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Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Upper Indus Plain of Pakistan

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Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Upper Indus Plain of Pakistan Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Upper Indus Plain of Pakistan A Research Report Manzoor Ahmad Malik Muhammad Ashraf Ali Bahzad Arslan Muhammad Aslam Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources Islamabad-Pakistan 2019 Citation: Malik, M.A., M. Ashraf, A. Bahzad, A. M. Aslam (2019). Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Upper Indus Plain of Pakistan. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), pp. 70. ISBN 978-969-8469-69-6 © All rights reserved. The authors encourage fair use of this material for non-commercial purpose with proper citation. Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of PCRWR. Where trade names are used, it does not imply endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product. Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Upper Indus Plain of Pakistan Manzoor Ahmad Malik Muhammad Ashraf Ali Bahzad Arslan Muhammad Aslam Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources Islamabad - Pakistan 2019 Acknowledgments This report is an outcome of the study “Characterizing Hydrology of the Eastern Rivers of the Indus Plain” under the umbrella project “Strategic Strengthening of Flood Warning and Management Capacity of Pakistan”. This important study was conducted with the financial and technical support provided by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. Shahbaz Khan, Director, Regional Science Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, Jakarta, Indonesia, Ms. Vibeke Jensen, Country Director, UNESCO Pakistan, Dr. Ai Sugiura, Science Programme Specialist, Policy Capacity Building, UNESCO House, Jakarta, Indonesia and Mr. Raza Shah Programme Officer UNESCO, Pakistan for their continuous support to PCRWR. The authors would also like to thank their colleagues Engr. Faizan ul Hasan Director, Engr. Ibtisam Asmat, Assistant Director, Engr. Muhammad Abbas, Engr. Muhammad Aleem, Engr. Sajid Hussain, Mr. Faizan Sabir; Research Associates for assistance and contribution in data collection, field sampling, laboratory analysis and results compilation. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Zeeshan Munawar, Assistant for formatting the report. i ii FOREWORD Soil physical and hydraulic properties are of paramount importance for the design of irrigation and drainage projects, pollutant and solute transport, determining the soil-water-plant and rainfall-runoff relationships. However, these important parameters have not been determined in Pakistan. Mostly book values determined somewhere else have been used for various purposes. The UNESCO Jakarta Office launched a program in Pakistan entitled “Strategic Strengthening of Flood Warning and Management Capacity of Pakistan” with the financial assistance of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The soil physical and hydraulic properties are important inputs for flood forecasting models. Therefore, UNESCO entrusted PCRWR for this task. A team of PCRWR professionals determined these properties in the Pothwar and the four Doabs (doab is the area between the two rivers) from the Upper Indus Plain. These properties include: soil texture, soil organic matter, soil chemical properties, infiltration rate, moisture-retention curves at the surface, 0.5 m and 1.0 m depths, at the specific grid intervals. For the purpose, PCRWR also established a state-of-the-art Soil Physics Laboratory. Determining of these properties from Pothwar (about 2.2 Mha) and four Doabs (about 11 Mha) and management of data was a huge task. The dedicated efforts of PCRWR team under the leadership of Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik made it possible and now the report is in your hand. The data generated and presented are unique and are only possible with the technical and financial support of UNESCO and the JICA. I hope the report will help the researchers and managers to better plan for the development and management of the country’s water resources. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Chairman, PCRWR iii iv Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Theory and Literature............................................................................................................ 2 Theory of Infiltration ..................................................................................................... 2 Soil Moisture Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity .................................................... 5 Effective Hydraulic Conductivity ................................................................................... 6 Lithology of Soil Strata .................................................................................................. 8 3. Pedo-transfer Functions ........................................................................................................ 9 4. Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................. 10 4.1 Pothwar Plateau .......................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Doabs ........................................................................................................................... 10 4.2.1 Doab .................................................................................................................... 10 4.2.2 Thal Doab ............................................................................................................ 10 4.2.3 Chaj Doab ............................................................................................................ 11 4.2.4 Rachna Doab ....................................................................................................... 11 4.2.5 Bari Doab ............................................................................................................. 11 5. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 13 5.1 Infiltration Rate Measurement ................................................................................... 13 5.2 Collection of Soil Samples ........................................................................................... 17 5.3 Measurement of Soil Moisture Retention at Low Suction .......................................... 19 5.4 Determining Moisture Retention at High Suction ....................................................... 21 5.5 Fitting of Moisture-Retention Function ...................................................................... 22 5.6 Texture Analysis of the Soil Samples ........................................................................... 23 5.7 Determining Soil Organic Matter ................................................................................ 26 5.8 Field Procedure for Electrical Resistivity Survey ......................................................... 26 5.9 Measurement of Soil Chemical Parameters ................................................................ 27 6. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 28 Infiltration Rate ........................................................................................................... 28 Soil Moisture Retention .............................................................................................. 36 Soil Texture Analysis .................................................................................................... 38 Regional Lithological Features .................................................................................... 43 Soil Organic Matter in Pothwar ................................................................................... 47 Chemical Properties of Pothwar Soils ......................................................................... 49 7. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 56 v References ....................................................................................................................... 57 Annexure - A (Pothwar and Doabs Dataset) ................................................................... 61 vi List of Figures Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the conductivity of layered soil profile .......................... 8 Figure 2. Setting of potential and current electrodes for resistivity survey ........................ 9 Figure 3. Geographical map of the survey sites in Pothwar .............................................. 12 Figure 4. Geographical map of the survey sites in Doabs ................................................. 13 Figure 5. Schematic diagram and specifications of Infiltrometer ...................................... 14 Figure 6. Cross bar for hammering the infiltrometer rings into the soil ............................ 15 Figure 7. An angle iron steel bar with steel hooks and spirit level for leveling infiltration rings and maintaining water depth ...................................................................... 15 Figure 8. Operational set up of Infiltrometer installed in the field ...................................... 17 Figure 9. Steel cans for collection of undisturbed soil samples ........................................ 18 Figure 10. Soil samples stored in duly coded three rack boxes for transporting from the field
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