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1. Affiches Du Beauvaisis, February 12, 1786, 3–4. the Affiches Under Investigation in This Book Are Referenced in the Notes by Their Shortened Titles

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1. Affiches Du Beauvaisis, February 12, 1786, 3–4. the Affiches Under Investigation in This Book Are Referenced in the Notes by Their Shortened Titles Notes Introduction 1. Affiches du Beauvaisis , February 12, 1786, 3–4. The affiches under investigation in this book are referenced in the notes by their shortened titles. The full titles are listed in the bibliography with the corresponding dates for each full title. All transla- tions from the affiches are my own unless otherwise indicated. 2. In using the “information press” to describe the genre of provincial newspapers titled Affiches, annonces, et avis divers , and the Parisian Journal général de France and the Journal de Paris , my book follows Gilles Feyel’s definition of “presse d’information.” Gilles Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle: La presse d’information en France sous l’Ancien Régime, 1630–1788 (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), 1–7. 3. There are noteworthy exceptions authored by historians of the press. Jack Censer dedicates a chapter to the history of the affiches in The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment (London: Routledge, 1994), 54–86. Hugh Gough discusses the affiches in The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (New Fetter Lane, UK: Routledge, 1988). Gilles Feyel also devotes part of his study of the Old Regime press to the affiches in L’annonce et la nouvelle , 929–1274. 4. On the uncensored press in Old Regime and revolutionary France, and its discursive links to revolutionary politics, see especially Jeremy D. Popkin, News and Politics in the Age of Revolution: Jean Luzac’s Gazette de Leyde (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989); Jack R. Censer, Prelude to Power: The Parisian Radical Press, 1789–1791 (Bal- timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Nina Rattner Gelbart, Feminine and Opposition Journalism in Old Regime France: Le Journal des dames (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Their work demonstrates the role that journalists played in shaping revolutionary politics via their newspapers. Studies of the counterrevolu- tionary press also focused on their political impact on the press by tracing the interac- tions of editors with their readers. See Harvey Chisick, The Production, Distribution and Readership of a Conservative Journal of the Early French Revolution: The Ami du Roi of the Abbé Royou (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1992); Laurence Coudart, La Gazette de Paris: Un journal royaliste pendant la Révolution française (1789–1792) (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1995); W. J. Murray, The Right-Wing Press in the French Revolution: 1789–92 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1986). 5. Timothy Tackett, “Paths to Revolution: The Old Regime Correspondence of Five Future Revolutionaries,” French Historical Studies 32, no. 4 (2009): 531–54; Timo- thy Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture (1789–1790) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 48–116; Robert H. Blackman, 1789: The French Revolution Begins (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 72–114. 203 204 NOTES TO PAGES 3–7 6. Sophia Rosenfeld, “Thinking about Feeling, 1789–1799,” French Historical Stud- ies 32, no. 4 (2009): 697–706; Lynn Hunt, “The Experience of Revolution,” French His- torical Studies 32, no. 4 (2009): 671–78. 7. Lindsey Porter, Popular Rumour in Revolutionary Paris, 1792–1794 (Manchester, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017); Tabetha Leigh Ewing, Rumour, Diplomacy and War in Enlightenment Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment, 2014); Timothy Tackett, The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015); Peter R. Campbell, Thomas Kaiser, and Marisa Linton, eds., Conspiracy in the French Revolution (Manchester, UK: Man- chester University Press, 2007). Sophia Rosenfeld’s historiographical essay on the cultural history of the French Revolution has underscored the need to treat the late Old Regime, the Enlightenment, and the Revolution within a shared framework. She highlights recent scholarly work on the history of lived experience and the history of communication as two of the most promising new directions in the field. Sophia Rosenfeld, “The French Revolution in Cultural History,” Journal of Social History 52, no. 3 (January 2019): 558–61. 8. See especially Roger Chartier, Alain Boureau, and Cé cile Dauphin, Correspon- dence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Dena Goodman, Becoming a Woman in the Age of Letters (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009). 9. Lindsay A. H. Parker, Writing the Revolution: A French Woman’s History in Letters (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Tackett, “Paths to Revolution.” 10. Antoine-Gaspard Boucher d’Argis, “Lettre missive,” vol. 9, p. 426, and “Lettre circulaire,” vol. 3, p. 467, in Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc ., ed. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert (University of Chi- cago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project, Autumn 2017, ed. Robert Morrissey and Glenn Roe), available at http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/. 11. Dena Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 137. 12. Carla Alison Hesse, The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), xii. 13. Dena Goodman, “Letter Writing and the Emergence of Gendered Subjectiv- ity in Eighteenth-Century France,” Journal of Women’s Studies 17, no. 2 (2005): 9–37. 14. Antoine Lilti suggests that celebrity in the eighteenth century was a mani- festation of such an affective public sphere, where people formed connections with those they had never met. Antoine Lilti, The Invention of Celebrity , trans. Lynn Jeffress (Malden: Polity Press, 2017), 8–11, 271–75. 15. The first page of each edition contained a list of advertisements. Colin Jones has suggested the affiches offered an equal footing among readers as consumers. Colin Jones, “The Great Chain of Buying: Medical Advertisement, the Bourgeois Public Sphere, and the Origins of the French Revolution,” American Historical Review 101, no. 1 (1996): 13–40. 16. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cam- bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 31–56. 17. Harvey Chisick, “Public Opinion and Political Culture in France during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century,” English Historical Review 117, no. 470 NOTES TO PAGE 8 205 (February 2002): 48–77; Thierry Rigogne, Between State and Market: Printing and Book- selling in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford: Oxford University Studies in the Enlighten- ment, 2007), 165–72; Daniel Roche, The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth Century , trans. Marie Evans with Gwynne Lewis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 197–233. 18. Pablo Piccato, “Public Sphere in Latin America: A Map of the Historiogra- phy,” Social History 35, no. 2 (May 2010): 165–92; Marwan M. Kraidy and Marina R. Krikorian, “The Revolutionary Public Sphere: The Case of the Arab Uprisings,” Com- munication and the Public 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 111–19; Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (Brooklyn: Zone Books, 2005); John L. Brooke, “Consent, Civil Society, and the Pub- lic Sphere in the Age of Revolution and the Early American Republic,” in Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic , ed. Jeffery Pasley, Andrew Robertson, and David Waldstreicher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 207–50. 19. James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001); Michael Alan Sizer, “Making Revolution Medieval: Revolt and Political Culture in Late Medieval Paris” (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 2008). On the chronological challenges to Habermas’s pub- lic sphere, see Jill Maciak Walshaw’s compelling analysis in A Show of Hands for the Republic: Opinion, Information, and Repression in Eighteenth-Century Rural France (Roch- ester: University of Rochester Press, 2014), 14–16. 20. See especially Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); David Garrioch, The Formation of the Parisian Bour- geoisie, 1690–1830 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). 21. Keith Michael Baker, “Public Opinion as Political Invention,”’ in Inventing the French Revolution , ed. Keith Michael Baker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 167–200; Keith Michael Baker, “Defining the Public Sphere in Eighteenth- Century France: Variations on a Theme by Habermas,” in Habermas and the Public Sphere , ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 181–211; Mona Ozouf, “‘Public Opinion’ at the End of the Old Regime,” in “Rethinking French Politics in 1788,” Supplement, Journal of Modern History 60 (September 1988): S1–S21. 22. Sarah Maza, Private Lives and Public Affairs: The Causes Célèbres of Prerevolu- tionary France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Jeffrey S. Ravel, The Contested Parterre: Public Theater and French Political Culture, 1680–1791 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999). 23. James Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Isabel Hull, Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700–1815 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996). 24.
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