AvianѝEcol.ѝBehav.ѝ7,ѝ2001:ѝ99-108ѝ

OnѝmigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ TringaѝstagnatilisѝinѝBulgariaѝ

DimitarѝNankinovѝ

Abstract:ѝNankinov,ѝD.ѝ(2001):ѝOnѝmigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝTringaѝstagnatilisѝinѝ Bulgaria.ѝAvianѝEcol.ѝBehav.ѝ7:ѝ99-108.ѝ ѝ WhenѝconcerningѝitsѝmigrationѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝisѝaѝpoorlyѝstudiedѝwaderѝspecies.ѝTheѝ performedѝinvestigationsѝshowedѝthatѝtheѝmostѝintensiveѝmigratoryѝrouteѝofѝthisѝspeciesѝinѝ EuropeѝpassesѝoverѝBulgaria.ѝItѝstopsѝinѝwetlandsѝinѝtheѝplainѝareasѝofѝtheѝcountry.ѝAsѝmanyѝ asѝ93.5%ѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝrecordedѝinѝ Bulgariaѝconcentrateѝinѝtheѝshallowѝandѝhyper- salineѝAtanasovskoѝLake,ѝbirdѝnumbersѝsometimesѝreachingѝ500ѝindividuals.ѝTheѝspringѝandѝ autumnѝmigrationsѝareѝalmostѝequallyѝexpressedѝinѝEastѝBulgaria,ѝwhileѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ isѝmainlyѝaѝspringѝmigrantѝinѝWestѝBulgaria.ѝSpringѝpassageѝisѝquick,ѝinѝshortѝterms,ѝmainlyѝ inѝApril.ѝAutumn ѝmigrationѝisѝratherѝprolongedѝ(fromѝJulyѝtoѝNovember),ѝmostѝnumerousѝinѝ July,ѝAugustѝandѝSeptember.ѝMarshѝSandpipersѝspendѝsummerѝinѝBulgarianѝbasinsѝ(flocksѝofѝ upѝ toѝ 130-250ѝ non-breedingѝ individuals);ѝ singleѝ birdsѝ orѝ smallѝ groupsѝ areѝ wintering.ѝ Theѝ AtanasovskoѝLakeѝtogetherѝwithѝwetlandsѝlikeѝSivash,ѝtheѝDanubeѝdelta,ѝtheѝEvrosѝdeltaѝandѝ theѝKalogriaѝLagoonѝinѝGreeceѝareѝespeciallyѝimportantѝforѝtheѝfeeding,ѝresting,ѝmoultingѝandѝ conservationѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝmigratingѝacrossѝEurope.ѝ ѝ Keyѝ words:ѝ Marshѝ ,ѝ Bulgaria,ѝ territorialѝ distribution,ѝ migration,ѝ time,ѝ number,ѝ summerѝandѝwinterѝrecordsѝ ѝ Address:ѝInstituteѝofѝѝZoology,ѝBulgarianѝAcademyѝofѝScience,ѝBoul.ѝTzarѝOsvoboditelѝ1,ѝ Sofiaѝ1000,ѝBulgaria.ѝE-mail:ѝ[email protected]ѝ ѝ Receivedѝ8ѝJuneѝ2001ѝ/ѝAcceptedѝ10ѝNovemberѝ2001.ѝ

1.ѝIntroductionѝ Theѝ Marshѝ Sandpiperѝ Tringaѝ stagnatilisѝ isѝ aѝ Palearcticѝ species,ѝ breedingѝ inѝ inlandѝ(mainlyѝsteppe)ѝareasѝinѝEurasia,ѝfromѝCentralѝEuropeѝtoѝtheѝFarѝEastѝ(Ste- panyanѝ1975).ѝThisѝbirdѝisѝrare,ѝirregularlyѝvisitingѝWesternѝEuropeѝ(Snowѝ&ѝPer- rinsѝ1998).ѝIrregularѝorѝisolatedѝnestingѝareasѝappearѝtoѝtheѝnorth,ѝnorth-west,ѝwestѝ andѝ south-westѝ fromѝ theѝ mainѝ breedingѝ grounds.ѝ Thereѝ areѝ suchѝ nestingѝ placesѝ closeѝtoѝBulgariaѝonѝtheѝterritoryѝofѝEastѝKumania,ѝMoldaviaѝandѝWestѝUkraineѝ (Morozovѝ 1997).ѝ Whenѝ concerningѝ itsѝ migrationѝ theѝ Marshѝ Sandpiperѝ aѝ poorlyѝ studiedѝwaderѝspecies.ѝTheѝexistingѝinformationѝaboutѝtheѝspeciesѝinѝBulgariaѝisѝlim- itedѝtoѝsingleѝ observationsѝandѝspecialѝstudiesѝdedicatedѝtoѝitsѝmigrationѝareѝlacking.ѝ Theѝpurposeѝofѝthisѝarticleѝisѝtoѝshowѝtheѝpictureѝofѝspringѝandѝautumnѝmigration,ѝ itsѝtimingѝandѝnumbers,ѝtheѝsummerѝandѝwinterѝrecordsѝandѝtheѝplacesѝforѝconcen- trationѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝpassingѝthroughѝtheѝcountry.ѝ 100 D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ Avian Ecologyѝ andѝBehaviour

2.ѝMaterialѝandѝmethodsѝ Weѝ collectedѝ theѝ materialѝ forѝ thisѝ articleѝ duringѝ theѝ lastѝ 3ѝdecadesѝduringѝ ornithologicalѝinvestigationsѝinѝdifferentѝregionsѝofѝBulgaria.ѝWeѝperformedѝmoreѝ intenseѝstudiesѝafterѝ1978ѝwhenѝweѝestablishedѝfieldѝstationѝonѝAtanasovskoѝLake,ѝ whereѝthisѝspeciesѝisѝregularѝandѝoccursѝinѝhighѝnumbers.ѝApartѝfromѝvisualѝob- servationsѝandѝcounts,ѝweѝtrappedѝandѝringedѝbirds.ѝOverѝ150ѝMarshѝSandpipersѝ wereѝringedѝinѝ1981-1991.ѝWeѝalsoѝfoundѝpublishedѝobservationsѝofѝtheѝspeciesѝ scatteredѝ inѝ differentѝ literaryѝ sourcesѝ (Reiserѝ 1894,ѝ Petrovѝ &ѝ Zlatanovѝ 1955,ѝ Prostovѝ1964,ѝGrosslerѝ1967,ѝ1980,ѝGeorgievѝ1976,ѝDonchevѝ1977,ѝKönigstedtѝ&ѝ Robelѝ 1977,ѝ Robertsѝ 1980,ѝ Nankinovѝ 1982,ѝ 1989,ѝ Nankinovѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1984,ѝ 1996,ѝ 1997,ѝ1998,ѝNonevѝ1982,ѝBorisovѝ1986,ѝ1988,ѝBruttfeldѝ&ѝGierringѝ1988,ѝUhligѝ 1991,ѝ Michevѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1999,ѝ etc.),ѝ andѝ alsoѝ ourѝ colleaguesѝ gaveѝ accessѝ toѝ unpub- lishedѝdata.ѝSoѝwhenѝwritingѝtheѝarticleѝweѝhaveѝinformationѝaboutѝ9523ѝMarshѝ SandpipersѝrecordedѝuntilѝnowѝinѝBulgaria.ѝ

3.ѝResultsѝ

3.ѝ1.ѝTerritorialѝdistributionѝofѝmigratingѝMarshѝSandpipersѝ TheѝspeciesѝvisitsѝtheѝbasinsѝinѝtheѝplainѝareasѝinѝBulgariaѝduringѝitsѝseasonalѝ migrationsѝ(Fig.ѝ1).ѝThisѝbirdѝhasѝnotѝbeenѝrecordedѝinѝtheѝmountainsѝuntilѝnow.ѝTheѝ AtanasovskoѝLakeѝsituatedѝinѝEastѝBulgariaѝtoѝtheѝnorthѝofѝtownѝBurgasѝisѝtheѝmostѝ importantѝsiteѝforѝMarshѝSandpipers.ѝTheѝlakeѝhasѝanѝareaѝofѝ16.9ѝkm2,ѝisѝhypersalineѝ andѝshallowѝ(meanѝdepthѝofѝ25ѝcm).ѝItѝisѝdividedѝinѝseparateѝbasinsѝforѝsaltѝproduc- tionѝbyѝdikes.ѝTheѝlakeѝisѝespeciallyѝrichѝwithѝitsѝinvertebrateѝfaunaѝandѝespeciallyѝ withѝArtemiaѝsalinaѝ–ѝtheѝpreferredѝfoodѝofѝmostѝwaderѝspecies.ѝAsѝmanyѝasѝ93.5%ѝofѝ MarshѝSandpipersѝin ѝBulgariaѝwereѝrecordedѝonѝAtanasovskoѝLake.ѝThisѝisѝtheѝonlyѝ placeѝinѝtheѝcountryѝwhereѝconcentrationsѝofѝMarshѝSandpiperѝexceedingѝ100ѝbirdsѝ wereѝrecorded:ѝ14.VII.1996ѝ–ѝ100ѝbirds,ѝ12.VII.1967ѝ–ѝ400-500;ѝ27.IV.1970ѝ–ѝ130- 150ѝbirdsѝ(Georgievѝ1976),ѝ7-8.IV.1977ѝ–ѝ152ѝbirds,ѝ21-22.IV.1977ѝ–ѝ100ѝ(Robertsѝ 1980),ѝ 9.VI.1984ѝ –ѝ 250ѝ ѝ (Bruttfeldѝ &ѝ Gieringѝ 1988),ѝ 8.IV.1990ѝ –ѝ 300ѝ birds,ѝ 15.IV.1990ѝ–ѝ250ѝbirdsѝ(Nankinovѝetѝal.ѝ1996),ѝ16.VIII.1996ѝ–ѝ276ѝbirdsѝ(Michevѝetѝ al.ѝ 1999),ѝ 30.III.1975ѝ –ѝ 100ѝ birds,ѝ 18ѝ andѝ 19.VIII.1987ѝ –ѝ 250ѝ birds,ѝ 29.VIѝ andѝ 1.VII.1991ѝ–ѝ100ѝbirds,ѝ10.VIII.1992ѝ–ѝ150ѝbirds,ѝ20.VIII.1992ѝ–ѝ100ѝbirds,ѝfromѝ1ѝtoѝ 4.IX.1993ѝ–ѝ20,ѝ100ѝandѝ166ѝbirds,ѝrespectively.ѝTheѝreservoirsѝofѝsecondaryѝimpor- tanceѝ forѝ theѝ Marshѝ Sandpiper,ѝ whereѝ concentrationsѝ ofѝ dozensѝ ofѝ birdsѝ wereѝ re- cordedѝareѝsituatedѝalongѝtheѝBlackѝSeaѝcoast,ѝinѝSofiaѝlowland,ѝinѝtheѝUpperѝTracianѝ LowlandsѝandѝalongѝtheѝvalleyѝofѝriverѝStruma.ѝThereѝareѝ12ѝsuchѝreservoirs.ѝTheѝ PomorieѝandѝShablaѝLakesѝareѝmostѝimportantѝamongѝtheѝcoastalѝreservoirsѝandѝtheѝ basinsѝbyѝtheѝvillagesѝMusachevoѝandѝRavnoѝPoleѝ–ѝinѝSofiaѝlowlandѝ(Nankinovѝetѝ al.ѝ1998).ѝThereѝareѝmoreѝ31ѝѝreservoirsѝѝwhereѝ1ѝѝtoѝѝ10ѝMarshѝѝSandpipersѝѝstopѝѝ duringѝѝmigrations.ѝBeyondѝѝ anyѝdoubtѝѝtheѝѝѝnumberѝofѝѝtheѝreservoirsѝѝwhereѝѝtheѝ speciesѝѝconcentratesѝѝѝisѝѝbiggerѝѝasѝѝtheѝѝ ѝ Figureѝ 1.ѝ Territorialѝ distributionѝ ofѝ theѝ Marshѝ Sandpiperѝ (Tringaѝ stagnatilis)ѝ inѝ Bulgaria:ѝ largeѝ circleѝ –ѝ moreѝ thanѝ 100ѝ birds,ѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝ mediumѝcircleѝ–ѝupѝtoѝ100ѝbirds,ѝsmallѝcircleѝѝ–ѝupѝtoѝ10ѝbirds.ѝ 102 D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ Avian Ecologyѝ andѝBehaviour

Marshѝ Sandpiperѝ isѝ aѝ unpretentiousѝ ,ѝ whichѝ restsѝ andѝ feedsѝ onѝ saltyѝ andѝ freshwaterѝ lakes,ѝ fish-pools,ѝ marshes,ѝ swamps,ѝ riverѝ floods,ѝ riverѝ deltas,ѝ dam- lakes,ѝwetѝmeadows,ѝsedimentaryѝbasinsѝandѝevenѝonѝtemporaryѝrainѝpuddlesѝbyѝ theѝ roads.ѝ Althoughѝ theѝ greaterѝ partѝ ofѝ theѝ birdsѝ concentratesѝ onѝ theѝ hyper- salineѝAtanasovskoѝLake,ѝtheyѝsavoidѝit ѝover-saltѝpartsѝandѝpreferѝfeedingѝinѝtheѝ vicinityѝofѝtheѝlake,ѝinѝtheѝbasinsѝwithѝlowerѝsaltѝcontentѝandѝwithѝlooseѝwaterѝ vegetationѝ andѝ reeds.ѝ Whenѝ observingѝ waderѝ concentrationsѝ inѝ Atanasovskoѝ LakeѝweѝrecordedѝthatѝMarshѝSandpipersѝeagerlyѝjoinsѝmixedѝflocksѝandѝprefersѝ toѝfeedѝtogetherѝwithѝRedshanksѝTringaѝtotanusѝandѝwithѝGreenshanksѝT.ѝnebu- laria,ѝ Woodѝ Sandpipersѝ T.ѝ glareola,ѝ Black-tailedѝ Godwitsѝ Limosaѝ limosaѝ andѝ otherѝwaders.ѝ

3.ѝ2.ѝSpringѝmigrationѝ TheѝpatternѝofѝMarshѝSandpiperѝmigrationsѝ(springѝandѝautumn)ѝcanѝbeѝratherѝ differentѝinѝBulgariaѝbetweenѝtheѝyears.ѝGenerally,ѝspringѝmigrationѝpassesѝinѝfullѝ forceѝandѝforѝa ѝshortѝtime,ѝmainlyѝinѝAprilѝ(Fig.ѝ2),ѝwhenѝ37.26%ѝofѝtheѝtotalѝnum- berѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝrecordedѝinѝtheѝcountryѝduringѝtheѝyear,ѝpass.ѝAlthoughѝ singleѝ individualsѝ andѝ smallѝ groupsѝ canѝ beѝ recordedѝ onѝ reservoirsѝ duringѝ March,ѝ springѝmigrationѝstartsѝsuddenlyѝinѝtheѝsecondѝpartѝofѝtheѝmonthѝandѝlaterѝthanѝmi- grationѝofѝtheѝspeciesѝofѝgenusѝTringa.ѝInѝsomeѝyearsѝconcentrationsѝofѝdozensѝandѝ hundredsѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝcanѝbeѝobservedѝinѝtheѝendѝofѝMarch.ѝ SpringѝandѝautumnѝmigrationѝareѝnearlyѝequallyѝexpressedѝinѝEastѝBulgaria,ѝ asѝinѝdifferentѝyearsѝtheѝnumberѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝvariesѝandѝ canѝbeѝhigherѝinѝ springѝorѝinѝautumn.ѝTheѝresultsѝofѝnumericalѝcountsѝonѝtheѝreservoirsѝinѝSofiaѝ lowlandѝ whichѝ lastedѝ forѝ severalѝ yearsѝ (1992-1996)ѝ (Nankinovѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1998)ѝ showedѝthatѝMarshѝSandpiperѝisѝmainlyѝaѝspringѝmigrantѝinѝwestѝBulgaria,ѝpass- ingѝfromѝMarchѝ24ѝtoѝAprilѝ27.ѝTheѝratioѝbetweenѝspringѝandѝautumnѝnumbersѝisѝ 117ѝ:ѝ2.ѝ SpringѝmigrationѝofѝMarshѝSandpiperѝcanѝbeѝwellѝexpressedѝnotѝonlyѝinѝBul- garia,ѝ butѝ inѝ otherѝ partsѝ ofѝ South-Eastѝ ,ѝ too.ѝ Menzbierѝ (1900)ѝ reportedѝ massѝspringѝmigrationѝalongѝtheѝnorthernѝBlackѝSeaѝcoastѝaѝhundredѝyearsѝago.ѝ EvenѝinѝHungary,ѝpassageѝ isѝmostѝintensiveѝinѝAprilѝandѝMayѝandѝconsiderableѝ smallѝnumberѝofѝbirdsѝmigratesѝinѝautumnѝ(Sterbetzѝ1965).ѝTheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ isѝalsoѝaѝmassѝspringѝmigrantѝtoѝtheѝsouthѝofѝourѝcountryѝ–ѝinѝGreece.ѝHugeѝcon- centrationsѝ wereѝ recordedѝ inѝ Evrosѝ deltaѝ inѝ midѝ Aprilѝ 1988ѝ –ѝ 380ѝ individualsѝ (Goutnerѝ&ѝKazantzidisѝ1992)ѝandѝinѝKalogriaѝLagoonѝonѝ19.IV.1994ѝ–ѝ250ѝindi- vidualsѝ(Handrinosѝ&ѝAkriotisѝ1997).ѝ Veryѝ seldomѝ migratingѝ birdsѝ canѝ beѝ observedѝ tillѝ mid-May:ѝ 6ѝ andѝ 13.V.1990ѝ–ѝ10+2ѝindividualsѝonѝAtanasovskoѝLakeѝ(Nankinovѝetѝal.ѝ1996);ѝalsoѝ thereѝfromѝ1ѝtoѝ14.V.1991ѝ–ѝbetweenѝ2ѝandѝ23ѝ individualsѝandѝonѝ2.V.1997ѝ–ѝ30ѝ individualsѝbyѝtheѝvillageѝMusachevoѝ(offѝSofia).ѝHoweverѝgenerallyѝspringѝmi- grationѝfinishesѝtillѝtheѝendѝofѝApril.ѝ 7ѝ D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝѝ 103 2001

ѝ Figureѝ2.ѝNumberѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ(Tringaѝstagnatilis)ѝrecordedѝinѝBul- gariaѝduringѝtheѝdifferentѝmonthsѝofѝtheѝyear.ѝ

3.ѝ3.ѝSummerѝrecordsѝandѝautumnѝmigrationѝ Inѝsomeѝyears,ѝsingleѝindividuals,ѝpairsѝorѝsmallѝgroupsѝremainѝonѝdifferentѝ reservoirsѝinѝtheѝsecondѝhalfѝofѝMay.ѝDisplayingѝmaleѝMarshѝSandpipersѝwereѝre- cordedѝonѝRadievskiteѝbasinsѝ(Borisovѝ1986),ѝinѝtheѝKumlushkaѝlowlandѝandѝonѝ someѝotherѝplacesѝinѝtheѝcountry,ѝbutѝmostѝoftenѝonѝAtanasovskoѝLake.ѝAccord- ingѝtoѝO.Mladenovѝ(pers.ѝcomm.)ѝMarshѝSandpipersѝwereѝnestingѝinѝfish-pondsѝofѝ theѝ villageѝ Mechkaѝ (offѝ Ruse)ѝ (twoѝ birdsѝ observedѝ onѝ 19.05.1986).ѝ Howeverѝ apartѝfromѝthisѝandѝtheѝobservationѝofѝPetrovѝ&ѝZlatanovѝ(1955)ѝonѝDurankulakѝ lake,ѝthereѝisѝnoѝotherѝinformationѝaboutѝtheѝbreedingѝofѝthisѝspeciesѝinѝBulgaria.ѝ Theѝmentionedѝdataѝareѝfromѝtheѝnorthernѝpartѝofѝtheѝcountry,ѝwhereѝtheѝbreed- ingѝofѝtheѝspeciesѝisѝratherѝprobable,ѝasѝcloseѝtoѝDurankulakѝlakeѝtheѝspeciesѝhasѝ bredѝ inѝ theѝ middleѝ ofѝ theѝ 19thѝ centuryѝ nearѝ theѝ townѝ Kjustendjaѝ (Romania).ѝ 104 D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ Avian Ecologyѝ andѝBehaviour

Thereѝnestsѝwereѝfoundѝ(Alleonѝ1886)ѝandѝanѝeggѝwasѝcollectedѝ(Reiserѝ1894).ѝ AccordingѝtoѝM.Talpeanuѝ(pers.ѝcomm.),ѝthisѝspeciesѝbreedsѝinѝBielbugeacѝLakeѝ nearѝ Murighiolѝ (Königstedtѝ &ѝ Robelѝ 1977).ѝ Aѝ hundredѝ yearsѝ agoѝ thereѝ wasѝ aѝ nestingѝplaceѝinѝNorthѝSerbiaѝ(Matvejevѝ1950).ѝ TheѝnumberѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpipersѝincreasesѝinѝJune,ѝasѝmigratingѝflocksѝ ofѝnon-breedingѝindividualsѝarriveѝandѝremainѝonѝreservoirsѝinѝBulgaria.ѝOnѝtheѝ breedingѝgrounds,ѝyoungѝMarshѝSandpipersѝstartѝflyingѝjustѝinѝtheѝbeginningѝofѝ Julyѝ(Bezborodovѝ1974).ѝMostѝoftenѝflocksѝofѝnon-breedingѝindividualsѝconcen- trateѝ inѝ Atanasovskoѝ Lakeѝ andѝ countѝ 130-150ѝ birdsѝ (Georgievѝ 1976)ѝ andѝ 200ѝ birdsѝ(Bruttfeldѝ&ѝGieringѝ1988).ѝ Amongѝwaders,ѝtheѝMarshѝSandpipersѝtogetherѝwithѝtheѝSpottedѝRedshankѝ TringaѝerythropusѝisѝoneѝofѝtheѝearliestѝautumnѝmigrantsѝpassingѝoverѝSoutheastѝ Europe.ѝ Theirѝ autumnѝ migrationѝ startsѝ stillѝ inѝ Julyѝ andѝ proceedsѝ forѝ nearlyѝ 5ѝ months,ѝi.e.ѝtoѝNovember.ѝSomeѝauthorsѝ(Sterbetzѝ1965)ѝexplainedѝearlyѝJulyѝpas- sageѝ byѝ droughtsѝ inѝ Hungary,ѝ Romaniaѝ andѝ Ukraine.ѝ Onѝ theѝ otherѝ hand,ѝ itѝ isѝ knownѝ(Gladkovѝ1951)ѝthatѝwetterѝtheѝspringѝis,ѝmoreѝpairsѝofѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ breed.ѝThisѝinfluencesѝstronglyѝtheѝbreedingѝsuccessѝandѝthereforeѝtheѝnumberѝofѝ migratingѝnon-breedingѝbirds.ѝ Autumnѝ migrationѝ isѝ mostѝ intensiveѝ inѝ July,ѝ Augustѝ andѝ September,ѝ whenѝ halfѝofѝtheѝbirdsѝ(49.78%)ѝrecordedѝduringѝtheѝyearѝinѝtheѝcountryѝpass.ѝTheirѝau- tumnѝ concentrationsѝ reachѝ 400-500ѝ individualsѝ (Georgievѝ 1976)ѝ andѝ flocksѝ ex- ceedingѝ 100ѝ birdsѝ areѝ oftenѝ seenѝ inѝ Julyѝ andѝ August.ѝ Suchѝ concentrationsѝ areѝ formedѝalsoѝtoѝtheѝnorthѝandѝsouthѝofѝBulgaria.ѝForѝ example,ѝ210ѝbirdsѝonѝEvrosѝ deltaѝonѝJulyѝ1968ѝ(Bauerѝ&ѝMüllerѝ1969),ѝoverѝ100ѝbirdsѝonѝtheѝreservoirsѝofѝ RomanianѝDobrudjaѝonѝ31.VIII.1966ѝ(Vielliardѝ&ѝTalpeanuѝ1971),ѝ80-100ѝbirdsѝ onѝ22-25.VII.1972,ѝ120-140ѝbirdsѝonѝ28.VII-1.VIII.1974ѝ(VanѝImpeѝ1977),ѝ200- 500ѝbirdsѝinѝDanubeѝdeltaѝ(Kubeѝetѝal.ѝ1998),ѝ718ѝbirdsѝinѝWestѝSivash,ѝ521ѝ–ѝinѝ CentralѝSivashѝandѝ3082ѝbirdsѝinѝEastѝSivashѝ(Garmashѝetѝal.ѝ1999).ѝ WeѝsupposeѝthatѝMarshѝSandpiperѝisѝdiurnalѝasѝwellѝasѝnocturnalѝmigrant,ѝasѝ weѝrecordedѝflocksѝappearingѝearlyѝinѝtheѝmorning.ѝForѝexampleѝ5+7+5+10ѝbirdsѝ arrivedѝ fromѝ theѝ northѝ toѝ Pomorieѝ Lakeѝ fromѝ 5.10ѝ toѝ 6.30ѝ a.m.ѝ onѝ 7.IX.1973.ѝ Fromѝrecoveriesѝweѝestablishedѝthatѝautumnѝmigrantsѝstayѝandѝfeedѝonѝourѝreser- voirsѝfromѝ3ѝtoѝ14ѝdaysѝ(Nankinovѝetѝal.ѝ1984).ѝSomeѝflocksѝflyѝawayѝinѝtheѝeve- ningѝduringѝandѝafterѝsunset.ѝ Mostѝ Marshѝ Sandpipersѝ usuallyѝ leaveѝ theѝ Bulgarianѝ reservoirsѝ tillѝ theѝ lastѝ tenѝdaysѝofѝSeptember.ѝInѝsomeѝyearsѝsingleѝindividualsѝorѝsmallѝgroupsѝremainѝinѝ theѝnextѝmonths.ѝForѝexample,ѝMarshѝSandpipersѝwereѝringedѝonѝ“Atanasovskoѝ Lake”ѝfieldѝstationѝonѝ3ѝandѝ13.X.1982ѝandѝwereѝrecordedѝinѝtheѝlakeѝonѝ1,ѝ2ѝandѝ 27.X.1993ѝ–ѝ3,ѝ2ѝandѝ1ѝbirdѝrespectively.ѝThereѝareѝsomeѝotherѝobservationsѝinѝ Octoberѝ andѝ November:ѝ aroundѝ Burgasѝ –ѝ 1.X.1948ѝ (Prostovѝ 1964),ѝ onѝ Atanasovskoѝ Lakeѝ –ѝ 27.X.1967ѝ –ѝ 2ѝ birdsѝ (Georgievѝ 1976),ѝ 6.X.1969ѝ –ѝ 4ѝ birdsѝ (Grösslerѝ 1980),ѝ 1-15.X.1976ѝ –ѝ 1-2ѝ birdsѝ (Robertsѝ 1980),ѝ 15.X.1996ѝ –ѝ 1ѝ birdѝ 7ѝ D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝѝ 105 2001

(Michevѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1999),ѝ theѝ fishing-poolsѝ ofѝ Plovdivѝ –ѝ 5.XI.1984ѝ –ѝ 15ѝ birdsѝ (H.Nikolov,ѝ pers.ѝ comm.),ѝ inѝ Southѝ Bulgariaѝ –ѝ 9.XI.1984ѝ andѝ 19.XI.1986ѝ (Bo- risovѝ 1988),ѝ byѝ theѝ villageѝ Dolniѝ Bogrovѝ (offѝ Sofia)ѝ –ѝ 22.X.1995ѝ –ѝ 1ѝ birdѝ (Nankinovѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1998).ѝ Anѝ especiallyѝ lateѝ Marshѝ Sandpiperѝ wasѝ shotѝ onѝ 4.XI.1972ѝtoѝtheѝnorth-eastѝofѝBulgariaѝinѝtheѝCrimeaѝ(Kostinѝ1983).ѝ ProbablyѝtheѝnumberѝofѝtheѝringedѝMarshѝSandpipersѝhasѝreachedѝ2000ѝbirdsѝ untilѝnow,ѝbutѝfewѝrecoveriesѝareѝavailable.ѝSixѝbirdsѝringedѝinѝTunisia,ѝKenya,ѝZaireѝ andѝ Indiaѝ (2ѝ birds)ѝ wereѝfoundѝinѝUkraine,ѝWestѝSiberiaѝ(TyumenѝRegion),ѝKa- zakhstanѝ(KustanaiѝRegion),ѝinѝNovosibirskѝandѝChelyabinskѝRegionsѝrespectivelyѝ (Lebedevaѝ1985).ѝTheѝfirstѝcaseѝisѝinterestingѝforѝusѝ–ѝMarshѝSandpiperѝringedѝinѝ Tunisiaѝ onѝ 19.VIII.ѝ wasѝ shotѝ 7ѝ yearsѝ laterѝ (onѝ Augustѝ 24)ѝ toѝ theѝ north-eastѝ inѝ KhersonѝRegion.ѝItѝcanѝbeѝsupposedѝthatѝthisѝbirdѝhasѝflownѝoverѝtheѝterritoryѝofѝ Bulgariaѝ andѝ thatѝ theѝ migratoryѝ directionѝ ofѝ someѝ Marshѝ Sandpipersѝ crossѝ theѝ countryѝfromѝnorth-eastѝtoѝsouth-westѝinѝautumnѝandѝtheѝoppositeѝinѝspring.ѝTheѝ birdsѝ breedingѝ inѝ Moscowѝ andѝ Yaroslavlѝ Regionsѝ migrateѝ overѝ Sivashѝ inѝ springѝ (Garmashѝ etѝ al.ѝ 1999).ѝ Sterbetsѝ (1965)ѝ supposedѝ thatѝ inѝ autumnѝ theѝ Europeanѝ MarshѝSandpipersѝmigrateѝviaѝthreeѝroutes.ѝTheѝfirstѝoneѝ–ѝoverѝHungaryѝandѝDal- matiaѝtoѝtheѝsouth;ѝtheѝsecondѝoneѝ–ѝbyѝtheѝNorthernѝandѝWesternѝBlackѝSeaѝcoastѝ andѝthroughѝtheѝeasternѝpartѝofѝtheѝBalkansѝandѝtheѝislandsѝofѝtheѝEastѝMediterra- neanѝtowardsѝtheѝvalleyѝofѝNile;ѝandѝtheѝ thirdѝrouteѝ–ѝalongѝtheѝwesternѝshoreѝofѝ theѝCaspianѝSea.ѝFromѝtheѝrecordedѝconcentrationsѝinѝSouthѝUkraine,ѝtheѝDanubeѝ delta,ѝalongѝtheѝWesternѝBlackѝSeaѝcoastѝandѝinѝnorthѝGreeceѝweѝcanѝstateѝthatѝtheѝ mostѝintensiveѝmigratoryѝrouteѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpipersѝinѝEuropeѝpassesѝoverѝEastѝ Bulgaria.ѝIt ѝleadsѝaѝgreaterѝpartѝofѝtheѝbirdsѝbreedingѝinѝEuropeѝtowardsѝtheѝMedi- terraneanѝandѝAfricaѝinѝautumn.ѝTheѝAtanasovskoѝLakeѝ(andѝotherѝreservoirsѝalongѝ theѝBulgarianѝBlackѝSeaѝcoast),ѝtogetherѝwithѝtheѝwetlandsѝasѝSivash,ѝtheѝshallowѝ lakesѝinѝDanubeѝdeltaѝandѝalsoѝtheѝEvrosѝdeltaѝandѝKalogriaѝLagoonѝin ѝGreeceѝ areѝespeciallyѝimportantѝplacesѝforѝtheѝfeeding,ѝresting,ѝmoultingѝandѝconser- vationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpipersѝduringѝtheirѝmigrationsѝbetweenѝtheѝEuropeanѝ breedingѝgroundsѝandѝtheѝAfricanѝwinteringѝareas.ѝ

3.ѝ4.ѝWinterѝrecordsѝ MarshѝSandpipersѝfromѝEuropeѝareѝknownѝtoѝspendѝtheѝwinterѝinѝAfricaѝ andѝ byѝ theѝ Persianѝ Gulf ѝ (Gladkovѝ 1951).ѝ Howeverѝ veryѝ seldomѝ theseѝ birdsѝ winterѝ alsoѝ inѝ Bulgaria.ѝ Theyѝ stayѝ inѝ theѝ southernѝ andѝ easternѝ partѝ ofѝ theѝ countryѝonѝnon-freezingѝbasinsѝsituatedѝwithinѝtheѝJanuaryѝisothermѝofѝ0ѝ°C.ѝ Twoѝbirdsѝwereѝshotѝinѝnorth-easternѝBulgariaѝonѝ24.II.1980ѝandѝnowѝtheyѝareѝ keptѝinѝtheѝcollectionѝofѝtheѝNaturalѝMuseumѝinѝDobrichѝ(Nonevѝ1982).ѝSmallѝ flocksѝ ofѝ 3-8ѝ individualsѝ wereѝ winteringѝ onѝ 12.II.ѝ andѝ 17.XII.1985ѝ onѝ reser- voirsѝ inѝ theѝ south-westѝ footѝ ofѝ Sakarѝ mountainѝ inѝ Southѝ Bulgariaѝ (Borisovѝ 1988).ѝ Singleѝ individualsѝ wereѝ foundѝ winteringѝ inѝ Yugoslaviaѝ (Matvejevѝ &ѝ Vasicѝ 1973).ѝ Moreѝ oftenѝ theyѝ remainѝ inѝ theѝ winterѝ onѝ reservoirsѝ inѝ Asianѝ 106 D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝ Avian Ecologyѝ andѝBehaviour

Turkeyѝ(TheѝOSTѝBirdѝReportѝ1975).ѝTheyѝwinterѝalsoѝonѝtheѝApenninesѝ(Le- bedevaѝ1985),ѝonѝSardiniaѝandѝtheѝBalearesѝ(Snowѝ&ѝPerrinsѝ1998).ѝ

4.ѝDiscussionѝ Theѝ receivedѝ resultsѝ showѝ thatѝ duringѝ migrations,ѝ Marshѝ Sandpipersѝ visitsѝ wetlandsѝ inѝ theѝ plainѝ partsѝ ofѝ Bulgaria.ѝ Theѝ speciesѝ wasѝ recordedѝ onѝ 44ѝ reser- voirs,ѝbutѝtheirѝnumberѝcanѝbeѝhigherѝasѝtheѝbirdsѝstopѝonѝdifferentѝbasins,ѝevenѝ onѝtemporalѝrainѝpuddles.ѝTheѝshallowѝandѝhypersalineѝAtanasovskoѝLakeѝ(Eastѝ Bulgaria)ѝ isѝ theѝ mostѝ importantѝ basinѝ forѝ theѝ species,ѝ asѝ 93.46%ѝ ofѝ theѝ Marshѝ SandpipersѝinѝBulgariaѝwereѝrecordedѝthere.ѝTheirѝconcentrationsѝreachѝ500ѝindi- vidualsѝonѝthatѝlake.ѝTwelveѝreservoirsѝareѝofѝsecondaryѝimportance,ѝtheѝcoastalѝ lakesѝPomorieѝandѝShablaѝandѝtheѝwetlandsѝinѝSofiaѝlowlandѝnearѝvillagesѝMusa- chevoѝandѝRavnoѝPoleѝareѝamongѝthem.ѝTheѝMarshѝSandpipersѝjoinѝtheѝflocksѝofѝ Redshanksѝandѝotherѝwadersѝinѝtheseѝplaces.ѝInѝdifferentѝyearsѝtheѝpictureѝofѝitsѝ springѝandѝautumnѝmigrationѝcanѝbeѝratherѝdifferent,ѝbutѝgenerallyѝspringѝmigra- tionѝstartsѝsuddenlyѝatѝtheѝendѝofѝMarch,ѝproceedsѝinѝshortѝtermsѝmainlyѝinѝ Aprilѝ (37.26%ѝofѝallѝrecords).ѝInѝspiteѝofѝtheseѝannualѝvariations,ѝtheѝspeciesѝisѝnearlyѝ equallyѝ presentѝ inѝ Eastѝ Bulgariaѝ duringѝ springѝ andѝ autumnѝ migration,ѝ whileѝ inѝ WestѝBulgariaѝitѝisѝmainlyѝaѝspringѝmigrant.ѝLateѝspringѝmigrantsѝpassѝtillѝmid- May.ѝInѝJune,ѝflocksѝofѝnon-breedingѝindividualsѝarriveѝandѝstayѝonѝtheѝreservoirsѝ ofѝtheѝcountry,ѝsomeѝofѝflocksѝcountingѝupѝtoѝ130-250ѝbirds.ѝAutumnѝmigrationѝ startsѝearly,ѝstillѝinѝJulyѝandѝcontinuesѝforѝnearlyѝ5ѝmonths.ѝItѝisѝmostѝintensiveѝinѝ July,ѝ Augustѝ andѝ Septemberѝ (49.78%ѝ ofѝ theѝ records).ѝ Theѝ migrantsѝ stayѝ inѝ au- tumnѝconcentrationsѝfromѝ3ѝtoѝ14ѝ days.ѝMostѝofѝthemѝleaveѝtheѝBulgarianѝbasinsѝ towardsѝtheѝendѝofѝSeptember.ѝSingleѝbirdsѝandѝsmallѝgroupsѝcanѝbeѝmetѝinѝtheѝ nextѝmonths.ѝSeldomѝMarshѝSandpipersѝwinterѝinѝSouthѝBulgariaѝandѝalongѝtheѝ Blackѝ Seaѝ coast,ѝ i.e.ѝ onѝ non-freezingѝ reservoirsѝ withinѝ theѝ Januaryѝ isothermѝ ofѝ 0°C.ѝ Theѝ most ѝ intensiveѝ migratoryѝ routeѝ ofѝ theѝ speciesѝ inѝ Europeѝ passesѝ overѝ EastѝBulgaria,ѝinѝautumnѝitѝleadsѝmostѝofѝbirdsѝbreedingѝinѝEuropeѝtowardsѝtheѝ MediterraneanѝandѝAfrica.ѝTheѝAtanasovskoѝLakeѝinѝBulgaria,ѝtogetherѝwithѝwet- landsѝ likeѝ Sivash,ѝ shallowѝ lakesѝ inѝ Danubeѝ deltaѝ andѝ alsoѝ Evrosѝ deltaѝ andѝ Ka- logriaѝ lagoonѝ inѝ Greeceѝ areѝ especiallyѝ importantѝ placesѝ forѝ theѝ feeding,ѝ resting,ѝ moultingѝandѝconservationѝofѝMarshѝSandpipersѝduringѝtheirѝmigrationsѝbetweenѝ theѝEuropeanѝbreedingѝgroundsѝandѝAfricanѝwinteringѝareas.ѝ

Acknowledgementsѝ Iѝ wishѝ toѝ expressѝ myѝ gratitudeѝ toѝ Nikolaiѝ Minchev,ѝ Svetlanѝ Kirilov,ѝ Konstantinѝ Popov,ѝToniѝTonev,ѝNikolaiѝDimitrov,ѝHristoѝNikolovѝandѝOgnianѝMladenovѝforѝgivingѝac- cessѝtoѝtheirѝunpublishedѝobservationsѝofѝMarshѝSandpipers.ѝ 7ѝ D.ѝNankinov.ѝMigrationѝofѝtheѝMarshѝSandpiperѝѝ 107 2001

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