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Social Democracy in Europe: a Future in Questions

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Social Democracy in Europe: a Future in Questions w ::::, Edited by Pascal Delwit 0 f- ....J 0 Q_ w (D Social Democracy 0 ....J 0 in Europe u 0 (/) - w (D 0 ....J 0 u 0 (/) w 0 (/) f­ w ::::, ....J f- ....J f­ w (/) >< z ::::, Cl'.'. Il) w 0 w f- (/) Cl'.'. w > z ::::, ....J w 0 (/) z 0 f- 0 w Social Dernocracy in Europe l EDITOR•IN·CHIEF OF THE SERIES d SOCIOLOGIE POLITIOUE Jean-Michel De Waele IN THE SAME SERIES Le mode de scrutin fait-il l'élection ?, édité par Pascal Delwit et Jean-Michel De Waele, 2000 Sport et Union européenne, édité par Jean-Michel De Waele et Alexandre Husting, 2001 Les fédérations européennes de partis, édité par Pascal Delwit, Erol Külahci et Cédric Van de Walle, 2001 Un diagnostic géopolitique de l'Europe du centre, Nicolas Bárdos-Féltoronyi, 2001 Fascistes, communistes, paysans. Sociologie des mobilisations idenfüaires roumaines (1921-1989), Antoine Roger, 2002 Libéra!ismeS et partis libéraux en Europer édité par Pascal Delwit, 2002 Le parti social chrétien. Mutations et perspectives ?, édité par Pascal Delwit, 2002 Démocratles chrétiennes et conservatismes en Europe. Une nouvelle convergence ? 1 édité par Pascal Delwit, 2003 1 La Pologne et l intégration européenne 1 édité par Jean-Michel De Waele, 2003 Le gouvernement des colonies, regards croisés franco-britanniques, Véronique Dimier, 2004 Les partis politiques roumains après 19891 Sorina Soare, 2004 Les divages politiques en Europe centrale et orientale édité par Jean-Michel De Waele, 2004 Expertise et action publique, édité par Steve Jacob et Jean-Louis Genard, 2004 Vers un renouveau du parlementarisme en Europe ?, édité par Olivier Costa, Eric Kerrouche et Paul Magnette, 2004 Les systèmes électoraux aux présidentielles et aux législativesi­ Thanassis Diamantopoulos, 2004 Oû va la social-démocratie européenne ? Débats, enjeux, perspectives 1 édité par Pascal Delwil, 2004 European Union accession referendums 1 edited by Jean-Michel De Waele, 2005 UJ Edited by Pascal Delwit ::, 0 ,.... ...J 0 0.. UJ Social Der1·1tJCt"acy (9 0 ...J 0 iri EtJrtipe 0 0 (/)- UJ (9 0 ...J 0 u / 0 /> (/) UJ 0 (/) UJ f­ ...J ::J ...J f- UJ f­ X ::, (/) z 0:: ro UJ 0 UJ f- (/) 0:: UJ > z ::J - ...J w 0 (/) z 0 ·1 0 w ISBN 2-8004-1341-7 D/2005/0171i5 © 2005 by Editlons de l1Université de Bruxelles Avenue Paul Héger 26 - 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique) [email protected] www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be Printed in Belgium Social Democracy in Europe: a Future in Questions Pascal DELWITD e l w it European Social Democracy is traditionally analysed from a variety of perspectives in political science, but in other disciplines too such as history, sociology or economics. Right from the outset, an initial semaoticsemantic obstacle crops up for all researchers who study Social Democracy or a number of its components (parties, trade unions, associationsassociations...). ... ). lndeed,Indeed, the term Socio/Social Democracy can take on a variety of meanings. The first one, which refers to the Social DemocratieDemocratic model, involves the termterm for a certain number of economieeconomic and social policies carried out in some states at certain timestimes by parties proudly calling themselves Social Democrats. These politicalpolitica! parties taketake on thethe specific ideological and organisational traits (ties with a trade union,union. party 1 of the massesmasses,, Marxist ideological referentsreferents,, and so on) • The second is more all-all­ encompassing and includes in the Social DemocratieDemocratic familyfamily all politicalpolitica! and social players -— mainly partiesparties—, -, all organisations caJlingcalling themselves SocialSocio/ Democratic.Democratie. For a long time, this difficulty affected the approach to Western Socialist and Social DemocratieDemocratic parties. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall,WaJl, its scope widened to the parties of EastemEastern and Central Europe claiming to belongbeloog to the Social DemocraticDemocratie family (Agh,(Agh, Gueorguieva, Wiatr)Wiatr).. All research on Social Democracy in Western Europe and/or in CeotralCentral and Eastern Europe must absolutely start by establishing a set of definitions. A second problem is the constant tension between peculiarity and uniformityuniforrnity in thethe Socialist world. "Socialism"“Socialism” and "Social“Social Democracy"Democracy” have often been studied in a globaJglobal or total manner. Nonetheless, nothing could be more difficult. Gerassimos Moschonas immediately pinpointed this problem: "Yet“Yet the first impression made with the exarninationexamination of this politica!political force is one of diversity. The diversity of Social DemocratieDemocratic historiehistoric destinies, organisational structures, political achievements. In Social Democracy in Europe: a Future in Questions Pascal DELWIT European Social Democracy is traditionally analysed from a variety of perspectives in political science, but in other disciplines too such as history, sociology or economics. Right from the outset, an initial semantic obstacle crops up for all researchers who study Social Democracy or a number of its components (parties, trade unions, associations…). Indeed, the term Social Democracy can take on a variety of meanings. The first one, which refers to the Social Democratic model, involves the term for a certain number of economic and social policies carried out in some states at certain times by parties proudly calling themselves Social Democrats. These political parties take on the specific ideological and organisational traits (ties with a trade union, party of the masses, Marxist ideological referents, and so on) 1. The second is more all- encompassing and includes in the Social Democratic family all political and social players – mainly parties –, all organisations calling themselves Social Democratic. For a long time, this difficulty affected the approach to Western Socialist and Social Democratic parties. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, its scope widened to the parties of Eastern and Central Europe claiming to belong to the Social Democratic family (Agh, Gueorguieva, Wiatr). All research on Social Democracy in Western Europe and/or in Central and Eastern Europe must absolutely start by establishing a set of definitions. A second problem is the constant tension between peculiarity and uniformity in the Socialist world. “Socialism” and “Social Democracy” have often been studied in a global or total manner. Nonetheless, nothing could be more difficult. Gerassimos Moschonas immediately pinpointed this problem: “Yet the first impression made with the examination of this political force is one of diversity. The diversity of Social Democratic historic destinies, organisational structures, political achievements. In 8 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY A FUTURE IN QUESTIONS 9 view of this diversity, one can wonder what unity actually brings” 2. In this work, we have attempted to combine cross approaches and national views. 1. Social Democratic Developments When one studies the organisation, cultural and, to a certain extent, ideological, features of Social Democratic parties, one notes that they were mainly formed before 1914. It is no coincidence that a classic work by Michels (1913) on parties and the sociology of organisations is first and foremost a detailed description and analysis of the German Social Democratic party (SPD) of the pre-World War I era, the “flagship” Socialist party at that time 3. The period between the two World Wars was marked by a gradual integration of Social Democratic parties into Western political systems. Sweden, or more broadly speaking all Scandinavian countries, were the forerunners in this 4. The inter-war period also witnessed the social, cultural and political integration of the social class that the Social Democratic parties were originally intended to represent: the working class. Finally, this was also the period in which Social Democracy gradually turned to economic and market principles and a period marked by the split in the working class movement between reformist/Social Democratic and revolutionary/Communist wings 5. But it was really not until after World War II that Social Democracy was able to “get down to work” in terms of economic policies (Callaghan). The end of the Second World War enabled Social Democratic parties to make good progress in the amount of influence they exerted, notably through the creation of theWelfare State. 2. Political and Organisational Characteristics of Democratic Socialism At political level, the Socialist parties assumed a certain number of characteristics that permanently marked them: – An anti-communist and anti-Soviet position became a basic element of their identity. The “Social Democratic model”, whose positive example was based on the principle of redistribution was set up with reference to the “pseudo-Socialist” counter-example of the Soviet Union and “people’s democracies”. The Social Democratic parties chose “one kind of society”, in other words, “the West in order to get away from Stalinism” 6. This option guaranteed Social Democratic parties their full integration into the political system of their respective countries and accordingly led to alliances – especially with Christian Democratic parties (Seiler). The Social Democratic parties thus became parties with “a mission to govern” and were recognised as such. But anti-Communism as identity trait occasionally obscured the evanescence of values or positive ideological examples. – The acceptance, which is not historically obvious 7, of parliamentary democracy and political liberalism was adopted (Delwit). Not just adopted
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