The Complete Checklist of THE BIRDS of the West Indies

Jeff Gerbracht Anthony Levesque

THE COMPLETE CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE WEST INDIES

2019 Version 1.1

Jeff Gerbracht Anthony Levesque

Cover Photos: Anthony Levesque: Ruddy Turnstone Jeff Gerbracht: Barbuda Warbler; Hispaniolan Trogon; Lesser Antillean Bullfinch Frantz Delcroix: Bananaquit; Broad-billed Tody; Black-and-white Warbler

Recommended Citation Gerbracht, J., and A. Levesque. 2019. The complete checklist of the birds of the West Indies: v1.1. BirdsCaribbean Checklist Committee. www.birdscaribbean.org/caribbean-birds/ Introduction The Complete Checklist of the Birds of the West Indies aims to document all of the species of birds observed in the West Indies along with the species status in a number of different categories, including abundance, seasonality, breeding status, endemism and establishment. It will provide a source of information on the abundance and diversity of West Indian avifauna. Its goal is to provide consistent, accurate and up to date information for use by researchers, conservationists and policy makers.

The type of questions we often hear are: How many species of birds have been seen in the West Indies? How many species are endemic to the Lesser Antilles? What is the diversity of breeding birds? How many introduced species are established in a region?

These questions sound simple but can be very difficult to accurately answer without sifting through numerous recently published sources of information covering the entire West Indies region. Sadly, there are few publications covering the West Indies and they are traditionally books or journal articles which are often out of date shortly after they are published. One of the goals for this checklist is to provide a single source of up-to-date information about the status of birds in the West Indies. Table 1 includes a variety of statistics that can be easily retrieved from this checklist. “Living” is the number of species currently living in the West Indies, you may notice that the numbers for Established Introduced Species are different between “Living” and “Total” and there are no Extinct species, this is due to 4 species which were previously established in the region which have subsequently become extirpated from the region. Table 1 Category Living Extinct Total

Species Total - West Indies (Bahama Islands, Turks and Caicos, the Greater 738 13 749 Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, Providencia and San Andres) Endemics - West Indies 171 9 180 Endemics - Lucayan Archipelago (Bahamas and Turks & Caicos) 6 1 7 Endemics - Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, 109 4 113 Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands) Endemics - Lesser Antilles (Islands south of the Anegada Passage, from 23 4 27 Anguilla to Grenada) Endemics - Western Caribbean (Colombian islands of San Andres and 1 - 1 Providencia) Species Breeding - West Indies 362 10 372 Residents 347 10 357 Visitors 334 3 337 Vagrants (Very Rare,Visitors) 145 1 146 Extirpated 6 - 6 Extinct - 13 13

1 Established Introduced Species 45 - 49 Non-established Introduced Species 55 - 55

This initial version of the Checklist is CERTAINLY not the end point, rather it is the starting point. Birds do not stay in one place, nor are their populations static. By the time this checklist is printed, it will also be out of date with new species added, new breeding populations discovered and sadly, some species will become extirpated from the region. Updates to the checklist will be published annually and a ‘living’ version, updated throughout the year, will be available on the BirdsCaribbean website. Additionally, we plan to enhance and make additions to these checklists over time, by adding additional categorizations that are useful to the ornithology and bird community in the Caribbean and by detailing similar information for subspecies.

In addition to the single, overarching West Indies checklist, there are/will be checklists specific to the countries of the Caribbean. These checklists will provide broader coverage for the larger Caribbean region and will include checklists for Bermuda, Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao. Each checklist will include a comprehensive species list for the region and associated information using the categorizations developed for this checklist. Several regional checklists adopting these methods are already available, e.g. the Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Cuba, or will soon be available.

Checklist Methods and Definitions The checklist takes the format of tables in an Excel spreadsheet and include each ‘Listed Species’ and relevant data in the categories defined below. Worksheet 1 within the spreadsheet includes a complete list of species which are naturally occurring or have an established, self-sustaining population. Worksheet 2 provides a list of species which have been observed free flying in the region yet are not established. Hypothetical records in the region, meaning there isn’t enough information about the record to conclusively include a species on the checklist, are detailed in worksheet 3. We have provided the checklist in an Excel spreadsheet so the lists can be easily sorted based on categories of interest to each individual. In addition to the Excel spreadsheet, these three tables are included below.

It is important to review the definitions detailed below to be able to understand and interpret the different values associated with each species. For example, a seasonality of Year-round is not the same as a Resident. Some species are Year-round Visitors meaning they occur in the West Indies throughout the year, yet do not spend their entire life cycle within the West Indies, this applies to many shorebirds which are seen year-round but breed exclusively in the Arctic.

The following bold headings align with the different columns of data within the checklist itself. Underlined headings below are a list of possible values for each species for the associated bold heading. The spreadsheet format itself allows for the sorting and aggregation of species based on the values in these columns.

Criteria for Inclusion For a species to be included as a ‘Listed Species’ in the main checklist (Worksheet 1) or the ‘Non- established’ list (Worksheet 2), it must meet a minimum set of criteria. A species is added to the West Indies checklist when there is a specimen, clearly distinctive sound recording, diagnostic 2 photograph or a precise description which fits distinctive field marks and clearly distinguishes this species from similar species.

Geographic Coverage or ‘What is included in the West Indies?’ The West Indies Area is defined, following Raffaele et al. (1998) A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies as including the Bahama Islands, Turks and Caicos, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles (ending with Grenada in the south), Providencia and San Andres. It does not include Bermuda, Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Swan Islands.

Taxonomic Sort The order in which taxa are sorted. This is based on the most current version of the Clements Checklist of birds of the world. This column can be used to sort the spreadsheets taxonomically.

Common Name The English common name for each species as defined by the most current version of the Clements Checklist of birds of the world.

Scientific Name The scientific name for each species as defined by the most current version of the Clements Checklist of birds of the world.

Endemic This details the type of endemism for each of the endemic species in the West Indies. For this checklist, we have added several new categorizations of ‘endemism’ as we felt that the single endemic definition failed to capture the interesting subtleties within a list of endemic species. Note: this column will remain empty for species not considered as endemics within the West Indies region.

Resident Endemic: A species that is native to a limited geographical region and which occurs naturally nowhere else, i.e., Inagua Woodstar in Great and Little Inagua, Bahamas. Thus, a West Indies Resident Endemic both breeds and resides entirely within the West Indies. The vast majority of Endemics fall into this category. Breeding Endemic: A species that is native to, and its breeding is completely restricted to a specific geographical region within the West Indies. In the current checklist only three species fall in this category: Cuban Martin and Caribbean Martin which breed only in Cuba and the Greater Antilles respectively, and whose winter ranges are unknown, and Black-capped Petrel which breeds in Hispaniola and possibly Dominica but ranges through the western Atlantic and much of the Caribbean Sea. Non-breeding Endemic: A species that is native to, and its non-breeding range is completely restricted to a specific geographical region within the West Indies. In the current checklist only three species fall in this category: i.e., Kirtland’s Warbler which winters in the Bahamas, Bicknell’s

3 Thrush which winters in the eastern Greater Antilles and the extinct Bachman’s Warbler which wintered in Cuba. Near Endemic: A species where the population is native and almost entirely restricted to a specific geographical region within the West Indies, but which can occur in small numbers in surrounding regions, i.e., Western Spindalis in the Greater Antilles (also occurs on Cozumel)

Endemic Region The endemic region is the most restrictive overarching region of endemism for each endemic species. For example, a species that occurs in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles is considered a West Indian endemic whereas a species which is endemic to Cuba and Hispaniola is considered a Greater Antilles endemic. West Indies: A species that is not restricted to a single region listed below but is restricted to islands in the West Indies as defined above. Greater Antilles: A species that is restricted to islands in the Greater Antilles: Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands. Lesser Antilles: A species that is restricted to islands in the Lesser Antilles: The islands south of the Anegada Passage, from Anguilla to Grenada. Lucayan: A species that is restricted to islands in the Lucayan Archipelago, i.e. the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands). Western Caribbean: A species restricted to the western Caribbean, i.e. the Colombian islands of San Andres y Providencia.

Distribution This category lists the countries where an endemic or an exotic/introduced species occurs. Island and country-specific endemics will have only one country listed. The exception will be those species which occur on the island of Hispaniola. The species which occur in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic will have a designation of ‘Hispaniola’. Note: This category is currently populated for endemic and exotic species only. The distribution of other naturally occurring resident and migratory species will be detailed in the associated country checklists as those individual checklists become available. Additionally, the range maps within eBird Caribbean, available online at https://ebird.org/caribbean/ provide exceptional map-based views of species distributions in the West Indies.

Seasonality Year-round: A species is likely to occur throughout the entire year. Summer: A species is likely to occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer season (June– September). Winter: A species is likely to occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter season (November– February), often includes some portion of migration seasons (September–October and March– May).

4 Migrant: A species is likely to occur in the West Indies only on passage, during the Northern Hemisphere migration seasons (September–October and March–May). Unknown: A species for which there is insufficient information to determine its seasonality within the West Indies. Note: The month ranges given here are guidelines only. Because of differing life histories and geographic ranges, many species have different timings of migration and the actual month ranges for these seasonality values will be different across the geographic range of the species. For example, White-tailed Tropicbird, which we classify as ‘Summer’ actually arrives on the Cayman Islands in December/January and departs August/September. Additionally, we have left Seasonality ‘unknown’ for some species where the available information did not provide a clear pattern.

Resident Status Resident: A species that spends its entire lifecycle within a region. Visitor: A species that does not spend its entire life cycle within a region, but moves into and out of the region for portions of its lifecycle.

Abundance “The relative density with which a species occurs in the appropriate habitat.” The abundance or relative density combined with how easy it is to detect a species determines the likelihood of a species being observed when it is present. A low abundance species with high detectability, ”easy to see”, may be observed even more frequently than a high abundance species with low detectability.

Note: The abundance categories for an individual species in the overarching West Indies checklist are the ‘highest’ level of abundance within the region. Due to the highly variable nature of a species’ abundance across the West Indies, country checklists should be consulted for more accurate regional abundance measures. Common: A species that occurs in high densities, e.g., Bananaquit. Fairly Common: A species that occurs in moderate densities, e.g., Common Gallinule, Belted Kingfisher. Uncommon: A species that occurs in low densities, e.g., Gundlach’s Hawk, Osprey. Rare: A species that occurs in very low densities or is an occasional visitor (individuals present on average not more than twice a year and at least once every 5 years), e.g., Sharp-shinned Hawk, Curlew Sandpiper. Very Rare: A species that occurs in extremely low densities or is a rare visitor or vagrant to the region (individuals present on average less than once every 5 years), e.g., Hook-billed Kite (Cuban subspecies), Common Ringed Plover. Extirpated: A species that has become extinct locally, e.g., at the island/country level, or regional level, but still exists on other islands or countries (e.g., West Indian Whistling-Duck, Giant Kingbird and Bahama Oriole from some regions of the West Indies) or species which are no longer present in the entire West Indies region. Only a few exotics fall into this latter category currently, e.g., Red Siskin. 5 Extinct: A species that is extinct globally, e.g., Brace’s Emerald, Cuban Macaw.

Breeding Status Breeding: A species that reproduces within a specific region. Non-Breeding: A species that does not reproduce within a specific region.

Introduced We generally follow the British Ornithologist Union set of definitions for introduced species. https://www.bou.org.uk/british-list/species-categories/

Category C "A species whose presence results from a human introduction." There are six further categorization of Category C species which provide additional detail regarding its current status as an introduced species.

Established Exotic (C1): A species with a self-sustaining population that occurs only as a result of introduction(s), e.g., Java Sparrow. Augmented Exotic (C2): A species with a self-sustaining population resulting from introduction(s), where some individuals could occur in a natural state, e.g., American Flamingo. Reintroduction (C3): A species with populations successfully re-established in areas of former occurrence, e.g., Puerto Rican Parrot in Rio Abajo. Feral Exotic (C4): Domesticated species with populations established in the wild, e.g., Rock Pigeon, Red Junglefowl. Vagrant Exotic (C5): A species seen as a vagrant from an established introduced population. e.g., Egyptian Goose observed in Bahamas as a vagrant from a C1 population in Florida. Extirpated Exotic (C6): An introduced species which formerly had self-sustaining population that are either no longer self-sustaining or are considered extirpated, e.g., Red Siskin.

Category D Species that would otherwise appear as a Listed Species except that there is reasonable doubt that they have ever occurred in a natural state or are self-sustaining. Category D is a holding category and is not intended to be a long-term assignment of any species. These species are reviewed regularly with a view to add them as a Listed Species or assign them to Category E. Species placed in Category D are included in Worksheet 2”

Category E “Species recorded as introductions, human-assisted transportees or escapees from captivity, and whose breeding populations (if any) are thought not to be self-sustaining.” These non-established exotic species are included in Worksheet 2, e.g., Sun Parakeet.

IUCN Status IUCN Red List categorizations of species are based on specific criteria and aim to provide an objective method to classify species and other taxa based on risk of extinction. This column of data 6 reflects the most current IUCN status for the global population of each species. The following are the categories from the second edition of the IUCN Red List of Categories and Criteria, version 3.1.

Extinct (EX) A species is “Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.” Extinct in the wild (EW) A species “is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range.” Critically Endangered (CR) A species is “considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.” Endangered (EN) A species is “considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.” Vulnerable (VU) A species is “considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.“ Near Threatened (NT) A species “does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.” Least Concern (LC) A species “does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.” Data Deficient (DD) A species “is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.” Not evaluated (NE) A species “is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.”

Island/Country Listing Additional columns within the “Listed Species” and “Non-established” worksheets have been included for each country within the West Indies. Each species that has an accepted record in eBird Caribbean for each country has been tagged with a ‘1’. We understand and acknowledge that these initial ‘country’ lists are incomplete and we encourage both historic and new records to be entered into eBird Caribbean to work towards a comprehensive and complete listing of species for each country within the region. We have added Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and Bermuda to this section even though they are not included in the West Indies for the purposes of this checklist and have indicated the West Indies species which have eBird Caribbean observations.

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Dedication We would especially like to thank Tony White and dedicate this checklist in his honor. His tireless work in the Bahamas and the West Indies has been an inspiration for both of us. As a long-time editor for the Caribbean section of North American Birds, he contributed his passion for and extensive knowledge of West Indian birdlife. In maintaining the ‘official’ list of Bahamian birds, he consistently adopted a critical view and required a high level of quality in rarity documentation, and in the process, taught us to become better and more careful observers of the natural world. The last time we talked with Tony during the 2015 BirdsCaribbean meeting in Jamaica, he was enthusiastic about these efforts and excited to see the West Indies checklist becoming a reality. We miss him dearly and can only strive to live up to the standards he rigorously applied.

Jeff and Anthony

Acknowledgements Anthony and I would like to thank all of the members of the Checklist Working Group who have contributed their knowledge and experience and have truly created this checklist. Every individual made significant contributions to the creation of this initial checklist from refining definitions to including detailed information on individual species. We would especially like to thank Herb Raffaele, Nils Navarro and Christine Rose-Smyth for many lively discussions around defining the categorizations and other minutia of producing a checklist such as this. Nils and Christine have both produced country level checklists which has been invaluable in refining and testing the categorizations used within this checklist. Tony White, Alcides Morales-Pérez, José Colón-López, Sergio Colon and Ann Sutton and many others have all provided their valuable insights and detailed knowledge of the avifauna within their respective countries and the West Indies region as a whole.

We also wish to thank the numerous individuals who use and contribute to eBird Caribbean, both who live in the West Indies and those who visit for a few glorious days. Every sighting entered expands our knowledge of the region’s birds. eBird Caribbean observers have greatly contributed to and will continue to contribute to this checklist and its future editions. Jessica Rozek Cañizares really stepped in at the last minute and helped us get the checklist into a nice format for sharing. Lastly, a special thanks to Lisa Sorenson and BirdsCaribbean for starting off this effort and providing us the flexibility and support that made this checklist possible.

West Indies Checklist Working Group Jeff Gerbracht (co-chair) Gabriel Lugo Lisa Sorenson Anthony Levesque (co-chair) Luis Meliam Ann Sutton Carol Beidleman Ricardo Miller Adams Toussaint Jorge Brocca Alcides Morales-Pérez Carolyn Wardle Greg Butcher Nils Navarro John Webster Sergio Colon Tania Piñeiro Tony White José Colón-López Junior Prosper Doug Weidemann Frantz Delcroix Herb Raffaele Maya Wilson Jorge Guerra Pedro Regalado Lisa Yntema Lyndon John Ernesto Reyes Scott Johnson Christine Rose-Smyth

8 LISTED BIRD SPECIES OF THE WEST INDIES

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Order Anseriformes White-faced Whistling-Duck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Dendrocygna viduata Visitor Black-bellied Whistling-Duck LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Dendrocygna autumnalis Endemic West Indian Whistling-Duck WI VU West Indies, excluding n. Bahamas Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Dendrocygna arborea and s. Lesser Antilles Fulvous Whistling-Duck LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Dendrocygna bicolor Snow Goose LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Anser caerulescens Ross's Goose Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anser rossii Visitor Greater White-fronted Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter Goose LC ¨ Visitor Anser albifrons Brant Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Branta bernicla Visitor Canada Goose LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Branta canadensis Tundra Swan Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Cygnus columbianus Visitor Orinoco Goose Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter NT ¨ Oressochen jubatus Visitor Egyptian Goose Introduced LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Alopochen aegyptiaca Bahamas Common Shelduck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Tadorna tadorna Visitor Muscovy Duck Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Cairina moschata West Indies Wood Duck LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Aix sponsa Garganey Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Spatula querquedula Visitor Blue-winged Teal Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Spatula discors Visitor Cinnamon Teal LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Spatula cyanoptera Northern Shoveler Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Spatula clypeata Winter Visitor Gadwall Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Mareca strepera Visitor Eurasian Wigeon LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Mareca penelope American Wigeon Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Mareca americana Winter Visitor End Region = Endemic Region IUCN= IUCN Red List Category WI = West Indies LC = Least Concern CR = Critically Endangered GA = Great Antilles NT = Near Threatened EW = Extinct in the Wild LA = Lesser Antilles VU = Vulnerable EX = Extinct LC = Lucayan EN = Endangered WC = Western Caribbean 9

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Mallard Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anas platyrhynchos Visitor American Black Duck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anas rubripes Visitor Mottled Duck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anas fulvigula Visitor White-cheeked Pintail LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anas bahamensis Northern Pintail Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anas acuta Visitor Green-winged Teal Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anas crecca Visitor Canvasback Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Aythya valisineria Visitor Redhead LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Aythya americana Common Pochard Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter VU ¨ Aythya ferina Visitor Ring-necked Duck Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Aythya collaris Winter Visitor Tufted Duck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Aythya fuligula Visitor Greater Scaup Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Aythya marila Visitor Lesser Scaup Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Aythya affinis Winter Visitor White-winged Scoter Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter VU ¨ Melanitta deglandi Visitor Long-tailed Duck Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter VU ¨ Clangula hyemalis Visitor Bufflehead LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Bucephala albeola Hooded Merganser Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Lophodytes cucullatus Visitor Common Merganser Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Mergus merganser Visitor Red-breasted Merganser Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Mergus serrator Winter Visitor Masked Duck LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Nomonyx dominicus Ruddy Duck LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Oxyura jamaicensis Order Galliformes Rufous-vented Chachalaca LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Ortalis ruficauda Introduced Helmeted Guineafowl LC Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, USVI, Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Numida meleagris BVI, Anguilla, Barbuda Northern Bobwhite NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Colinus virginianus Crested Bobwhite Introduced LC Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Colinus cristatus USVI

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Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Indian Peafowl Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Pavo cristatus Bahamas Red Junglefowl Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Gallus gallus Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Bahamas Ring-necked Pheasant Introduced LC Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Phasianus colchicus Bahamas, Puerto Rico Order Phoenicopteriformes American Flamingo LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Phoenicopterus ruber Order Podicipediformes Least Grebe LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed Grebe LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Podilymbus podiceps Red-necked Grebe Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Podiceps grisegena Visitor Eared Grebe Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Podiceps nigricollis Visitor Order Columbiformes Rock Pigeon Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Columba livia West Indies Near Endemic Scaly-naped Pigeon WI LC West Indies and a few islands off Common Breeding Resident ¨ Patagioenas squamosa Venezuela White-crowned Pigeon NT Common Breeding Resident ¨ Patagioenas leucocephala Endemic Plain Pigeon GA NT Greater Antilles, excluding the Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Patagioenas inornata Cayman and Virgin Islands Ring-tailed Pigeon Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Patagioenas caribaea Jamaica Passenger Pigeon Extinct Non-Breeding Winter EX ¨ Ectopistes migratorius Visitor Eurasian Collared-Dove Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Streptopelia decaocto West Indies African Collared-Dove Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Streptopelia roseogrisea Puerto Rico Spotted Dove Introduced LC Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Streptopelia chinensis USVI Common Ground Dove LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Columbina passerine Blue-headed Quail-Dove Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Starnoenas cyanocephala Cuba Crested Quail-Dove Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon versicolor Jamaica Ruddy Quail-Dove LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon montana Gray-fronted Quail-Dove Endemic GA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon caniceps Cuba White-fronted Quail-Dove Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon leucometopia Hispaniola

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Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Endemic Key West Quail-Dove WI LC Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon chrysie Puerto Rico Bridled Quail-Dove Endemic WI LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Geotrygon mystacea Puerto Rico through Saint Lucia Caribbean Dove LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Leptotila jamaicensis Grenada Dove Endemic LA CR Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Leptotila wellsi Grenada White-winged Dove LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Zenaida asiatica Zenaida Dove LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Zenaida aurita Eared Dove LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Zenaida auriculata Mourning Dove LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Zenaida macroura Pied Imperial-Pigeon Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ducula bicolor Bahamas Order Cuculiformes Greater Ani Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Crotophaga major Visitor Smooth-billed Ani LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Crotophaga ani Yellow-billed Cuckoo Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Coccyzus americanus Visitor Mangrove Cuckoo LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus minor Black-billed Cuckoo Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Coccyzus erythropthalmus Visitor Chestnut-bellied Cuckoo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus pluvialis Jamaica Bay-breasted Cuckoo Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus rufigularis Hispaniola Jamaican Lizard-Cuckoo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus vetula Jamaica Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus vieilloti Puerto Rico Great Lizard-Cuckoo Endemic WI LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus merlini Cuba and the Bahamas Hispaniolan Lizard-Cuckoo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coccyzus longirostris Hispaniola Common Cuckoo Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Cuculus canorus Visitor Order Caprimulgiformes Common Nighthawk Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Chordeiles minor Migrant Visitor Antillean Nighthawk Breeding Endemic Fairly Common Breeding Summer GA LC ¨ Chordeiles gundlachii Greater Antilles, Florida Keys Visitor White-tailed Nightjar LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Hydropsalis cayennensis Jamaican Pauraque Endemic GA EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Siphonorhis americana Jamaica 12

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Least Pauraque Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Siphonorhis brewsteri Hispaniola Chuck-will's-widow Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Antrostomus carolinensis Visitor Rufous Nightjar LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Antrostomus rufus Greater Antillean Nightjar Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Antrostomus cubanensis Cuba and Hispaniola Eastern Whip-poor-will Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Antrostomus vociferous Visitor Puerto Rican Nightjar Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Antrostomus noctitherus Puerto Rico Northern Potoo LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Nyctibius jamaicensis Black Swift LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Cypseloides niger White-collared Swift LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Streptoprocne zonaris Chimney Swift Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Chaetura pelagica Visitor Short-tailed Swift LC Rare Breeding Summer Visitor ¨ Chaetura brachyura Gray-rumped Swift LC Rare Breeding Summer Visitor ¨ Chaetura cinereiventris Lesser Antillean Swift Endemic LA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Chaetura martinica Guadeloupe through Saint Vincent Alpine Swift Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Apus melba Visitor Common Swift Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Apus apus Visitor Antillean Palm-Swift Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tachornis phoenicobia Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola Rufous-breasted Hermit LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Glaucis hirsutus Green-breasted Mango LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Anthracothorax prevostii Endemic Antillean Mango GA LC Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anthracothorax dominicus Islands Green Mango Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anthracothorax viridis Puerto Rico Jamaican Mango Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anthracothorax mango Jamaica Purple-throated Carib Endemic LA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Eulampis jugularis Lesser Antilles Green-throated Carib Endemic WI LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Eulampis holosericeus Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles Ruby-throated Hummingbird Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Archilochus colubris Migrant Visitor Bahama Woodstar Endemic LC LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Nesophlox evelynae Bahamas Inagua Woodstar Endemic LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Nesophlox lyrura Bahamas

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Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Vervain Hummingbird Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Mellisuga minima Jamaica and Hispaniola Bee Hummingbird Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Mellisuga helenae Cuba Rufous Hummingbird Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Selasphorus rufus Visitor Cuban Emerald Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Chlorostilbon ricordii Cuba and Northern Bahamas Brace's Emerald Endemic LC EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Chlorostilbon bracei Bahamas Hispaniolan Emerald Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Chlorostilbon swainsonii Hispaniola Puerto Rican Emerald Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Chlorostilbon maugaeus Puerto Rico Blue-headed Hummingbird Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Cyanophaia bicolor Dominica and Martinique Antillean Crested Endemic Hummingbird WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles Orthorhyncus cristatus Streamertail Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Trochilus polytmus Jamaica Order Gruiformes King Rail NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Rallus elegans Clapper Rail LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Rallus crepitans Virginia Rail Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Rallus limicola Visitor Corn Crake Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Crex crex Visitor Zapata Rail Endemic GA CR Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Cyanolimnas cerverai Cuba Spotted Rail LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Pardirallus maculatus Uniform Crake LC Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Amaurolimnas concolor Sora Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Porzana carolina Winter Visitor Spotted Crake Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Porzana porzana Visitor Common Gallinule LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Gallinula galeata American Coot LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Fulica americana Purple Gallinule LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Porphyrio martinica Yellow Rail Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Coturnicops noveboracensis Visitor Yellow-breasted Crake LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Hapalocrex flaviventer Black Rail NT Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Laterallus jamaicensis

14

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Limpkin LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Aramus guarauna Sandhill Crane LC Cuba Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Antigone canadensis Order Charadriiformes Double-striped Thick-knee LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Burhinus bistriatus Black-winged Stilt Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Himantopus himantopus Visitor Black-necked Stilt LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Himantopus mexicanus American Avocet Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Recurvirostra americana Visitor American Oystercatcher LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Haematopus palliates Black-bellied Plover Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Pluvialis squatarola Year-round Visitor American Golden-Plover Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Pluvialis dominica Migrant Visitor Pacific Golden-Plover Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Pluvialis fulva Visitor Northern Lapwing Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Vanellus vanellus Visitor Southern Lapwing LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Vanellus chilensis Collared Plover LC Rare Breeding Summer Visitor ¨ Charadrius collaris Snowy Plover NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Charadrius nivosus Wilson's Plover LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Charadrius wilsonia Common Ringed Plover Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Charadrius hiaticula Visitor Semipalmated Plover Common Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Charadrius semipalmatus round Visitor Piping Plover Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter NT ¨ Charadrius melodus Visitor Little Ringed Plover Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Charadrius dubius Visitor Killdeer LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Charadrius vociferus Northern Jacana LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Jacana spinosa Wattled Jacana Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Jacana jacana Visitor Upland Sandpiper Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Bartramia longicauda Migrant Visitor Whimbrel Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Numenius phaeopus Migrant Visitor Eskimo Curlew Extinct Non-Breeding Migrant CR ¨ Numenius borealis Visitor Long-billed Curlew Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Numenius americanus Visitor

15

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Eurasian Curlew Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Numenius arquata Visitor Bar-tailed Godwit Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Limosa lapponica Visitor Black-tailed Godwit Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Limosa limosa Visitor Hudsonian Godwit Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Limosa haemastica Migrant Visitor Marbled Godwit Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Limosa fedoa Visitor Ruddy Turnstone Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Arenaria interpres Year-round Visitor Red Knot Uncommon Non-Breeding NT ¨ Calidris canutus Migrant Visitor Ruff Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Calidris pugnax Visitor Stilt Sandpiper Uncommon Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Calidris himantopus round Visitor Curlew Sandpiper Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Calidris ferruginea Visitor Sanderling Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Calidris alba Year-round Visitor Dunlin Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Calidris alpina Visitor Baird's Sandpiper Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Calidris bairdii Visitor Little Stint Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Calidris minuta Visitor Least Sandpiper Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Calidris minutilla Visitor White-rumped Sandpiper Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Calidris fuscicollis Migrant Visitor Buff-breasted Sandpiper Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Calidris subruficollis Visitor Pectoral Sandpiper Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Calidris melanotos Migrant Visitor Semipalmated Sandpiper Common Non-Breeding Year- NT ¨ Calidris pusilla round Visitor Western Sandpiper Uncommon Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Calidris mauri round Visitor Short-billed Dowitcher Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Limnodromus griseus Year-round Visitor Long-billed Dowitcher LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Limnodromus scolopaceus Jack Snipe Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Lymnocryptes minimus Visitor Wilson's Snipe Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Gallinago delicata Visitor Terek Sandpiper Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Xenus cinereus Visitor Wilson's Phalarope Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Phalaropus tricolor Migrant Visitor Red-necked Phalarope Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Phalaropus lobatus Visitor 16

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Red Phalarope Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Phalaropus fulicarius Visitor Spotted Sandpiper Common Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Actitis macularius round Visitor Green Sandpiper Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tringa ochropus Visitor Solitary Sandpiper Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Tringa solitaria Winter Visitor Spotted Redshank Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tringa erythropus Visitor Greater Yellowlegs Common Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Tringa melanoleuca round Visitor Common Greenshank Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tringa nebularia Visitor Willet LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tringa semipalmata Lesser Yellowlegs Common Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Tringa flavipes round Visitor Wood Sandpiper Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tringa glareola Visitor Collared Pratincole Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Glareola pratincole Visitor Great Skua LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Stercorarius skua South Polar Skua Rare Non-Breeding Summer LC ¨ Stercorarius maccormicki Visitor Pomarine Jaeger Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Stercorarius pomarinus Visitor Parasitic Jaeger Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Stercorarius parasiticus Migrant Visitor Long-tailed Jaeger LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Stercorarius longicaudus Dovekie Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Alle alle Visitor Black-legged Kittiwake Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter VU ¨ Rissa tridactyla Visitor Sabine's Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Xema sabini Visitor Slender-billed Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Chroicocephalus genei Visitor Bonaparte's Gull Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter Chroicocephalus LC ¨ Visitor philadelphia Gray-hooded Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter Chroicocephalus LC ¨ Visitor cirrocephalus Black-headed Gull Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Chroicocephalus ridibundus Visitor Little Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Hydrocoloeus minutus Visitor Laughing Gull LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Leucophaeus atricilla Franklin's Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Leucophaeus pipixcan Visitor 17

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Ring-billed Gull Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Larus delawarensis Resident Herring Gull Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Larus argentatus Visitor Iceland Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Larus glaucoides Visitor Lesser Black-backed Gull Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Larus fuscus Winter Visitor Glaucous Gull Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Larus hyperboreus Visitor Great Black-backed Gull Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Larus marinus Visitor Kelp Gull LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Larus dominicanus Brown Noddy LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anous stolidus Black Noddy LC Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Anous minutus White Tern LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Gygis alba Sooty Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Onychoprion fuscatus Visitor Bridled Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Onychoprion anaethetus Visitor Least Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Sternula antillarum Visitor Large-billed Tern Very Rare Non-Breeding Summer LC ¨ Phaetusa simplex Visitor Gull-billed Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Gelochelidon nilotica Visitor Caspian Tern Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Hydroprogne caspia Winter Visitor Black Tern Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Chlidonias niger Migrant Visitor White-winged Tern Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Chlidonias leucopterus Visitor Whiskered Tern Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Chlidonias hybrida Visitor Roseate Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Sterna dougallii Visitor Common Tern Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Sterna hirundo Visitor Arctic Tern Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Sterna paradisaea Visitor Forster's Tern Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Sterna forsteri Migrant Visitor Royal Tern LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Thalasseus maximus Sandwich Tern LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Thalasseus sandvicensis Black Skimmer Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Rynchops niger Migrant Visitor

18

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Order Phaethontiformes White-tailed Tropicbird Fairly Common Breeding Summer LC ¨ Phaethon lepturus Visitor Red-billed Tropicbird LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Phaethon aethereus Order Gaviiformes Common Loon Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Gavia immer Visitor Order Procellariiformes Yellow-nosed Albatross EN Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Thalassarche chlororhynchos Black-browed Albatross LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Thalassarche melanophris Wilson's Storm-Petrel Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Oceanites oceanicus Migrant Visitor Leach's Storm-Petrel Uncommon Non-Breeding VU ¨ Oceanodroma leucorhoa Migrant Visitor Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Oceanodroma castro Visitor Northern Fulmar LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Fulmarus glacialis Trindade Petrel VU Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Pterodroma arminjoniana Bermuda Petrel EN Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Pterodroma cahow Black-capped Petrel Breeding Endemic WI EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Pterodroma hasitata Hispaniola and Dominica Bulwer's Petrel LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Bulweria bulwerii Cory's Shearwater Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Calonectris diomedea Migrant Visitor Cape Verde Shearwater NT Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Calonectris edwardsii Great Shearwater Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Ardenna gravis Migrant Visitor Sooty Shearwater NT Uncommon Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Ardenna grisea Manx Shearwater Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Puffinus puffinus Migrant Visitor Audubon's Shearwater LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Puffinus lherminieri Order Ciconiiformes White Stork Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Ciconia ciconia Visitor Jabiru LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Jabiru mycteria Wood Stork LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Mycteria americana Order Suliformes Magnificent Frigatebird LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Fregata magnificens 19

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Masked Booby LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Sula dactylatra Brown Booby LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sula leucogaster Red-footed Booby LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sula sula Northern Gannet Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Morus bassanus Visitor Anhinga LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Anhinga anhinga Neotropic Cormorant LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Phalacrocorax brasilianus Double-crested Cormorant LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Phalacrocorax auratus Order Pelecaniformes American White Pelican Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Visitor Brown Pelican LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Pelecanus occidentalis American Bittern LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Botaurus lentiginosus Little Bittern Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Ixobrychus minutus Visitor Least Bittern LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ixobrychus exilis Great Blue Heron LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Ardea Herodias Gray Heron Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Ardea cinerea Visitor Cocoi Heron Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Ardea cocoi Visitor Purple Heron Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Ardea purpurea Visitor Great Egret LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Ardea alba Little Egret LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Egretta garzetta Western Reef-Heron Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Egretta gularis Visitor Snowy Egret LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Egretta thula Little Blue Heron LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Egretta caerulea Tricolored Heron LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Egretta tricolor Reddish Egret NT Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Egretta rufescens Cattle Egret LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Bubulcus ibis Squacco Heron Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Ardeola ralloides Visitor Green Heron LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Butorides virescens

20

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Striated Heron LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Butorides striata Black-crowned Night-Heron LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned Night-Heron LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Nyctanassa violacea White Ibis LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Eudocimus albus Scarlet Ibis Very Rare Non-Breeding Year- LC ¨ Eudocimus ruber round Visitor Glossy Ibis LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Plegadis falcinellus Eurasian Spoonbill Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Platalea leucorodia Visitor Roseate Spoonbill Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Platalea ajaja Resident Order Cathartiformes Black Vulture LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Coragyps atratus Turkey Vulture LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Cathartes aura Order Accipitriformes Osprey LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Pandion haliaetus LC; Hook-billed Kite CR Cuba and Grenada Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Chondrohierax uncinatus Cuba Swallow-tailed Kite Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Elanoides forficatus Migrant Visitor Snail Kite LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Rostrhamus sociabilis Mississippi Kite Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Ictinia mississippiensis Migrant Visitor Eurasian Marsh-Harrier Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Circus aeruginosus Visitor Northern Harrier Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Circus hudsonius Winter Visitor Sharp-shinned Hawk LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Accipiter striatus Gundlach's Hawk Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Accipiter gundlachi Cuba Black Kite Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Milvus migrans Visitor Bald Eagle Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Haliaeetus leucocephalus Visitor Common Black Hawk LC Uncommon Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Buteogallus anthracinus Cuban Black Hawk Endemic GA NT Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Buteogallus gundlachii Cuba Ridgway's Hawk Endemic GA CR Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Buteo ridgwayi Hispaniola Broad-winged Hawk LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Buteo platypterus 21

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Short-tailed Hawk Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Buteo brachyurus Visitor Swainson's Hawk Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Buteo swainsoni Visitor Red-tailed Hawk LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Buteo jamaicensis Order Strigiformes Barn Owl LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tyto alba Ashy-faced Owl Endemic GA LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Tyto glaucops Hispaniola Puerto Rican Screech-Owl Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Megascops nudipes Puerto Rico Bare-legged Owl Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Margarobyas lawrencii Cuba Cuban Pygmy-Owl Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Glaucidium siju Cuba Burrowing Owl LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Athene cunicularia Long-eared Owl Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Asio otus Visitor Stygian Owl LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Asio stygius Short-eared Owl LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Asio flammeus Jamaican Owl Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Pseudoscops grammicus Jamaica Order Trogoniformes Cuban Trogon Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Priotelus temnurus Cuba Hispaniolan Trogon Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Priotelus roseigaster Hispaniola Order Coraciiformes Cuban Tody Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Todus multicolor Cuba Broad-billed Tody Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Todus subulatus Hispaniola Narrow-billed Tody Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Todus angustirostris Hispaniola Jamaican Tody Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Todus todus Jamaica Puerto Rican Tody Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Todus mexicanus Puerto Rico Ringed Kingfisher LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Megaceryle torquata Belted Kingfisher LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Megaceryle alcyon European Bee-eater Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Merops apiaster Visitor Order Piciformes

22

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Antillean Piculet Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Nesoctites micromegas Hispaniola Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Sphyrapicus varius Visitor Cuban Green Woodpecker Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Xiphidiopicus percussus Cuba Guadeloupe Woodpecker Endemic LA NT Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanerpes herminieri Guadeloupe Puerto Rican Woodpecker Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanerpes portoricensis Puerto Rico Hispaniolan Woodpecker Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanerpes striatus Hispaniola Jamaican Woodpecker Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanerpes radiolatus Jamaica West Indian Woodpecker Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanerpes superciliaris Cuba, Bahamas and Grand Cayman Hairy Woodpecker LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Dryobates villosus Ivory-billed Woodpecker EX Cuba Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Campephilus principalis Northern Flicker LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Colaptes auratus Fernandina's Flicker Endemic GA VU Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Colaptes fernandinae Cuba Order Falconiformes Crested Caracara LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Caracara cheriway Eurasian Kestrel Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Falco tinnunculus Visitor American Kestrel LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Falco sparverius Merlin Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Falco columbarius Winter Visitor Aplomado Falcon LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Falco femoralis Bat Falcon LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Falco rufigularis Peregrine Falcon Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Falco peregrinus Winter Visitor Order Psittaciformes White Cockatoo Introduced EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Cacatua alba Puerto Rico Rose-ringed Parakeet Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Psittacula krameria Martinique, Barbados Introduced Monk Parakeet LC Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Grand Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiopsitta monachus Cayman White-winged Parakeet Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Brotogeris versicolurus Puerto Rico Red-crowned Parrot Introduced EN Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona viridigenalis Puerto Rico Red-necked Parrot Endemic LA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona arausiaca Dominica 23

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg St. Lucia Parrot Endemic LA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona versicolor Saint Lucia Black-billed Parrot Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona agilis Jamaica White-fronted Parrot Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona albifrons Puerto Rico Yellow-billed Parrot Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona collaria Jamaica Cuban Parrot Endemic WI NT Common Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona leucocephala Bahamas, Cuba and Cayman Islands Hispaniolan Parrot Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona ventralis Hispaniola Puerto Rican Parrot Endemic GA CR Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona vittata Puerto Rico Imperial Parrot Endemic LA EN Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona imperialis Dominica St. Vincent Parrot Endemic LA VU Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona guildingii Saint Vincent Orange-winged Parrot Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Amazona amazonica Puerto Rico Green-rumped Parrotlet Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Forpus passerines Jamaica Green-cheeked Parakeet Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Pyrrhura molinae Puerto Rico Olive-throated Parakeet NT Common Breeding Resident ¨ Eupsittula nana Orange-fronted Parakeet Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Eupsittula canicularis Puerto Rico Brown-throated Parakeet Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Eupsittula pertinax USVI, San Andres Blue-and-yellow Macaw Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ara ararauna Puerto Rico Cuban Macaw Endemic GA EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Ara tricolor Cuba Red-masked Parakeet Introduced NT Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Psittacara erythrogenys Puerto Rico Cuban Parakeet Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Psittacara euops Cuba Hispaniolan Parakeet Endemic GA VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Psittacara chloropterus Hispaniola Puerto Rican Parakeet Endemic GA EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Psittacara maugei Puerto Rico Order Passeriformes Jamaican Becard Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Pachyramphus niger Jamaica Jamaican Elaenia Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiopagis cotta Jamaica Yellow-bellied Elaenia LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Elaenia flavogaster Caribbean Elaenia LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Elaenia martinica Greater Antillean Elaenia Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Elaenia fallax Jamaica and Hispaniola

24

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Euler's Flycatcher LC Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Lathrotriccus euleri Olive-sided Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Contopus cooperi Visitor Western Wood-Pewee Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Contopus sordidulus Visitor Eastern Wood-Pewee Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Contopus virens Migrant Visitor Cuban Pewee Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Contopus caribaeus Cuba and Northern Bahamas Jamaican Pewee Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Contopus pallidus Jamaica Hispaniolan Pewee Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Contopus hispaniolensis Hispaniola Endemic Lesser Antillean Pewee WI LC Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Contopus latirostris and Puerto Rico Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Empidonax flaviventris Visitor Acadian Flycatcher Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Empidonax virescens Visitor Alder Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant

¨ Empidonax alnorum Visitor Willow Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Empidonax traillii Visitor Least Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Empidonax minimus Visitor Eastern Phoebe Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Sayornis phoebe Migrant Visitor Vermilion Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Pyrocephalus rubinus Visitor Sad Flycatcher Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus barbirostris Jamaica Great Crested Flycatcher Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Myiarchus crinitus Visitor Brown-crested Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Myiarchus tyrannulus Visitor Endemic Grenada Flycatcher LA LC Saint Vincent, Grenadines and Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus nugator Grenada Rufous-tailed Flycatcher Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus validus Jamaica La Sagra's Flycatcher Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus sagrae Bahamas, Cuba and Grand Cayman Stolid Flycatcher Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus stolidus Jamaica and Hispaniola Puerto Rican Flycatcher Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus antillarum Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands Lesser Antillean Flycatcher Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Myiarchus oberi Barbuda through Saint Lucia Great Kiskadee LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Pitangus sulphuratus Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Myiodynastes luteiventris Visitor 25

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Piratic Flycatcher LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Legatus leucophaius Tropical Kingbird Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tyrannus melancholicus Visitor Cassin's Kingbird Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tyrannus vociferans Visitor Western Kingbird Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tyrannus verticalis Visitor Eastern Kingbird Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Tyrannus tyrannus Migrant Visitor Gray Kingbird LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tyrannus dominicensis Endemic Loggerhead Kingbird WI LC Greater Antilles, Northern Bahamas Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tyrannus caudifasciatus and Cayman Islands Endemic Giant Kingbird GA EN Cuba, extirpated on Bahamas and Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Tyrannus cubensis Turks and Caicos Islands Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tyrannus forficatus Visitor Fork-tailed Flycatcher Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tyrannus savanna Visitor Blue Mountain Vireo Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo osburni Jamaica White-eyed Vireo Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Vireo griseus Visitor Thick-billed Vireo Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo crassirostris Bahamas and Cayman Islands Mangrove Vireo LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo pallens San Andres Vireo Endemic WC VU Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo caribaeus San Andres Jamaican Vireo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo modestus Jamaica Cuban Vireo Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo gundlachii Cuba Puerto Rican Vireo Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo latimerid Puerto Rico Flat-billed Vireo Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo nanus Hispaniola Bell's Vireo Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Vireo bellii Visitor Yellow-throated Vireo Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Vireo flavifrons Winter Visitor Blue-headed Vireo Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Vireo solitarius Visitor Philadelphia Vireo Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Vireo philadelphicus Visitor Warbling Vireo Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Vireo gilvus Visitor Red-eyed Vireo Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Vireo olivaceus Migrant Visitor Yellow-green Vireo LC Uncommon Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Vireo flavoviridis 26

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Black-whiskered Vireo LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo altiloquus Yucatan Vireo LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Vireo magister Loggerhead Shrike NT Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Lanius ludovicianus House Crow LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Corvus splendens Palm Crow Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Corvus palmarum Cuba and Hispaniola Cuban Crow Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Corvus nasicus Cuba, Turks and Caicos Endemic White-necked Crow GA VU Hispaniola, extirpated on Puerto Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Corvus leucognaphalus Rico Jamaican Crow Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Corvus jamaicensis Jamaica Fish Crow LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Corvus ossifragus Horned Lark Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Eremophila alpestris Visitor Northern Rough-winged Uncommon Non-Breeding Swallow LC ¨ Migrant Visitor Stelgidopteryx serripennis Purple Martin Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Progne subis Migrant Visitor Cuban Martin Breeding Endemic Fairly Common Breeding Summer GA LC ¨ Progne cryptoleuca Cuba Visitor Breeding Endemic Caribbean Martin Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico Common Breeding Summer WI LC ¨ Progne dominicensis through the Lesser Antilles and Visitor Tobago Brown-chested Martin Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Progne tapera Visitor Tree Swallow Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Tachycineta bicolor Visitor White-winged Swallow LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Tachycineta albiventer Golden Swallow Endemic GA VU Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Tachycineta euchrysea Hispaniola, extirpated on Jamaica. Violet-green Swallow Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Tachycineta thalassina Visitor Bahama Swallow Endemic LC EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Bahamas Bank Swallow Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Riparia riparia Migrant Visitor Barn Swallow Common Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Hirundo rustica Visitor Cliff Swallow Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Migrant Visitor Cave Swallow LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Petrochelidon fulva Common House-Martin Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Delichon urbicum Visitor 27

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Ruby-crowned Kinglet Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Regulus calendula Visitor Brown-headed Nuthatch LC Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Sitta pusilla Blue-gray Gnatcatcher LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Polioptila caerulea Cuban Gnatcatcher Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Polioptila lembeyei Cuba Zapata Wren Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ferminia cerverai Cuba House Wren LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Troglodytes aedon Sedge Wren Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Cistothorus platensis Visitor Marsh Wren Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Cistothorus palustris Visitor European Starling Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sturnus vulgaris Jamaica, Bahamas Gray Catbird Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Dumetella carolinensis Winter Visitor White-breasted Thrasher Endemic LA EN Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Ramphocinclus brachyurus Martinique and Saint Lucia Scaly-breasted Thrasher Endemic LA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Allenia fusca Saba through Grenada Near Endemic Pearly-eyed Thrasher WI LC Southern Bahamas, Puerto Rico Common Breeding Resident ¨ Margarops fuscatus through Saint Lucia and Bonaire Brown Trembler Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Cinclocerthia ruficauda Saba through Saint Vincent Gray Trembler Endemic LA LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Cinclocerthia gutturalis Martinique and Saint Lucia Brown Thrasher Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Toxostoma rufum Visitor Bahama Mockingbird Endemic WI LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Mimus gundlachii Bahamas, Cuba and Jamaica Tropical Mockingbird LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Mimus gilvus Northern Mockingbird LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Mimus polyglottos Eastern Bluebird Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Sialia sialis Visitor Cuban Solitaire Endemic GA NT Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myadestes elisabeth Cuba Endemic Rufous-throated Solitaire WI LC Jamaica, Hispaniola and Dominica Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Myadestes genibarbis through Saint Vincent Veery Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Catharus fuscescens Migrant Visitor Gray-cheeked Thrush Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Catharus minimus Migrant Visitor Non-breeding Endemic Bicknell's Thrush GA VU Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica and Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Catharus bicknelli Puerto Rico

28

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Swainson's Thrush Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Catharus ustulatus Migrant Visitor Hermit Thrush Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Catharus guttatus Visitor Wood Thrush Uncommon Non-Breeding NT ¨ Hylocichla mustelina Migrant Visitor Cocoa Thrush LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus fumigatus Spectacled Thrush LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus nudigenis Endemic Forest Thrush LA VU Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus lherminieri and Saint Lucia White-eyed Thrush Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus jamaicensis Jamaica La Selle Thrush Endemic GA EN Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus swalesi Hispaniola American Robin Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Turdus migratorius Visitor White-chinned Thrush Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus aurantius Jamaica Grand Cayman Thrush Endemic GA EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman Endemic Red-legged Thrush Cuba, Northern Bahamas, Cayman WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Turdus plumbeus Islands, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Dominica Northern Wheatear Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Oenanthe oenanthe Visitor Cedar Waxwing LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Bombycilla cedrorum Palmchat Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Dulus dominicus Hispaniola Introduced Village Weaver LC Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ploceus cucullatus Martinique Introduced Northern Red Bishop LC Puerto Rico, Jamaica, USVI, Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Euplectes franciscanus Guadeloupe, Martinique Yellow-crowned Bishop Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Euplectes afer Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe Introduced Orange-cheeked Waxbill LC Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Estrilda melpoda Martinique Introduced Black-rumped Waxbill LC Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Estrilda troglodytes Martinique Common Waxbill Introduced LC Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Estrilda astrild Martinique Introduced Red Avadavat LC Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Amandava amandava Martinique Bronze Mannikin Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Spermestes cucullata Puerto Rico 29

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Indian Silverbill Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Euodice malabarica Puerto Rico Introduced Scaly-breasted Munia Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Lonchura punctulata Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica Introduced Tricolored Munia LC Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Lonchura malacca Rico Chestnut Munia Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Lonchura atricapilla Jamaica, Martinique White-headed Munia Introduced LC Very Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Lonchura maja Martinique Java Sparrow Introduced VU Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Lonchura oryzivora Puerto Rico Pin-tailed Whydah Introduced LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Vidua macroura Puerto Rico Introduced House Sparrow LC Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Anguilla, Common Breeding Resident ¨ Passer domesticus Guadeloupe White Wagtail Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Motacilla alba Visitor American Pipit Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Anthus rubescens Visitor Sprague's Pipit Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter VU ¨ Anthus spragueii Visitor Jamaican Euphonia Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Euphonia Jamaica Jamaica Endemic Antillean Euphonia WI LC Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Euphonia musica Barbuda through Grenada House Finch Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Haemorhous mexicanus Visitor Hispaniolan Crossbill Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Loxia megaplaga Hispaniola Antillean Siskin Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Spinus dominicensis Hispaniola American Goldfinch Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Spinus tristis Visitor Red Siskin Introduced EN Extirpated Breeding Resident ¨ Spinus cucullatus Puerto Rico Lapland Longspur Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Calcarius lapponicus Visitor Snow Bunting Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Plectrophenax nivalis Visitor Grasshopper Sparrow LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ammodramus savannarum Chipping Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Spizella passerine Clay-colored Sparrow Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Spizella pallida Visitor Lark Sparrow Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Chondestes grammacus Visitor

30

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Dark-eyed Junco Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Junco hyemalis Visitor Rufous-collared Sparrow LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Zonotrichia capensis White-crowned Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Zonotrichia leucophrys White-throated Sparrow Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Zonotrichia albicollis Visitor Vesper Sparrow Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Pooecetes gramineus Visitor Savannah Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Passerculus sandwichensis Song Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Melospiza melodia Lincoln's Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Melospiza lincolnii Swamp Sparrow LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Melospiza georgiana Zapata Sparrow Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Torreornis inexpectata Cuba Green-tailed Towhee Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Pipilo chlorurus Visitor Western Chat-Tanager Endemic GA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Calyptophilus tertius Hispaniola Eastern Chat-Tanager Endemic GA NT Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Calyptophilus frugivorus Hispaniola Black-crowned Palm- ¨ Tanager GA LC Endemic Fairly Common Breeding Resident Phaenicophilus palmarum Hispaniola Gray-crowned Palm- Tanager GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Phaenicophilus Endemic poliocephalus Hispaniola White-winged Warbler Endemic GA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Xenoligea montana Hispaniola Green-tailed Warbler Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Microligea palustris Hispaniola Puerto Rican Tanager Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Nesospingus speculiferus Puerto Rico Western Spindalis Near Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Spindalis zena Greater Antilles and Cozumel Island Jamaican Spindalis Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Spindalis nigricephala Jamaica Hispaniolan Spindalis Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Spindalis dominicensis Hispaniola Puerto Rican Spindalis Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Spindalis portoricensis Puerto Rico Yellow-headed Warbler Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Teretistris fernandinae Cuba Oriente Warbler Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Teretistris fornsi Cuba Yellow-breasted Chat LC Rare Non-Breeding WInter Visitor ¨ Icteria virens

31

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Yellow-headed Blackbird ¨ Xanthocephalus LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor xanthocephalus Bobolink Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Dolichonyx oryzivorus Migrant Visitor Eastern Meadowlark LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sturnella magna Hispaniolan Oriole Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus dominicensis Hispaniola Cuban Oriole Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus melanopsis Cuba Bahama Oriole Endemic LC CR Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus northropi Bahamas Puerto Rican Oriole Endemic GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus portoricensis Puerto Rico St. Lucia Oriole Endemic LA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus laudabilis Saint Lucia Montserrat Oriole Endemic LA VU Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus oberi Montserrat Martinique Oriole Endemic LA VU Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus bonana Martinique Orchard Oriole LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Icterus spurius Hooded Oriole Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Icterus cucullatus Visitor Venezuelan Troupial Introduced LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus icterus Puerto Rico Bullock's Oriole Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Icterus bullockii Visitor Endemic Jamaican Oriole GA LC Jamaica, extirpated on Grand Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Icterus leucopteryx Cayman Yellow Oriole LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Icterus nigrogularis Baltimore Oriole Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Icterus galbula Migrant Visitor Jamaican Blackbird Endemic GA EN Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Nesopsar nigerrimus Jamaica Red-winged Blackbird LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Agelaius phoeniceus Red-shouldered Blackbird Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Agelaius assimilis Cuba Tawny-shouldered Endemic Blackbird GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Cuba and Hispaniola Agelaius humeralis Yellow-shouldered Endemic Blackbird GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Puerto Rico Agelaius xanthomus Shiny Cowbird LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Molothrus bonariensis Brown-headed Cowbird LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Molothrus ater Giant Cowbird LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Molothrus oryzivorus 32

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Cuban Blackbird Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Ptiloxena atroviolacea Cuba Common Grackle Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Quiscalus quiscula Visitor Boat-tailed Grackle Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Quiscalus major Bahamas Introduced Great-tailed Grackle LC Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Quiscalus mexicanus San Andres and Providencia Endemic Greater Antillean Grackle GA LC Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Common Breeding Resident ¨ Quiscalus niger Hispaniola and Puerto Rico Carib Grackle LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Quiscalus lugubris Yellow-hooded Blackbird LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Chrysomus icterocephalus Ovenbird Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Seiurus aurocapilla Visitor Worm-eating Warbler Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Helmitheros vermivorum Winter Visitor Louisiana Waterthrush Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Parkesia motacilla Winter Visitor Northern Waterthrush Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Parkesia noveboracensis Visitor Bachman's Warbler Extinct Non-Breeding Winter CR ¨ Vermivora bachmanii Visitor Golden-winged Warbler Rare Non-Breeding Migrant NT ¨ Vermivora chrysoptera Visitor Blue-winged Warbler Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Vermivora cyanoptera Visitor Black-and-white Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Mniotilta varia Visitor Prothonotary Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Protonotaria citrea Migrant Visitor Swainson's Warbler LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Limnothlypis swainsonii Tennessee Warbler LC Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Leiothlypis peregrina Orange-crowned Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Leiothlypis celata Visitor Nashville Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Leiothlypis ruficapilla Visitor Virginia's Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Leiothlypis virginiae Visitor Semper's Warbler Endemic LA EX Extinct Breeding Resident ¨ Leucopeza semperi Saint Lucia Connecticut Warbler Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Oporornis agilis Visitor Mourning Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Geothlypis philadelphia Visitor Kentucky Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Geothlypis formosa Migrant Visitor Bahama Yellowthroat Endemic LC LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Geothlypis rostrate Bahamas 33

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Common Yellowthroat Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Geothlypis trichas Visitor Whistling Warbler Endemic LA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Catharopeza bishopi Saint Vincent Plumbeous Warbler Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga plumbea Guadeloupe and Dominica Elfin-woods Warbler Endemic GA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga angelae Puerto Rico Arrowhead Warbler Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga pharetra Jamaica Hooded Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga citrina Visitor American Redstart Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga ruticilla Visitor Kirtland's Warbler Non-breeding Endemic LC NT Rare Non-Breeding Winter Visitor ¨ Setophaga kirtlandii Bahamas Cape May Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga tigrine Visitor Cerulean Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant VU ¨ Setophaga cerulea Visitor Northern Parula Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga americana Visitor Magnolia Warbler Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Setophaga magnolia Migrant Visitor Bay-breasted Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Setophaga castanea Migrant Visitor Blackburnian Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Setophaga fusca Migrant Visitor Yellow Warbler LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga petechia Chestnut-sided Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga pensylvanica Visitor Blackpoll Warbler Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Setophaga striata Migrant Visitor Black-throated Blue Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga caerulescens Visitor Palm Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga palmarum Visitor Olive-capped Warbler Endemic WI LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga pityophila Cuba and Northern Bahamas Pine Warbler LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga pinus Yellow-rumped Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga coronata Visitor Yellow-throated Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga dominica Visitor Bahama Warbler Endemic LC NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga flavescens Bahamas Vitelline Warbler Near Endemic GA NT Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga vitellina Cayman Islands and Swan Islands Prairie Warbler Common Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Setophaga discolor Visitor Adelaide's Warbler Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga adelaidae Puerto Rico 34

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Barbuda Warbler Endemic LA NT Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga subita Barbuda St. Lucia Warbler Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Setophaga delicata Saint Lucia Black-throated Gray Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Setophaga nigrescens Visitor Townsend's Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Setophaga townsendi Visitor Golden-cheeked Warbler Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant EN ¨ Setophaga chrysoparia Visitor Black-throated Green Fairly Common Non-Breeding Warbler LC ¨ Winter Visitor Setophaga virens Canada Warbler Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Cardellina canadensis Visitor Wilson's Warbler Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Cardellina pusilla Migrant Visitor Summer Tanager Uncommon Non-Breeding LC ¨ Piranga rubra Migrant Visitor Scarlet Tanager Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Piranga olivacea Visitor Western Tanager Very Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Piranga ludoviciana Visitor Northern Cardinal Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Cardinalis cardinalis Visitor Rose-breasted Grosbeak Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Pheucticus ludovicianus Visitor Black-headed Grosbeak Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Pheucticus melanocephalus Visitor Blue Grosbeak Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Passerina caerulea Visitor Lazuli Bunting Very Rare Non-Breeding Winter LC ¨ Passerina amoena Visitor Indigo Bunting Fairly Common Non-Breeding LC ¨ Passerina cyanea Winter Visitor Painted Bunting Uncommon Non-Breeding Winter NT ¨ Passerina ciris Visitor Dickcissel Rare Non-Breeding Migrant LC ¨ Spiza americana Visitor Lesser Antillean Tanager Endemic LA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Stilpnia cucullate Saint Vincent and Grenada Red-legged Honeycreeper LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Cyanerpes cyaneus Saffron Finch Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sicalis flaveola Jamaica and Puerto Rico Grassland Yellow-Finch Introduced LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Sicalis luteola Lesser Antilles Blue-black Grassquit LC Rare Breeding Summer Visitor ¨ Volatinia jacarina Lined Seedeater LC Very Rare Non-Breeding Visitor ¨ Sporophila lineola Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch Introduced LC Rare Breeding Resident ¨ Sporophila angolensis Martinique

35

Common Name End IUCN Endemism and Introduction Status Scientific Name Reg Yellow-bellied Seedeater LC Rare Breeding Summer Visitor ¨ Sporophila nigricollis Bananaquit LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Coereba flaveola Yellow-faced Grassquit LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Tiaris olivaceus Orangequit Endemic GA LC Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Euneornis campestris Jamaica Puerto Rican Bullfinch Endemic GA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melopyrrha portoricensis Puerto Rico, extirpated on St. Kitts Cuban Bullfinch Endemic GA NT Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melopyrrha nigra Cuba and Grand Cayman Greater Antillean Bullfinch Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melopyrrha violacea Bahamas, Hispaniola and Jamaica Yellow-shouldered Endemic Grassquit GA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Jamaica Loxipasser anoxanthus Endemic Cuban Grassquit WI LC Cuba and New Providence, Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Phonipara canora Bahamas Lesser Antillean Bullfinch Endemic WI LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Loxigilla noctis Virgin Islands through Grenada Barbados Bullfinch Endemic LA LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Loxigilla barbadensis Barbados St. Lucia Black Finch Endemic LA EN Uncommon Breeding Resident ¨ Melanospiza richardsoni Saint Lucia Black-faced Grassquit LC Common Breeding Resident ¨ Melanospiza bicolor Lesser Antillean Saltator Endemic LA LC Fairly Common Breeding Resident ¨ Saltator albicollis Guadeloupe through Saint Lucia

36 NON-ESTABLISHED BIRD SPECIES OF THE WEST INDIES

Common Name Distribution Notes Scientific Name Wandering Whistling-Duck Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Dendrocygna arcuata California Quail Introduced, never became US Virgin Islands ¨ Callipepla californica established Blue-breasted Quail Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Synoicus chinensis Bare-eyed Pigeon Saint Martin Local escapes, one individual ¨ Patagioenas corensis Tambourine Dove Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Turtur tympanistria Diamond Dove Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Geopelia cuneata Great Horned Owl One sighting thought to be Puerto Rico ¨ Bubo virginianus released Channel-billed Toucan Introduced, never became Grenada ¨ Ramphastos vitellinus established Tanimbar Corella Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Cacatua goffiniana Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Bahamas Local escapes ¨ Cacatua galerita Salmon-crested Cockatoo Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Cacatua moluccensis Cockatiel Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Nymphicus hollandicus Budgerigar Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Melopsittacus undulatus Rosy-faced Lovebird Puerto Rico, Cuba Local escapes ¨ Agapornis roseicollis Fischer's Lovebird Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Agapornis fischeri Yellow-collared Lovebird Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Agapornis personatus Black-cheeked Lovebird Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Agapornis nigrigenis Gray Parrot Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Psittacus erithacus Senegal Parrot Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Poicephalus senegalus Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Bahamas Local escape ¨ Brotogeris chiriri Dusky Parrot Jamaica Local escapes ¨ Pionus fuscus Yellow-naped Parrot Pairs in Kingston, escapees not Jamaica ¨ Amazona auropalliata established. Yellow-headed Parrot Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Amazona oratrix Yellow-crowned Parrot Puerto Rico, Grand Cayman Local escapes ¨ Amazona ochrocephala Turquoise-fronted Parrot Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Amazona aestiva Nanday Parakeet Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Aratinga nenday

37

Common Name Distribution Notes Scientific Name Sun Parakeet Puerto Rica, Grand Cayman Local escapes ¨ Aratinga solstitialis Military Macaw Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Ara militaris Scarlet Macaw Introduced to Cuba, not self- Puerto Rico, Cuba ¨ Ara macao sustaining due to hybridization Red-and-green Macaw Introduced to Cuba, not self- Puerto Rico, Cuba ¨ Ara chloropterus sustaining due to hybridization Chestnut-fronted Macaw Bahamas Local escapes ¨ Ara severus Blue-crowned Parakeet Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Thectocercus acuticaudatus Mitred Parakeet Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Psittacara mitratus Black-billed Magpie Introduced, never became Jamaica ¨ Pica hudsonia established Eurasian Skylark Introduced, never became Jamaica ¨ Alauda arvensis established White-eared Bulbul Cuba Local escapes ¨ Pycnonotus leucotis Red-billed Leiothrix Cuba Local escapes ¨ Leiothrix lutea Red-faced Liocichla Cuba Local escapes ¨ Liocichla phoenicea Common Hill Myna Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Gracula religiosa Common Myna Local escapes, observed Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba ¨ Acridotheres tristis Intermittently Great Myna Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Acridotheres grandis Crested Myna Cuba Local escapes ¨ Acridotheres cristatellus Black-winged Bishop Single record for Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe ¨ Euplectes hordeaceus considered an escapee. Yellow-mantled Widowbird Cuba Local escapes ¨ Euplectes macroura Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Uraeginthus bengalus Purple Grenadier Martinique Local escapes ¨ Granatina ianthinogaster Cut-throat Guadeloupe One individual ¨ Amadina fasciata Zebra Finch Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Taeniopygia guttata White-rumped Munia Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Lonchura striata White-winged Snowfinch One individual, considered Ship Cuba ¨ Montifringilla nivalis assisted, non-migratory species. Yellow-fronted Canary Puerto Rico No recent sightings ¨ Crithagra mozambica Island Canary Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Serinus canaria Yellow-tailed Oriole Cuba One individual ¨ Icterus mesomelas 38

Common Name Distribution Notes Scientific Name Altamira Oriole Cuba One individual Non-migratory ¨ Icterus gularis Red-crested Cardinal Puerto Rico Local escapes ¨ Paroaria coronata

HYPOTHETICAL SPECIES

Common Name

Scientific Name Common Goldeneye White-chested Emerald Black-throated Sparrow

Bucephala clangula Amazilia brevirostris Amphispiza bilineata European Turtle-Dove Copper-rumped Hummingbird Audubon's Oriole

Streptopelia turtur Amazilia tobaci Icterus graduacauda Dark-billed Cuckoo Elegant Tern Rusty Blackbird

Coccyzus melacoryphus Thalasseus elegans Euphagus carolinus White-necked Jacobin Little Shearwater Brewer's Blackbird

Florisuga mellivora Puffinus assimilis Euphagus cyanocephalus Ruby-topaz Hummingbird White-tailed Hawk Swallow Tanager

Chrysolampis mosquitus Geranoaetus albicaudatus Tersina viridis Green-throated Mango Common Redpoll

Anthracothorax viridigula Acanthis flammea

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41 Martínez, O., L. Cotayo, A. Kirkconnell and J.W. Wiley. 2016. First record of Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus in the Caribbean. Bulletin British Ornithologists’ Club 124:28 –37. Mukhida, F., J. Cestero and B. Cestero. 2011. First record of the Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) for the Caribbean in Anguilla. Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 24 (1):32 –33. Navarro, N. and E. Reyes. 2017. Annotated checklist of the birds of Cuba. Ediciones Nuevos Mundos. Saint Augustine, Florida, USA, No. 1. Navarro, N. 2018-2019. Annotated checklist of the birds of Cuba. Ediciones Nuevos Mundos. Saint Augustine, Florida, USA, No. 2. Norton, R.L. 1987. The Winter Season December 1, 1986-February 28, 1987: West Indies Region. American Birds 41 (2) 253 –335 Parada I.A., O. Martínez Llanes and L. J. Degnan. 2014. First report of Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) from Cuba and the Greater Antilles. Florida Field Naturalist 42 (4):148- 150. Pinchon R., 1976. Faune des Antilles françaises. Les Oiseaux. Fort de France, 326 p. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 2003. Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. Rodríguez-Santana, F. 2010. Reports of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii), Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni), and Short-tailed Hawks (Buteo brachyurus) in Cuba. Journal of Raptor Research 44 (2):146 –151 Schwartz, A. and R.F. Klinikowski. 1963. Observations on West Indian birds. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 53 –77. Smith, P.W., S.A. Smith, P.G. Ryan, and R. Cassidy. 1994. First report of Virginia's Warbler from the Bahama Islands, with Comments on Other Records from the West Indies and Toussaint, A., L. John, and M. Morton. 2009 The Status and Conservation of Saint Lucia’s Forest Birds. Technical Report No. 12 to the National Forest Demarcation and Bio-Physical Resource Inventory Project, FCG International Ltd, Helsinki, Finland. White, A. and A. Jeremiah. 2011. First Record of Large-Billed Tern (Phaetusa Simplex) for Grenada and the Lesser Antilles. Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 24 (2):74 –76

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