臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 本出版品係由財團法人臺灣民主基金會負責出版。臺灣民主基金會是 一個獨立、非營利的機構，其宗旨在促進臺灣以及全球民主、人權的 研究與發展。臺灣民主基金會成立於二○○三年，是亞洲第一個國家 級民主基金會，未來基金會志在與其他民主國家合作，促進全球新一 波的民主化。 This is a publication of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). The TFD is an independent, non-profit foundation dedicated to the study and promotion of democracy and human rights in Taiwan and abroad. Founded in 2003, the TFD is the first democracy assistance foundation established in Asia. The Foundation is committed to the vision of working together with other democracies, to advance a new wave of democratization worldwide. 本報告由臺灣民主基金會負責出版，報告內容不代表本會意見。 版權所有，非經本會事先書面同意，不得翻印、轉載及翻譯。 This report has been published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. Statements of fact or opinion appearing in this report do not imply endorsement by the publisher. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher. 臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 臺灣民主基金會 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 《China Human Rights Report 2019》 Contents Foreword.................................................................................................... i Preface........................................................................................................ 1 The Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World in 2019....................................................................................... 23 Political Human Rights ............................................................................ 51 Human Rights in the Chinese Administration of Justice ....................... 83 Social Human Rights ............................................................................. 115 Economic and Environmental Human Rights ........................................ 145 Religious and Ethnic Minority Human Rights........................................ 177 Gender Human Rights ........................................................................... 215 Taiwan-related Human Rights ................................................................ 251 Scientific and Technological Human Rights........................................... 289 Human Rights in Hong Kong and Macau............................................... 323 Foreword i Foreword The Taiwan Foundation for Democracy has compiled this China Human Rights Report year after year since 2004 under the guidance of the Foundation’s board of trustees and supervisory board as well as scholars in relevant fields. Over the past decade and half, the Foundation has consistently conducted systematic observations on human rights status in China as a routine task. The Foundation publishes this Report as a digest of valuable information primarily for readers – domestic or abroad – to gain insight into human rights situation in China, and also to promote appreciation about the role of democracy in safeguarding human rights. The research team for this annual China Human Rights Report adopts the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as the yardstick to assess the human rights situation in China through same-calendar-year events as well as multi-year trends. The sources are public domain information such as news reports and research papers. China’s official publications like leaders’ open statements, laws and regulations, policy declarations, and white papers are used to substantiate accounts gleamed from media reports. Since its outset in 2004, the China Human Rights Report has always examined the human rights status in political, judicial, social, economic, environmental aspects as well as that of Taiwan-based businesses operating in China. Over the years, the issue areas have expanded to cover religious and ethnic minority, gender, and digital authoritarianism. A general observation, entitled Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World, was also added to explore the overall shift in human rights discourse and policy in China and the implication to the rest of the world. In 2019, massive protests erupted in Hong Kong against a proposed amendment to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance. People’s outcry reflected the fast- 2020 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy ii China Human Rights Report 2019 changing political atmosphere and deteriorating human rights status there. The size of street rallies, the duration of the protests, the intensity of confrontation between the people and police, and the speed at which Hong Kong people’s human rights crumbled were all unprecedented. People have begun to wonder if China is reneging on its commitment of “One Country, Two Systems” granting 50 years’ autonomy to Hong Kong and Macau. We present to you the outcome of our probe in a new chapter in this 2019 edition. The 2019 project team of authors and research assistants worked under the able coordination of Professor Li-wen Tung to meet every other month. At such gatherings, each author made a presentation about her/his assigned chapter topic while staying abreast of the progress of other chapters and relevant human right status. TFD would like to extend the most sincere gratitude and appreciation for all the hard work and dedication provided by the authors and assistants in this yearlong endeavor. This annual reincarnation of the China Human Rights Report has made available a consistent and reliable source of information for those interested in following the development of China’s human rights status. It is our belief that such persistent long- term observations with well-intended impartial critique will not only encourage better understanding of human rights status in China, but also bring about bolstered human rights in China eventually. Ketty W. Chen Acting President Taiwan Foundation for Democracy April 8, 2020 2020 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy Preface 1 Preface ∗ Li-wen Tung 1 The China Human Rights Report 2019, published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), follows the contents laid out in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and uses these two covenants as the norms and standards for observing and monitoring human rights in China. This year’s report has ten parts, including chapters on the Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World, Social Human Rights, Political Human Rights, Judicial Human Rights, Economic and Environmental Human Rights, Religious and Ethnic Minority Human Right, Scientific and Technological Human Rights, Gender Human Right, Taiwan- related Human Rights, and Human Rights in Hong Kong and Macau. The focus of this year’s human rights report centers on three dimensions: (1) What is the position and belief of the Chinese government toward the protection of human rights? (2) What specific actions the Chinese government has taken with regard to human rights development? (3) Which particular cases have affected the development of human rights in China? Information and data collection began from January to the end of November 2019. In the process of collecting this information, which consist of published reports from overseas and Chinese official media sources, the report has strived to be objective and balanced. With respect to the overall development of human rights in China, observation reports from all ten fields indicate that 2019 was even worse than 2018, yet the overall conclusion from last year’s report was: “the year can be considered as the worst year ever for human rights in nearly four decades since China began the process of reform and opening up.” Thus, we discover that, in the name of pursuing the Chinese Dream, * Professor, Department of Public Security, Central Police University. E-mail: [email protected]. 2020 by Taiwan Foundation for Democracy 2 China Human Rights Report 2019 the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) knows no bounds when it comes to committing serious human rights violations across various domestic domains. In the international arena, the Chinese government has aggressively stepped up its efforts to tout the “Chinese model” of governance, with the intention of changing and replacing the universal standing of human rights values around the world. The Chinese government has no intention of protecting human rights but is instead committed to rationalizing and legitimizing its human rights abuses. Across each human rights domain, there have not only been many newly enacted policies and regulations that further restrict and infringe on people’s human rights, but many new instances of distressing and shocking human rights abuses have emerged. More serious is the fact that the Chinese regime takes a whole of government approach to manufacture fake news, spreading to the international community the false appearance that human rights have improved in China and that Chinese people follow the government’s leadership. The following sections provide short summaries of this year’s monitoring reports from the different domains: 1. The Human Rights Dialogue and Confrontation between China and the World: Global Divide and a New Cold War over Human Rights China’s purpose for conducting human rights dialogues with the international community is to transform the universal human rights value system of the international community and replace it with the “Chinese model,” but the end result is a global divide and a new cold war over human