Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47175-6 — Indigenous Rights and Colonial Subjecthood Amanda Nettelbeck Index More Information

Index

Aboriginal diplomacy, 67–9, 73, 122 Aborigines Act 1897 (WA), 186 Aboriginal evidence Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), 191 admission of, 56, 118 Aborigines Act 1911 (SA), 191 inadmissibility, 35, 51, 54–6, 113 Aborigines Department (WA), 186 Aboriginal labour Aborigines Protection Act 1869 (Vic), 166 apprenticeship scheme, 103, 156 Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (Vic), 172 farming, 172 Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA), 174–5 pastoral industry, 168, 170–1 Aborigines Protection Act 1909 (NSW), 188, pearling industry, 172–3 191 Protectors’ schemes, 100 Aborigines Protection Board (NSW), 187 recruitment as native police, 104–6 Aborigines Protection Board (WA), 174, Aboriginal massacres 186 by Major Mitchell’s exploration party, 54 Aborigines’ Friends Association, 167 Myall Creek massacre, 56–7, 79 Aborigines’ Protection Society, 13, 17, 33, Pinjarra massacre, 72 37, 39, 150, 185 Rufus River massacre, 120–1, 148 amelioration Waterloo Creek massacre, 56, 81 moral and legal interpretations, 116 Aboriginal Native Offenders Act 1883 (WA), of slaves, 4, 21, 23, 79, 96 169, 174 philosophy of, 4 Aboriginal people Armstrong, Francis Fraser, 73–4 amenability to British law, 50–3, 118–19, Arthur, George (Gov), 47, 64, 71, 58–63 127–8 assimilation policy, 191–2 as British subjects, 117 Australian Aborigines’ League, 192 civil rights, 171–7 Australian colonies constraints on mobility, 186 Aboriginal policing and diplomacy on engagement with Protectors, 139–41, frontiers, 143–53 143, 145–8 absence of treaties, 9 inter se matters, 52, 54–5, 90, 124, 134, conciliation as colonisation strategy, 50 147 differences in development, 7–8 legal status, 84, 191 indigenous labour schemes and proprietary rights in land, 91 protection, 100 protection under British law, 53–9, 82, legal regulation schemes, 78–85 119, 127–8 political citizenship, 163–5 removal of children, 192 responsible government, 163 vagrancy charges against, 168 Aboriginal Protectors. See Protectors of Balardong Noongar people, 152 Aborigines Bannister, Saxe Aboriginal resistance, 151–2 admissibility of Aboriginal evidence, 35 Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the assimilative vision, 34–5 Sale of Opium Act (1897) (Qld), 189–90 Humane Policy, 32, 34–6, 194 Aborigines (Training of Children) Act 1923 indigenous protection proposal, 37–8, (SA), 192 129, 139

224

Index 225

modification of British law to accomodate British and Foreign Bible Society, 64 indigenous people, 35–6 British birthright, 164 philanthropic sympathies as political British Columbia, 142 currency, 34 British Guiana, 23–4, 136 Remarks on the Indians of North America, British law 32 application in New Zealand, 18, 107 Select Committee on Aborigines report, application to indigenous people, 32 critique of, 41 jurisdiction across Empire, 17–19 Barrow, John, 64 limits of jurisdiction in Australia, 53–9 Barrow, Peter, 63, 108, 130–2 proposals for modification to Batman, John, 48, 70, 97 accommodate indigenous people, Batman’s treaty, 48–50, 67, 145–6 35–7, 45–6 Bennelong, 68–9 British protection policy Berbice, 136 colonial offices of protection, 19–29, Billibellary, 145–8, 161 135–9 biological determinism, 164, 173 imperial histories of protection, 20 Biraban, 75 indigenous peoples. See British Black Wars, 13, 60 Aboriginal protection policies blackbirding, 173, 175–6 objective, 195–6 Blake, Henry (Gov), 184 Bromley, Walter, 63 Bland, Rivett Henry, 132–3, 152–3 Broome, Frederick Napier (Gov), 182–3 Boonwurrung people, 48, 154 Brown, John, 61, 63, 75 Border Police, 82–4, 111, 113 Buckley, William, 70–2 Borunuptune, 151 Bungaree, 68 Bourke, Richard (Gov) Burton, William, 54, 57, 77, 80 appointment of Commissioners of Crown Busby, James, 43 Lands, 81 Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 12, 54, 59, 61, 91 establishment of government presence in Port Phillip, 80–1 Canada establishment of native police force in Durham Report, 163 Port Phillip, 104 European treaties with First Nations, 8, Government Mission in Port Phillip, 76–8 165–6 governorship of Cape Colony, 33 native scouts, 144 governorship of New South Wales, 7 reserve system, 80, 166, 190 plans for Aboriginal assimilation, 7 responsible government, 163 revival of native police force in Port Cape Barren Island reserve, 188 Phillip, 146 Cape Colony, 8, 79 voiding of Batman’s treaty, 48 extent of British jurisdiction, 18 Brake, Herbert, 138 frontier warfare, 8, 13, 18 Brisbane, Thomas (Gov), 33 Protectors of Slaves, 137 British Aboriginal protection policies representative government, 163 Australia. See Port Phillip protectorate; Resident Agents, 38, 87 South Australian protectorate; Central Board for the Protection of Western Australian protectorate Aborigines (Vic), 166, 172 devolution of responsibility to self- Chinese immigrants governing colonies, 164 in Straits Settlements, 27–8 humanitarianism and, 3 in Victoria, 28 jurisdictional difficulties, 17–19 Chinese Immigration Act 1855 (Vic), New Zealand. See New Zealand 28 protectorate Chinese protectorates. See Protectors of proposals put to Select Committe, 37–41 Chinese purpose, 2–5 Clark, William Nairn, 133 regulation of colonies, 3–4 Clarke, George, 87–8, 90 relevance for Australia, 6–7 Clarke, George (Jnr), 88 translation across time and space, 9 Clarke, Henry, 88

226 Index

colonial citizenship, 123, 129, 139, 163–5, George V (King), 193 195 Gipps, George (Gov), 62 Commissioners of Crown Lands, 81–4 admissibility of Aboriginal evidence, 55, conciliation 57 Aboriginal diplomacy, 67–9 establishment of Border Police, 82–4 government interpreters and governorship of New South Wales, 81 intermediaries, 69–75 lack of instructions to Chief Protector in governors’ conferences and feasts for Port Phillip, 97 Aborigines, 67–8 response to massacres of Aboriginal limits of, 51 people, 56–7 strategies in Australian colonies, 66 role of Aboriginal Protectors, 108 Coombs, William, 182–3 role of Commissioners of Crown Lands, Cooper, Charles, 55, 117–18 81–4 Cooper, William, 192 views on amenability of Aborigines to Coranderrk Station, 172 British law, 57 Cowell, H. R., 183 views on Port Phillip protectorate, Croke, James, 110 110–11 Cronk, James, 74–5 Gisborne, Henry, 112 cross-cultural brokers, 69–75 Glenelg (Lord). See Grant, Charles (1st Baron Glenelg) Dana, Henry, 145, 147 Gordon, Arthur (Gov), 181 Darling, Ralph (Gov), 50 Grant, Charles (1st Baron Glenelg) Derrimut, 151 guidelines for Aboriginal Protectors, 65, Djadja Wurrung people, 113, 140, 154 98 Dredge, James, 108, 110, 117 local discretion regarding duties of Drummond, John Nicol, 133, 152–3 Aboriginal Protectors, 95 Drummond, Johnston, 152–3 recognition of Aboriginal proprietary Durham Report, 163 rights, 91 Dutch Empire, 22, 136 response to massacres of Aborigines, 53 Grenada, 137, 179–81 Ellis, Theophilus, 72–3, 84 Grey, George (Colonial Ofﬁce) Emigration Agents, 60, 63 eligibility criteria for Protectors of evolutionary anthropology, 164 Aborigines, 61 Eyre, Edward John, 148–50 instructions for Aboriginal Protectors, career in colonial administration, 122, 95 132, 135, 178–9 query over protection of Aborigines in exploration expeditions, 122 South Australia, 60 guardianship of Warrulan, 148–50 Grey, George (Gov) reform of indentured labour system in appointment of Eyre as Sub-Protector Jamaica, 178–9 and Resident Magistrate, 121 relationship with Pulkanta, 151 closure of New Zealand protectorate, 89, relationship with Tenberry, 148, 150 125, 162 Sub-Protector and Resident Magistrate at governorship of Cape Colony, 51 Moorundie, 121–4, 128, 134 governorship of New Zealand, 51–2, 125 governorship of South Australia, 51, 89, Fiji, 138 121 Flinders, Matthew, 68 patronage and career, 34 Forsaith, Thomas, 88 position on Aboriginal protection Franklin, John (Gov), 161 program in South Australia, 122–3, Freeling, Sanford (Gov), 183 125 French Empire, 21, 25 publication of Aboriginal vocabularies, friendship talk, 66 73 Fyans, Foster, 71, 114–15 recognition of Aboriginal proprietary rights, 92 Gawler, George (Gov), 93 report on amenability of Aborigines to George III (King), 68 British law, 50–3, 55, 90

Index 227

Resident Magistrate at King George Inspectors of Paciﬁc Islanders, 6, 176–7 Sound, 51–2 interracial marriage, 155, 157–9 views on racial amalgamation, 52–3, 89 Gribble, John Brown, 173, 182 Jamaica, 178–9, 184 Grifﬁth, Samuel, 184–5 Jeffcott, John, 64

Halswell, Edmund, 88 Kabinger, 152–3 Hamilton, Edward, 188 Kamilaroi people, 56 Hawtrey, Montague, 45–6, 51, 88, 127 Karpany, Louisa, 160 Henty, Edward, 114 Kaurna people, 75, 106 Henty, Stephen, 114 Kemp, Henry, 87 Hester, Edward, 130, 151 Koar (or Kour), 148 Hobson, William (Lt-Gov), 44, 46, 86 Kropinyeri, Ellen, 192 Hodgkin, Thomas, 39–40, 135, 139, 150 Kudnarto, 158 humanitarianism Kulin nation Aboriginal protection concerns, 3 employment on protectorate station, 102 political currency of, 34 encampments around Melbourne, 115 politics of, 1, 16–17 recruitment into native police, 144 Hutt, John (Gov), 58, 99, 103, 129–30, 155 struggle to retain rights to Coranderrk Station, 172 illegal labour trade. See blackbirding treaty with John Batman, 48–50, 67, 97, Immigration Agents, 6, 25, 65, 100, 176, 146 179–80, See also Protectors of Immigrants La Trobe, Charles, 109–11, 115 indentured labour labour Aborigines, 174–5 Aborigines. See Aboriginal labour compared to convict transportation, 104 indentured. See indentured labour contracts and written agreements, 25, Lake Macquarie mission, 76 100, 171–7, 185 land policy, 81, 85–95 Grenada, 179 Langhorne, George, 71, 76–8 indenture protection ofﬁces, 25–7, Le Souef, William, 108 100–1, 137–9, 176–7, 184 Lettsom raid, 115–16 Jamaica, 178–9, 184 Lonsdale, William, 76, 80–1, 104, 113 Mauritius, 24, 180–1 Lushington, Stephen, 49 medical care, 180–1 Natal, 25, 180, 185 Maconochie, Alexander, 105 Paciﬁc Islanders, 175–7 Macquarie, Lachlan (Gov), 67 reforms to system, 181–2 Māori people Trinidad, 138, 181–3 contribution to colonial economy, 101 wages, 179–80 contribution to colonial political debate, Indian Act 1876 (Canada), 190 142 Indian Agents, 80, 190 Crown purchase of lands, 89–90 Indian indentured labourers, 24–5, 137–9, engagement with protectorate, 108, 135 176–7 inter se matters, 44, 88 indigenous laws, 10–11, 36–8, 40–1, 134, interracial marriage and women’s rights 198 to land, 159 indigenous people. See also Aboriginal recognition of land rights and laws, 85, people 94 exemption from vagrancy laws, 30, 80 recognition of sovereignty, 43 legal status in relation to the Crown, recruitment into police forces, 144 17–19 stepped introduction to British law, 18, petitioning to the Crown, 192 86 treaties with the Crown, 8–9, 42 Treaty of Waitangi, 8, 43–4, 46, 59 indigenous rights Maraura people, 120 application of British law and, 32 martial law, 7, 33, 135 tribal rights, 30 Martin, Robert Montgomery, 23

228 Index

Mason, George, 125, 160 governors’ conferences with Aborigines, Mason, Louis, 185 67–8 Masters and Servants Act 1861 (Qld), 177 Legislative Council Committee on Mauritius, 24, 180–1, 183 the Aborigines Question (1838), 116, McLean, Donald, 88 179 Merivale, Herman massacres of Aborigines, 56–7 proposal for protective governance, 40, missions, 187 129 statutory protection and management of role of Aboriginal Protectors, 116 Aborigines, 187 views on colonial administration, 26 New Zealand views on Protectors of Indians, 23–4 cross-cultural intermediaries, 70 Meston, Archibald, 189 Declaration of the Independence, 43 Meurant, Edward, 70, 160 extent of British jurisdiction, 18 Migo, 69 frontier wars, 8, 165 Minchin, Henry, 125 inquiry into regulating settlement of missionaries, 75–8 British subjects, 43 Mitchell, Charles, 138 interracial marriage, 159 Mitchell, Thomas (Major), 54 land wars, 44 Monro, Henry, 112 path to British sovereignty, 42–6 Moorhouse, Matthew reserve system, 45, 166 activities as Protector, 109, 118–21, 125 responsible government, 163 appointment as Protector Aborigines in systematic colonisation, 46 South Australia, 62 Treaty of Waitangi, 43–4, 46, 59 fostering of Aboriginal girls, 161 New Zealand Company, 94 instructions from Colonial Office, 98 New Zealand protectorate reservation of land for Aborigines, 155 appointment of Protector, 87 Rufus River massacre, 120–1 brokerage for Crown purchase of Māori selection of native constables, 106 lands, 89–90 treatment of Aborigines under British closure, 89, 162 law, 126–8 Colonial Office guidelines on duties of use of intermediaries, 151 Protectors, 86–7 Moral Agents, 74 cross cultural diplomacy, 107–8 Motte, Standish, 37–9, 51 establishment, 8, 85 Mountain, Thomas, 175 legal and cultural assimilation of Māori, mounted police forces, 84–5, 106, 128, 151 88–9 Munday, 69 Ngaiawang people, 148, 150 Munro, George Gun, 137, 180 Ngarrindjeri people, 160, 192 Murrell, Jack Congo, 54 Noongar people, 72 Myall Creek massacre, 56–7, 79 Normanby (Lord). See Phipps, Constantine Henry (1st Marquess of Normanby) Natal, 25, 163, 166–7, 180, 183, 185 North American colonies, 69 Native Exemption Ordinance 1844 (NZ), Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910, 88 191 native police, 104–6 Nunn, James (Major), 56 forces in Victoria, 105, 144–7 in South Australia, 106 Office of the Fiscal, 22–3, 136 paramilitary force in Queensland, 175, Olivey, George, 186 188–9 Order in Council for Improving the Condition native schools, 125, 157–8, 161 of the Slaves 1830 (UK), 96 New South Wales Order in Council for Improving the Condition adminstration of Aboriginal affairs of the Slaves in Trinidad (10 March following self-government, 167–8 1824), 21 Border Police, 82–4 Commissioners of Crown Lands, 81–4 Pacific Island Labourers Act 1880 (Qld), 176 frontier violence, 33, 82 Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 (Cth), 185

Index 229

Pacific Islanders prosecution of cases of settler violence blackbirding, 176 against Aborigines, 113 deportation following Federation, 184 relationship with wider legal indentured labourer in Queensland, administration, 110, 116 175–7 role and relationship with executive Inspectors of Pacific Islanders, 176–7 government, 96–8 Pacific Islanders Protection Act 1872 (Imp), salaries of Chief Protector and Assistants, 176 64 Pangki Pangki, 121, 151 supervision of native police, 105 Parker, Edward Stone, 108, 112–13, 140, Prinsep, Henry Charles, 29, 186 154 Prinsep, Henry Thoby, 29 pastoral stations protection policy. See British protection employment of Aborigines, 168 policy exploitation of Aboriginal labour, Protectors of Aborigines 171 Aboriginal engagement with, 139–41, Pearl Shell Fishery Act 1871 (WA), 173 145–8 pearling industry appointment by the Crown, 59–64 abuse of Aboriginal labour, 172–3 assimilative agenda, 139 Penn, William, 48, 71 Colonial Office guidelines, 65–6, 94–5, Phillip, Arthur (Gov), 50, 68 116 Phipps, Constantine Henry (1st Marquess comparison with Protectors of Slaves and of Normanby), 56, 63–4 Protectors of Immigrants, 6, 37–8, Pickering, William, 27 100–1, 133, 177 Pinjarra massacre, 72 duties suggested by Select Committee, Plunkett, John Hubert, 110 24, 30–1, 65 Point Macleay mission, 192 in New Zealand, 89–90 Police Magistrates, 79–81 legal reform duties, 106–9 Polynesian Labourers Act 1868 (Qld), local instructions to, 99 176 magisterial powers, 4, 100, 108–9, 134 Port Phillip Association, 48, 70–1, 93 management of indigenous labour, Port Phillip District (later Victoria) 100 Aboriginal dispossession, 97–8 mediators of British law, 117–28 Aboriginal farming reserves, 154 reappointment as government officials, cross-cultural intermediaries, 70–2 190 establishment of government presence, salaries, 59–64 71, 80–1 strategic intimacies, 139–43 frontier conflict, 80–1 supervision of native police, 144 Government Mission, 76–8 support for interracial marriage, 157 Native Police force, 104–5, 144–7 Protectors of Chinese, 6 pace and intensity of settlement, in Straits Settlements, 27–8, 136 97–8 in Victoria, 28 Port Phillip protectorate Protectors of Emigrants, 25 attempts to prevent frontier violence, Protectors of Immigrants, 104, 183, See also 112–13 Immigration Agents closure, 162 comparison with other Protector duties of Assistant Protectors, 62 positions, 6, 65, 101, 104, 134, 176–7 establishment of protectorate stations, limits of, 26 108 role of, 25, 100 evangelical disposition, 63, 117 Protectors of Indians, 6, 22–4, 37 exercise of magisterial duties, 109–16 Protectors of Slaves, 6, 37, 134 indigenous advocay, 110 duties, 96 labour regimes on protectorate stations, in Berbice, 23, 136 102–3 in Cape Colony, 136–7 location of reserves, 154–5 role and powers, 20–1, 37 planning of, 62 Pulkanta, 121–2, 151

230 Index

Queensland Russell, John (1st Earl) indentured labour from Pacific Islands, Aboriginal amenability to British law, 175–7 50 inquiry into the ‘Aboriginals of application of British law in New Queensland’ (1896), 189 Zealand, 107 management of pastoral frontiers, 188 powers and duties of Protectors in New missions, 188 Zealand, 86–7 Native Police, 175, 188–9 response to Waterloo Creek massacre, rejection of Indian indentured labour, 57–8 184 reserve system, 188, 190 Sadlier, Richard, 116, 179 statutory protection and management of Samoa, 141 Aborigines, 189–90 Schürmann, Clamor, 76, 124 Scott, Edward Bate, 125, 160 R v. Murrell,54–5, 57, 79 Scully, John, 130–2, 153 R v. Kilmaister,79 Select Committee on Aborigines (British Report from the Select Committee on Aborigines Settlements) (1835–37) (British Settlements) establishment, 12–13 Aboriginal land rights protection, 91 report. See Report from the Select advice on application of British law to Committee on Aborigines (British indigenous people, 32, 40–1 Settlements) duties of Protectors of Aborigines, 24, significance, 3 30–1 testimony, 13 impact, 13, 41 witness proposals on protective jurisdicational problems as theme, 17–19 governance, 37–41 need for Aboriginal protection in Shepstone, Theophilus, 166 Australia, 6 Shortland, Edward, 88, 141 opposition to native police, 105 Sievwright, Charles, 63, 108–9, 111, principles of Aboriginal protection, 114–15 29–30 slave amelioration, 4, 21, 23, 79, 96 recommendations for New Zealand, slave codes, 20 86 slave protection offices, 20–1, 23, 136–7 reservation of land for indigenous people, South Africa. See Cape Colony 153 South Australia social context and significance, 3, 12, Aborigines Location in Adelaide, 125 15–16 conciliation strategies, 74–5 tension between goals, 14 discussion on Aboriginal land rights, 47, Resident Agents, 87 93–4 Resident Magistrates Courts, 89 executions of Aborigines, 118 Réunion, 184 frontier violence, 120, 148 Rice, Thomas Spring, 54 land policy, 93 Roberts, Josiah, 62 native constables, 106, 148 Robinson, George Augustus plans for establishment, 7, 59 Chief Protector in Port Phillip District, Proclamation, 117 62 protection and managment of conciliator in Van Diemen’s Land, 71 Aborigines, 189 distribution of rations on protectorate revival of Protector of Aborigines stations, 102 position, 167 lack of support from colonial Rufus River massacre, 120–1, 148 administration, 112 Select Committee of the Legislative refusal of South Australia’s Protector Council upon the Aborigines, 166 position, 62 South Australia Colonisation Act (1834), 8 salary as Chief Protector, 64 South Australian Colonization Rottnest Island Prison, 74, 103–4, 129, 169 Commission, 60–2, 92–3, 97, 119 Rufus River massacre, 120–1, 148 South Australian Company, 93–4

Index 231

South Australian protectorate Tenberry, 148, 150 appointment of Protectors, 59–62 Thomas, William, 102, 108 closure, 162 discouragement of town encampments, delivery of justice at Moorundie court, 115 123–4 Guardian of Aborigines, 165 interim Protectors, 63, 75, 92, 117 lack of support from police, 115 land grants to Aboriginal women married Lettsom raid, 115 to European men, 158 proposals for Aboriginal reserves, 154, local instructions on duties, 122–3 165 Moorundie station, 121, 148 prosecution of cases involving Protectors as legal intermediaries, Aborigines, 113 117–28 relationship with Billibellary, 145–8 relationship between Protectors and Threlkeld, Lancelot, 75–6, 116, 144 Aboriginal women, 161 Torrens, Robert, 46, 88 reservation of land for Aborigines, 93, treaties 155 absence in Australia, 9, 46–8, 192 Sub-Protectors, 109, 121 Batman’s treaty, 48–50 supervision of native police, 106 between indigenous people and the supervision of training and employment Crown, 8–9, 42 schemes, 125 peacemaking through, 48 Spanish Empire, 21, 24 Select Committee advice against, 42 Stephen, James Treaty of Waitangi, 8, 43–4, 46, 59 instructions for Crown purchase of Māori Trinidad lands, 90 indenture system, 138, 181–3 principles of colonial governance, 16 Indian indentured labourers, 25 recognition of Aboriginal proprietary Protectors of Slaves, 20–1 rights, 91 slave amelioration, 21, 79, 96 response to creation of Border Police, 83 Trotter, John Francis, 180 response to frontier violence in New South Wales, 58 utilitarian liberalism, 170 response to Treaty of Waitangi, 44 support for legal pluralism as transitional Vagrancy Act 1824 (UK), 30 step, 44–5, 58 Vagrancy Act 1835 (NSW), 80 Stevenson, George, 63, 117 Van Diemen’s Land (later Tasmania) stipendiary magistrates, 79 Black Wars, 13, 60 Stirling, James (Gov) development by 1835, 7 appointment of Superintendent of Native frontier warfare, 47 Tribes, 72 removal of Aboriginal people to Flinders establishment of mounted police force, Island, 10 84–5, 128 Victoria (formerly Port Phillip District) governorship of Western Australia, 7 Central Board for the Protection of response to Aboriginal diplomacy, 69 Aborigines, 166 Stokes, Eliza, 157, 161 government-administered Aboriginal Stokes, John, 157 reserves, 165–6 Straits Settlements, 6, 27, 136 Protectors of Chinese, 28 Symmons, Charles, 64, 103, 106, 108, 130, reserves, 172 157–8, 162 Select Committee of the Legislative Symonds, John, 88 Council on the Aborigines, 165 systematic colonisation, 46 separation from New South Wales, 163 Victoria (Queen), 149, 191 Tasmania (formerly Van Diemen’s Land), establishment of Cape Barren Island Wakeﬁeld, Edward Gibbon, 43, 45–6, 60, reserve, 188 94 Taungwurrung people, 48 Walker, James (Gov), 179, 181 Taylor, William, 131 Warrulan (son of Tenberry), 148–50

232 Index

Waterloo Creek massacre, 56, 81 summary punishment of Aboriginal Wathaurung people, 70 offenders, 169 Wedge, John Helder, 70 Superintendent of Native Tribes, 72 Wesleyan Missionary Society, 64 Western Australian protectorate Western Australia appointment of Protectors of Aborigines, Aboriginal apprenticeship scheme, 103, 63–4 156 duties of Aboriginal Protectors, 99 Colonial Ofﬁce control of Aboriginal Guardian of Aborigines and Protector of policy, 172, 186 Settlers, 162 concilation strategies, 72–4 intimidatory strategies, 151–3 frontier violence, 69, 73 local instructions on duties, 98 indigenous legal status, 84 policy on Aborigines, 128–33 land grants to Aboriginal people, 156–8 Whadjuk Nyungar people, 69, 73 management of Aboriginal labour, 172–5 white labourism, 184 mission farm schools, 156 Williams, Edward, 88 mounted police force, 84–5 Willis, John Walpole, 110 native constables, 105 Wiradjuri people, 33 pearling industry, 172–3 Wonga, Simon, 145 responsible government, 163 Wurundjeri people, 48, 145, 147 revival of Aboriginal Protectors as labour Wyatt, William, 92–3, 118 managers, 174 settlement schemes for Aboriginal Xhosa people, 18, 38, 87 people, 155–7 statutory protection and management of Yule, Thomas, 152 Aborigines, 174–5, 186 Yungarra (aka Jim Crack), 151