The Activities of the Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia Through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” (2014-2016)

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE JAPAN FOUNDATION IN PROMOTING JAPANESE CULTURE IN INDONESIA THROUGH THE ANNUALLY PROJECT “DISCOVERY JAPAN” (2014-2016)

SARA IASHA ID No. 016201300136

A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Concentrate in Diplomacy Studies

2017

THESIS ADVISER

RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This thesis entitled The Activities of The Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” prepared and submitted by Sara Iasha in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the School of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.

Cikarang, Indonesia, July, 2017

Recommended and Acknowledged by,

Thesis Adviser

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this thesis entitled The Activities of The Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.

Cikarang, Indonesia, July, 2017

Sara Iasha

PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET

Panel of examiners stated that the thesis entitled The Activities of The Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” that was submitted by Sara Iasha majoring in International Relations from the School of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on Juny 15th, 2017.

Chair – Panel of Examiner

Examiner

Riski M. Baskoro, S.Sos., MA. Thesis Adviser

iii

ABSTRACT

Name : Sara Iasha

ID No. : 016201300136

Title : The Activities of the Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” (2014-2016)

Japan is known as one of the countries that has successfully implement the cultural diplomacy abroad. Japan is one of the famous country with their strong popular culture spread out of the world. Art is one of the example that Japan have that makes that country known worldwide and also as their strategies to promote their culture. In order to promote their culture, Japan established the Japan Foundation in 1972 and the headquartered in Tokyo. The purpose of the establishment of the Japan Foundation is as an international exchange in the field of culture, especially in Japan‟s colonial countries as the post-war recovery of Japanese image. The Japan Foundation is the institution dedicated to carrying out comprehensive international cultural exchange program throughout the world. There are three fields of Japan Foundation‟s activities which are arts and cultural exchange, Japanese-language education, Japanese studies/intellectual exchange. There is also some activities that the Japan Foundation held in promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia which the “Discovery Japan”. “Discovery Japan” is the JF annually project that conducted once in a year. Art and cultural program itself is the introduction of Ikebana, Tea ceremony (chanoyu), Kimono and Origami.

Keywords: Japanese Culture, Cultural Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, the Japan Foundation

ABSTRAK

Name : Sara Iasha

ID No. : 016201300136

Title : The Activities of the Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Culture in Indonesia through the Annually Project “Discovery Japan” (2014-2016)

Jepang dikenal sebagai salah satu negara yang telah berhasil menerapkan diplomasi budaya ke luar negeri. Jepang adalah salah satu negara yang terkenal dengan budaya populer mereka yang kuat yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Seni adalah salah satu contoh yang dimiliki Jepang yang membuat negara tersebut dikenal di seluruh dunia dan juga sebagai strategi mereka untuk mempromosikan budaya mereka. Untuk mempromosikan budaya mereka, Jepang mendirikan Japan Foundation pada tahun 1972 dan berkantor pusat di Tokyo. Tujuan berdirinya Japan Foundation adalah sebagai pertukaran internasional di bidang kebudayaan, terutama di negara-negara jajahan Jepang karena pemulihan gambar Jepang pasca perang. Japan Foundation adalah institusi yang didedikasikan untuk melaksanakan program pertukaran budaya internasional yang komprehensif di seluruh dunia. Ada tiga bidang kegiatan Japan Foundation yaitu pertukaran seni dan budaya, pendidikan bahasa Jepang, studi Jepang/pertukaran intelektual. Ada juga beberapa kegiatan yang diselenggarakan Japan Foundation dalam mempromosikan Budaya Jepang di Indonesia yaitu “Discovery Japan”. “Discovery Japan” adalah proyek JF yang dilakukan satu kali dalam setahun. Program senin dan budaya itu sendiri adalah pengenalan Ikebana, upacara minum teh (chanoyu), Kimono dan Origami.

Kata kunci: Budaya Jepang, Diplomasi Budaya, Diplomasi Publik, Japan Foundation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Months have passed, I feel relieved that amazingly have gone through one more important phase in my life as a student. I might never succeed to finish my thesis without the help, prayers, and motivation of the people around me. All of their suggestions and critics are the things that keep me going the right way. Hence, allow me to express my appreciation and gratitude to the people that matters most to me. First and foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity to complete this thesis as one of the requirements to obtain a bachelor's degree from President University. Without His blessings, this achievement would not have been possible. This thesis would have also been impossible to accomplish without the support of my loving family. I would like to express my endless gratitude to my parents, who never stop praying for me and support me in every second of my life. My greatest gratitude I would like to express for my thesis advisors, Mr. Endi Haryono for sharing your knowledge, giving me advice, and suggestions, and spend your time for consultations. Yout insightful inputs and feedbacks have helped me a lot throughout the making of this thesis. And for Mr. Riski M. Baskoro, I cannot express how grateful I am for having you as my second advisor. You always giving me support, advice, suggestions, and spend your time for consultations also. Thank you for giving me opportunity to be your student it the making of my thesis process. I thank you both for making this thesis possible to finish. Next special thanks goes to my beloved friends since Junior High School Alyssa Latuconsina, Karina Avinda, Firly Effisan. My beloved friend since Senior High School Rio Afriano who always support me and always with me through the ups and downs.

And then, special thanks goes to my beloved friends Debi Setyawati, Melinda Hakiki, Safira Shabrina, Andhika Erfendi, Fahrunissa Dian, Tri Wulan, Nasya Ramadhini, Corry Faby, Danar Wardhana and Luky Junian who support and cherish me in extraordinary way that help me enjoy my university life. In addition, bunch of thanks for all my friends in President University especially batch 2013 that complete my university life. Thank you for giving me memorable experience in this campus. To close my gratitude let me say Alhamdulillahirabbil‟alamin, praising to Allah for all of these opportunities

Cikarang, July 2017

Sara Iasha

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Table of Contents

THESIS ADVISER ...... i RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... ii PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ...... xi LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... xiii CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 I.1 Background of Study ...... 1 I.2. Problem Identification ...... 7 I.3. Statement of the Problem ...... 7 I.4. Research Objectives ...... 8 I.5. Significance of the Study ...... 8 I.6. Literature Review ...... 8 I.7. Definition of Terms ...... 12 I.8. Theoretical Framework ...... 12 I.8.1. Public Diplomacy ...... 12 1.8.2. Cultural Diplomacy...... 14 I.9. Scope and Limitations ...... 16 I.10. Conceptual Framework ...... 17 I.11. Research Methodology ...... 18 I.11.1. Research Time and Place...... 19 I.11.2. Research Instruments...... 19 I.12. Thesis Structure ...... 20 CHAPTER II ...... 22 The Overview of Japan-Republic of Indonesia Bilateral Relations ...... 22 II.1. The History of Japan-RI Relations ...... 22 II.1.1 The History of Japan-RI pre-World War II...... 22

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II.1.2. The Period of Japanese Occupation ...... 23 II.1.3. The History of Japan-RI post World War II ...... 24 II.2. The Overview of Japan-RI Bilateral Relations ...... 25 II.2.1. Economic Cooperation ...... 27 II.2.1.1. Trading ...... 28 II.2.1.2. Investation ...... 29 II.2.2. Social and Culture ...... 31 CHAPTER III ...... 33 The Overview of the Japan Foundation ...... 33 III.1. The Overview of the Japan Foundation ...... 33 III.2. The Japan Foundation Jakarta ...... 42 III.2.1. Conducting activities initiated by the headquarters of The Japan Foundation, Tokyo ...... 43 III.2.2. Conducting activities initiated by The Japan Foundation, Jakarta, which is realized to respond society needs that are aligned with local cultural conditions and its considered to contribute to the activities of The Japan Foundation as a whole ...... 43 III.2.3. Support and collaborate with external organizations ...... 45 III.2.4. Conduct research, collect data and provide information related to Japan ...... 46 III.3. Organization Chart ...... 47 CHAPTER IV ...... 49 The Activities of the Japan Foundation In Promoting the Japanese Culture In Indonesia Through Public Diplomacy ...... 49 IV.1. Overview Japan‟s Public Diplomacy ...... 49 IV.2. Tools of Japan‟s Public Diplomacy ...... 50 IV.2.1. Public Relations Abroad ...... 50 IV.2.2. Cultural Exchange ...... 51 IV.2.3. People-to-people Exchange ...... 52 IV.3. The Japan Foundation Activities in Promoting the Japanese Culture in Indonesia Through Public Diplomacy ...... 57 IV.3.1 Three Dimensions of Public Diplomacy ...... 59 IV.3.1.1. News Management ...... 59

IV.3.1.2. Strategic Communication ...... 60 IV.3.1.3. Relationship Building ...... 67 CHAPTER V ...... 70 CONCLUSION ...... 70 Chapter IV. International Exchange and Public Relations Activities ...... 71 A. Promoting international exchanges ...... 71 1. The importance of international exchanges ...... 71 2. A wider spectrum of international exchanges...... 72 3. Further promoting national and regional exchanges ...... 72 4. Further developments in international exchanges ...... 74 B. National public opinion and public relations; foreign understanding of Japan ...... 75 1. National public opinion and public relations ...... 75 2. An understanding of Japan ...... 76 Bibliography ...... 83

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 3.1. The Japan Foundation Logo

Figure 3.2. The Japan Foundation Overseas Offices

Figure 3.3. Scene from the Noh play Hagoromo

Figure 3.4. A Performance of Divine Dance SAMBASO: Kami Hisomi Iki

Figure 3.5. the Japan Foundation Jakarta Library

Figure 3.6. Some of the Book Collection from the JF Library Figure 3.7. Some of the Comics Collection in JF Library Figure 3.8. The Data of the Donations Received in Fiscal 2015

Figure 3.9. The Japan Foundation Organization Chart

Figure 4.1. The phamplet of “Discovery Japan”

Figure 4.2. Phamplet of “Pameran Ikebana”

Figure 4.3. Ikebana in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.4. Ikebana Demonstration

Figure 4.5. Ikebana Demonstration

Figure 4.6. Introducing Chanoyu in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.7. Introducing Chanoyu in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.8. Kimono Demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.9. Kimono Demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.10. Kimono Demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.11. Origami Workshop in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.12. Learn how to make Origami

Figure 4.13. Origami Workshop

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

JF : Japan Foundation

JCC : Japan Creative Culture

MOFA : Ministry of Foreign Affair

ASEAN : Association Southeast Asia Nations

NGO : Non – Governmental Organization

IJEPA : Indonesia – Japan Economic Partnership Agreement

JENESYS : Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths

WWII : World War II

AKB48 : Akihabara 48

FY : Fiscal Year

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background of Study

International Relations is a study of relations between international actors in a global politics. International relations studies about hard power and soft power. Hard power describes a country or a political body capability to utilize economic impulse or military strength to affect other actors‟ behaviorrs. A country‟s soft power is depends on their identity, as perceived by people in other countries. A country‟s identity is build up by its people‟s culture, beliefs, habits, norms and ideology, and the allure and effects of these ideas upon other countries can be the identify of soft power base.1

The relationship between culture and public diplomacy is built in the concept of power. According to Joseph Nye, who embarks the concept of soft power, defines power as “the ability to achieve one‟s purpose or goals” and “the ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not do.”2 Cultural diplomacy in the information era to obtain soft power can be defined as the capability to attract one‟s culture and ideology or political choice agenda by sharing intelligence and abilities with others through information technology.3 Culture in public diplomacy is an international actor‟s effort to boost the national culture, to give influence on public opinions of counterparts and to create integrity and

1 Panggabean, Freddy. 2013. “Budaya dalam Soft Diplomacy Indonesia”. Jurnal Diplomasi Vol. 5 No. 2. p. 5 2 Nye, Joseph. 1990. “The Changing Nature of World Power”. Political Science Quarterly, vol. 105, No 2. p. 177-192. 3 Hwajung, Kim. Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. From http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/casestudies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf

1 credibility through cultural exchanges.4 Therefore, culture in public diplomacy means that cultural diplomacy can be practiced through various ways such as multicultural events, the art exhibition, and through some international festivals.5

Then, Japan which known as one of the countries that has successfully implement the cultural diplomacy abroad. Japan is one of the famous country with their strong popular culture spread out of the world. Art is one of the example that Japan have that makes that country known worldwide. People around the world love the taiko‟s art (drum), origami, kimono, ritual of drinking tea, until AKB48 success spread its wing to various countries as a proof. One of the strategies to promoting their culture is through language education. Promoting Japanese language education abroad fosters future leaders who will develop a bridge between Japan and overseas, develops understanding towards Japan, and establishes a framework for fellowship with different nations.6

The culture center of Japan has been established in some countries especially Southeast Asia. For instance in Singapore, that supported by the Foreign Minister Makoto Yamanaka, they built JCC (Japan Creative Culture) in purpose of promoting and sharing Japanese pop culture to Singaporean youth.7 Then, Japan government developed “The Japan Foundation” (JF) in 1972. JF meant to promote as well as educate people about Japan and the culture.8 Indonesia has already became partner since 1979 up until now, JF helped people in education; culture; language as well as to bring back good image of Japan.9

4 Ki Won Hong. 2011. Cultural Diplomacy form a Cultural Policy Perspective – Some Contestable Issues, Korea Association of Arts Management. 5 Hwajung Kim. Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. From http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/casestudies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf 6 Japan‟s Foreign Policy to Promote National and Worldwide Interests, from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2015/html/chapter3/c030402.html 7 Ambassador Makoto Yamanaka‟s speech “At the Frontline of Public Diplomacy: Singapore and Japan Creative Centre” presented at Nagoya University on June 24, 2011. Summary in Media and Society Vol. 4, 2012, Graduate School of Languages and Cultures at Nagoya University. 8 Japan Foundation. About Us. http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html 9 Ibid 2

The Japan Foundation helps manage and enhance Japan‟s existence in the international community to boost understanding towards Japan among foreign citizen as well as to make Japan‟s image even more positive.10 The Japan Foundation is Japan‟s only institution committed to implement comprehensive international cultural exchange programs all over the world.11 With the purpose of deepening mutual understanding among the people of Japan and other countries / regions, their several activities and information services create opportunities for people-to-people interactions.12 The Japan Foundation has twenty-two offices in twenty-one countries, one of them is in Jakarta and Tokyo as a headquarters. The Japan Foundation also works tightly with Japanese embassies and consulates, Japanese language institutions, and cultural exchange organizations abroad to expand its activities on a global scale.13

The Japan Foundation evolve programs in three different fields such as arts and cultural exchange, Japanese language education overseas, and Japanese studies and intellectual exchange.14 The field of arts and cultural exchange itself is the Japan Foundation support exchange projects between Japan and other countries with the purpose to make people fostering their interest in Japanese culture and to promote the understanding of Japan overseas. The program are created to support projects that present some aspects of Japanese arts and culture and that contribute to international society through the arts.15 After that is Japanese language education overseas is to create the foundation for promoting the understanding of Japan as well as mutual understanding among the people of Japan and people from the entire world, the Japan Foundation supports activities

10 Japan‟s Foreign Policy to Promote National and Worldwide Interests, from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2015/html/chapter3/c030402.html. 2 February 2017. 11 The Japan Foundation Arts and Cultural Exchange, from http://culture360.asef.org/organisation/japan-foundation-asean-culture-centre-library/. 2 February 2017. 12 The Japan Foundation. From https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/outline/img/Pamphlet_e.pdf. 2 February 2017. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. p. 3 15 Japan Foundation. Program Guidelines. Arts and Cultural Exchange (culture), from https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/culture.html. 2 February 2017.

3 implemented by Japanese-language institutions and groups, and provides training programs in Japan for Japanese-language teachers and learners.16

Then the other program is Japanese studies and intellectual exchange, this purpose is to promoting efficiently the Japanese studies and intellectual exchange among Japan and the rest of the world, the Japan foundation offers fellowships for Japanese studies scholars abroad and grant programs for collaborative research and dialogue projects carried out to contribute to solving the problems confronting the world.17 Further promotion of the Japanese language around the world leads to build a great international environment for the Japanese people and companies. In 136 countries and regions, about 3.99 million people of the world are learning the Japanese language.18 The number of learners has been constantly growing since the first survey in 1979 by more than 30 times. In 2014, around 680,000 examines (the number of applicants, including test conducted in Japan) took the Japanese- Language Proficiency Test of the Japan Foundation in 258 cities of 67 countries and regions worldwide.19 Moreover, the Japan Foundation aims to further build the quantity of Japanese language learners abroad through further utilization of audio-visual teaching materials, for example learning aid websites with animation and manga, and through directly managed Japanese courses.20

The Japan Foundation in Jakarta, Indonesia, has annual project. The name of the project itself is “Discovery Japan” the project held by the Japan Foundation Jakarta office. The project held annually and this project already runs for six years that begin in 2011. The purpose of this project is to promote Japan culture for the society and educate people about the Japanese culture which arts. From the project, people will get more knowledge about the Japanese culture and will learn new thing about the Japanese culture. The annually project consist of the

16 Japan Foundation Program Guidelines. Japanese-Language Education Overseas(Language), from https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/japanese.html. 2 February 2017. 17 Japan Foundation. Japanese Studies Overseas and Intellectual Exchange, from https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/intel.html. 2 February 2017. 18 Survey on Japanese-Language Education Abroad 2012, Japan Foundation 19 About “NIHONGO Partners” Program, from http://jfac.jp/en/partners. 2 February 2017. 20 Ibid.

4 introduction or courses of Chanoyu (tea ceremony), Ikebana, Kimono, Origami, and nowadays extends to the art of Japanese illustration.21

Ikebana has its roots in 6th century Buddhism practice in Japan.22 Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in a container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing where nature and humanity are brought together. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing closeness with nature. Ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of construction. It materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and blossoms.23

After that the introduction of Chanoyu (tea ceremony), the Japanese phrase Chanoyu as hot water for tea, refers to the tradition of preparing and serving powdered green tea in a highly stylized manner. The art of Chanoyu, also called “tea gathering” by practitioners, combines elements encompassing fine and applied arts, architecture, landscape design, and etiquette. Through Chanoyu, sharing a bowl of tea becomes an act evoking self-awareness, generosity towards others, and a reverence for nature.24 Since 2008, the Japan Foundation Indonesia held a tea ceremony course which was participated by the participants from various circles and age, this art became very popular so this activity became a routine activity which held once in every three months at the Japan Foundation Indonesia.25

Kimono is a loose-fitting, robe-like garment, which comprises the traditional Japanese dress. It is word folded over in front, and has wide sleeves. It may wear as an outer or under garment and its usually worn on every season such as on the summer, spring, and autumn and padded in the winter. The materials of

21Diana S. Nugroho. 3 February 2017. 22 What Is Ikebana? The Art of Japanese Flower Arranging, from https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-ikebana-1316134. 3 February 2017. 23What Is Ikebana?, from http://www.ikebanahq.org/whatis.php. 3 February 2017. 24 Chanoyu: The Japanese Art of Tea, from http://education.asianart.org/explore- resources/background-information/chanoyu-japanese-art-tea. 3 February 2017. 25 The Japan Foundationm Nuansa Juli-Agustus-September 2011, p. 22.

Kimono itself is variety ranging from the finest silk brocade to cotton.26 Today, especially women wear kimono usually for social and ceremonial events or when performing certain traditional arts. Children, young men and women may wear kimono for some occasions such as New Year, the Shichigosan Festival, Coming of Age Day, graduations, tea ceremony (chanoyu) and weddings.27

Then, Origami is the art of paper folding and origami is traditionally related with the Japanese culture. The Japanese quickly added paper into everyday life which using it in architecture and for ceremonial functions.28 Origami is frequently classified as an ancient Japanese craft, because the name of Origami itself is taken from the Japanese language. “Oru” is the Japanese word for folding, and “kami” is the Japanese word for paper.29 Origami also as be a Japanese tradition that important in many celebrations. Akira Yoshizawa devised a large number of origami innovations in the early 1990s. Akira Yoshizawa is a Japanese origami artist. He is known as a grandmaster of origami.30 His work inspired a great rising of the art. This resurgence in popularity lasted until the 1980s, when origami experienced another boost in popularity. With the appearance of the Internet, it has become possible for people around the world to find instructions and step-by-step visual examples of how to fold different shapes out of paper. This has made it easier for anyone to become somewhat proficient in the art of origami, provided they put in the proper amount of time and practice. It has also led to yet another resurgence in origami‟s popularity.31

26 Hugo Munsternberg. Dictionary of Chinese and Japanese Art, New York: Hacker Art Books, 1981. p. 152 27 The Development of Kimono In Japanese Civilization. From http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/2259/5/BAB_2.pdf. 5 February 2017. 28 Historical Background of Origami. From https://ntieva.unt.edu/download/teaching/Curr_resources/mutli_culture/Japan/Other/Historical%20 Background%20of%20Origami.pdf (Historical Background of Origami). 5 February 2017. 29 Paul, Kristin and Hook, Natalie. Beyond the Fold: The Math, History, and Technology behind Origami. From https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/78175/OJSM_67_Spring2013_21.pdf. 5 February 2017. 30 Akira Yoshizawa: The Master of Origami. From http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/03/akira- yoshizawa-master-of-origami.html. 5 February 2017. 31 Origami, from https://www.japan-zone.com/culture/origami.shtml. 5 February 2017. 6

The project that JF held is aims to make people know and familiar with the Japanese culture. The project is open for public so because of this project, Japanese culture is more famous for the Indonesian people. The Japan Foundation was established in October 1972 in Japan as the only government-owned non- profit organization dedicated exclusively to addressing international cultural exchange.32 The role of the Japan Foundation which is to make the way of cooperation more smooth in the field of culture, to give a contribution for a better international environment, and to maintain and develop the harmony of foreign relations of Japan through the deepening and understanding of other nations against Japan.33

I.2. Problem Identification

Japan which known as one of the countries that has successfully implement the cultural diplomacy abroad. Japan want to boosting the positive image of the country with various ways and one of their strategies is established the Japan Foundation. The Japan Foundation objectives to promote as well as educate people about Japan and the culture. The Japan Foundation helps manage and enhance Japan‟s existence in the international community to boost understanding towards Japan among foreign citizen as well as to make Japan‟s image even more positive.

I.3. Statement of the Problem

This statement aims to describe the role of The Japan Foundation in promoting its culture in Indonesia through “Discovery Japan‟ in the period of

32 Japan Foundation Jakarta. What is The Japan Foundation? From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/. 5 February 2017. 33 Laporan, Undang-undang institusi Administrasi Independen The Japan Foundation, pasal 3. 7

2014 until 2016. Based on what have been stated above, the statement of this research is as follows:

“How did the Japan Foundation activities in promoting its culture in Indonesia through the project of “Discovery Japan”? (2014-2016)

I.4. Research Objectives

According to the statement of problem, the prominent objective of this research is:

- To investigate the activities of The Japan Foundation in promoting the Japanese culture in Indonesia - To analyze Japan Public Diplomacy to Indonesia through The Japan Foundation - To analyze cultural diplomacy of Japan Foundation

I.5. Significance of the Study

The significance of the study in the case of the topic chosen here stated as follows:

- To find out how Japan promotes their country through culture - To analyze the project “Discovery Japan” - To understand on how The Japan Foundation work in promoting Japan culture in Indonesia

I.6. Literature Review

In this part, the author will provide an overview, description and a summary of the sources that includes scholarly, journals, books and others that are relevant to the topic, which the author have used as a guidance and reference

8 during the writing of this thesis. Here are the lists of the sources that the author has reviewed:

First is The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations34

This book have many chapters from public diplomacy experts that divided into three parts. Jan Melissen as the editor of this book as well as Senior Research Fellow at Netherlands Institute of International elaborate a good explanation and divided it into chapters that could help the reader find out what he/she needs. The book is not only explain about public diplomacy in modern era but also the branches of public diplomacy itself. People might not aware that nation branding is also part of cultural diplomacy that need some set up in order to reach the perspectives and persuade other people.

The book is start with introduction and brief explanation by Jan Melissen himself, theories and practices as well as. Second chapter is about the implementation that happened in real situation in some locations.This chapter also contain information about the practices of cultural diplomacy, whether it failed or become a new tools in diplomatic relations. Negative perception or labelling from other country to specific country is explained clearly in this chapter. The terrorist perception for instance which is a burden for Middle East country to do diplomatic relations or other diplomacy activity.

The last chapter elaborate the further implementation and practices in doing public diplomacy such as nation branding or promoting culture. This book took an example from United States and France to show their extended public diplomacy towards the world. The writers explain it clearly, such as France that struggling to promote their national brand throughout the world. Public diplomacy

34 Jan Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Retrieved from http://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/The_New_Public_Diplomac y.pdf. 6 February 2017.

9 could turn into a flexible diplomacy according to this book which means could be done by advertisement, events, and also culture.

Second is Searching for A Cultural Diplomacy35 edited by Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht and Mark C. Donfried. The book is perceived cultural diplomacy as a long way to create what to be happen in recent days. Cultural diplomacy is started from the cold war era in order to gain diplomatic activity using soft power instead of hard power. This book defined that political issues or national interest might be easy to perceive by others through cultural diplomacy. Perception is a hard things to be dealt in international arena especially to gain national interest, but through cultural diplomacy it might take a long period of time but it will also have a great outcomes.

The book consist of eight chapters and divided into four parts, the introduction part is explain about the origin of cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy as an agent of state that bring perceptions and perspectives of one country to another country. It is valuable for a country with national interest or a will to create diplomatic relations to other country.Power is not only topics in this part, civilization also alluded in this part which an important actor in cultural diplomacy. Part I until part IV is elaborate about the practices of cultural diplomacy in Eastern Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Japan. The book wanted to make the reader to see how cultural diplomacy might be easily implemented by countries in the world, although it took long preparations but instead of war or framing, culture gave us a new option to gain national interest.

Third is Kazuo Ogoura (2008) on his working paper, which is Japan‟s Postwar Cultural Diplomacy.36 In this paper he explain about the Japanese cultural diplomacy from the past which has lead five very different stages of evolution. This paper explain the first stage of Japanese cultural diplomacy which

35 Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht and Mark C. Donfried, Searching For a Cultural Diplomacy, Retrieved from https://www.berghahnbooks.com/extras/GienowDonfried%20TextAll_paperback.pdf. 8 February 2017. 36 Kazuo Ogoura, Japan‟s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present.. Retrieved from http://www.jripec.aoyama.ac.jp/english/publication/pdf/japans_cultural_diplomacy.pdf. 8 February 2017.

10 is during the 1950ies and 1960ies and in this part he explain that the goal of Japanese cultural diplomacy was to modify the pre-war image of Japan as militaristic country into a new image of Japan as a peace-loving nation. The second stage is in the late 1960s and early 1970s and in this part explains about the image of Japan as a technologically and economically leading nation and the establishment of the Japan Foundation in 1972. The third stage is the evolution of Japan‟s cultural diplomacy begin in the 1980ies. The fourth stage is in the 1990ies and the last explanation which the last stage is in the year 2000.

Fourth is Rethinking Culture, National Culture, and Japanese Culture by Eika Tai.37 This journal explain a theoretical overview of culture, national culture, and Japanese culture, focusing on recent developments. This journal contain of some part of explanation which are first explain about culture, the second is national culture which has some part of explanation which nationalism and national culture then nationalist discourse and cultural practice, third is about the Japanese Culture which explain about nation building and colonization then inventing Japanese culture and the Japanese ethnic nation, discourse on Japanese culture and people in Postwar Japan.

Fifth is Japan Brand Strategy: The Taming of „Cool Japan‟ and the Challenges of Cultural Planning in a Postmodern Age by Michal DALIOT- BUL.38 This journal explain about the emerging power of Japanese popular culture or why and how did it all start. This journal critically examines the Japan Brand Strategy as a government-owned production site of Cool Japan imagery and as a cultural policy designed to promote a specific sense of cultural identity. Then the journal also explain how games, anime, manga, music, broadcasting and movies as well as programs on tourism, fashion, food, industrial design as an attractive tool for Japan in order to enhance their country image. After that the last

37Eika Tai, Rethinking Culture, National Culture, and Japanese Culture. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3594873?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. 9 February 2017. 38 Michal DALIOT-BUL, Japan Brand Strategy: The Taming of „Cool Japan‟ and the Challenges of Cultural Planning in a Postmodern Age. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ssjj/article- abstract/12/2/247/1638714/Japan-Brand-Strategy-The-Taming-of-Cool-Japan- and?redirectedFrom=PDF. 9 February 2017. 11 of the explanation of this journal is explain about Beyond an Industrial Policy: From Creating Soft Power to Recruiting the Nation.

I.7. Definition of Terms

In order to make the author easier to be interpreted, the following terms will be defined in this thesis, as follow:

Japan Foundation (JF) – is an institution dedicated to carrying out comprehensive international cultural exchange programs througout the world.

I.8. Theoretical Framework

I.8.1. Public Diplomacy

Public diplomacy is one of soft power‟s key instruments. Public diplomacy defined as a process of government communication to the foreign public that aims to provide an understanding of the state, attitudes, institutions, culture, national interests, and policies adopted by the country itself.39 Alan K. Henrikson explains it further by describing it as the conduct of international relations by governments through public communications media and through dealings with a wide range of non-governmental subject (political parties, corporations, trade associations, labor unions, educational institutions, religious

39 Retrieved from http://journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/03_Hennida_DIPLOMASI%20PUBLIK.pdf. 10 February 2017.

12 organizations, ethnic groups, and so on including influential individuals) for the purpose of influencing the politics and actions of other governments.40

Public diplomacy could be categorized as soft power. This diplomacy is meant to target people in other countries. According to Mark Leonard, British scientist and book author, on his book Public Diplomacy (2002):

“Public diplomacy based on the premise that the image and reputation of a country are public goods which can create either an enabling or disabling environment for individual transcations. Work on particular issues will feed off the general image of the country and reflect back onto it – in both positive and negative directions.41”

However, from the explanations by Alan and Edmund, it can be concluded that public diplomacy generally understood as a modern diplomatic acts which deals with foreign publics to inform and influence ideas and values.

Film, television, music, sports, video games and other social or cultural activities are seen by public diplomacy supporters nowadays as massively important opportunities for otherwise diverse citizens to understand each other and essential to the international cultural understanding, which they state is a key goal of modern public diplomacy strategy.

According to Szondi, public diplomacy will develop around the promotion and persuasion strategy that usually related with self-interest.42 The public diplomacy content itself aim to describe the activities, directed abroad in the information, education and culture field, which objective is to effect the foreign government by affecting its citizens.43 Public diplomacy generally means government communication aimed at foreign public to gain changes in the „hearts

40 Henrikson, A. K.. 2006. What Can Public Diplomacy Achieve? Discussion Paper in Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. 41 S. Nye, Joseph. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs: United States. 42 Szondi, Gyorgy. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences. Netherlands Institute of International Relations , Clingendael. p.7. 43 Ibid.

13 or minds‟ of the people.44 The purpose of earlier meanings of public diplomacy were two-crease: to impact the „general‟ public of the target nation, and thusly, to get them to pressure their own government to change foreign or domestic approach.

Nicholas J. Cull defines public diplomacy is an international actor‟s try to maintain the international environment through engagement with a foreign public.45 In the practice of public diplomacy, some strategies used in order to achieve the interests. Jay Wang himself, has his own viewed that are multi dimensional and includes three main goals, which are promote the objectives and policies of a country, form of value communication and attitudes of a country, tools of promoting understanding and mutual trust between country and society.46

The concept of public diplomacy also pointed by Mark Leonard, the director of Foreign Policy Center on his book The Foreign Policy Center in 2002 which explains the 3 dimensions public diplomacy, which consists of news management, strategic communication, and relationship building. The purpose of news management itself is the publication process in order to promote the national branding to external market. In term of strategic communication is the process of communication during the promotion to the targeted area, and the last is relationsip building which the process of management relations with stakeholders in order to maintain the cooperation among the actors.47

1.8.2. Cultural Diplomacy

According to Institute for Cultural Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy are a course of actions, which are mainly about utilizing the exchange of ideas, values, traditions and other aspects of culture or identity. Whether to strengthen

44 Szondi, Gyorgy. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences. Netherlands Institute of International Relations , Clingendael. p.6. 45 J. Cull, Nicholas. Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, from http://stage.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspe ctives/CPDPerspectivesLessons.pdf. p. 12. 10 February 2017. 46 Wang, Jay, 2006. “Public Diplomacy and Global Business.” Journal of Business Strategy 27, 3. p.43. 47 Leonard, Mark. The Foreign Policy Centre. p. 9 14 relationships enhance socio-cultural cooperation or promote national interests.48. Cultural diplomacy can be describe as an actor‟s attempt to maintain the international environment through making the cultural resources and gain achievements that will be known abroad and/or facilitating cultural transmission overseas and this work frequently covers with exchange.49

Cummings explains diplomacy is in cultural activities that a nation‟s idea of itself is best represented to continue to inspire people the world over despite political differences and cross borders.50 According to Richard T. Arndt, in the book The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, after finishing a research regarding the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy, he observed that cultural diplomacy is an effective strategy considering its outcomes and effects on international ties among countries.51 The research proves that cultural diplomacy helps build a fundamental of trust with other poeple, which policy makers can create on to reach political, economic, and military agreements. Cultural diplomacy can reach influential members of foreign nation who cannot be reached through traditional embassy functions.52 Shizuru Saeki defines that cultural diplomacy is to exchange ideas, information, arts and culture to promote mutual understandings amongst citizens or different countries.53

In cultural diplomacy, state is not the only actor, non-state actors such as individual, NGO, and the society are also the actor. The diplomatic relations could be formed between government-to-government, people to people, individual to

48 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. What is Cultural Diplomacy? What is Soft Power?, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy. 10 February 2017. 49 J. Cull, Nicholas. Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, from http://stage.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspe ctives/CPDPerspectivesLessons.pdf. p. 15. 10 February 2017. 50 Mark, Simon. 2009. A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael. p.37. 51 Richard T. Arndt. 2005. The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, Washington D.C., Potomac Books. 52 Kim, Hwajung. 2011. “Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/casestudies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf. 10 February 2017. 53 Shizuru Saeki, 2005. The Perry Centennial Celebration: a Case Study in US-Japanese Cultural Diplomacy, International Social Science Review. p. 137-138

15 individual, government to individual, and so on.54 The purpose of cultural diplomacy itself is to influence foreign public opinion in supporting state‟s foreign policy with the target itself is the people in national and international level.55

Japan is a state, which uses cultural diplomacy as its diplomatic practice. In this case, culture that used by Japan is the use of Japan Foundation in Indonesia in order to promote their culture through the Japan Foundation program which “Discovery Japan” that held annually.

I.9. Scope and Limitations

This thesis aims at examining the activities of The Japan Foundation in Indonesia in promoting its culture through the Japan Foundation project which “Discovery Japan”. The emphasis of this thesis will be limited on Japan Foundation in the use of cultural and public diplomacy to navigate in the global competition era, which is using the promotion of the culture through “Discovery Japan”. The periods itself will be use from 2014 until 2016 because at that time the “The Discovery Japan” is recently held.

54 Warsito, Tulus. & Kartikasari, Wahyuni. 2007. Diplomasi Kebudayaan, Konsep dan Relevansi Bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia. Penerbit Ombak. p.4 55 Ibid. 16

I.10. Conceptual Framework

Japan

Public Diplomacy Cultural Diplomacy

Japan Foundation

Discovery Japan

3 Dimensions

 News Management  Strategic Communication  Relationship Building

Republic of Indonesia

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework

The figure above shows the framework of this thesis. Since, this research focuses on the role of The Japan Foundation in promoting its culture towards Indonesia. The figure above describes the promotion of Japan culture as the main part of the

17 strategy with The Japan Foundation as the institution dedicated to carrying out international cultural exchange.

Edmund Gullion construct public diplomacy to represent the influence of society attitudes on the formation and carrying out of foreign policies. Gullion‟s concept was summarised by a Murrow Center brochure, and he describe that the scope of public diplomacy are dimensions of international relations; the development by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; and the process of intercultural communications.56

According to Cummings one of cultural diplomacy scholars, diplomacy is in cultural activities that a nation‟s idea of itself is best represented so as to continue to inspire people the world over despite political differences and cross borders.57 Culture is one of the most powerful tool in supporting both cultural and public diplomacy as well as a considerable soft power. Cultural diplomacy is the extent of soft power, it is include films; music; art; fashion; lifestyle and many more. All components that connected to culture, no matter it is a student exchange or language learning, are about national strategy to perceive soft power. With the role of The Japan Foundation as the institution that will promote the Japan culture to Indonesia is already part of diplomacy in culture.

I.11. Research Methodology

This thesis employs qualitative research methods in order to answer the research question. Qualitative research attempts to answer questions by examining various social settings and the individuals who inhabit these settings. In the case

56 Szondi, Gyorgy. (2008). “Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences. ”Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael.‟ from http://kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/nationbranding.pdf p.8. 57 Mark, Simon. (April 2009). “A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy.” Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael.‟ p.37.

18 of this thesis, qualitative research methods provide the means for the writer to answer the aforementioned research questions and gain understanding on how Japan promote their culture through The Japan Foundation in Indonesia. The instruments used in this research are not limited to printed version, but also helped by electronic finding, mainly from the internet.

I.11.1. Research Time and Place

 President University Library Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Jababeka Education Park, Cikarang Baru, Bekasi, Jawa Barat 17550  University of Indonesia Library Crystal of Knowledge Building, Kampus UI, Depok 16424  The Japan Foundation Gedung Summitmas 1 3rd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kavling 61-62, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Selatan 12190  The Japan Foundation Library Gedung Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kavling 61-62, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, Kota Jakarta Selatan 12190

I.11.2. Research Instruments

 Internet As the globalization era, the use of internet is really helpful in purpose of finding resources and books. Internet is more effective and efficient as the use of it could be anywhere.  Books and Journals Books and journals also the most important instrument in making thesis. It helps the writer to find theories that are written by experts which related to thesis topic.

 Reports In addition to the internet and books, report taken from the official website, either government or international organization, are essential for this research, because it contains crucial information which is officially released by them.  Articles Articles from media that usually exist on the internet or newspaper are also become the research tools in analyze the thesis.  Interviews Conduct interview from the staff in The Japan Foundation

I.12. Thesis Structure

Chapter I: Introduction

The first chapter of this research is intended to introduce readers to the issues. This chapter encompasses problem identification, statement of the problem, research objectives, significance of the study, literature review, definition of specific term used frequently in the research, theoretical framework, scope and limitation of the research, research methodology, and thesis structure.

This chapter is basis of writing the research

Chapter II: The Overview of Japan-Republic of Indonesia Bilateral Relations

The second chapter of this research is intended the bilateral relations between Japan and Republic of Indonesia since the first time both countries signed the bilateral agreement in any areas, such as politic, economy, social culture. And also explain about the history of Japan-RI from the beginning.

Chapter III: The Overview of the Japan Foundation

The third chapter of this research is intended to explain the overview of the Japan Foundation and the things that related to the Japan Foundation which the structure organization, the programs, and the events that held by the Japan Foundation.

Chapter IV: The Activities of Japan Foundation in promoting the Japanese Culture in Indonesia through Public Diplomacy

The fourth chapter of this research is intended to analyze the strategies of the Japan Foundation in Indonesia in promoting the Japanese culture through Public Diplomacy

Chapter V: Conclusion

In this chapter is the conclusion of the whole analysis, which answers the research question.

CHAPTER II

The Overview of Japan-Republic of Indonesia Bilateral Relations

II.1. The History of Japan-RI Relations

II.1.1 The History of Japan-RI pre-World War II

Long before Japan occupied Indonesia, Japan has prepared itself to take the hearts of the Indonesian people who were still under Dutch colonialist rule. Propaganda became the main tool for Japan to attract the sympathy of the Indonesian people, so that Japan was systematically prepared it for several years before carrying out the invasion in the South.58 The countries in Asia strongly believe in the motto of Japan which “3A Movement” consist of Nipon Cahaya Asia, Nipon Pelindung Asia, Nipon Pemimpin Asia, so no one will giving the resistance. The presence of Japanese army was greeted with joy because Japan is considered as the „old brother‟ who will liberate the Asian peoples from the shackles of the colonization of Western countries.

At the first, the arrival of Japanese troops was warmly welcomed by the Indonesian people. Indonesia welcomed the arrival of Japanese army with the joy feeling, the happines feeling because will liberate the Indonesian from the Dutch colonialism. Actually, the motto of the 3A movement and the recognition as the „old brother‟ that conveyed by Japan is a deception in order to make Indonesian people can accept the arrival of the Japanese army.59 Thus, it is clear that the purpose of the arrival of the Japanese Army to Indonesia is to instill they power,

58 Sistem Propaganda Jepang di Jawa 1942-1945. From http://eprints.undip.ac.id/19444/1/ARTIKEL_PROPAGANDA_JEPANG.pdf. 1 March 2017. 59 Pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia. From http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/14415/1/[Materi]_pendudukan_jepang_di_indonesia.pdf . 1 March 2017.

22 to colonize Indonesia. The motto of the 3a movement and the recognition as the „old brother‟ is a false motto. Japan‟s attitude at the beginning of his arrival increasingly attracted the sympathy of the Indonesian people and Japan‟s victory over the Pacific war was heralded as a victory for together which the victory of Asian nation.60 Even before Japan landed on the Java island, Tokyo radio often broadcast the national anthem of Indonesia. Another action taken by Japan is to ban the use of the Dutch language.61

II.1.2. The Period of Japanese Occupation

The period of Japanese occupation in Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on 17 August 1945 along with the Proclamation the Independence of Indonesia by Soekarno and M. Hatta. The purpose of Japan attack and occupy Indonesia is to control the natural resources, especially petroleum in order to support the potential of Japanese war and support the industry.62 Tarakan is the first territory of the archipelago that fell into the Japan‟s hands which is on January 12, 1942.63 After Tarakan, Balikpapan, Pontianak and Samarinda also fell into Japan‟s hands and then Palembang. On March 5, 1942 Batavia fell into Japan‟s hands. Ultimately, on March 8 Dutch officially surrendered to Japan. The politics of Japanese imperialism in Indonesia is oriented towards the exploitation of natural resources and human resources. Japan did the violence in various ways, Japan exhausts natural wealth and people‟s power through promises. Many actions of the Japanese army is make Indonesian citizen miserable. There is some actions that they did during the occupation which extortion of natural resources and human resources.

60 Penjajahan Jepang di Indonesia. from https://www.slideshare.net/Lisastwt/penjajahan-jepang- ke-indonesia-sejarah-indonesia. 1 March 2017. 61 Ibid. 62 Retrieved from http://journal.ui.ac.id/upload/artikel/02pproof%20masa_pendudukan_jepang.pdf. 1 March 2017. 63 M.C. Ricklefs. 2010. Sejarah Indonesia Modern, Jakarta : Serambi. p. 421.

There is some Japan ways to dredge natural wealth or raw materials in order to fulfill their needs for the war, such as all the treasures of Dutch heritage in Indonesia are confiscated, monopolize the sale of plantation products, launching a campaign for the mobilization of goods and food additions on a large scale, people can only have 40% of the harvest, while the 60% must be give to Japan.64 After that they also do extortion of human resources. Japan utilize the power of the Indonesian people in helping they interest of Japan in East Asia war, they create Romusha. Romusha is a form of forced labor as well as during the reign of Dutch (rodi labor) occured during the Japanese occupation. The romusha are forced to work as a mining carrier (coal), making railroads and carry away plantation products.65

On August 15, 1945, through the radio it was reported that the Emperor declared unconditional surrender to the Allies. The Japanese commandos in Jakarta are in dilemma and in a difficult position. The Japanese are obligated to give their weapons to the allies and Japan no longer intervene in the Indonesian independence movement. Then finally PPKI held the meeting on August 17, 1945. The proclamation manuscript of independence of Indonesia signed by Bung Karno and Bung Hatta. After reading the proclamation manuscript, Indonesia was declared fee and the news of Indonesia‟s independence was announced to all over Indonesia and the world through coummunication tool owned by Japan.66

II.1.3. The History of Japan-RI post World War II

In April 1958, Indonesia and Japan have signed many peace agreements and since then the two countries have made numerous agreements and exchanges of notes underlying bilateral relations. From all of Asian countries, Indonesia is

64 Penjajahan Jepang di Indonesia. from https://www.slideshare.net/Lisastwt/penjajahan-jepang- ke-indonesia-sejarah-indonesia. 1 March 2017. 65 Pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia. From http://bbi.belajar.kemdikbud.go.id/index3.php?display=view&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belaja r/Modul%20Online/SMP/view&id=116&uniq=all. 1 March 2017. 66 Irsan, Abdul. 2007. Budaya dan Perilaku Politik Jepang Di Asia. Jakarta: Grafindo 24 the country that attracts the most attention to Japan because of its natural wealth and geographical location that so strategic for the Japan trade.67 Japanese diplomacy after World War II was to promote economic, political and cultural cooperation. The bilateral relations of Japan-Indonesia, especially in economic cooperation at the beginning of the New Order Era have increased, it can be seen that Indonesia has succeeded in developing percapita and increasing its production percapita with capital and capability.68

On the other hand, Japan as an advanced industrial country also needs a marketing place from its products, so the economic relations between the two countries are mutually improve the welfare of the members of the people in their respective countries. The policy of the new order government has implemented an oper door politics whichs means free to open economic relations with other countries, through foreign investment regulation in 1967. Then provides opportunities for Japan to invest in infrastructure and manufacturing industries, such as roads, bridges, electricity to encourage the private sector to invest in manufacturing industries.69

II.2. The Overview of Japan-RI Bilateral Relations

Japan and Indonesia already start diplomatic relations since April 1958 with the Signing of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia.70 Indonesia and Japan diplomatic relations has a long journey if viewed from a historical point of view.71 The number of Japanese citizens who live in Indonesia is 18,463 in October 2015, while the number of Indonesian citizens who

67 LEKNAS LIPI, Sekitar Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Ilmiah, Jakarta, 1974. p. 17 68 Yahya A. Muhaimin, Bisnis dan Politik Kebijaksanaan Ekonomi Indonesia 1950-1980. p. 52. 69 Ibid. 70 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Data Dasar, from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 3 March 2017. 71 Hubungan Diplomasi Jepang-Indonesia, from http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/18191/Chapter%20I.pdf;jsessionid=74DB5 09C7FE0ED6E15B8838676E1A718?sequence=4. 3 March 2017.

25 live in Japan is 42,850 in December 2016.72 Since then, the bilateral relations between the two countries have been good, intimate and growing without any significant obstacles, even now at the level of „strategic partnership‟, following the Strategic Partnership for Peaceful and Prosperous Future in 2006 and Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) in 2007.73

The close ties between the two countries are also reflected in the various signed agreements and Memorandum of Understanding by both governments to provide a stronger foundation for cooperation in various fields.74 The intensity of reciprocal visits between leaders and high official of both countries is quite high. At the head of state level, there were recorded of the visits of the President of the Republic of Indonesia to Japan in June 2005 and November 2006, the purpose of the visit is to attend the G8 meeting in Hokkaido in 2008, a visit to the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in 2010 and a working visit from 16-18 June 2011.75 Besides that, the Vice President of Republic of Indonesia also visited Japan on 14- 17 November 2011. While the Prime Minister of Japan recorded visits to Indonesia in 2005 (Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi), in 2007 (Prime Minister Shinzo Abe), in 2009 (Yukio Hatoyama), and in 2011 (Yoshihiko Noda).76

The bilateral relation between Indonesia and Japan is not only in one sector, but also in some sector which are economic cooperation that include trading and investation, and social culture.

72 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Japan-Indonesia Relations, from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/indonesia/data.html. 3 March 2017. 73 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Tokyo, Jepang. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang, from http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx. 3 March 2017. 74 Ibid. 75 Ibid. 76 Ibid.

II.2.1. Economic Cooperation

Indonesia is the largest recipient country of ODA (development assistance grant) from Japan (based on net payment realization in 2005 was US $1.22 billion, i.e. + 17% of all ODA provided by Japan).77 In the economic field, Indonesia-Japan bilateral relationship is also quite strong, seen in the agreement of Indonesia Economic Cooperation and Japan or known as Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA).78 IJEPA is a new era of economic cooperation between Japan-Indonesia in capacity building and liberalization, promotion and facilities of trade and investment between two countries. IJEPA will also tighten and promote mutually beneficial economic relations among the two countries, and assist to realizing multi-layered cooperation for capacity structure in many ways.79

Minister of PPN or Head of Bappenas Bambang Brodjonegoro said in his Keynote Speech in the 14th Asia Statesmen‟s Forum that IJEPA focuses on activities that enhance competitiveness in Indonesian industry, whether in agriculture, fisheries and forest products. One significant project is the development of a central manufacturing industry known as the Manufacturing Industry Development Center (MIDEC), which promotes the competitiveness of the Manufacturing industry in Indonesia.80

President RI Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on August 20, 2007 have signed an Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJ-EPA). The IJ-EPA agreement is the first bilateral

77 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Perekonomian Indonesia-Jepang. Kerjasama Ekonomi. From http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 3 March 2017. 78 Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. Meningkatkan Kemitraan Indonesia-Jepang untuk Pembangunan. From http://www.bappenas.go.id/id/berita-dan-siaran-pers/meningkatkan-kemitraan-indonesia- jepang-untuk-pembangunan/. 3 March 2017. 79 Ministry of Trade The Republik of Indonesia. Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and Its Effects on Indonesian and Japanese Economy. From http://www.indonesia-investments.com/upload/documents/Indonesia-Japan-Economic- Partnership-Agreement-IJEPA-Indonesia-Investments.pdf. 3 March 2017. 80 Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. Meningkatkan Kemitraan Indonesia-Jepang untuk Pembangunan. From http://www.bappenas.go.id/id/berita-dan-siaran-pers/meningkatkan-kemitraan-indonesia- jepang-untuk-pembangunan/. 3 March 2017. 27 agreement for Indonesia and places Indonesia on par with the competing countries in the Japanese market, especially those already having an EPA agreement with Japan. The main elements of the IJ-EPA agreement include several sectors which are Trade in Goods, Investment, Trade in Services, Movement of Natural Persons, Intellectual Property Rights, Cooperation, Competition Policy, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government Procurement, Custom Procedures, Improvement of Business Environment, Dispute Avoidance and Settlement.81

IJ-EPA covers a broad scope with the aim of strengthening economic partnerships between the two countries, including cooperation in capacity building, liberalization, trade increasing and investment aimed at increasing barrage across borders, investment and services, labor movement between the two countries and trading. For Indonesia, IJ-EPA will provide increased exports of Indonesia‟s products and service personnel, increased Japanese investment, and increased Indonesian industry capabilities.82

II.2.1.1. Trading

For Indonesia, Japan is the largest trading partner country in terms of Indonesia‟s import-export. Japan is Indonesia‟s third largest export destination country and also the second largest import country.83 Indonesia‟s export to Japan are valued at US $23.6 billion (statistic of Republic of Indonesia government), while Indonesian imports from Japan are US $6.5 billion so that make Japan experience a large surplus of imports from Indonesia in 2007.84 In 2015, the total trade volume of both countries reached US $ 31.28 billion (decreasing 22% than the previous year). Total trade volume of both countries in January-July 2016 is US $ 16,2 billion (decreasing 13.78% over the same period). Based on the data

81 Agreement Between The Republic of Indonesia and Japan For an Economic Partnership (IJ- EPA). From http://www.kemendag.go.id/id/view/agreement/1. 3 March 2017. 82 Ibid 83 Kerjasama Perdagangan. From http://www.indonesia-osaka.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/11/Profil-Negara-Jepang.pdf. 5 March 2017. 84 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Perekonomian Indonesia-Jepang. Perdagangan. From http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 5 March 2017.

28 from the Ministry of Finance of Japan in 2016, for Japan, Indonesia is the 12th largest export destination country after the United States, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Germany, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Netherlands.85

The export of high-tech products is a major source of Japan‟s economic growth since 1960. Meanwhile, according to the data from the Ministry of Finance of Japan 2016, Indonesia is the 8th country‟s import source for Japan after China, US, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Thailand and Germany.86 The important commodities imported by Japan from Indonesia are oil, natural liquid gas, coal, mining, shrimp, pulp, textile and textile products, machinery, electrical equipment, etc. On the other hand, Japanese exported goods to Indonesia include machinery and parts, plastic and chemical products, steel, electrical equipment, electronic parts, transportation machinery and auto parts.87

II.2.1.2. Investation

Private direct investment from Japan to Indonesia that declined due to the stagnation experienced by the Indonesian economy due to the economic crisis that hit Asia in 1997, has not fully recovered yet, but Japan still occupies an important position among the countries that invest in Indonesia. In the amount of foreign direct investment. In the amount of foreign direct investment in Indonesia from 1967 to 2007, Japan occupied the first place with an 11.5% rate in its entirety.88 Bilateral trade and investment between the two countries increasing continually.89 The flow of Japanese investment into Indonesia has increased fivefold in the last

85 Kerjasama Perdagangan. From http://www.indonesia-osaka.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/11/Profil-Negara-Jepang.pdf. 5 March 2017. 86 Ibid. 87 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Perekonomian Indonesia-Jepang. Perdagangan. From http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 5 March 2017. 88 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Perekonomian Indonesia-Jepang. Investasi. From http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 5 March 2017. 89 Jepang Kuasai 17% Investasi di Indonesia. From http://www.beritasatu.com/ekonomi/173564- jepang-kuasai-17-investasi-di-indonesia.html. 5 March 2017. 29 ten years. In 2013, Japanese investment in Indonesia surpassed Singapore investment. Japanese investment reached US $ 4.7 billion, increasing 90% from the previous year. The share of Japanese investment last year amounted to 17% of total foreign investment in Indonesia. Currently, Indonesia is Japan‟s third most important investment destination in the manufacturing sector. The cooperation between the two countries is strengthened by bilateral barter agreements, namely barter agreements between the two central banks (bilateral swap agreement). In December 2013, Japan agreed to double the number of barter facilities to US $ 24 billion to protect the Indonesian economy from facing trade balance deficit and prop up the rupiah against the US dollar.90

It is undeniable that Japan is a capital source for Indonesia‟s development as an investor and as a donor country. By 2015, Japan is the second largest investor country in Indonesia after Singapore with an investment value of US $ 2.877 milion, with a total of 2030 projects. This number increasing 6% compared to the value of investment in 2014 that is US $ 2,705 milion. The realization of Japanese investment in Indonesia from January to September 2016 was US $ 4,498 milion, with a total of 2122 projects.91 There are approximately 1000 Japanese companies operating in Indonesia (The companies employ more than 32,000 Indonesian workers who make Japan as the number one country that provide the job field in Indonesia.92

Approximately 1/3 Japanese companies investing in Indonesia originate from the West Japan region. Some of the companies in the West Japan region that have invested in Indonesia include the field of electronic equipment such as Nitto Denko, Panasonic Corp., Sharp, Sanyo KDS, Daishinku Corp., Omron Electronic, Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd., Toa. Then in the field of Chemistry and medicine such as Asahi Kasei, Sumitomo Chemical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Bando Chemical Industries, GS Yuasa, Itochu, Mandom, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Rohto,

90 Jepang Kuasai 17% Investasi di Indonesia. From http://www.beritasatu.com/ekonomi/173564- jepang-kuasai-17-investasi-di-indonesia.html. 6 March 2017. 91 Kerjasama Investasi. From http://www.indonesia-osaka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Profil- Negara-Jepang.pdf. 6 March 2017. 92 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Perekonomian Indonesia-Jepang. Investasi. From http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 6 March 2017. 30

Unicharm. The next is in the field of Machine such as Kubota, Daikin Industries, Yanmar. After that in the field of Textiles such as Gunze Co. Ltd, Teijin, Toray. Next is Transporation machinery such as Daihatsu Motor and then Manufacturing field such as Osaka Steel.93 Based on location, approximately 90% of total Japanese investment in Indonesia by 2015 is concentrated in Java Island which in West Java at 1,82 billion US$ (63%), Banten 0,52 billion US$ (18%), East Java with 0,09 billion US$ (3%), DKI Jakarta is 0,07 billion US$ (3%), North Sumatera 0,19 billion US$, and others amounted to 0,17 billion US$ (6%).94

II.2.2. Social and Culture

The two leaders acknowledged that the greater people-to-people relation, in particular among the younger generations, would serve a more solid foundation for strengthening the future-oriented relationship, mutual understanding and friendly ties between the two countries and their peoples. Prime Minister Abe deliver the willingness of the Japanese Government to collaborate on a new scholarship program for the development of human resources in higher education in Indonesia.

The two leaders also expressed their strong belief that cultural cooperation will also contribute to bringing forward bilateral visions of partnernship. Prime Minister Abe expressed the Japanese government's intention to consider positively the provision of substructural assistance for the recovery of the Prambanan temple in Yogyakarta, which had been damaged by the quake that struck Central Java in May 2006.95

Subsequently, recognizing that cultural exchange and people-to-people exchanges, including through tourism, are an irreplaceable investment in the

93 Kerjasama Investasi. From http://www.indonesia-osaka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Profil- Negara-Jepang.pdf. 6 March 2017. 94 Ibid. 95 Indonesia – Japan Joint Statement, “Strategic Partnership for Peaceful and Prosperous Future”. From http://treaty.kemlu.go.id/uploads-pub/1660_JPN-2006-0416.pdf. 6 March 2017.

31 deeper and more multi-layered friendship and cooperation between the two countries in the future, both leaders insist on continuing this initiative at future. In this connection, President Joko Widodo welcomed the Japanese Government's decision to revoke the requirements of Indonesian regular passport holders' visas in December 2014. Prime Minister Abe welcomed the recent announcement by the Government of Indonesia to abolish visa requirements for Japanese citizens.

And then President Joko Widodo also highly values Japanese cooperation in people-to-people exchanges, such as JENESYS 2.0, a successful program of the JENESYS (Japan-East Asia Youth and Youth Exchange Network) implemented under Prime Minister Abe's initiative. The President also welcomed "WA Project- Toward Interactive Asia through Fusion and Harmony" which promotes two-way art and culture exchanges and Japanese language learning assistance and expressed willingness to work together for the smooth implementation of the project.

And the next is the two leaders affirmed that the two countries will work together for Asian Games Asia and Asian Para Games in 2018 and 2020 at the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo. They share the intention to work together bilaterally in sports, including the promotion of sports values through the implementation of Japan's international contribution program "Sport for Tomorrow". Both leaders underscored the importance of private sector contributions to the success of this important sporting event.96

96 Indonesia – Japan Joint Statement, “Strategic Partnership for Peaceful and Prosperous Future”. From http://treaty.kemlu.go.id/uploads-pub/1660_JPN-2006-0416.pdf. 8 March 2017. 32

CHAPTER III

The Overview of the Japan Foundation

III.1. The Overview of the Japan Foundation

The Japan Foundation logo97

The Japan Foundation was established in October 1972 in Japan as the only government-owned non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to addressing international cultural exchange.98 In order to deepen the mutual understanding between Japanese and other countries, The Japan Foundation try to actualize various activities and provide facilities and information that create opportunities for individuals to interact with.99

The purpose of the establishment of the Japan Foundation is as an international exchange in the field of culture, especially in Japan‟s colonial countries as the post-war recovery of Japanese image.100 Then to facilitate the society in others countries, Japan established the Japanese cultural institute which

97 Retrieved from http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/. 10 March 2017. 98 Japan Foundation Jakarta. What is The Japan Foundation? From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/. 10 March 2017. 99 Ibid. 100 Mochtar Lubis, Kekuatan yang Membisu: Kepribadian dan Peranan Jepang. p. 96

33 the Japan Foundation and also used as a cooperation of international cultural exchange.101

The Japan Foundation program in 1972 was to inform the Japan Foundation‟s foreign office in order to conduct cultural exchanges with other countries outside Japan, to promote Japanese studies through the offices of the Japan Foundation and to provide budget for the event, to conduct a Japanese language course and provide simulation for teachers such as exhibition, seminar and cultural exchange. the activity is approved by the government through the Japanese foreign ministry which will be able to run by the Japan Foundation.102

Figure 3.1. The Japan Foundation Overseas Offices103

The Japan Foundation headquartered in Tokyo and has 24 branch offices worldwide. To achieve its mission, The Japan Foundation has established good relationships and collaborates closely with the Japanese Embassy and Japanese

101 Diana, S. Nugroho. 10 March 2017. 102 The Japan Foundation, Annual Report 2002. p. 11-12. 103 JF Worldwide. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/world/index.html. 10 March 2017. 34

Consulates around the world, Japanese language institutions and cultural exchange organizations overseas to expand global scale activities.104

The activities that The Japan Foundation do to link the relationship among people in the world are promoting arts and culture exchange activities, promoting Japanese language education and learning abroad, promoting Japanese studies and intellectual exchange abroad, collect information and materials about Cultural exchange and distribute it.105 There are three fields of Japan Foundation‟s activities which are arts and cultural exchange, Japanese-language education, Japanese studies/intellectual exchange.106 In the field of arts and cultural exchange, the Japan Foundation works to introducing Japanese culture from art and music, theater, film, fashion and design to people around the world.107

There is some Arts and Cultural Exchange programs conducted by the Japan Foundation itself which are:

 Visual Arts The Japan Foundation works with domestic and international museums to produce large-screen exhibitions, and small travel fairs with contemporary art, photography, craft, and contemporary art themes. It also promotes Japanese art and artists by participating in international exhibitions, funding overseas Japanese art exhibitions, and managing exchange programs for artists and arts professionals.108

There is also some branches from the visual arts itself, which are:

- International Exhibition Participation

104 Japan Foundation Jakarta. Tentang The Japan Foundation. From Japan Foundation Jakarta. What is The Japan Foundation? From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/. 11 March 2017. 105 Japan Foundation. About Us. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html. 11 March 2017. 106 Japan Foundation. Three Fields. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/index.html. 11 March 2017. 107 Japan Foundation. Arts and Cultural Exchange. from http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/index.html. 11 March 2017. 108 Japan Foundation. Visual Arts. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/exhibit/index.html. 11 March 2017.

which the Japan Foundation responds to offer by send both artists and works of art to be displayed at such international exhibitions as biennales and triennales.109 - Exhibitions Abroad The Japan Foundation sponsors its own planned exhibitions through collaboration with galleries and museums both at home and overseas and provides aid for outstanding exhibitions for the promoting of Japanese art and culture.110 - Traveling Exhibitions - Exhibitions in Japan - Sharing Information

 Performing Arts The Japan Foundation introduces overseas audiences to various Japanese performing arts, from the traditional such as Kabuki and Bunraku, to the more modern like pop and folk music, contemporary dance, and theater. It works on international collaborative projects, support artists and art organizations by providing grants and networking opportunities, and manages the website Performing Arts Network Japan.111 There is also some branches from the performing arts:

- Performances Abroad The Japan Foundation dispatches or provides aid for sending out performance groups in cooperation with local related organizations for the introduction of Japanese stage and performing arts overseas.112

109 Japan Foundation. International Exhibition Participation. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/exhibit/international/index.html. 13 March 2017. 110 Japan Foundation. Three Fields. Exhibitions Abroad. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/exhibit/oversea/index.html. 13 March 2017. 111 Japan Foundation. Performing Arts. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/perform/index.html. 13 March 2017. 112 Ibid. 36

Figure 3.1. Scene from the Noh play Hagoromo113

The picture above is one of the examples of the performance that held by the Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation has hosted Noh drama performances at the Congolese School in Russia at the State Hermitage Museum and Moscow Theater Center "Vishneviy Sad." The show is planned along with the opening of the Raku ceramic exhibition: The Cosmos in a Tea Bowl, featured in two prestigious places in the country, the State Hermitage Museum and the Pushkine Museum. Lectures and demonstrations given by the Urucenke School of Tea Affairs will also be held, and the participants will have the opportunity to learn about the philosophy, thought, and traditional craft and art that has been handed down for centuries in Japan comprehensively.114

113 Retrieved from http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/culture/perform/oversea/2015/img/0601_img01.jpg. 14 March 2017. 114 Japan Foundation. Noh Performance in Russia Kongo School to stage Hagoromo in conjunction with Raku: The Cosmos in a Tea Bowl exhibition. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/perform/oversea/2015/06-01.html. 14 March 2017.

- Performances in Japan The Japan Foundation organizes performances in Japan for the dissemination of international collaborative projects.115

Figure 3.2. A Performance of Divine Dance SAMBASO: Kami Hisomi Iki116

The picture above is one of the example from the performing art held by the Japan Foundation. The Japan Foundation, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Bunkamura (Tokyu Bunkamura, Inc.), will present the Divine Dance show SAMBASO: Kami Hisomi Iki as cultural event of the World Forum Official Sport and Culture Program, with actors Kyogen Mansai Nomura, who is at the forefront of his profession breaks the boundaries of classical theater, and Hiroshi Sugimoto, who is active as a contemporary artist, as a Creative Director.117

115 Japan Foundation. Performing Arts. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/perform/index.html. 14 March 2017. 116 Retrieving from http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/culture/perform/domestic/2016/img/0901_img03.jpg. 14 March 2017. 117 Japan Foundation. Mansai Nomura + Hiroshi Sugimoto A Performance of Divine Dance SAMBASO: Kami Hisomi Iki A Cultural Event of the World Forum on Sport and Culture Official

 Human Exchange and Cultural Cooperation The Japan Foundation organizes lectures, demonstrations, and workshops abroad designed to give people a first-hand experience of Japanese cultural practices rooted in daily life, such as the tea ceremony, ikebana, and cooking. It also administers programs to assist cultural development in other countries, including sending experts to share their expertise on the preservation of cultural property or dispatching sports and music practitioners.118

 Publications The Foundation‟s work aims to inspire interest in Japan through visual media and includes broadcasting Japan‟s TV programs abroad, holding film festivals, and supporting the screening of Japanese films at international film festivals.119

 Film and Broadcast The Japan Foundation supports TV stations abroad in the broadcast of Japanese TV programs. We hold Japanese film festivals in collaboration with local institutions, and encourage the screening of Japanese films at international film festivals.120 The Japan foundation also provide Japanese Film Screenings Overseas. The Japan Foundation provides Japanese feature films (with foreign-language subtitles) and cultural films (dubbed in foreign

Program. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/perform/domestic/2016/09-01.html. 14 March 2017. 118 Japan Foundation. Human Exchange and Cultural Cooperation. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/human/index.html. 15 March 2017. 119 Japan Foundation. Publication. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/publication/index.html. 15 March 2017. 120 Ibid.

languages) in order to support the cultural activities of its overseas offices and Japanese embassies.121 The Japan Foundation also take part in international film festivals to introduce Japanese films, organize Japanese film festivals and sponsor lectures by Japanese directors or producers in collaboration with institutions abroad.122 The Japan Foundation also provide Japanese TV Broadcasting Abroad. They offers many Japanese television programs (dramas, animation, documentaries, and feature films) to TV stations overseas with a view to introducing Japanese culture and society.123

The second programs that The Japan Foundation provide is Japanese-Language Education Overseas. The Japan Foundation works to create and enhance Japanese-language education environments worldwide in order to give more people around the world opportunities to study Japanese. It also coordinates with governments and educational institutions in a variety of countries and regions to provide effective support aimed at meeting local needs.124 The Japanese-Language Education Overseas has some various programs which are: - JF Standard for Japanese-Language Education The Japan Foundation continues to develop original tools to examine teaching, learning, and assessment, and it plays a core role in improving infrastructure for overseas Japanese-language education.125 - JF Language Course The Japan Foundation offers a new type of Japanese-language course based on the “JF Standard for Japanese-Language Education” as an easier way to learn and teach Japanese. The course places emphasis on

121 Japan Foundation. Film and Broadcast. Japanese Film Screenings Overseas. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/media/index.html. 15 March 2017. 122 Ibid. 123 Japan Foundation. Film and Broadcast. Japanese TV Broadcasting Abroad. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/media/index.html. 15 March 2017. 124 Japan Foundation. Japanese-Language Education Overseas. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/index.html. 15 March 2017. 125 Ibid.

the comprehensive learning of language and culture, and aims at promoting mutual understanding through Japanese-language.126 - Learning Materials The Japan Foundation develops, manages, and deploys online and audio-visual Japanese-language teaching materials.127 - Training Programs - International Speech Contest in Japanese The Japan Foundation has been hosting International Speech Contest in Japanese in cooperation with International Education Center.128 - The JF Nihongo Network The JF Nihongo Network as “The Sakura Network” is a global network linking the core Japanese-language institutions and teacher associations to promote the language and improve the quality of education. The Japan Foundation‟s overseas offices and influential organizations in educational activities in the whole country/region join forces to support effective education in each country.129 - Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) - Teach Japanese-language

As guidance from a single teacher can influence a number of student, the Japan Foundation conducts programs aimed at enhancing the teaching skills of educators who teach the Japanese-language. The Japan Foundation also provides grants to institutions overseas and supports events to promote Japanese-language education.130 Then from this Teach Japanese-language, The Japan Foundation also provides various programs such as Japanese-Language Specialists Dispatch Program, Invitation Program for Japanese-Language Educators, Grant Program

126 Japan Foundation. Japanese-Language Education Overseas. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/index.html. 15 March 2017. 127 Ibid. 128 Ibid. 129 Japan Foundation. Learn Japanese-language. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/education/index.html. 15 March 2017. 129 Ibid. 130 Japan Foundation. Teach Japanese-language. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/teach/index.html. 15 March 2017. 130 Ibid.

41 for Japanese-Language Education Activities, Training Programs for Teachers Abroad.131

The last field from the Japan Foundation‟s activities is Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange. The purpose of this activity is the Japan Foundation organizes symposiums and collaborative projects to deepen dialogue among experts in various countries, in addition to supporting individual scholars in Japanese studies. It also works to promote the formation of personal networks with the aim of solving global issues.132 The purpose of Japanese studies also to deepen the understanding of Japan in other countries and to maintain good relations between Japan and other countries, and the Japan Foundation also carries out, surveys on overseas researchers and institutions of Japanese studies.133

III.2. The Japan Foundation Jakarta

The Japan Foundation Jakarta office is located in Summitmas I Lt. 2-3, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Kav. 61-62 Jakarta. Number of the staff in The Japan Foundation Jakarta is 82 (as of April, 2017). In 1974 the office opened in Jakarta then in 1979 the office was expanded after that in 1985 the office moved to Summitmas Building and in the 1996 the office expanded (into the present scale).134 The Japan Foundation Jakarta has the following 4 types of major activities, (1) Conducting activities initiated by the headquarters of The Japan Foundation, Tokyo, (2) Conducting activities initiated by The Japan Foundation, Jakarta, which give contribution to the activities of Japanese culture flows and the world,

131 Japan Foundation. Teach Japanese-language. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/teach/index.html. 16 March 2017. 131 Ibid. 132 Japan Foundation. Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/intel/index.html. 16 March 2017. 132 Ibid. 133 Japan Foundation. Japanese Studies. From http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/intel/study/index.html. 16 March 2017. 134 Japan Foundation Jakarta. Our Office. From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 16 March 2017.

42 especially Indonesia, (3) Support and collaborate with external organizations, (4) Conduct research, collect data and provide information related to the cultural exchange activities conducted by The Japan Foundation.135

III.2.1. Conducting activities initiated by the headquarters of The Japan Foundation, Tokyo Carry out and coordinate various cultural exchange projects initiated by The Japan Foundation‟s Tokyo headquarters (art and cultural exchange, Japanese language education, Japanese studies and intellectual exchanges and Asia Center activities) and conducting various activities related to the dispatches of cultural figures, intellectuals, researchers, etc.136

III.2.2. Conducting activities initiated by The Japan Foundation, Jakarta, which is realized to respond society needs that are aligned with local cultural conditions and its considered to contribute to the activities of The Japan Foundation as a whole Realizing The Japan Foundation‟s activities by utilizing The Japan Foundation‟s Tokyo office facilities and facilities owned by The Japan Foundation, Jakarta, execute and plan activities that contribute to the Japan- Indonesia cultural exchange and carry out the promoting of Japanese culture and art through lectures, exhibitions, movies, tea ceremony courses and flower arrangements (ikebana), cultural equipment rental, etc.137 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta also conducts Japanese language courses. It also has a library facility that collects 19,757 books that related to the Japan both in Indonesia language and Japanese, 1,904 Japanese magazines, comics, and audio visual (video, CD, DVD). The library is open for public with a total of 10,000 visitors per year.138

135 Japan Foundation Jakarta. Our Office. From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 16 March 2017. 136 Ibid. 137 Ibid. 138 Ibid.

Figure 3.3. the Japan Foundation Jakarta Library139

Figure 3.4. Some of the Book Collection from the JF Library

139 Retrieved from http://www.tantiamelia.com/2014/07/ww-japan-foundation-library.html. 17 March 2017. 44

Figure 3.5. Some of the Comics Collection in JF Library

III.2.3. Support and collaborate with external organizations The Japan Foundation has established partnership such as co-sponsorhip (covering part of the financial burden, publication cooperation, equipment loan, name sponsorship) for activities in Culture and Arts, Japanese Language Education, Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange.140

Then, this is some donors for program expenses which are Japan Tobacco Inc. (Support for Japanese-language and Japanese studies education at Russian universities); Fukujuen Co. Ltd. (Kongo Noh performance which became the opening ceremony of Raku: Cosmos in the Tea Bowl exhibition in Russia); Nisshin Kogyo Co. Ltd. (Exhibition at the 15th International Architecture Exhibition, La Biennale in Venezia); Maeda Corporation (exhibition at the Japan Pavilion at the 15th International Architecture Exhibition, La Biennale in Venezia); Yasui Architects & Engineers, Inc. (Exhibition at the 15th International Architecture Exhibition, La Biennale in Venezia); Yoshiaki Fujiki (U.S. JET commemorative training program in Japan); 2 others individual (the Japan Foundation China Center project, collaborating with Japanese universities to

140 Japan Foundation Jakarta. Our Office. From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 17 March 2017.

45 invite students to Japan for training, U.S. JET commemorative training program in Japan, general project costs).141

Figure 3.6. The Data of the Donations Received in Fiscal 2015142

III.2.4. Conduct research, collect data and provide information related to Japan Conduct research related to Japanese language education and collaborate with Japanese research institutions as well as local institutions. In addition, related to the cultural exchange program, The Japan Foundation, Jakarta also serves a variety of questions from Japan and Indonesia.143 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta also received a visit of Junior High School students and high school students (school visit program) with a total of 1,000 students per year.144

141 Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Data. Financial cooperation from the private sector. From https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/result/ar/2015/04_06.html. 17 March 2017. 142 Retrieved from https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/result/ar/2015/images/0406_001L.png. 17 March 2017. 143 Ibid. 144 Japan Foundation Jakarta. Our Office. From http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 17 March 2017. 46

III.3. Organization Chart

Figure 3.2. The Japan Foundation Organization Chart145

145 JF Worldwide. From https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/admin/org.html. 20 March 2017.

CHAPTER IV

The Activities of the Japan Foundation In Promoting the Japanese Culture In Indonesia Through Public Diplomacy

This chapter discusses the Japanese cultural diplomacy in Indonesia through the Japan Foundation. To analyze about the activities of the Japan Foundation as a Japanese cultural diplomacy in Indonesia. Beside that, the introduction of Japanese culture through the program conducted by the Japan Foundation. This is what Japan did to tie the international relations through culture, because for Japan there is not only the economic and political relations that can advance the country, but cultural diplomacy is also very important as the country defense and as a recognition of the original Japanese culture. Therefore, in 1972 the Japan Foundation was first established in Tokyo as the cultural center of Japan.146

And then, there are three dimension of public diplomacy which stated in the book of the Foreign Policy Center which the news management, strategic communication and relationship building. Those dimension will relate to the roles of the Japan Foundation in implementing the activities.

IV.1. Overview Japan‟s Public Diplomacy Japan has been devoted more efforts to exploit public diplomacy. As defined by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, public diplomacy has a purpose which to fullfill some important functions. First of all, it should support spreading the international situation and diplomatic in Japan. Then, it is supposed to inform foreign publics of Japan‟s domestic situation as well as its diplomatic

146 Mochtar Lubis, Kekuatan yang Membisu: Kepribadian dan Peranan Jepang. p. 94.

49 and foreign policies. The next function concerns the implementation of international agreement to boost cultural exchange. Last but not least, public diplomacy help promote Japanese culture overseas and boost cultural exchanges with foreign countries.147

With these functions, the Japanese government expects that public diplomacy could give the the positive influence about Japan for foreign people. Cultural diplomacy can be said as the most important and the first element of Japan‟s public diplomacy.148 Besides for cultural exchange, Japanese government use some tools of public diplomacy. Based on Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan‟s public diplomacy‟s activities divided into six categories which include (1) public relations abroad, (2) dispatches from Japan, (3) cultural exchange, (4) people-to-people exchange, (5) cooperation with international cultural organizations and (6) cultural grant assistance.149

IV.2. Tools of Japan‟s Public Diplomacy

IV.2.1. Public Relations Abroad As a section of public diplomacy in Japan, public relations has an important role in Japan foreign policy. According to the MOFA of Japan, public relations in Japan involves foreigners with information about Japan‟s foreign policy and Japanese politics, economy, society, and culture.150 The main focus of public relations is to create a positive view of Japan by foreign publics. Moreover, Japanese Government has build up a website named Web Japan in order to give general information about Japanese politics, economy, culture, etc for domestic

147 Japan‟s Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam – A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program. From http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2. 15 April 2017. 148 Ibid 149 Japan Diplomatic Bluebook 2012. p. 46 150 Ibid. p. 14 50 and foreign people.151 The internet has also become a major medium for overseas public relations. Information on Japan‟s diplomacy is made available on the Foreign Ministry Website (english version) and general information on Japan has also been provided on a daily basis through “Web Japan” it can be accesed on http://web-japan.org. In addition, many overseas establishment of Japan have their own websites, which provide information.

IV.2.2. Cultural Exchange Culture has an important factor for Japan‟s public diplomacy. Cultural exchange defined by Kazuo Ogoura as cultural activities that build not as a political means to promote a nation‟s image (cultural diplomacy) but in order to make a mutual inspiration through international exchange.152 Like abroad public relations, cultural exchange can be an efficient tool to create an accurate understanding and positive view about Japan for the foreign governments and people overseas. One kind of the cultural exchange is through Japanese langugae education. Therefore, Japanese Government try to make “internationalize” the Japanese language. Through the Japan Foundation, Japan is dispatching Japanese language education specialists abroad, training with Japanese instructors and students, donating and developing Japanese language education materials and conducted Japanese speech contests abroad.153 Japanese studies and intellectual exchange also be a part of Japan‟s cultural exchange. The Japanese Government is supporting research abroad related to the politics, ecoomy, society and culture of Japan.154

151Japan‟s Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam – A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program. From http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2. 25 April 2017. 152 Ogoura, Japan‟s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. p. 44 153 Japan‟s Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam – A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program. From http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2. 27 April 2017. 154 Japan‟s Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam – A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program. From

IV.2.3. People-to-people Exchange People-to-people exchange has an important role, its not only promote mutual understanding but also create more positive view of foreign people towards others. The Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi on his speech in Singapore when visiting ASEAN countries in 2002 emphasized that:

“Cooperation is working in common purpose with others in order to accomplish more. This cooperation requires an exchange of ideas, opinions and people.”155 As a result, Japanese government has promoted people-to-people exchange in many forms involve student exchange program, youth exchange and sport exchange. Furthermore, as noted by the MOFA of Japan, student exchange helps build friendship and goodwill with other countries and gain their understanding towards Japan.156

The example for people-to-people exchange in Indonesia is through the JENESYS Programme. Jenesys is The JENESYS Programme (Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths) is a project advanced by the Japanese government from the standpoint of providing a sound foundation for strong solidarity within Asia through large-scale youth exchange. For a five-year period since 2007, we are carrying out exchange programmes aimed at promoting mutual understanding and friendly relations.157 In order to build solidarity in East Asia, the Japanese government launched the Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths program with ASEAN (ASEAN-JENESYS) by inviting youth and students to Japan.

http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2. 28 April 2017. 155 Speech by Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi, Japan and ASEAN in East Asia -A Sincere and Open Partnership 156 Japan‟s Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in its Soft Power in Vietnam – A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program. From http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2. 29 April 2017. 157 What is Jenesys Programme. From http://sv2.jice.org/jenesys/e/about-jenesys/about- program/#dispatch. 29 April 2017. 52

The ASEAN JENESYS program will last for 5 years and annually will be invited by 6000 youth / students throughout East Asia countries, under the coordination of Japan Foundation, AFS and DICE.158 In the implementation of the ASEAN-JENESYS Phase I 2008 program under the coordination of the Japan International Cooperation Center (JICE), Indonesia will send 300 people in 3 stages, each consisting of 91 students and 9 pedants. Phase I of the ASEAN- JENESYS program, will be held on April 22-May 1, 2008, attended by 90 students aged 15-18 years and 9 people pedamping. Participants consisted of disaster victims students in Aceh and Bantul, pesantren students, Paskibraka members, and high school students from various regions. While for mentors consisted of teachers from various regions and accompanied by representatives of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Diknas and Kemenegpora. In the implementation of the ASEAN-JENESYS 2008 Phase I program, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs was appointed as the Chief Coordinator. Before departure to Japan, all participants attend the pre-departure training program conducted by JICE on 20-21 April 2008.

During the 10-day visit to Japan, activities will be filled with a deep understanding of Japan, visits (to schools, research centers, museums and cultural heritage), interaction with Japanese teenagers through discussions and seeing and experiencing Japanese culture through homestay.159

IV.2.4. Dispatches from Japan

The example of Dispatches in Indonesia is The Ministry of Education and Culture (Kememdikbud) together with the Japan Foundation co-operated the

158 Program Pertukaran Pelajar Asean-Jenesys (ASEAN-Japan East Asia Network of Exchange For Students and Youths. From http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/berita/siaran-pers/Pages/Program- Pertukaran-Pelajar-Asean-Jenesys-ASEAN-Japan-East-Asia-Network-Of-Exchange-For-Students- And-.aspx. 20 May 2017. 159 Program Pertukaran Pelajar Asean-Jenesys (ASEAN-Japan East Asia Network of Exchange For Students and Youths. From http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/berita/siaran-pers/Pages/Program- Pertukaran-Pelajar-Asean-Jenesys-ASEAN-Japan-East-Asia-Network-Of-Exchange-For-Students- And-.aspx. 20 May 2017.

Nihongo Partners program. This program is to improve the ability of Japanese language for Japanese teachers in Indonesia. Japan Foundation Director General for Southeast Asia Ogawa Tadashi explained that 49 Japanese teachers at Senior High School level and Vocational High School from 19 provinces in Indonesia were sent to Japan in 2015. In this program, Ogawa revealed, they underwent a 2- week intensive training program at the Japan Foundation Japanese Language Institute, Urawa, Japan. In the training, teachers from Indonesia will be accompanied by native speakers (native speakers) of Japan. Currently in Indonesia, there are a total of 4,538 Japanese language teachers at school, high education, and non-formal education levels.160

IV.2.5. Cultural Grant Assistance

Cultural Grant Assistance is a part of Official Development Assistance (ODA), provided to contribute to the promotion of cultural and higher educational activities and preservation of cultural heritage in developing countries. It is administered through two schemes: Cultural Grant Assistance and Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects.

Type of cultural grant assistance

 Purpose: Promotion of culture and higher education, preservation of cultural heritage  Content: Provision of equipment, Construction/Rehabilitation of facilities  Eligible Recipient: National government agencies

Cultural Grant Assistance is a scheme whereby funds are provided to cover the costs of procurement, transportation and installation of equipment and construction or restoration of facilities used for various cultural and higher education activities and cultural heritage preservation. From the beginning of this

16049 Guru Bahasa Jepang Ikuti Program Nihongo Partners. From http://www.pikiran- rakyat.com/pendidikan/2015/10/26/347530/49-guru-bahasa-jepang-ikuti-program-nihongo- partners. 21 May 2017. 54 scheme in FY 1975 to FY 2014, Japan's Cultural Grant Aid has supported a total of 1,419 projects, channeling 65,138 million yen. Equipment and facilities provided to developing countries through Cultural Grant Assistance are used in a variety of activities, including Japanese language studies and Japanese studies at various universities and universities; Promotion of sports, such as traditional Japanese martial arts such as judo, etc.

The example in Indonesia is prambanan temple restoration project. The amount provided US$ 89,965. This grant assistance aims to further promote the restoration work by providing equipment, including material for scaffolding and similar necessary for restoration work to the Yogyakarta Archaeology ruins preservation bureau in charge of restoration of the Prambanan Temple, a world heritage, that had been severely damaged in the earthquake on May 27, 2006 in Central Java.161

Figure 4.1. Provision of material for scaffolding used for the restoration work of the ruins

161 Official Development Assistance from Japan to Indonesia. From http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/oda/en/projects/culture/odaprojects_culture_2007_yogya.htm. 22 May 2017.

Figure 4.2. Provision of audio visual equipment for language learning

The second example of the Cultural Grant Assistance in Indonesia is Japanese Language Learning Equipments Support at Darma Persada University. Located in Jakarta Special Province, the amount provided is US $ 78,600. This grant assistance aims to improve the language education facilities of Dharma Persada University which have aged and enhance the language level of the students by providing equipment related to Japanese language learning to its literature department, mainly the Japanese language department.162

As it has been well explained above about the tools of Japan‟s public diplomacy, we may see that Japan has been able to promote its culture through the Japan Foundation. However, in the implementation of the Japan‟s public diplomacy, Japan has been using public relations abroad as the approach of its culture. Japan also has used cooperation on people-to-people exchange in purpose of spreading its culture abroad through JENESYS Programme for instance, especially in Indonesia. Then dispatches from Japan for instance, Nihongo partner especially in Indonesia. Japan through the Japan Foundation also has been actively involve with international cultural organization to focus on cultural cooperation and also through the Cultural Grant Assistance. In addition, since

162 Official Development Assistance from Japan to Indonesia. From http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/oda/en/projects/culture/odaprojects_culture_2007_jkt.htm. 23 May 2017. 56

Japan through the Japan Foundation has been actively contribute to the society in the all respective country, specifically Indonesia in this issue. This contribution is focusing on the protection of local culture by giving a huge aid to the cultural heritage of Indonesia. This can be seen specifically in the discussion later.

IV.3. The Japan Foundation Activities in Promoting the Japanese Culture in Indonesia Through Public Diplomacy

Mark Leonard considered that there are four goals that can be achieved with the existence of public diplomacy. First, increase the sense of kinship with other countries, by making them think of other countries and have a good image of a country. Second, increase public awards to certain countries, such as having a positive perception. Third, strengthening relationships with people in a country, for instance in the terms of education into scientific cooperation, convincing people in a country to visit the tour places, being the consumer of locally made products, giving the knowledge of the values that tha actor upholds. Fourth, influence people in other countries to invest, and become partners in political relations. Mark Leonard explains that in public diplomacy there is a relationship between image and issue. Every country has many different issues from other developing countries. Issues that generally affect the relationship.163

As what the author has mention in the last sub chapter about Japan Public Diplomacy tools, in the relations to this research, Japan uses the Japan Foundation as a tool of Japan‟s Public Diplomacy. Specifically mention regardimg to the JF activities, Japan has implemented its public relations activities abroad since Japan has representative in some sort of countries especially Indonesia. In addition, Japan also uses cultural aspect specifically cultural exchange as a tool of public diplomacy through the JF. Japan has conducted some cultural activities conduct, for instance by promoting Japanese language to foreign countries especially Indonesia. Japan also actively conduct people-to-people exchange.

163 Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: The Mezzanine. 57

According to Milton Cummings, cultural diplomacy has been defined as the exchange ideas, information, art and other cultural aspects among nations and their people aims to foster mutual understanding. He also explain that diplomacy is in cultural activities that a nation‟s idea of itself is best represented so as to continue to inspire people the world over despite political differences and cross borders.164 Japan has been actively promoting its culture in Indonesia through the JF. Japan has conducted any kind of cultural activity that involve Japanese and Indonesian culture. In accordance to the theory that author use which is cultural diplomacy, it can be perceived that Japan has implement its cultural diplomacy to spread the values of its culture. thus, we may see that any kind of Japan‟s actions on the exchange of the ideas, values, and identity abroad is included as cultural diplomacy.

There are three dimension of public diplomacy which stated in the book of the Foreign Policy Center which the news management, strategic communication and relationship building. those dimensions will relate to the activities of the Japan Foundation in promoting Japanese culture in Indonesia. Looking at how broad the interests are for the government to achieve, public diplomacy is divided into three different dimensions of activities which are reacting to news event that happen in accordance to the respected government‟s strategic goals; making a proactive news agenda by using events and activities towards delivering and reinforcing messages and values to influence the target market perceptions; and establishing long-term relationships with people from other countries with the goal to win recognition of the respected country‟s values and assets so that they can learn from these values. These three dimensions are then categorized into news management, strategic communication, and relationship building.165

164 Kim, Hwajung. 2011. “Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/casestudies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_M eans_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_Age.pdf. 24 May 2017. 165 Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: The Mezzanine.

IV.3.1 Three Dimensions of Public Diplomacy

IV.3.1.1. News Management The very first dimension of public diplomacy is news management, which aims to get the prospective partner to get familiar and adopt the values and characters of the country as part of theirs on daily basis. As public diplomacy try to attract people to build a relationship with the respected country, it is rational for them to start off with making them to sympathize and familiarize them so that they would have the sense of “belonging” to that respected country. The management of communication represents and demonstrates day-to-day issues that happen in their country to their prospective partner.166 Through the news management, the Japan Foundation spread their activities that related to the news through their media which the magazine. They have various magazine and their magazine give the information about Japanese Culture and some info or event that held in the JF.167 In the implementation on news management, Japan through the Japan Foundation has actively conducted conference. Specifically mention, Indonesia has invited one of Journalist of Indonesia. This journalist of Indonesia is Ahmad Arif. He is a journalist who is focusing on disaster news. Japan through the Japan Foundation invite this journalist to learn about diasater management in Japan. Since then, the Japan Foundation conducted a symposium, especially held in Jakarta, at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University. As a disaster journalist, Ahmad Arif proposed idea to bring Japan as the example of disaster management. He presented his experience in Japan during 2013 and recommended that the research in Japan to very good use.168 As we may see from the strategy above that Japan has promoted directly its culture through an event which is the Text of Natural Disaster : Cultural Perspective which was attended by around 400 people and co-organized by the Japan Foundation as the respective organization in Indonesia as well as Syarif

166 Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: The Mezzanine. 167 Ibid. 168 The Japan Foundation. Annual Report 2014/2015 59

Hidayatullah State Islamic University as the host of the symposium. Thus, by this step, Japan could deliver the knowledge about Japanese culture especially on disaster management experience of Japan. (JF annual report 2014/2015)

IV.3.1.2. Strategic Communication Government of the state has the ability to convey their messages and values to communicate their standing and position on particular issues. However, they lack effective management on the perceptions of the respected country in a holistic assessment. For an instance, different institutions manage different sectors within the state such as trade, politics, tourism, investment and cultural relations.169 The problem arises when these institutions have their own values and characteristics that aredifferently representing the whole value and characteristic of the country. Based on the interview with The Japan Foundation staff, The Japan Foundation use their annually project which “Discovery Japan” to promote their culture. This event also one of the successfull event that held by JF because of the enthusiast of the visitor that increasing from time to time. The Japan Foundation Jakarta annually held a series of Japanese cultural events entitled “Discovery Japan” aimed to introducing Japanese culture to the Indonesian people.170 “Discovery Japan” is the JF annually project that conducted once in a year. Art and cultural program is one of Japan strategies to promote the Japanese culture. Art and cultural program itself is the introduction of Ikebana, Tea ceremony (chanoyu), Kimono and Origami.171

169 The Japan Foundation. Annual Report 2014/2015 170 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 25 May 2017. 171 Diana S. Nugroho. 26 May 2017.

Figure 4.1. The phamplet of “Discovery Japan”

Ikebana (traditional Japanese floral art arranging) has an important element in the flower arrangement, resulting the beautiful flower arrangement and high artistic value. Ikebana is a tradition of Japanese art that historically, besides Ikebana for decorated room, Ikebana also a mandatory for unmarried Japanese women, which is a good preparation for a wedding, because in Ikebana reflects the personality of a woman in taking care of the household.172

On 26-28 November 2010 the Japan Foundation Indonesia cooperated with 30th Ikebana Ikebono Japan Association held Ikebana Ikebono exhibition at Hotel Nikko Jakarta. Attended by Sen‟in Ikebono (45th head master Japanese ikebono), Japanese ambassador to Indonesia and director general of the Japan Foundation Indonesia.173

172 The Japan Foundation, Nuansa, June-August-September 2011. p. 25. 173 The Japan Foundation, Nuansa, January-February-March 2010. p. 8.

Figure 4.4. Ikebana Demonstration174

The demonstration in cooperation with “Perkumpulan Ikebana Ohara” and Shofukadokai itself was held as a warm-up event before the start of the ikebana course that held by The Japan Foundation Jakarta.175

Regarding to this analysis, Ikebana is one of tools of Japan implementation in terms of strategic communication. Through Ikebana, Japan promote its cultural values, since it is the ability of Japan to convey their message and values through cultural aspect. Thus, Japan Foundation as the promotion tool of Japan is able to implement its strategic communication in Indonesia.

Then Chanoyu (tea ceremony) is an elegant ceremony and has a philosopical value of life with a very high level of politeness as a tea culture that became a habit of the Japanese people, Chanoyu is a tea art that teaches harmony,

174 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 26 May 2017. 175 Ibid. 62 honor, purity, skill and the softness of the soul is a principle that is firmly held in the Japanese daily life.176

Figure 4.6. Introducing Chanoyu in “Discovery Japan” event177

176 The Japan Foundation, Nuansa, July-August-September 2011. p. 22. 177 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 26 May 2017. 63

Figure 4.7. Introducing Chanoyu in “Discovery Japan” event178

Showing to the Indonesian people that Japanese culture has a high philosophy until nowadays. Since 2008 the Japan Foundation Indonesia held a tea ceremony course which was participated by participants from various circles and age, this art became very popular, so every activity become the routine activity once in a year at the Japan Foundation Indonesia.179 Chanoyu is the art of preparing, serving, and drinking traditional Japanese tea. This time The Japan Foundation Jakarta in cooperation with Urasenke Tankokai Indonesia held an introduction to the Japanese tea ceremony in the event "Ochakai".180

As the Chanoyu is a tool of strategic communication of Japan in promoting its culture, it can be seen that the cultural values of Japan has its own philosophy in delivering its values. Through this culture, Japan could show its cultural identity which is elegant. By showing this identity, Japanese culture could represent the characteristic of its country. Thus, through this culture, Japan could describe harmony, honor, purity, and the softness of its identity.

178 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 26 May 2017. 179 The Japan Foundation, Nuansa, July-August-September 2011. p. 22. 180 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 26 May 2017. 64

Figure 4.9. Kimono Demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event

And then, there is also Kimono demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event. This is the introducing session of Kimono and Yukata. There is the difference between Kimono and Yukata. Kimono is used only on formal occasions such as

Figure 4.10. Kimono Demonstration in “Discovery Japan” event181

181 Discovery Japan 2017, mengulik kekayaan budaya Jepang. From http://asianbeat.com/id/photo/event/DiscoveryJapan2017.html. 26 May 2017. 65 weddings, school entrance ceremonies or new year ceremonies. Then Yukata is used for casual occassions such as stroling around the street, fireworks party, see matsuri or dance in Obon celebration.182 Through this kimono demonstration participants can see how to wear kimono through the presentation that presented by Japanese kimono expert Kaori Kubota-sensei.183

After that there is also Origami demonstration in “Discovery Japan”. The origami demonstration has been held frequently by the Japan Foundation Jakarta. If in the last year the origami workshop was opened exclusively for children with their parents, for this year's workshop is dedicated to the public which is mostly attended by young people. The origami workshop lecturer is Thomas Andika, a teenager who studied origami self-taught and now has produced various forms of origami with high difficulty level.

In addition, in “Discovery Japan” also are intoduced Kimono and Origami. These two cultures of Japan also has represented the values of Japan. Regarding to these two cultures, Japan has shown its identity on its creativity as well as its attitude. Thus, these will be good strategic communication tools of Japan in promoting its culture.

182 Diana S. Nugroho. 26 May 2017. 183 Ibid.

Figure 4.11. Origami Workshop in “Discovery Japan” event

Figure 4.12. Learn how to make Origami Figure 4.13. Origami Workshop

IV.3.1.3. Relationship Building Relationship building is the last dimension of public diplomacy for its time frame that goes on for a long-term relation with the prospective partner. This dimension goes further into looking for a common ground where the two stakeholders could cooperate to improve particular sectors as an attempt to deepen

67 their relationship, thus the feeling of reciprocity would encourage them towards greater cooperation in the future. Unlike usual diplomatic practice that emphasizes more onto maintaining contacts between peers such as politicians, business people, advisers, and or cultural entrepreneurs or academics, relationship building is aimed to create a collectively agreed analysis of certain issues, thus enabling the government to give people clearer ideas of the push factors and motivations that affect their actions. Therefore, it is expected that by the time they come to a forum group discussion to address individual issues, the background work would have been progressed. This involves genuine exchange. Since relationship building aim to strengthen and deepen the cooperation between two parties, Japan through the Japan Foundation has conducted some sort of activities regarding to this strategy. Japan has held Jenesys as a tool for Japan to strengthen its relations with Indonesia in terms of exchange activities. Besides Jenesys, both of parties also has a program which is included in the program of the Japan Foundation. This program is called Nihongo Partners. Nihongo partners activities focus on the exchange of both parties. This exchange does not only involve scholar but also the experts and professionals from Japan to directly plunged in the South East Asia, especially Indonesia. In addition, the number of participants in Indonesia is the highest among all ASEAN member countries. It is stated that there were 268 people in Indonesia. This cooperation involved also ministry of Education and Culture. 184

News Management Strategic Communication Relationship Building The Text of Natural Sanriku Internatioal Arts Nihongo Partners Disaster: Cultural Pers Festival “Sanriku-Asian Networks Project MAU: J – ASEAN (Dance Jenesys Performance) Discovery Japan A Symposium “Preparing Students for

184 Retrieved from http://jfac.jp/en/partners. 26 May 2017.

21st Century: the Front Line of Education in ASEAN Member States – The Role of Foreign Language Education in Secondary Education”

Online Education Tools: “Revised Culture Quiz at Erin;s Challenge! Can speak Japanese website

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Relations between countries are important especially for developing country, the purpose is to create good relations. Globalization era makes diplomacy activity easier than during war or post war. International relations studies acknowledged two kinds of power that useful in doing diplomacy, soft power and hard power. According to Joseph S. Nye, one of the expert in politics said that hard power is a use of military to gain national interest while soft power is a way to get others to desire what on desires, persuades them to gain national interest. As modern days, the use of soft power of one country is more effective and also cut more cost than hard power. One of soft power strategy is through public diplomacy. It is a way to introduce to other country about one‟s country potential. The potential sector such as cultural exchange, tourism spot, culinary and beverages, or fashion can be used to attract other people from other country. Public diplomacy meant to attract foreign people, it might be to make them visit the country or to create a positive image of the country. There are also cultural diplomacy which is a promotion through pop or traditional culture to share and influence foreign people with an awareness as the result towards another culture. Cultural diplomacy is used by some countries to strengthen in terms ofculture and also economy towards another country. Then, Japan established the Japan Foundation which conduct several actions in promoting Japanese culture in Indonesia such as “Discovery Japan”. “Discovery Japan” is the annually project that held by the Japan Foundation Jakarta office. The “Discovery Japan” purpose is to introduce to Indonesian people about the Japanese traditional culture such as Chanoyu, Ikebana, Kimono, and Origami. The action conducted by the Japan Foundation help maintaining the relations between Indonesia and Japan, also to boosting positive image of Japan.

APPENDICES

Chapter IV. International Exchange and Public Relations Activities

A. Promoting international exchanges

1. The importance of international exchanges

The international community of today is becoming increasingly interdependent politically, economically, culturally, socially and indeed in all aspects. Moreover, with the end of the Cold War, in place of ideological confrontation, ethnic and cultural differences have been pushed to the forefront of international relations. In order to ensure the stable development of the international community, it is increasingly important for countries to become mutually cognizant of their ethnic, cultural and social diversity and to deepen mutual understanding. Further, emergence of a myriad of global issues-poverty, energy, human rights and the environment, etc.-has been activating international exchange related to these issues.

Japan has been actively working to promote international exchange since then- Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita described international exchange as one of the three pillars of Japan's foreign policy in his London speech in 1988. Prime Minister Hashimoto, in January 1997, proposed in his policy speech in Singapore the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural cooperation as one of three proposals. In Japan's relations with developing countries too, there is a call for not just the more traditional economic cooperation but also cooperation in cultural aspects. In such a context, cultural exchange and cultural cooperation are therefore becoming frequent themes of discussion at both bilateral and multilateral levels, including talks between Heads of State and foreign ministers.

2. A wider spectrum of international exchanges

In recent years, besides the Government and the Japan Foundation, many international exchange activities have been conducted at the levels of local governments, private organizations, educational and research institutions, private enterprises, individuals and other promoters. In particular, the growth in grassroots exchanges in local communities has been remarkable, under the banners of "internationalization" and "culture" as common slogans. From now on, it is important to build networks among the relevant domestic organizations as well as to strengthen the cooperative relationship between the government and private organizations, and thus to promote more effective international exchange.

In addition, whereas traditional cultural exchange focused on mutual exchange, cooperation in promoting the culture of developing countries and preserving their cultural heritage are now taking on much greater importance. In these countries, rapid economic growth and social change often threaten the existence of cultural properties. To save the heritage of mankind as a whole, Japan is cooperating in the preservation of cultural heritage such as the Angkor monuments in Cambodia, utilizing the Japanese Trust Funds established within UNESCO as well as the framework of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Equipment is also provided through the scheme of cultural grant aid to help developing countries promote their cultures.

3. Further promoting national and regional exchanges

In the area of international exchanges, too, it is important to implement projects by thoroughly considering the characteristics of each country and region, as well as their relationship with Japan.

In exchanges with North America, the close ties between Japan and the United States are reflected in the vigorous personal contacts and exchanges taking place at a number of levels among local governments and private organizations.

For example, under the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme (an invitational program for young people from foreign countries by local governments in Japan to teach foreign languages at junior and senior high schools and to be involved in international exchange activities), more than 20,000 young people from the United States and Canada have come to Japan, contributing greatly to international exchange at local level.

In addition, the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership promotes intellectual exchanges through seminars, symposiums and joint research, etc., among Japanese and American academics and researchers, also supporting exchanges at the grass-roots level.

Exchanges with Europe have tended to focus on traditional culture, an area in which great mutual interest exists. However, the scope has widened in recent years, with many large-scale cultural events organized as comprehensive and mutual cultural introductions. Following the common understanding reached by Japanese and French Heads of State, the year beginning in April 1997 was designated the "Year of Japan in France," where a variety of cultural events have been held as a broad introduction of Japan's traditional culture and contemporary Japan. The "Year of France in Japan" will begin in April 1998. Moreover, the Maison de la Culture du Japon á Paris (The Japanese Cultural Institute in Paris) was inaugurated in May 1997, and has been organizing a variety of cultural events, aiming at becoming the hub of cultural exchange between not only Japan and France but also Japan and Europe.

The traditional focus of exchanges with Asia has been introducing Japanese culture to the Asian countries. Recently, however, exchange has come to be based on a much more equal partner between Japan and these countries. For example, the Indonesian Government, with the cooperation of private organizations, held the Indonesia-Japan Friendship Festival '97 in Japan from August to November 1997, which provided a comprehensive cultural introduction, including an exhibition on "Treasures of Ancient Indonesian Kingdoms." New experiments are also being made in promoting multifaceted and multilateral exchanges with

ASEAN countries. These include the Multinational Cultural Mission proposed by Prime Minister Hashimoto, wherein a mission of eminent figures from Japan and the ASEAN countries will make recommendations on Japan-ASEAN cultural exchanges.

The First Asia-Europe Young Leaders' Symposium was also held in Tokyo and Miyazaki in March 1997 as a follow-up to the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), helping to promote dialogue and exchange between Asia and Europe.

4. Further developments in international exchanges

The Japan Foundation, which celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1997, plays a key role in implementing international exchanges. However, the current structure of the Japan Foundation (with a FY1997 budget of 20.6 billion yen and 18 offices abroad) is not efficient vis-á-vis the growing importance of international exchanges. It is much smaller in scale than similar foreign institutions such as the British Council (the United Kingdom) and the Goethe Institute (Germany). The vital tasks are not only implementing more effective and efficient projects, but also further strengthening the structure.

One of the Japan Foundation's main tasks is disseminating the Japanese language abroad. In this regard, in addition to the Japanese Language Institute, Urawa, the Japan Foundation Japanese Language Institute, Kansai, began to function in May, aiming at spreading the study of Japanese language.

The Japanese Government has been encouraging foreign student exchange in line with the plan to accept 100,000 foreign students by the early years of the 21st century. In recent years, however, the number of privately-funded foreign students has fallen, and it is vitally important to organize, both at home and abroad, a system to receive students. It is also important to help in the creation of alumni associations among students returning home from their studies in Japan as one means of increasing Japan's friends abroad.

B. National public opinion and public relations; foreign understanding of Japan

1. National public opinion and public relations

Japanese people have been developing a higher degree of interest in international affairs and foreign policy in the last few years due to a greater degree of personal contact with people of other countries through rapid developments in communications and information systems, deepening of economic and cultural exchanges, and an increasing number of Japanese traveling and living abroad.

Based on the perception that domestic and foreign policy are inextricably intertwined, the Japanese Government, taking careful note of public opinion while at the same time actively implementing public relations activities concerning Japan's foreign policy, has continued to make efforts to foster among the Japanese people a greater understanding of Japan's foreign policy and to obtain their support.

For example, since 1976 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been offering for public use at the Diplomatic Record Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic records produced over 30 years ago file by file as the compiling and screening process is completed. The 13th Declassification of Postwar Period Documents and Records was made on 24 February 1997. More than 2,800 items were made available for public perusal, covering domestic politics, foreign policy and the economy, etc., and including such major incidents as the matter of the Agreement Between Japan and the United States of America for Settlement of the Awa-Maru Claims. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is working to declassify as many records as possible, perceiving record disclosure as one important duty of the Ministry.

The Ministry has also organized systems through which the latest materials and information on foreign policy and international affairs can be easily accessed from homes and workplaces via the home page of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. With

75 the recent popularity of the Internet, the Japanese version of this home page in particular has seen a rapid rise in the number of users, with the Internet growing into one of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' most important vehicle for supplying information and conducting public relations.

The Ministry is also endeavoring to report in an easily understood manner important issues which are perceived to be of the highest interest to people and to respond to public interest by such means as featuring special issues in regular publications, creating pamphlets and creating television programs. Efforts are also being made to obtain wide-ranging support for Japan's foreign policy by increasing the number of opportunities for direct dialogue with the Japanese people. For example, more lectures by Ministry officials are being held in high schools and universities, and the Ministry also holds lectures and symposia such as Gaiko no Mado (Window on Foreign Affairs), Gaiko Kurabu (Foreign Affairs Club) and Kokusai Forum (International Forum) in local areas.

2. An understanding of Japan

An understanding of Japan and Japan's foreign policy by people in foreign countries and a favorable and trusting view toward Japan are essential elements in the advancement of Japan's foreign policy. To this end, the Japanese Government is extending a variety of public relations and activities through embassies and consulates-general, etc.

More specifically, carefully designed public relations activities are conducted in each region and on current issues. For example, the Japanese Government explains to other countries such policies as the six major reform programs now being pursued by the Government, as well as its efforts on environmental issues. Africa, on the occasion of TICAD II, and Asia, where Japan has been extending its support for the current financial crisis, are the other focal points of public relations activities. In terms of information about Japanese society and general information, the Japanese Government places particular emphasis on public relations targeting the younger generations in other countries in order to foster an

76 accurate and balanced view toward Japan. In conducting these public relations activities, the Japanese Government surveys and analyzes public opinions about Japan in major countries, and on the basis of the results, organizes lectures and various other types of activities for specific regions and specific countries. When VIPs and prominent Japanese citizens visit other countries, the Japanese Government works with the Japanese and foreign press to provide information about the visits. The Japanese Government also rebuts reports based on misperceptions and biases regarding Japan.

The Japanese Government also promotes personnel exchanges by, for example, inviting foreign television crews, newspaper-related individuals and foreign opinion leaders to Japan, as well as dispatching Japanese intellectuals abroad as speakers for symposiums and other events.

Various types of printed materials and videos have been produced and distributed by government institutes, to introduce Japan's foreign policy and general information about Japan, and many pieces of information concerning Japan's foreign policy have been disseminated in several languages, including Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish, through such media as the home page of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (URL: http://www.mofa.go.jp) since April 1995.185

185 Retrieved from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1998/IV.html. 1 June 2017.

Lembar Wawancara Pertanyaan tentang The Japan Foundation di Indonesia

Diana S. Nugroho, Program Cultura Section, Jakarta: The Japan Foundation, tanggal 5 Februari 2017.

1. Apa tujuan didirikannya The Japan Foundation di Indonesia? Berdirinya JF hanya ingin memperluas pengenalan budaya Jepang dan memuluskan jalannya diplomasi budaya Jepang kepada masyarakat dunia, untuk itu Jepang banyak mendirikan pusat kebudayaan di berbagai belahan dunia. The Japan Foundation berkonsentrasi pada pertukaran dan pengenalan budaya saja, namun disamping itu ada unsur politik luar negeri seperti kepentingan nasional dan diplomasi karena diplomasi sebagai alat yang menjalankan politik luar negeri. 2. Bagaimana peran The Japan Foundation di dua puluh satu negara dan di Indonesia? Peran JF dalam segi politik untuk memuluskan jalannya kerjasama di bidang kebudayaan, dan sebagai diplomasi kebudayaan Jepang ke Indonesia. Untuk mempromosikan kebudayaan Jepang di Indonesia 3. Apa tujuan diplomatis didirikannya The Japan Foundation di Indonesia? Tujuan diplomatis didirikannya The Japan Foundation Indonesia adalah untuk memperkenalkan budaya Jepang mulai dari budaya tradisional hingga modern saat ini, melalui media majalah, seperti Aneka Jepang dan Nuansa Jepang (yang diterbitkan setiap tiga bulan untuk menginformasikan kegiatan-kegiatan di JF Indonesia. Selain itu JF mengadakan berbagai kursus seperti Ikebana (seni merangkai bunga Jepang), Chanoyu (upacara minum teh), Origami (seni melipat kertas). Selain mengenalkan budaya Jepang, tujuan diplomatis JF yaitu memberikan kontribusi bagi lingkungan internasional yang baik serta memelihara keharmonisan bagi hubungan luar negeri Jepang. 4. Bagaimana pandangan masyarakat mengenai The Japan Foundation sejauh ini?

Pandangan masyarakat Indonesia terhadap Jepang pun semakin meningkat, ini ditunjukan pada setiap pameran ataupun beberapa program khususnya “Discovery Japan” yang telah dilaksanakan oleh JF. Kebanyakan masyarakat Indonesia yang menyukai kebudayaan Jepang yaitu anak-anak dan remaja karena berawal dari kartun-kartun Jepang, animasi yang telah mendominasi pasar Indonesia.

5. Program apa yang dapat dilihat dari JF sehingga program tersebut dapat dikatakan berhasil? Menurut survei yang dilaksanakan JF Jakarta pada tahun 2006 di luar negara Jepang terdapat lebih dari 2.97 juta orang yang mempelajari bahasa Jepang, dan jumlah ini terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Di Indonesia tercatat sekitar 272.000 orang yang mempelajari bahasa Jepang, untuk itu JF berupaya untuk membantu kebutuhan pendidikan bahasa Jepang di luar negara Jepang. Program ini dapat dikatakan sebagai keberhasilan JF sebagai lembaga budaya Jepang. 6. Bila Discovery Japan diadakan secara berkala, setiap berapa bulan atau berapa tahun diadakannya? Anually, tapi sama seperti Puasa Ramadhan, pasti ada di setiap tahunnya, tapi di bulan-bulan yang berbeda menyesuaikan dengan project lain 7. Sejak kapan Discovery Japan diselanggarakan? Nama Discovery Japan sendiri baru diresmikan sejak 2014, namun pengenalan Budaya Jepang seperti Discovery Japan ini sudah dilakukan oleh JF sejak 6 tahun lalu 8. Bagaimana peminat “Discovery Japan” yang diselanggarakan oleh Japan Foundation? Bertambah banyak, cenderung meningkat . 9. Apakah Discovery Japan salah satu strategi Japan Foundation untuk mempromosikan kebudayaan Jepang di Indonesia? Jelas!, tidak perlu dipertanyakan 10. Apa saja rangkaian acara di Discovery Japan itu sendiri?

Pengenalan Chanoyu (tea ceremony), Ikebana, Kimono dan Yukata, Origami dan belakangan meluas ke seni ilustrasi Jepang.

11. Diadakan dimanakah Discovery Japan yang diselanggarakan oleh Japan Foundation itu sendiri? Sampai saai ini selalu diadakan di Hall JF, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan untuk diadakan di luar JF

Interview Sheet Question about The Japan Foundation in Indonesia

Diana S. Nugroho, Senior Program Officer Art & Culture Division in charge of Publications & International Culture Exchange Programs, Jakarta: The Japan Foundation, 5 February 2017.

1. What is the purpose of establishment of The Japan Foundation in Indonesia? The establishment of JF is to expand the promoting of Japanese culture in the smooth way in heart-to-heart, because of that Japan established several cultural centers in various parts of the world. The Japan Foundation concentrates on cultural exchange and promoting culture. 2. What is the role of The Japan Foundation in twenty-one countries and in Indonesia? The role of JF in politics way is to smooth the cooperation in the field of culture, and as a diplomacy of Japanese culture to Indonesia. To promote Japanese culture in Indonesia 3. What is the diplomatic purpose of the establishment of The Japan Foundation in Indonesia? The diplomatic objective of the establishment of The Japan Foundation Indonesia is to introduce and promote Japanese culture from traditional to modern culture today, through magazine media such as Aneka Jepang and Nuansa Jepang (published every three months to inform JF Indonesia activities) Various courses such as Ikebana (the art of Japanese flower arranging), Chanoyu (tea ceremony), Origami (paper folding art) .In addition to introducing Japanese culture, JF's diplomatic purpose of contributing to a good international environment and maintaining harmony to Japanese foreign relations 4. How are people's views about The Japan Foundation so far? The view of the Indonesian people towards Japan is increasing, it is shown in every exhibition or some programs especially "Discovery Japan" which has been implemented by JF. Most Indonesian people who love Japanese

culture is children and adolescents because it originated from Japanese cartoons, animation that has dominated the Indonesian market. 5. What is the most successfull program from The Japan Foundation? According to a survey conducted by JF Jakarta in 2006 outside of Japan, there are more than 2.97 million people studying Japanese, and this number is increasing every year. In Indonesia there are approximately 272,000 people who study Japanese language, for that JF seeks to help the needs of Japanese language education outside the country of Japan. This program can be regarded as the success of JF as a cultural institution of Japan. 6. When “Discovery Japan” is held periodically, every month or how many years does it take? Anually, but just like Ramadan fasting, there must be in every year, but in different months adjusting to other projects 7. Since when the “Discovery Japan” held? Discovery Japan name itself was only inaugurated since 2014, but the introduction of Japanese Culture like Discovery Japan has been done by JF since 6 years ago 8. How is the enthusiast of the "Discovery Japan" that held by the Japan Foundation? Increasingly, it tends to increase. 9. Is “Discovery Japan” one of the Japan Foundation‟s strategy to promote Japanese culture in Indonesia? Obviously! No need to ask 10. What is the events in “Discovery Japan” itself? There is the introduction and workshop of Chanoyu (tea ceremony), Ikebana, Kimono and Yukata, Origami and later extends to Japanese illustration art. 11. Where is the “Discovery Japan” held? Until now the event always held at JF Hall, but it is not possible to be held outside the JF.

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