importance of all the five elements related to use of mobile phone services was highlighted by ranking their extent of use on the basis of mean per cent scores (MPS) of use and data has been presented in Table 4.6 and Fig.4.4. Table 4.6 - Extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers N = 40

S. No. Purpose related to use MPS% Rank Use of mobile phone services for gaining 1. information about onion crop production 52.78 I practices.

Use of mobile phone for gaining information 2. 34.50 III about marketing

Use of mobile phone for gaining information 3. 21.25 V about KVK activities

4. Use of mobile phone to contact 41.25 II

5. Mode of use of mobile phone 22.00 IV

Average 36.28

52.78% 60.00 41.25% 34.50% 40.00 21.25% 22.00%

20.00

0.00 for for gaining for Use of Mode of information information information mobile use of

Mean Perc ent ScoresPercent Mean about onion about about ADA phone to mobile crop marketing office contact phone production activities practices.

Purpose for the use of mobile phone

Fig 4.4 - Extent of use of mobile phone services by the farmers The data were analyzed with regard to the use of mobile phone services for five purposes by respondents. The results are presented in Table 4.6. It was observed that majority of respondents made use of mobile phone for gaining information about onion crop production practices with MPS = 52.78 and was ranked first. Use of mobile phone services to contact was at second rank (41.25 MPS) followed by Use of mobile phone for gaining information about marketing (34.50 MPS), Mode of use of mobile phone (22.00 MPS), Use of mobile phone for gaining information about KVK activities (21.25 MPS) accorded ranks III, IV and V, respectively.

Discussion

Use of mobile phone services is directly or indirectly related to crop management. Hence, it was necessary to assess the extent of use of mobile phone services by farmers for seeking information of management practices of onion cultivation. With this view in mind the extent of use test was applied to farmers to know their extent of use of mobile phone services for onion crop management.

Results showed that among all the respondents with high extent of use majority were in 30-40 year of age group. Even though youngsters have high level of knowledge but experienced farmers can use mobile phone services extensively for agriculture.

From the findings, it was apparent that majority of the farmers (77.50 per cent) had medium extent of use of mobile phone services, because most of the farmers were facing technical constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

Results also showed that out of all the elements of use of mobile phone related to onion crop management the extent of “use of mobile phone for gaining information about onion crop production practices” was high with MPS = 52.78 because onion is not a traditional crop of study area so farmers don’t know all the important production practices of onion crop, farmers also use mobile phone at good extent for contact with different people and experts for getting information about onion crop production and farmers use mobile phone for making themselves updated with the marketing activities related to inputs required for onion crop production and market of onion crop produce with MPS = 41.25 and 34.50, respectively.

The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Parihar et al. (2010).

4.3 Impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management

As stated in the previous chapter, the impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management was worked out by comparing the knowledge level of mobile phone services users and non-users farmers about onion crop management. The comparison was made between 40 users and 20 non-users on the basis of mean. To measure the knowledge level of all respondents, the knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was adopted with slight modification.

The knowledge index of mobile phone services user farmers is higher (62.50) as compared to non-users (58.66) means use of mobile phones had a good impact on knowledge level of farmers.

This section contains discussion on the existing status of knowledge of mobile phone users and non-users about onion crop management in the study area. Knowledge as a body of understood information possessed by an individual is the important component of the behavioral aspect and plays an important role in the adoption of the innovations for management of onion crop. On this ground, it is important to examine the extent of knowledge of mobile phone services user and non-user respondents about onion crop management. The knowledge index of users was to get an overview of the knowledge level. Based on the mean (43.47) and standard deviation (9.84) of all the 60 farmers, the user as well as non user farmers were grouped into three categories viz., low, medium and high knowledge levels. Categories were made as per Section 4.1.

The maximum knowledge level score is 71 and mean score is 41.65.

The statistical data regarding the level of knowledge of mobile phone user farmers about onion crop management has been presented in Table 4.7 and Fig. 4.5.

Table 4.7 - Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management N=60

Level of Knowledge Mobile phone Mobile phone service service users (40) non-users (20)

High 30.00% 10.00%

Medium 47.50% 60.00%

Low 22.50% 30.00%

Total 100 100

Mobile phone services user mean = 44.38 Non-user mean = 41.65 S.D. = 9.98 ̅ S.D.̅ = 9.54 60% 60 47.5% Mobile 50 phone service 40 30% 30% users (40) 30 22.5%

20 10% Mobile phone % of respondents % 10 service non- 0 users (20) High Medium Low Comparison in level of knowledge

Fig. 4.5 - Categorisation of respondents according to their level of knowledge about onion crop management

The data in Table 4.7 and Fig.4.5 revealed that 30.00 per cent user and 10.00 per cent non-user respondents possessed high level of knowledge, 47.50 per cent user and 60.00 per cent non-user respondents possessed medium level of knowledge and 22.50 per cent user and 30.00 per cent non-user respondents possessed low level of knowledge about onion crop management in the study area.

On the basis of above data it could be inferred that majority of the mobile phone users and non-users possessed medium level of knowledge regarding onion crop management.

Furthermore, the knowledge about onion crop management was also compared separately. The relative knowledge of mobile phone users and non-users about all the eleven package of practices of onion crop management were highlighted by ranking their knowledge level on the basis of mean per cent scores (MPS) of knowledge about each practice and data has been presented in Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.6. Table 4.8 – Difference of knowledge of mobile phone service user and non-user respondents about onion crop management practices N = 60

Mobile Mobile Mobile phone phone phone service users service non- service Crop Management (40) users (20) users Practices non-users MPS Rank MPS Rank Difference of MPS 68.93 65.00 Field preparation VII VII 3.39

84.50 78.00 HYV selection II II 6.50

64.38 57.50 Seed treatment VIII VIII 6.88

81.00 77.00 Sowing and Transplanting III III 4.00

55.75 54.00 Nutrient management IX IX 1.75

21.25 19.17 Irrigation management XI XI` 2.08

79.38 75.00 Weed management IV IV 4.38

86.56 86.25 Plant protection measures I I 0.31

69.58 67.50 Harvesting and Storage VI V 2.08

73.13 66.25 Marketing activities V VI 6.88

38.75 32.50 Miscellaneous X X 6.25

Average 65.75 61.65 4.10 Mobile phone Mobile phone service users service non-users (20) (40) 86.56% 86.25% 90 84.5% 81% 79.38% 78% 77% 80 75% 73.13% 68.93% 69.58% 67.5% 66.25% 70 65% 64.38% 57.5% 55.75% 60 54% 50 38.75% 40 32.55% 30 21.25% 19.17% 20

Mean per centscoreper Mean 10 0

Onion crop management practices

Fig 4.6 – Significance of difference of knowledge of mobile phone service users and non-user respondents about onion crop management practices The data in Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.6 revealed that mobile phone users and non user both possess maximum knowledge about plant protection measures with mean per cent score 86.56 and 86.25 respectively that ranked first. This means majority of respondents had complete idea about major pests like plant hoppers, thrips, jassids and diseases like purple blotch of onion crop and they had good awareness about methods and popular chemicals used for control of those pests and diseases. The minor difference in MPS indicates mobile phone user possess slightly more knowledge as compared to the non-users. The knowledge about HYV’s of onion crop of mobile phone users ranked second with mean per cent score 84.50 that means majority of mobile phone users knew about selection and benefits of HYV’s, while knowledge of mobile phone non-users about HYV’s ranked second with mean per cent score 78.00 that showed that non-users had lesser knowledge about benefits and selection of HYV’s. Regarding knowledge about seed sowing and transplanting practices, it was observed that mobile phone users possessed 81.00 MPS which means they had knowledge about right time of sowing, age of seedlings for transplanting, spacing, depth of sowing etc. and ranked third, while mobile phone non-users scored 77.00 MPS and ranked third. The knowledge about weed management of mobile phone services users ranked fourth with mean per cent score 79.38 that means majority of mobile phone users knew the names and using method of herbicides, the knowledge of mobile phone non-users also ranked fourth, but 75.00 mean per cent score showed that non-users had less knowledge about herbicides and they depended on traditional methods of weed control i.e. weeding by hands and simple implements. Regarding knowledge about marketing activities related to onion crop of mobile phone users they had high knowledge than non-users with MPS 73.13 and rank fifth, MPS 66.25 and rank sixth, respectively. That shows that mobile phone users had more knowledge. about marketing channel for onion crop produce. In case of harvest and storage, mobile phone users had more knowledge about methods and precautions followed during harvesting, post-harvest activities of onion, method of storage, storage facilities provided by Govt. or Private sector etc. with MPS 69.58 and ranked sixth. For knowledge about harvest and storage, mobile phone non-users possessed MPS 67.50 and ranked fifth. Regarding knowledge about field preparation for onion crop production, mobile phone services users possessed more knowledge than the non-users with MPS 68.93 and 65.00, respectively. That shows that users had more knowledge about area required for nursery, seed rate, soil and water testing, collection of soil and water sample, soil treatment, etc. Regarding knowledge about seed treatment, mobile phone users and non-users possessed MPS 64.38 and 57.50 respectively and both ranked eighth, the data on MPS showed that the mobile phone users had more knowledge than non-users about importance of seed treatment, methods and chemicals used for seed treatment. The knowledge of mobile phone users and non-users regarding nutrient management was poor than other practices with 55.75 and 54.00 MPS, rank ninth, respectively. The data revealed that majority of farmers did not know about recommended dose of fertilizers for the onion crop, they tried to use more and more fertilizers as far as possible. Mobile phone services users knew about use of micro nutrient, and organic manures more than non-users. The knowledge about miscellaneous informations related to onion crop management like contract farming, crop insurance, programmes and subsidies from the Govt., meteorological information and information about epidemics and foreign pest etc., the mobile phone services users had more knowledge about miscellaneous information than non-users with MPS 38.75 and 32.50, respectively and both ranked tenth. The data in the table indicated that the knowledge of cell phone users and non-users about irrigation management was 21.25 and 19.17 MPS, respectively. It was also observed that mobile phone users had some idea about the critical stages of irrigation in the onion crop; while non-users had no idea about the same. Thus from the above discussion, It could be concluded that the mobile phone services user respondents had more knowledge than non-users of mobile phone about onion crop management because mobile phone users had more contacts with agriculture scientists and other advanced farmers through mobile phone.

The results are supported by the finding of Verma et al. (2013) who conducted a study on the impact of IKSL and concluded that the mobile phone user respondents possessed more knowledge than the non-users of mobile phone services of IKSL (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Limited).

Aspect wise comparison of knowledge among mobile phone services user and non-user respondents

In addition to the comparison of crop management practice wise knowledge of respondents, it was also felt necessary to find out the difference in the knowledge of mobile phone user and non-user respondents by applying Maan-Whitney U test.

Hypotheses

Null hypothesis: The knowledge of mobile phone services users about onion crop management is equal to that of non-users.

Alternative hypothesis: The knowledge of mobile phone users about onion crop management is not equal to that of non-users. Table no 4.9 Knowledge Comparison of Mobile User and non-user farmers by Mann Whitney U-test

S. Mean Standard Deviation Calculated z- Crop Management Practices No. value Users Non-users Users Non-users

1. Field preparation 4.83 4.55 2.22 1.96 0.77 2. HYV selection 4.35 3.80 0.83 0.89 2.06* 3. Seed treatment 2.65 2.15 0.70 0.81 2.05* 4. Sowing and Transplanting 4.05 3.85 0.99 0.93 0.67 5. Nutrient management 5.80 5.05 1.07 1.19 2.2* 6. Irrigation management 1.28 1.15 0.45 0.37 0.78 7. Weed management 3.18 3.00 0.78 0.97 0.53 8. Plant protection measures 7.20 6.35 0.99 1.42 2.22* 9. Harvesting and Storage 4.18 4.05 1.34 1.19 0.31 10. Marketing activities 2.93 2.65 0.83 0.81 1.15 11. Miscellaneous 4.65 3.90 1.17 1.86 1.58

Average 45.08 40.50 9.29 8.46 1.9

*Significant-at-5%-level The calculated “Z” value was found to be greater than tabulated value at 5 per cent level of significance in four onion crop management practices. This calls for rejection of null hypothesis and acceptance of alternative hypothesis for these four practices. Thus it leads to the conclusion that there was significant difference in level of knowledge between mobile phone users and non-users found in selection of HYV, Seed treatment, Nutrient management and Plant protection measures however no significant difference was observed between users and non- users for the remaining seven package of practices.

The mean value further indicates that mobile phone users had higher knowledge level than non-users in all onion crop management practices.

Discussion

The Maan-Whitney U test has been applied to test the significance of knowledge of mobile phone services user or non user in respect of 11 traits, like Field preparation, HYV selection, seed treatment, sowing and transplanting, nutrient management, irrigation management, weed management, plant protection measures, harvesting and storage, marketing activities and Miscellaneous among these four were found significantly different upto 5 per cent level, namely HYV selection with Z value (2.06), Seed treatment with Z value (2.05), Nutrient management with Z value (2.2) and Plant protection measures with Z value (2.22). Table 4.10 - Comparison of various components of onion crop management between mobile phone service users and non-user respondents N=60

Mobile Mobile Mobile Components of onion crop Phone phone phone service service management service non- users user and users (40) (20) non-user

Average loss by insect pests (q./h) 25.1 28.3 -3.2

Average loss by diseases (q./h) 20.5 24.6 -4.1

Average yield (q./h) 259 225 34

Cost of acquisition of information Low High (in terms of money and time)

User Non user

259% 300 225% 250 200 150 100 25.1% 28.3% 20.5% 24.6% 50 Quantity in q./h Quantity 0 Average loss by Average loss by Average yield (q./h) insect pests (q./h) diseases (q./h)

Fig. 4.7 - Comparison of various components of onion crop management between mobile phone service users and non-user respondents The Table 4.10 and Fig. 4.7 indicated that mobile phone users had more average yield of onion crop than non-users i.e. 259 quintals per hectare and 225 quintal per hectare, respectively. Table and graph also showed that mobile phone users had less average loss by pests and diseases in onion crop than non-users. Furthermore the information acquisition cost (in terms of money and time) of mobile phone users was less than the non-users.

From all the above data, inferences could be drawn that there had been positive impact of mobile phone services on the knowledge of onion crop management on mobile phone users in respect to more yield and minimum loss caused by pests and diseases in onion than non-users.

Discussion

The results in comparison of knowledge between mobile phone users and non-users showed that majority of mobile phone services user and non-user respondents possessed medium level of knowledge about onion crop management that is 37.50 per cent and 55.00 per cent, respectively.

It was found that 30.00 per cent of the total users and only 10.00 per cent of total non-users possessed high level of knowledge and only 32.50 per cent of total users and 35.00 per cent of total non-users possessed low level of knowledge about onion crop management which in turn showed the positive impact of mobile phone services on the knowledge of onion crop management.

Results also revealed the significant difference in the knowledge of mobile phone services user and non-user respondents where users had high knowledge level than non-users. Study further revealed that the average yield of onion crop of mobile phone services users was higher than the average yield of non- user respondents however the loss caused by the insect pest and diseases of mobile phone services user respondents was less than the non-users. The cost (in terms of money and time) of information acquisition was higher for mobile phone services non-users and less for mobile phone services users because they got information through mobile phone services.

From all the above results the inference could be drawn that there had been positive impact of mobile phone services on the knowledge of onion crop management. The results could be supported by the finding of Ahmed and Laurent et al. (2009) who concluded that the farmers have secured, on an average, about 15% higher profits from their farms, Adhiguru and Devi (2012) who concluded that “e-chaupal” saved 68% transaction cost in the case of soybean and “Helpline” services had reduced transaction cost for seeking information by about 90% and Verma et al. (2013) made a study on the of impact of IKSL and concluded that the extent of knowledge of mobile phone users was from 64.03% to 88.23%, while in case of non-users it was found from 44.76% to 65.05% in all major improved crop production techniques. Therefore, it could be concluded that mobile phone user respondents possessed more knowledge than the non-users of mobile phone services of IKSL.

4.4 Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

In the present study, the term constraints means the barriers or obstacles, which were faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services for getting agricultural information. The constraints were categorized into infrastructural, technical, economic and miscellaneous constraints.

To get an overall view of constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone for getting agricultural information the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Based on calculated mean (51.175) and standard deviation (3.79) the score of constraints were calculated and based on score of constraints the farmers were categorized into three categories of constraints i.e. low level of constraints, medium level of constraints and high level of constraints. The three categories were as follows:

1. Farmers who obtained score of below 47.39 faced low level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

2. Farmers who obtained score of from 47.39 to 54.96 faced medium level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

3. Farmers who obtained score of above 54.96 faced high level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

The maximum extent of use score is 41.

The statistical data regarding the level of constraints faced by mobile phone services user farmers has been presented in Table 4.11 and Fig. 4.8. Table 4.11 - Categorisation of respondents mobile phone services user farmers according to level of constraints faced by them in the use of mobile phone services N=40

Number of S.No. Level of constraints Percentage (%) respondents 1. High 08 20.00

2. Medium 24 60.00

3. Low 08 20.00

Total 40 100

Mean = 55.17 S.D. = 6.68 Above mentioned table reveals that most of the respondents (60.00 %) faced medium level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services followed 20 per cent respondents each faced both high as well as low level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

60%

60

50

40 20% 20% 30

20

10

% of Respondents % 0 High Medium Low Level of constraints

Fig. 4.8 - Categorisation of farmers according to level of constraints faced by them in the use of mobile phone services Aspect-wise constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

All the constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services were categorized into infrastructural, technical, economic and miscellaneous constraints. The results are presented under different four sub headings as given below:

1. Infrastructural constraints

Different Infrastructural constraints perceived by the respondents in use of mobile phone for getting agricultural information are mentioned below in Table 4.12 and Fig. 4.9.

A critical examination of Table 4.12 and Fig. 4.9 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Fluctuating telecommunication network” with MPS 78.33, “Lack of electric supply (for charging mobile phone battery)” with MPS 75.83, and “Lack of access to internet” with MPS 51.67 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “Non availability of recommended inputs in the market” with MPS 49.17 “Lack of maintenance (recharging facility in village)” with MPS 33.33 and “Non availability of KCC services on Sunday and holidays” with MPS 33.33 were ranked IV , V and VI, respectively.

The table further shows that “Fluctuating telecommunication network” was major and “Non availability of KCC services on Sunday and holidays” was minor Infrastructural constraint faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone for getting agricultural information. Table 4.12 - Infrastructural constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services N = 40

S.no. Infrastructural constraints MPS Rank

1. Fluctuating telecommunication network 78.33 I

Lack of electricity supply (for charging mobile 2. 75.83 II phone battery) Lack of maintenance (recharging facility in 3. 33.33 V village )

4. Lack of access to internet 51.67 III

Non availability of recommended inputs in the 5 49.17 IV market Non availability of KCC services on Sunday 6. 33.33 VI and holidays 80

70

60

50

40

30

20 Mean per centscoreper Mean 10

0 Fluctuating Lack of electricity Lack of Lack of access to Non availability of Non availability of telecommunication supply (for maintenance internet recommended KCC services on network charging mobile (recharging facility inputs in the Sunday and phone battery) in village ) market holidays Infrastuctural constraints

Fig. 4.9 - Infrastructural constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services 2. Technical constraints

A critical examination of Table 4.13 and Fig. 4.10 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Inability to use GPRS and 3G services” with MPS 80.00, “Lack of timely availability of agricultural information (after the time of application)” with MPS 65.83 and “Difficulty in making use of given theoretical information” with MPS 63.33 were ranked I, II and III, respectively and followed by “Complexity in using internet and video massages” with MPS 56.67, “Non-availability of detailed informations given in text SMS format” with MPS 55.83, “Lack of practical knowledge about given new recommendation” with MPS 53.33, “Inability to read text SMS and e-mail (Illiteracy)” with MPS 45.83, “Inability to operate mobile phone” with MPS 33.33 and “Inability to understand language of service provider” with MPS 33.33 were ranked IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX, respectively.

Table 4.13 - Technical constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services N = 40

S. Technical constraints MPS Rank no. i Inability to operate mobile phone 33.33 VIII ii Inability to read text SMS and e-mail (Illiteracy) 45.83 VII iii Inability to understand language of service provider 33.33 IX iv Inability to use GPRS and 3G services 80.00 I v Complexity in using internet and video massages 56.67 IV Non availability of details of information given in text vi 55.83 V SMS format Difficulty in making use of given theoretical vii 63.33 III information Lack of practical knowledge about given new viii 53.33 VI Recommendation Lack of Timely availability of agricultural ix 65.83 II information(after the time of application) The Table further shows that “Inability to use GPRS and 3G services” because of illiteracy and “Lack of timely availability of agricultural information” were most severe and “Inability to understand language of service provider” and “Inability to operate mobile phone” were least severe Technical constraint faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone for getting agricultural advisory. 80% 80 65.835 70 63.33% 56.67% 55.83% 60 53.335 45.83% 50 40 33.33% 33.33% 30 20 10 0 Mean Per centScore Per Mean

Technical constraints

Fig. 4.10 - Technical constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services 4. Economic constraints

The purpose of data mention in Table 4.14 and Fig. 4.11 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Inability to purchase recharge cards” with MPS 77.50, “High cost of multimedia mobile phones (for video and internet)” with MPS 62.50 and “High cost of telecommunication network services” with MPS 55.83 were ranked I, II and III, respectively.

Table 4.14 - Economic constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services N= 40

S.no. Economic constraints MPS Rank

High cost of multimedia mobile phones (for 1. 62.50 II video and internet)

High cost of telecommunication network 2. 55.83 III Services

3. Inability to purchase recharge cards 77.50 I 77.5 80 62.5 55.83 60

40

20

0 High cost of mobile High cost of network Recharge Mean per centscoreper Mean

Economic constraints faced by farmer

Fig. 4.11 - Economic constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

4. Miscellaneous constraints

A critical examination of Table 4.15 and Fig. 4.12 indicated that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem” with MPS 79.17, “Adoption of prescribed technologies by farmers is very low” with MPS 75.83 and “Call drop problem” with MPS 72.50 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “Lack of availability of timely and accurate marketing and price information” with MPS 70.83, “Lack of confidence in provided service / information” with MPS 68.33, “Result of earlier recommendation was not satisfactory” with MPS 67.50, “Absence of personal contact (trust) with information provider” with MPS 65.83, “Inadequate response from the service provider” with MPS 62.50, “Busy network of Kisan Call Center (KCC)” with MPS 61.67, “Lack of knowledge about availability of agricultural advisory services on mobile phone” with MPS 40.00 and “Lack of contact details (number) of agricultural advisory system” with MPS 37.50 were ranked IV, V,VI,VII,VIII,IX.X and XI, respectively.

Table 4.15 - Miscellaneous constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services N = 40

S.no. Miscellaneous constraints MPS Rank

Lack of knowledge about Availability of 1. 40.00 X agricultural Advisory services on mobile phone Lack of Contact details (number) of agricultural 2. 37.50 XI advisory system

3. Inadequate response from the service provider 62.50 VIII

4. Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem 79.17 I

Absence of personal contact (trust) with 5. 65.83 VII Information provider

Result of earlier recommendation was not 6. 67.50 VI Satisfactory

Adoption of prescribed technologies by 7. 75.83 II farmer is very low

8. Busy network of Kisan Call Center (KCC) 68.33 V

Lack of confidence in provided service / 9. 61.67 IX information

Lack of Availability of timely And accurate 10. 70.83 IV marketing and price information

11. Call drop problem 72.50 III 79.175 75.83% 80 70.83% 72.5% 68.33% 65.83% 67.5% 70 62.5% 61.67% 60 score 50 40% 37.5% 40

30

20

10

Mean Per centPer Mean 0

Miscellaneous constraints

Fig. 4.12 - Miscellaneous constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services The Table further shows that “Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem” was major and “Lack of contact details (number) of agricultural advisory system” was minor Miscellaneous constraint faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone for getting agricultural information.

Furthermore, the constraints faced by farmers were also analyzed separately. The relative importance of all the four constraints faced by farmers was highlighted by ranking them on the basis of mean per cent scores (MPS) of use and data has been presented in Table 4.16 and Fig.4.13.

Table 4.16 – Over all Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services N = 40

S. No. Constraints MPS (%) Rank

I Infrastructural constraints 53.61 IV

Ii Technical constraints 54.17 III

Iii Economic constraints 65.00 I

Iv Miscellaneous constraints 63.79 II

Average 59.15

The data in Table 4.16 and Fig. 4.13 revealed that among the four categories of constraints i.e. Infrastructural, technical, economic and miscellaneous constraints the Economic constraints had shown highest intensity with MPS 65.00 followed by miscellaneous, technical and Infrastructural constraints and were perceived with least intensity with MPS 63.79, 54.17 and 53.61, respectively. The overall average of MPS of all four constraints was 59.15.

65.00 % 70.00 63.79 % 53.61 % 54.17 % 60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

% of Respondents % 10.00

0.00 Infrastructure Technical Economic Miscellaneous constraints constraints constraints constraints Over all Constraints

Fig. 4.13 – Over all Constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services

Discussion

Constraints faced by the farmers in the use of mobile phone services are directly related to the impact and extent of use of mobile phone services for onion crop management. Hence, it was considered necessary to assess the constraints faced by the farmers while these constraints had influence on use and impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management with this view in mind the constraints in the use of mobile phone services were ascertained.

The results of study showed that the majority of farmers 60 per cent facing medium level of constraints because of less technical knowledge about the use of mobile phone services like inability to operate mobile phone, illiteracy that affect the use of internet, SMS etc.

The study also revealed that unsatisfactory solution of farmers’ problems by the mobile phone services based advisory, lack of detailed knowledge about the information provided by mobile phone services and call drop problem were the major constraints in the use of mobile phone services.

The results could be supported by the finding of Akpabio et al. (2007) they revealed that important specific constraints were poor ICT infrastructure development, high cost of broadcast equipment, high charges, high cost of access / interconnectivity and electricity power problems, Masuki et al. (2010) also reported that the language, illiteracy, poor signal, high cost and unavailability of electric power was the major constraints faced by the farmers and Falola and Adewumi (2011) they concluded that non-membership of agricultural society, inadequate extension services, fluctuating telecommunication services, inadequate access to mobile services and lack of electric power supply were the constraints to the use of mobile telephone services by the farmers.

4.5 Constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory

In the present study, the term constraint means the barriers or obstacles, which were perceived by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory. The Constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory were again categorized into infrastructural, technical, constraints from mobile phone service users and miscellaneous constraints. The results are presented as: 1. Infrastructural constraints

A critical examination of Table 4.17 and Fig. 4.14 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Poor connectivity” with MPS 77.78, “Non availability of institutional mobile phone” with MPS 72.22 and “Fluctuating telecommunication network services” with MPS 66.67 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “Unavailability of staff to operate services” with MPS 61.11 and “Erratic electric power supply” with MPS 55.56 were ranked IV and V, respectively.

Table 4.17 Infrastructural constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory N = 6

S.no. Infrastructural constraints MPS Rank

1. Non availability of institutional mobile phone 72.22 II

2. Poor connectivity 77.78 I

3. Fluctuating telecommunication network services 66.67 III

4. Erratic electric power supply 55.56 V

5. Unavailability of staff to operate services 61.11 IV

The data in same Table showed that “poor connectivity” was most severe and “erratic electric power supply” was least severe Infrastructural constraint faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory. 77.78% 72.22% 66.67% 80 61.11% 70 55.56% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mean perscore cent Mean

Infrastructural constraints

Fig. 4.14 Infrastructural constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory

2. Technical constraints

Different technical constraints perceived by the respondents in use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory are mentioned in table 4.18 and fig. 4.15.

A critical examination of table 4.18 and fig. 4.15 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “lack of availability of banking information with extension functionaries” with MPS 88.89, “lack of availability of marketing information with extension functionaries” with MPS 83.33 and “problem in retrieving computer loaded information to satisfy farmer’s queries” with MPS 77.78 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “lack of support from experts/higher authority” with MPS 72.22, “difficult to load data files on the mobile phone” with MPS 66.67, “lack of awareness about the various options available in the cell phones” with MPS 61.11, “inadequate skill in diagnosis of farmer’s problem through mobile phone” with MPS 55.56, “inadequate problem solving skill for unexpected situations” with MPS 50, “inadequate skill in interpreting farmer’s problem and solutions” with MPS 44.44, “subject matter specialist is not equipped with the knowledge to use all the application of mobile phone” with MPS 38.89 and “inadequate communication skill of subject matter specialist for providing best advices” with MPS 33.33 were ranked IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI, respectively

Table 4.18 – Technical constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara N = 6

S.No Technical constraints MPS Rank subject matter specialist is not equipped with the 1. knowledge to use all the application of mobile 38.89 X phone 2. Inadequate communication skill of subject matter 33.33 XI specialist for providing best advices 3. Inadequate skill in diagnosis of farmer’s problem 55.56 VII through mobile phone 4. Inadequate skill in interpreting farmer’s problem 44.44 IX and solutions 5. Inadequate problem solving skill for unexpected 50 VIII situations 6. Lack of availability of banking information with 88.89 I extension functionaries 7. Lack of availability of marketing information with 83.33 II extension functionaries 8. Lack of support from experts/higher authority 72.22 IV 9. Difficult to load data files on the mobile phone 66.67 V

10. Lack of awareness about the various options 61.11 VI available in the cell phones 11. Problem in retrieving computer loaded 77.78 III information to satisfy farmer’s queries The table further showed that “Lack of availability of banking information with extension functionaries” was major and “inadequate communication skill of subject matter specialist for providing best advices” was minor Technical constraint faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory. 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10

Mean percent scorepercent Mean 0.00

Technical constraints

Fig. 4.15 - Technical constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory 3. Constraints from the mobile phone service users

A critical examination of table 4.19 and fig. 4.16 indicated that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Non availability of feedback facility” with MPS 94.44, “Low level of education/understanding ability of farmer” with MPS 88.89 and “Non availability of contact details (phone number) of all farmers” with MPS 83.33 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “Less interest/awareness of farmers in mobile phone based agricultural advisory system” with MPS 77.78 and “Non availability of permanent/stable contact number of farmer” with MPS 72.22 were ranked IV and V, respectively.

Table 4.19 - Constraints faced by the extension functionaries from mobile phone service user farmers N=6

Constraints from mobile service user S.no MPS Rank farmers Less interest/awareness of farmers in mobile 1. 77.78 IV phone based agricultural advisory system

2. Low level of education/understanding ability of 88.89 II farmers 3. Non availability of contact details (phone 83.33 III number) of all farmers 4. Non availability of permanent/stable contact 72.22 V number of farmer 5. Poor feedback from mobile phone service 94.44 I users The data in same table showed that “Poor feedback from mobile phone service users” was most severe and “Non availability of permanent/stable contact number of farmer” was least severe constraint from the side of receivers faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory

.

94.44% 88.89% 88.89% 100 83.335 90 77.78% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MeanPercent Score

Constraints from mobile services user farmers

Fig. 4.16 - Constraints faced by the extension functionaries from mobile phone services user farmers

4. Miscellaneous constraints

A perusal of data mentioned in critical examination of table 4.20 and fig. 4.17 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “Call drop problem” with MPS 88.33, “High call tariff” with MPS 77.78 and “Inadequate budget provision for use of mobile phone by field functionaries” with MPS 72.22 were ranked I, II and III, respectively followed by “Lack of supportive Govt. policies” with MPS 61.11, “High cost of multimedia cell phone” with MPS 50.00 and “High cost of acquiring and maintaining mobile phone and its accessories” with MPS 38.89 were ranked IV, V and VI, respectively. Table 4.20 – Miscellaneous constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agriculture advisory N = 6

S.no Miscellaneous constraints MPS Rank

1. High cost of multimedia cell phone 50.00 V

2. High cost of acquiring and maintaining mobile 38.89 VI phone and its accessories

3. High call tariff 77.78 II

4. Inadequate budget provision for use of mobile 72.22 III phone by field functionaries

5. Lack of supportive Govt. policies 61.11 IV

6. Call drop problem 83.33 I

The table also revealed that “Call drop problem” was major and “High cost of acquiring and maintaining mobile phone and its accessories” was minor miscellaneous constraint faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory to farmers. 100 83.33% 77.78% 72.22% 80 61.11% 60 50% 38.89% 40

20

0 Mean per centscoreper Mean

Miscellaneous constraint

Fig. 4.17 - Miscellaneous constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory.

Overall constraints perceived by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory.

The data in table 4.21 and fig. 4.18 revealed that. The constraints from the side of receivers were showed highest intensity with MPS 83.33 followed by Infrastructural, miscellaneous and technical constraints were perceived with least intensity with MPS 66.67, 63.89 and 61.11, respectively. The overall MPS of average of all four constraints was 68.75. Table 4.21 – Overall constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agriculture advisory N = 6

S.no. Constraints related to MPS Rank

1. Infrastructural constraints 66.67 II 2. Technical constraints 61.11 IV 3. Constraints from mobile phone 83.33 I users 4. Miscellaneous constraints 63.89 III Average 68.75

83.33% 90 80 66.67% 61.11% 63.89% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Mean per centscoreper Mean Infrastructural Technical Constraints from Miscellaneous constraints constraints mobile phone constraints users Overall constraints

Fig. 4.18 - Overall constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory - The findings about constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory are supported by the study conducted by Chukwudumebi et al. (2013) in Nigeria that non- availability of institutional mobile phone, high call tariff and fluctuating services and lack of supportive government policies were major constraints to make use of mobile phone for information dissemination by public extension agents. Franklyn et al. (2012) in North-eastern Nigeria also reported that the major factors limiting the use of ICT by extension workers in agriculture were the lack of ICT knowledge by the experts, lack of access to ICT, high cost of ICT.

The findings are also supported by the study of Akpabio et al. (2007) in Nigeria's Niger who reported that important specific constraints were poor ICT infrastructural development, high cost of broadcast equipment, high cost of access/interconnectivity and electricity power problems.

Discussion

Constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in providing agricultural advisory were directly or indirectly related to impact of mobile phone services and extent of use of mobile phone services by farmers for onion crop management. Hence, it was considered necessary to assess the constraints faced by the extension functionaries in providing agricultural advisory while these constraints had influence on impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management and use of mobile phone services by the farmers for onion crop management with this view in mind the constraints faced by the extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in providing agricultural advisory were calculated.

Study showed that major constraints faced by extension functionaries working under office of AD (Ag) Extension, Jhotwara in providing agricultural advisory were infrastructural, technical and constraints from mobile phone service users. Out of which constraints from mobile phone service users were ranked first with MPS 83.33 because of problems like poor feedback of mobile phone services based agricultural advisory from the farmers, non-availability of contact details of farmers, less awareness and interest of farmers about mobile phone services based agriculture advisory. The infrastructural constraints faced by the extension functionaries were ranked second with MPS 66.67 in which they are facing major problems like poor connectivity and fluctuating telecommunication network, non-availability of institutional mobile phone and un-availability of staff to operate these services. The findings of study are supported by the findings of Chukwudumebi et al. (2013). Chapter – 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter is devoted to summary and conclusion of the present investigation along with implication of the major findings of the study. Besides findings, some recommendations for increasing the use of mobile phone services among the farmer have also been given in this chapter. 5.1 Knowledge level of mobile phone services user and non user farmers about onion crop management I. It was found that 51.66 per cent of mobile phone user respondents were having medium knowledge level and 23.33 per cent farmers were having high knowledge level, whereas, 25.00 per cent of farmers were having low knowledge level about onion crop management. II. Among all 75.00 per cent respondents were found under the category of medium and high knowledge group. It reflects that the respondents had fair knowledge about onion crop management. III. Furthermore, the knowledge of each of the eleven package of practices of onion crop management was also analyzed separately. It was observed that farmers had highest knowledge about “Plant protection measures” with 86.46 MPS and hence this practice was ranked first. The second highest knowledge about “High yield varieties” with 82.30 MPS followed by “Sowing and transplanting” (79.67 MPS) and “Weed management” (77.92 MPS) which were ranked third and fourth, respectively. The knowledge aspects like “Marketing activities”, “Harvesting and Storage”, “Field preparation” and “Seed treatment”, were moderately known by the farmers as they were having 70.83, 68.89, 67.62 and 62.08 MPS were ranked fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, respectively. Lowest knowledge was found in “Nutrient management” (55.17 MPS), “Miscellaneous activities” (36.67 MPS) and “irrigation management” (20.56 MPS) hence last ninth, tenth and eleventh rank were assigned to them, respectively.

5.2 Extent of use of mobile phone services by farmers in onion crop management. I. It was found that more than three fourth (77.50 %) respondents had high extent of use followed by medium (32.50%) and none of respondents had low extent of use of mobile phone services. II. The extent of use of of mobile phone services was also measured. It was observed that majority of respondents made use of mobile phone for gaining information about Onion crop production practices with MPS 52.78 and was ranked first. use of mobile phone to contact was at second rank (41.25MPS) followed by use of mobile phone for gaining information about marketing (34.50 MPS), Mode of use of mobile phone (22.00 MPS), Use of mobile phone for gaining informations about KVK activities (21.25 MPS) and accorded ranks III, IV and V, respectively.

5.3 Impact of mobile phone services on onion crop Management. I. It was found that 30.00 per cent user and 10.00 per cent non- user respondents possessed high level of knowledge, 47.50 per cent user and 60.00 per cent non-user respondents possessed medium level of knowledge and 22.50 per cent user and 30.00 per cent non-user respondents possessed low level of knowledge as impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management. II. The impact of mobile phone services on each of eleven onion crop management practices was also measured. It was observed that majority of mobile phone users possess maximum knowledge about plant protection measures with mean per cent score of 85.56 that ranked first whereas knowledge of non-users about plant protection measures is ranked first with MPS 86.25 as an impact of mobile phone services. Likewise mobile phone users possess high MPS for all eleven crop management practices than non-users as an impact of mobile phone services on knowledge. III. It was also found that there was significant difference in crop management practices such as selections HYV, seed treatment, nutrient management and plant protection measures of mobile phone users and non-users, average mobile phone users had high knowledge about all crop management practices than non-users as an impact of mobile phone services. IV. High average yield, less average loss caused by insect pests and diseases and low cost of acquisition of information of mobile phone users than non-users show the positive impact of mobile phone services.

5.4 Constraints faced by farmer in the use of mobile phone services.

I. It was found that more than half (60 %) of the respondents had medium level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services followed by low level of constraints (20%). And 20% respondents faced high level of constraints in the use of mobile phone services. II. The study indicated that economic constraints had shown highest intensity with MPS 65.00 followed by miscellaneous, technical and Infrastructural constraints and were perceived with least intensity with MPS 63.79, 54.17 and 53.61, respectively. III. Further in infrastructural constraints “Fluctuating telecommunication network” with MPS 78.33 and “Non availability of KCC services on Sundays and holidays” with MPS 33.33 were most and least important constraints respectively. In technical constraints “Inability to use GPRS and 3G services” with MPS 80.00 and “Inability to understand language of service provider” with MPS 33.33 were most and least important constraints respectively. In economic constraints “Inability to purchase recharge cards” with MPS 77.50 and “High cost of telecommunication network services” with MPS 55.83 were most and least important constraints respectively. In miscellaneous constraints “Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem” with MPS 79.17 and “Lack of contact details (number) of agricultural advisory system” with MPS 37.50 were most and least important constraints, respectively.

5.5 Constraints faced by the extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone for providing agricultural advisory. I. It was found that the constraints from mobile services users were showed highest intensity with MPS 83.33 Followed by Infrastructural constraints, miscellaneous constraints and technical constraints were perceived with least intensity with MPS 66.67, 63.89 and 61.11, respectively. II. Further in infrastructural constraints “Poor connectivity” with MPS 77.78 and “Erratic electric power supply” with MPS 55.56 were most and least important constraints respectively. In technical constraints “Lack of availability of banking information with extension functionaries” with MPS 88.89 and “Inadequate communication skill of subject matter specialist for providing best advices” with MPS 33.33 were most and least important constraints respectively. similarity In miscellaneous constraints “Call drop problem” with MPS 83.33 and “High cost of acquiring and maintaining mobile phone and its accessories” with MPS 38.89 were most and least important constraints respectively. In constraints from mobile services users “Poor feedback from mobile services users” with MPS 94.44 and “Non availability of permanent/stable contact number of farmer” with MPS 72.22 were most and least important constraints respectively.

Conclusion The salient findings reported in the dissertation leads to the following conclusions: The higher knowledge index depicts that the mobile phone services user farmers possers batter knowledge of onion crop management them he non-user. The extent of use of mobile phone services is mostly of medium level, the constraints faced by farmers in accessing mobile phone services and extension functionaries in providing the services have been discussed in detail. This report will serve as a bridge between farmers and extension functionaries of the study area and eradication of the constraints will surely enhance the extent of use of mobile phone services. Recommendations On the basis of findings of the study and personal experience during the course of investigation the following recommendations are set forth. I. Majority of mobile phone services user farmers had medium extent of use of mobile phone services due to inability to use mobile phone services and difficulty in the use of given recommendations. The mobile literacy drive may be promoted and the information should be provided in convenient form to understand and use. II. Extent of use of mobile phone service was impeded by providing non-useful and non-satisfactory information, so provided information should be useful, complete and appropriate that can solve the problem of farmers. III. Majority of farmers had medium level of knowledge that can be upgraded by providing latest technical information to the farmers. Service providers should develop the confidence and faith into the farming communities towards use of mobile phone services in agriculture and motivate them to use mobile phone services through result demonstration, exhibition, group meetings and different awareness programmes. IV. Majority of farmers facing problem of “Lack of timely availability of agricultural information” so information should be provided in time that will be help full for farmers.

Suggestions for future research

I. Such type of study may be include psychological aptitude and behaviour of farmers towards mobile phone services. II. This study focused only on mobile phone services, It would be worthwhile to include internet, farmers portal and other modern mass media. III. A comprehensive study may be conducted to explore impact of Kisan Call Center on a large area. IV. Such type of study may be extended to other crops, animal husbandry, sericulture, apiculture, etc. V. There should be provision of good feedback facility. LITERATURE CITED

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management,‐ 13(2)7-10. Shankaraiah, N., Swamy, B.K.N., Shashekala, S.G. and Kumar, P.R. 2012. Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies through Mobile Message Service in Karnataka. Journal of agricultural extension management, 13(2): 11-14. Shenoy, N.S. and Banerjee, P. 2004. Knowledge networking in information and communication technologies (ICTs) for women in Agriculture and Rural Development. MANAGE Extension Review, 2: 85-102. Singh, A.K., Singh, L. and Riyajuddeen. 2008. Role of Helpline Services in Technology Dissemination. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 8(1): 9-11. Siraj, M. 2011. A model for ICT based services for agriculture extension in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.cabi.org. Tenywa, M., Zizinga, K.B., Muyingo, A., Kasule, R., James, N. and Kaliisa, R. 2009. Exploring the Usage of Mobile Technologies and Introducing Innovations for Improved Incomes and Livelihoods. A Case of L3F Initiative inSouth Western Uganda. Open Distance Learning Network (ODLN)-MakerereUniversity Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo (MUARIK). Verma, S.R., Bairwa, R.K., Sharma, F.L. and Indoriya, D. 2013. Impact of CellPhone Enabled Information Services in the Knowledge Up gradation of Farmer about Improved Crop Production Techniques.Indian Journal ofExtension Education and Research Development, 21:159-164. Verma, S.R., Sharma, F.L., Singh, N., Chayal, K. and Meena, N.R. 2014. Constraints and Obstacles perceived by Extension personnel in application of Information and Communication Technology in Agriculture. Agriculture update, 9(3): 279-287. Yadav, C., Punjabi, N.K. Sharma, F.L. and Samota, S.D. 2011. Awareness of farmers about modern communication media in Udaipur district of Rajasthan.Rajasthan Journal of Extension Education, 19:90-93. Yadav, K. and Sharma, G. 2013. The Power of Information: Impact of KnowledgeSharing Agri Portals in Rural India. Journal of agricultural extension management, 14(1): 145-151. Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Ajay pal* Dr. O.P. Garhwal** (Research Scholar) (Major Advisor) ABSTRACT Presently, Mobile based services for farmers are being delivered through agricultural extension functionaries for providing information regarding weather; timely agriculture operations and modern agriculture techniques have replaced the old agriculture extension methods.These services promise new opportunities for reaching farmers with agriculture information The present study was conducted in ten randomly selected villages of five gram panchayts of jhotwara block to find out the impact of mobile phone services on onion crop management so as to see if the services are being potentially utilized or not. The study was conducted in parts so as to reveal the knowledge level of farmers regarding onion crop management, extent of use of mobile phone services, impact assessment and constraints faced by farmers as well as extension functionaries. Results showed that the knowledge of mobile phone services user farmers was significantly different from the knowledge of non user with respect to some criteria of crop management practices such as use of High yielding varieties, Seed treatment, Nutrient management and Plant protection measures however no significant difference was noticed in rest of the crop management practices. The mean knowledge of mobile phone services user was slightly greater than that of non user with knowledge index 61.22 depicting that the services are being utilized up to 40.00% only. The constraints for both farmers and extension functionaries were study in detail and the major constraints faced by famers were found to be Fluctuating telecommunication network, Inability to use GPRS and 3G services, Inability to purchase recharge cards, Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem and major constraints faced by extension functionaries were Poor connectivity, Lack of availability of banking information with extension functionaries, poor feedback from mobile phone services user and Call drop problem. The concept of providing agriculture based information through mobile phone services may undoubtedly be a boom for agriculture sector.

*A post graduate student, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner ** Project report submitted to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University,Jobner in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in faculty of Agriculture in the subject of Information and Communication Technology under the supervision of Dr. O.P. Garhwal Assistant Professor (Horticulture) S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ ds >ksVokM+k mi[k.M ds dqN xkaoksa esa I;kt Qly izca/ku ij Hkzef.kJkfo= ¼eksckby Qksu lsokvksa½ dk izHkko

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*Lukrdksrj Nk=] lkaf[;dh] xf.kr vkSj dEI;qVj foKku foHkkx Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k egkfo|ky;] tkscusjA ** MkW- vks-ih- x<+oky] lgk;d vkpk;Z ¼m/kku foKku½] Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k egkfo|ky;] Jh d.kZ ujsUnz d`f"k fo’ofo|ky; tkscusj ds funsZ’ku esa LukrdksÙkj lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ¼d`f"k½ dh mikf/k dh vkaf’kd iwfrZ gsrq izLrqr fd;k x;k ifj;kstuk fooj.kA Appendix Covering letter sent to the experts Horti/S.K.N./2016. Dated: __/05/2016

From: Dr. O.P. Garhwal Asst. Professor Dept. of Horticulture S.K.N. College of Agriculture Jobner (Jaipur) Rajasthan

To, ------Dear Sir/Madam

One of my M.Sc. (Ag.) ICT students Mr.Ajay Pal has under taken a research study entitled, "Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan)." forcompletion of M.Sc. (Ag.) ICT degree in Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science. We are trying to develop a comprehensive schedule for measuring following objectives of the said study. (i) To assess the knowledge level of mobile user farmers. (ii) To ascertain the extent of the use of mobile phone services by farmers. (iii).To study the impact of mobile phone services on Onion crop management and (iv) To find out the constraints faced by the farmers and extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone services

The statements in the schedule have been developed on the basis of relevant literature, review, personal experience and discussions held with subject matter specialist. In this context, we want to take advantage of your vast experience and knowledge. Kindly spare some time and go through the schedule very critically and feel free to comment upon / add / delete and or modify the statements, if necessary, so that the final schedule can be developed prior to undertake the study.

Thanking you for kind co-operation. Yours faithfully, Dr. O.P. Garhwal Interview Schedule

Title of Project Report – Impact of Mobile Phone Services on Management of Onion Crop in Some Villages of Jhotwara Block of Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Part-1 General Information S.N. - …… Date of Interview- ………......

Name of Respondent -………………………………………..……………...

Father’s name -………………………………………………………..………

Mobile ownership -………………………………..... [Have/does not have]

Mobile No. - …………………………………………………………………….

Age - …………………………………………………………………………...

Village - ………………………………………………………………………..

Tehsil - …………………………………………………………………………

Education of Respondent -…….… [Illiterate/Primary/Secondary/Higher]

Size of Land holding - ………………………………………..………………

Khasra number if you know……………………………………………… Part-2 To assess the knowledge level of Mobile user farmers about Onion crop management

Level of S. knowledge Question No Max. Obtaid score Score 1 Field preparation (7) i Do you know about field preparation method for 1 Onion crop? Yes/No ii Do you know about management of nursery of Onion crop? 2

-Please mention a) What is the required area of nursery raising for one ha. crop ……..……………………………. b) What is the seed rate for one ha.………… iii 1 Do you know about soil testing? Yes/No iv Do you know about soil treatment? 1 Please mention…………………………………… v Do you know about water testing? Yes/No 1 Vi Do you know about collection of soil and water 1 samples for testing? Yes/No (5) 2 High yielding varieties I Do you know about improved/hybrid variety of Onion crop? 4 -Please mention Improved varieties – a)………………………………………..………….. b)……………………………………………….…… Hybrid varieties – a)…………………….……………………….……. b)……………………………………………………… 1 ii Do you know about source of improved/hybrid variety seed? Yes/No (4) 3 Seed treatment i 1 Do you know about seed germination test? ii 1 Do you think that treatment of seed is necessary for Onion crop? Yes/No iii Do you know about treatment of seed (chemical doses)? 2 -Please mention

S.N. Name of chemicals used Dose/Kg seed

A B (5) 4 Sowing and Transplanting

i Do you know about appropriate time of sowing/ 2 transplanting? (age of seedling) -Please mention a) Sowing/ transplanting time ………………………. b) Age of seedling at the time of transplanting ………………………………………………………..... ii Do you know about method of sowing/

transplanting? 2 -Please mention a) Spacing……………………………………………... b) Depth of sowing……………………………………. iii 1 Do you know about inter-cropping Yes/No (10) 5 Nutrient management

i Do you know about nutrient deficiency symptoms 1 in Onion crop?

-Please mention………………………….…………… ii Do you know about recommended fertilizers for 2 Onion crop? -Please mention name of fertilizers used a) ………………………………….………………….... b) ………………………………………...…….………. iii Do you know about recommended dose of 3 fertilizers (RDF) for Onion crop? -Please mention doses of a) N-……………………….…..………kg/ha b) P-…………………….……..………kg/ha c) K-……………………………………kg/ha iv Do you know about method of fertilizer 1 application? -Please mention the name of method used………. v Do you know about requirement of micro nutrients 1 for Onion crop? -Please mention…………………………………… vi Do you know about use of organic manures? 1 Yes/No vii Do you know about sources of availability of 1 fertilizers? Yes/No (6) 6 Irrigation management i Do you know about management of irrigation in 1 Onion crop? -Please mention numbers of irrigation required for Onion crop ………………………………………………. ii Do you know about schedule of irrigation for Onion 5 crop? -Please mention Number of irrigations Time of irrigation Stage of crop available

1

2

3

4

5 (4) 7 Weed management i Do you know about management of weed in Onion 2 crop (nursery and field)? -Please mention Name of weeds a)……………………….………………………………. b)………………………………………….…..….…….. ii Do you know about Method of weeding 1 (manual/mechanical)? -Please mention Name of Method used…………… iii Do you know about weedicide? 1 -Please mention Name of weedicides used……… (8) 8 Plant protection measures i Do you know about all pest of Onion crop in your 2 area? -Please mention major pests a) ……………..……………………………….……….. b) ……………….………………….………...………… ii Do you know about pest management in Onion 2 crop? -Please mention name and doses of pesticide Used a). …………………………………….……..kg/ha b) …………………………….……………..kg/ha iii Do you know about all diseases of Onion crop in 2 your area? -Please mention major diseases a) ………………………………………………….…… b)……………………………………………………. iv Do you know about management of disease in 2 Onion crop? -Please mention name and doses of chemical Used a) …………………………………….……..kg/ha b) …………………………………………..kg/ha

(6) 9 Harvesting and Storage i Do you know about proper time of harvest of Onion 2 crop? -Please mention characteristics a)……………………………………………..……… b)………………………………………………….… ii Do you know about methods and precautions of 1 Onion crop during harvesting? Yes/No If yes please mention………………………………… iii Do you know about post-harvest activities of Onion 1 crop produce? Yes/No iv Do you know about method of storage for Onion 1 crop produce? -Please mention the name of storage method...... v Do you know about storage facilities provided by 1 Govt. or Private sector? Yes/No If yes please mention…………………………………

Marketing activities (4) 10 i Do you know about marketing of Onion crop 1 produce? -Please mention your marketing channel……….…. ii Do you know about current prices of Onion crop 3 produce? -Please mention a) M.S.P. …………………..………………………. b) Current Market price ………….……………….. c) Selling price ………………………………………

11 Miscellaneous (12) i Do you know about contract farming of Onion crop? 1 -Please mention the name of firms that are involved in contact farming………….………….… ii Do you know about facilities provided by banking 1 sector and Govt. for Onion crop (crop insurance)? Yes/No iii Do you know about different programmes and 2 subsidies provided by Govt. for Onion crop? -Please mention name of programmes and Subsidies a) …………………...………………………………….. b) ………………...………………………….….……… Iv Do you get any meteorological information? 1 (Rain/Wind/Sunshine) Yes/No V Do you get information about epidemics/ foreign 2 pest attack? vi How much loss you have due to insect and pest 1 attack in Onion crop? ………..……………………q/ha vii How much loss you have due to diseases in Onion 1 crop?...... ……………………q/ha viii How much yield was obtained from Onion crop? 1 …………………………….……………………q/ha Ix Cost of acquisition of information in terms of- a) Money-……………………………………………. 2 b) Time-……………………………………..….……. Part-3 To ascertain the extent of use of mobile phone services by farmers

S.N. Question Max. Yes/No score 1 Use of mobile phone for gaining (9) information about Onion crop production practices. I Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about field preparation? ii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about selection of variety? iii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about seed treatment? iv Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about sowing and transplanting? v Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about weed management? vi Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about management of nutrient? vii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about management of irrigation? viii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about management of pest and disease? ix Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about harvesting and storage? Use of mobile phone for gaining (5) 2 information about marketing i Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about sources of inputs? ii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about price of inputs? iii Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about location market for Onion crop produce? Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 iv information about current price of Onion cropproduce? v Do you use mobile phone for gaining 1 information about MSP (Min. Support Price)? 3 Use of mobile phone for gaining information about KVK activities- (4) i) Kisanmela ii) Kisangoshti iii) Demonstration iv) Farmers Training

4 Use of mobile phone to contact (13) i Do you use mobile phone to contact with 1 scientist of ARS for gaining information? ii Do you use mobile phone to contact with SMS 1 of KVK for gaining information? iii Do you use mobile phone to contact with ATIC 1 for gaining information? iv Do you use mobile phone to contact with 1 ATMA for gaining information? v Do you use mobile phone to contact with any 1 NGO for gaining information?

Do you use 1 vi mobile phone to contact with farmer portal for gaining information? vii Do you use mobile phone to contact with Kisan 1 Call Centre for gaining information? viii Do you use mobile phone to contact with 3 relatives, friends and neighbors for gaining information? ix Do you use mobile phone to contact with local 3 leaders, progressive farmers and ag. supervisor for gaining information? 5 Mode of use of mobile phone (10) i Do you use mobile phone text SMS for gaining 1 information? ii Do you use mobile phone voice message for 1 gaining information? iii Do you use voice call for gaining information? 1 iv Do you use video call for gaining information? 2 v Do you use video message for gaining 1 information? vi Do you use face book for gaining information? 1 vii Do you use Whats app for gaining information? 1 viii Do you use e-mail for gaining information? 1 ix Do you use internet on mobile phone for 1 gaining information? Part-4

To find out the constraints faced by farmers in the use of mobile phone services Extent S. Particulars M.S. S. L.S. No. (3) (2) (1) 1 Infrastructure constraints i Fluctuating telecommunication network ii Lack of electric supply (for charging mobile phone battery) iii Lack of maintenance (recharging facility in village ) iv Lack of access to internet v Non availability of recommended inputs in the Market vi Non availability of KCC services on Sundays and Holidays 2 Technical constraints i Inability to operate mobile phone ii Inability to read text SMS and e-mail (Illiteracy) iii Inability to understand language of service Provider iv Inability to use GPRS and 3G services v Complexity in using internet and video massages

vi Non availability of details of information given in text SMS format

vii Difficulty in making use of given theoretical Information viii Lack of practical knowledge about given new Recommendation ix Lack of timely availability of agricultural information (after the time of application)

3 Economic constraints i High cost of multimedia mobile phones (for video and internet) ii High cost of telecommunication network services iii Inability to purchase recharge cards 4 Miscellaneous constraints i Lack of knowledge about availability of agricultural advisory services on mobile phone ii Lack of contact details (number) of agricultural advisory system iii Inadequate response from the service provider iv Lack of satisfactory solution of individual problem v Absence of personal contact (trust) with information provider vi Result of earlier recommendation was not Satisfactory vii Adoption of prescribed technologies by farmer is very low viii Lack of confidence in provided service / Information ix Busy network of Kisan Call Center (KCC) x Lack of availability of timely and accurate marketing and price information xi Call drop problem Part-5 To find out constraints faced by extension functionaries in the use of mobile phone services. Extent S. Particulars M.S. S. L.S. No. (3) (2) (1)

1 Infrastructure constraints

i Non availability of institutional mobile phone ii Poor connectivity iii Fluctuating telecommunication network Services iv Erratic electric power supply v Unavailability of staff to operate services

2 Technical constraints i subject matter specialist is not equipped with the knowledge to use all the application of mobile phon ii Inadequate communication skill of subject matter specialist for providing best advices iii Inadequate skill in diagnosis of farmer’s problem through mobile phone iv Inadequate skill in interpreting farmer’s problem and solutions v Inadequate problem solving skill for unexpected situations vi Lack of availability of banking information with extension functionaries vii Lack of availability of marketing information with extension functionaries viii Lack of support from experts/higher authority ix Difficult to load data files on the mobile Phone x Lack of awareness about the various options available in the cell phones xi Problem in retrieving computer loaded information to satisfy farmer’s queries

3 Miscellaneous constraints i High cost of multimedia cell phone

ii High cost of acquiring and maintaining mobile phone and its accessories iii High call tariff iv Inadequate budget provision for use of mobile phone by field functionaries

v Lack of supportive Govt. policies

vi Call drop problem

4 Constraints from the side of receivers

i Less interest/awareness of farmers in mobile phone based agricultural advisory system ii Low level of education/understanding ability of Farmer iii Non availability of contact details (phone number) of all farmers iv Non availability of permanent/stable contact number of farmer v Non availability of feedback facility M.S. = Most Severe, S = Severe L.S. = Least Severe