ALL PRELIMS TEST SERIES – 2019

GENERAL STUDIES - 9

Answer Key

Ans:1)(b)  The kot (fort) was earlier called Nagarkot or Explanation: Champaner - Pavagadh fort of the city or Kot Kangra. Archaeological Park  It was built by the royal Rajput family of  The park is located in the Panchmahal Kangra State (the Katoch dynasty). district of Gujarat.  The highest point in the fort is occupied by  It was inscribed as the World Heritage Site in the palace courtyard. 2004.  Below the palace courtyard there is a large  The city of Champaner was founded during courtyard containing the stone carved the time of the Rajput king Vanraj Chavda of temples of Laxmi Narayan, Ambika and the Chavda dynasty in the 8th century. the Jain Temple.  The archaeological park comprises Hindu and Jain temples and several mosques, along with Ans:4)(a) citadels, a palace, military structures and Explanation: Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi stunning water installations.  At a time when the British ruled India,  Most of the temples date back to 14-15th Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi became India’s centuries, with the oldest from 10th century first woman doctor. which is the Shaivite Lakulisa temple.  Joshi was born in Kalyan (in present-day  The park may derive its name from: Maharashtra) on March 31, 1865. 1. Pavagadh hill that is made of reddish-yellow  At the age of nine, she was married to coloured stones, one of the oldest rock Gopalrao Joshi, who renamed her as Anandi. formations found in the country.  Her husband supported education for women 2. Pigmentation of the igneous rocks of the and he encouraged Joshi to pursue Pavagadh Hill is often compared to the education. ‘champaka’ flower or that resemble the flames  Anandibai Joshi from India, Kei Okami from of fire from which it derives the name Japan, and Tabat M.Islambooly from Champaner for the town. Ottomon/Syria were students in Woman's  The most interesting feature of the city is its Medical College of Pennsylvania. water installation system which is why it is  All three were the first woman from their also called as the ‘city of thousand wells’. respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine. Ans:2)(d) Explanation: Khongjom battle day Ans:5)(a)  Manipur observes ‘Khongjom Day’ in Explanation: commemoration of the Anglo-Manipur War of  toys are a particular form of 1891 every year on 23rd April. wooden toys and dolls.  The 1891 armed conflict was the last battle  The toys are manufactured in the small town fought between the Kingdom of Manipur and of Channapatna in the Ramnagar district of the British Empire. .  Manipur lost the war and this marked the  In , the place is known as beginning of British rule in the then princely Gombegala nagara which means “town of state. toys”.  The Manipur government has been observing  The work involved lacquering the wood of the April 23 as ‘Khongjom Day’ every year. Wrightia tinctoria tree or Aale mara (ivory-  The battle was fought in Kheba Hill of wood). Khongjom in Thoubal district.  It was given Geographical Indication Tag.

Ans:3)(d) Ans:6)(d) Explanation: Kangara fort Explanation: Tholu Bommalata  The Kangara fort is located on a steep hill  It is Andhra Pradesh's shadow theatre which about 20 km from Dharamsala in Himachal has a rich and strong tradition. Pradesh.  The puppets are large in size and have jointed  It occupies a narrow strip of land between the waist, shoulders, elbows and knees. the Banganga and Majhi river.  They are coloured on both sides and throw colour shadows on the screen. 1 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

 The music is dominantly influenced by the  A cluster of tribes celebrate this centuries-old classical music of the region. ‘mela’ that still functions on the barter  The theme of the puppet plays are drawn system. from the , and  The Jonbeel lake that lends its name to the . fair (jon is moon and beel is lake) also  The skin of wild animals including the witnesses community-fishing during the fair. antelope and the spotted deer was used to  Jonbeel Mela is organized by the Tiwa make puppet. community, with participants from the Tiwa,  Now the skin of Goats is used to make the Karbi, Khasi and Jaintia communities, from puppets, as the hunting of deer is banned. the interiors of the state’s Morigaon and Karbi Anglong districts, as well as some border Ans:7)(b) villages of Meghalaya. Explanation: Yangli festival  No one knows exactly when the fair started  Tiwa tribe’s people celebrate Yangli festival. but some of the medieval buronjis (historical  It is celebrated in Assam’s Karbi Anglong. chronicles maintained by Ahoms) refer to it as  Yangli is an important festival for the Tiwas a venue for diplomacy. because of its relation to agriculture, a main source to their economy. Ans:10)(a)  During Yangli the Tiwas pray for a bountiful Explanation: Baduli Kurung harvest as well as protection for their crops  Baduli Kurung is a bat cave in the Bamuni against pests and other harmful natural hill, 17 km south of Nagaon town in central calamities. Assam.  They celebrate Yangli every three years.  It is home to a number of colonies of both  Sowing of paddy starts immediately after this fruit- and insect-eating bats. festival.  The people believe that the bats watch over the hills that provide them firewood and a Ans:8)(d) life-saving spring (much of the groundwater Explanation: Gyetongba in the area is contaminated with fluoride),  A trove of more than 600 pages of rare which flows out of the cave. Tibetan manuscripts with Buddha’s teachings  From 2001, locals began hosting the three- written in gold letters has been restored at a day Badulithaan Mela, starting 24 hours after 100-year-old monastery in Alubari in West Sivaratri. Bengal’s Darjeeling district.  Restoration of the gold-inlaid manuscripts in Ans:11)(d) two volumes at the Mak Dhog Monastery Explanation: Ashtapadiyattam started recently.  Vice-President re-launched the ancient dance  The manuscripts contain the ancient Tibetan drama 'Ashtapadiyattam' based on 'Gita text called Gyetongba, which contains Govindam' believed to be penned by 12th teachings of Buddhism. century poet Jayadeva, at a function in  The manuscripts are in the Tibetan script . Sambhota, named after its inventor.  It is called Ashtapadis (Ashta- 8) as the Gita  The restoration work is being done by the Govinda has couplets grouped into eights. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural  So the name Ashtapadi + attam (Dance), a Heritage (INTACH). dance –drama based on Ashtapadi  One volume of the manuscript contained 322  Jayadeva’s Gita Govindam classic pages, the other had 296 pages and each encompasses a unique mix of classical volume contains 8,000 verses. literature, classical music and classical  The manuscript was brought to darjeeling dance. from Helambu in Nepal in the early 18th  Gita Govindam’s unusually wide appeal century. comes from the story of Sri and his  The monastery was built in 1914 to foster love for . peace and eventually the manuscripts were  The performance of the Gita Govinda at Puri kept here. Jagannath by the Mahatis and later by the Goutipas was has been seen as the origin of Ans:9)(d) Oddissi dance forms. Explanation: Jonbeel Mela  In 1985, the dance-drama celebrating the  The Jonbeel Mela, held from 18-20 January mythological Radha-Krishna love sought to 2018, usually takes place a few days after make a comeback when chenda maestro Magh , the harvest festival, in Dayang Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval Belguri in Morigaon district in Assam. presented Ashtapadiyattam on a few platforms. Now, an art outfit has no doubt 2 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

that the Radha-Krishna love story merits  The birds roost, breed and fly with their stage portrayal in Kerala. young ones during the winter season in the region. Ans:12)(d)  Kolleru is the nesting place for many Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy migratory birds.  India's most celebrated social reformer Raja  It is located between the delta of Godavari Ram Mohan Roy, remembered best as the and Krishna River. "father of the Indian Renaissance" was born  Similarly a three-day annual Flamingo on May 22, 1772. Festival was held at Pulicat Lake and  He was born in Radhanagar village in Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh. Murshidabad district of West Bengal.  He was a staunch supporter of monotheism. Ans:15)(b)  He also shunned the orthodox Hindu rituals Explanation: Bodhisena and idol worship right from the childhood.  The oldest documented Indian resident in  In his first book "Tuhfat al-muwahhidin” he Japan, and arguably the most influential, advocated for reason in religion and opposed was Bodhisena. ritualism.  He was a monk from Madurai, Tamil Nadu.  He opposed "Sati", the regressive practice that  His outsized impact on Japanese culture forced a widow to immolate herself on persists even some 1,300 years after he husband's pyre. docked on the archipelago’s shores.  In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the  Bodhisena came to believe that Manjushri "Brahmo Samaj", which is said to be one of (the bodhisattva of wisdom) lived on the the first Indian socio-religious reform Chinese mountain of Wutai, and therefore movements. travelled there to pay obeisance.  He was also called Bodaisenna. Ans:13)(a)  The Indian monk taught and helped Explanation: Central Institute of Indian establish the Kegon school of Buddhism, a Languages variant of the Chinese Huayan school.  The Central Institute of Indian Languages  Buttetsu, a disciple of Bodhisena from (CIIL) at Mysore is a subordinate office of the Champa taught a style of dance that featured Ministry of Human Resource Development. themes taken from Indian mythology.  It was set up in 1969 to help in evolving and  These dances became known as Rinyugaku implementing the language policy of and were absorbed into the local artistic Government of India. oeuvre.  It was also to coordinate the development of Indian Languages by conducting research in Ans:16)(d) the areas of language analysis, language Explanation: Sheikh Chilli pedagogy, language technology and language  Sheikh Chilli was a Sufi saint whose tomb is use in the society. in Thanesar, Haryana.  CIIL gives away the Bhasha Bharati Samman  He was Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh’s Award every year for Authors of works or spiritual advisor. books written in any Indian language in the  Thanesar was a well-known centre of the Sufi Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Chishti silsila.  For promotion of its objectives, CIIL organizes  The tomb is situated in the Old Trunk Road. a number of programs, some of which are:  In the middle of the complex there is a 1. Development of Indian Languages shallow tank. 2. Regional Language Centers (RLCs)  Galleries are found around the tank and they 3. Grant in Aid Scheme were used as madarasa which is a place to 4. National Testing Service study.

Ans:14)(a) Ans:17)(d) Explanation: Pelican Festival Explanation: Chhau Dance  Kolleru hosted Pelican Festival at the Atapaka  Recently the distinctive Chhau mask of bird sanctuary earlier this year. Purulia, West Bengal was given the  The Lake is one of the largest freshwater Geographic Indication tag. lakes in the country.  The traditional rural craft of making masks is  More than 5,000 spot-billed pelicans, also an integral component of the semi-martial art known as grey-headed pelicans, visited the dance form of Chhau. lake.  Chhau dance is a tradition from eastern India that enacts episodes from epics including the

3 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Mahabharata and Ramayana, local folklore  In ritual Warli paintings, walls are painted and abstract themes. only to celebrate special occasions like  Its three distinct styles hail from the regions harvest or weddings of Seraikella (Jharrkhand), Purulia (West Bengal) and Mayurbhanj (Odisha), the first Ans:20)(d) two using masks. Explanation:  Chhau dance is intimately connected to  Rani Rashmoni was the founder of the regional festivals, notably the spring festival Dakshineswar Temple, Kolkata, and Chaitra Parva. remained closely associated with Sri  The dance is performed at night in an open Paramhansa after she space to traditional and folk melodies, played appointed him as the priest of the temple. on the reed pipes ''mohuri'' and ''shehnai.''  The Rani and her clashes with the British in  In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in India became household tales in her time. By the UNESCO's Representative List of the blocking the shipping trade on a part of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Ganges she compelled the British to abolish the tax imposed on fishing in the river, which Ans:18)(d) threatened the livelihood of poor fishermen. Explanation:  A member of a wealthy zamindar family. After  The Bamiyan valley is enclosed by her husband's death she took charge of the Kush Mountains, which is located in zamindari and finances. Afghanistan.  Rani Rashmoni, being very pious from  The valley lies on the ancient Silk Route and childhood, continued to lead an extremely hence, witnessed several developments. religious and austere life.  It was an important hub for trade and served  She is well known for her religious and as the site for early Hindu-Buddhist numerous charitable works and other settlements from which it takes its name. contributions to society.  Several Buddhist monasteries, caves and Buddha statues can be found across the Ans:21)(b) valley. Explanation:  The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological  Ambubachi Mela is a four-day fair to mark Remains of the Bamiyan Valley comprise the annual menstruation of the goddess at eight separate sites spread across the valley Kamakhya temple in Nilachal Hills in and its tributaries. Guwahati, Assam.  Of these, the Bamiyan cliffs where once two  Kamakhya temple is one of 51 shaktipeeths giant Buddhas stood are the most famous. or seat of followers.  The valley is a UNESCO world heritage site.  Shakti peeth is originated based on the story of the death of goddess Sati. Ans:19)(c)  God who held her dead body, then Explanation: started his dance of destruction, causing  Warli is a tribal art form that was mostly Sati's body to disintegrate and fall into pieces. created by the Adivasis of the .  The sites where these portions of Sati goddess  The Warli tribe, which does these paintings, fell, are the Shakti peeth. is one of India’s largest tribes located on the  Kamakhya temple’s sanctum sanctorum outskirts of Mumbai. houses the yoni - female genital symbolised  These artists used to use the clay walls of by a rock. their huts as a canvas for their paintings.  Ambubachi Mela is also considered as an  These paintings use a set of geometric shapes occasion to promote awareness on menstrual – circle, triangle and square. hygiene.  This comes from the tribe’s observation of  This ritualistic fair is one of the reasons why nature as circle represents the sun and the the taboo associated with menstruation is moon, while the triangle represents the less in Assam compared with other parts of mountains and pointed trees. India.  The square on the other hand is a human  Four Major Shakthi Peeths in India - invention, indicating a sacred piece of land or Jagannath Temple, Puri; Kamakhya Temple enclosure. near Guwahati; Dakshina Kalika in Kolkata;  The Warli artists use only a white paste made Tara Tarini near Brahmapur, Odisha. out of rice paste and water.  Artists use a bamboo stick which is chewed Ans:22)(c) at the end to give it a paintbrush like texture. Explanation: Kalamkari or vrathapani from Andhra Pradesh demonstrates the variety of natural materials used to create a work of art. 4 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Kalamkari means “pen work” in Persian and Maharashtra known as ‘Bailgada Sharyat’ or refers to both printed and painted cloth. In ‘Shankarpat’ in various parts of the state. the seventeenth century Persian influences led to artists experimenting with the depiction Ans:26)(b) of trees, fruits, flowers and ornamental birds. Explanation: A steatite seal discovered at The painting is made exclusively with a pen, Mohenjo-daro depicts a human figure or a the kalam made out of a bamboo sliver deity seating cross-legged. The figure, referred wound at one section with wool and then to as Pashupati wears a three-horned dyed with natural colours. Black ink is used headgear and is surrounded by animals. An to make outlines, and jaggery, rusted iron elephant and a tiger are there on the right filings and water are used for making colours side of the figure while a rhinoceros and a to fill in details. buffalo are seen on the left side. Two antelopes are shown below the seat of the Ans:23)(c) figure. Explanation: Chitrakathi: 'Chithra' is painting and 'Katha' is story. The tradition of Ans:27)(c) telling the mythical and historical stories was Explanation: The Harappans used a large alive on the Maharashtra/Karnataka border variety of materials, from precious metals and and in parts of Andhra Pradesh. gemstones to bones and even baked clay, to Pattachitra is one of the oldest forms of make ornaments. artwork found in Orissa, Patachitra (also Beads made from cornelian, amethyst, spelled as Pattachitra) art is fascinating, quartz, steatite, copper were quite popular depicts Hindu mythological tales and and were produced on a large scale, as is wonders. evident from the factories discovered in Kavads of Rajasthan is a traditional visual Chanhudaro and Lothal. story telling device. It is a portable wooden temple/shrine that has visual narratives on Ans:28)(c) its multiple panels that are hinged together. Explanation: The correct matched pairs are: These panels open and close like doors Set A Set B simulating the several thresholds of a temple. 1. Piprahwa Stupa a) Uttar Pradesh The visuals are those of Gods, goddesses, 2. Sarnath Pillar b) Uttar Pradesh saints, local heroes and the patrons. 3. Sanchi Stupa c) Madhya Pradesh 4. Nagarjuni Caves d) Bihar Ans:24)(a) Explanation: It is similar to Bharatnatyam in Ans:29)(b) the use of Mudras and postures to express Explanation: Pottery making has been in emotions. The Tribhanga posture, i.e. the practice since Harappan Age. three-bended form of the body is innate to Pottery of the Mauryan period is generally dance form. Odissi dance form is referred to as Northern Black Polished Ware unique in its representation of gracefulness, (NBPW) or painted grey ware. They were sensuality and beauty. The dancers create characterised by the black paint and highly intricate geometrical shapes and patterns lustrous finish and were generally used as with here body. Hence, it is known as ‘mobile luxury items. They have often been referred to sculputre’. ‘Atavakul or Atavus’ is the as the highest level of pottery. collection of fourty basic dance movements, is a feature of Mohiniattam dance and not Ans:30)(d) Odissi dance. Explanation: Some of the features of Nagara style are: Ans:25)(d)  The temples generally followed the Explanation: Jallikattu: Jallikattu is a rural Panchayatan style of temple making. bull-taming sport played in Tamil Nadu on  Presence of assembly halls or mandaps in Mattu day (mid-January) front of the principal shrine. Kambala: Kambala is an annual buffalo race  There were no water tanks or reservoirs held between November and March by the present in the temple premises. farming community in Karnataka's Dakshina  The temples were generally built on upraised Kannada and Udupi districts platforms. Maramadi: At the annual Maramadi festival  The porticos had a pillared approach. during the post-harvest season in the villages  The Shikharas were generally of three types: of Kerala in southern India, a peculiar bull o Latina or Rekha-prasad race takes place o Phamsana Bailgada Sharyat: Bullock-cart racing has o Valabhi been a popular tradition in some parts of 5 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

 The vertical end of the shikhara ended in a such paintings can be found in at several horizontal fluted disc, known as the Amalak. locations in India. The beauty and the On top of that, a spherical shape was placed exquisiteness of mural paintings are seen in known as the kalash. places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Cave shelter, Bagh, Sittanavasal and Ans:31)(d) Kailasanatha temple in Ellora. Explanation: Some of the features of Indo- The paintings follow a theme, the most Islamic architecture are given as follows: common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain.  The use of arch and domes gained Such paintings were also made to adorn any prominence during this period. It was known mundane premise. An example of such a as ‘arcuade’ style of architecture and replaced work can be seen in the ancient theatre room the traditional Trabeat style of architecture. in Jogimara Cave.  The Islamic rulers introduced the use of minars around the mosques and the Ans:34)(b) mausoleums. Explanation: Madhubani paintings are  Arabesque method was also used for traditionally done by the women of villages decoration. Arabesque meant the use of around Madhubani town, it is also called geometrical vegetal ornamentation and was Mithila paintings. characterised by a continuous stem which The paintings have a common theme and the split regularly, producing a series of ususally drawn from religious motifs of the counterpoised, leafy, secondary stems. , including Krishna, , ,  The buildings had intricate jaali works, which and Shiva. The figures in the signifies the importance of light in Islamic painting are symbolic, for example, fish religion. depicts good luck and fertility.  The Islamic rulers introduced the Charbagh The paintings are made depicting auspicious style of gardening, in which a square block occasions like birth, marriage and festivals. was divided into four adjacent identical Flowers, trees, animals, etc. are used to fill gardens. any gaps in the painting.  The architectures of these times also used the Since the art has remained confined to a pietra-dura technique for the inlay of specific geographical area, it has been given precious stones and gems into the stone GI (geographical indication) status. walls. Ans:35)(d) Ans:32)(a) Explanation: The two distinct schools of Explanation: Vesara School is also known as Indian classical music evolved: the Karnataka school of architecture, it  Hindustani music : practiced in the northern flourished under the later Chalukya rulers in parts of India. the mid-seventh century A.D. It combined  : practiced in the southern features of both Nagara school and Dravidian parts of India. school and resulted in a hybridised style. The Hindustani branch of music focuses Some of its features are: more on the musical structure and the  Emphasis on vimana and mandapa possibilities of improvisation in it. The  Open ambulatory passageway Hindustani branch adopted a scale of Shudha Swara Saptaka or the ‘Octave of Natural  The pillars, doorways and the ceilings were notes’. decorated with intricate carvings. Example: Dodda Basappa temple at Dambal, There are ten main styles of singing in Ladkhan temple at , temples at Hindustani music like the ‘Dhrupad’, ‘Dhamar’, ‘Hori’, ‘Khayal’, ‘Tappa’, , etc. ‘Chaturang’, ‘Ragasagar’, ‘Tarana’, ‘Sargam’ Meenakshi temple in Madurai belongs to and ‘Thumri’. Nayaka School of architecture.

Brihadeswara Temple in Tanjore belongs to Dravidian Style. Ans:36)(a) Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneshwar belongs to Explanation: Some of the features of Mohiniattam are : Nagara School (Odisha Style)  Mohiniattam combines the grace and Ans:33)(d) elegance of Bharatnatyam with the vigour of Explanation: The works on the walls of a . solid structure are referred to as Murals.  Mohiniattam generally narrates the story of These have existed in India since ancient the feminine dance of . times and can be dated between 2nd century BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of 6 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

 The Lasya aspect of dance is dominant in a Ans:39)(b) Mohiniattam recital. Hence, it is mainly Explanation: In the sphere of decoration, the performed by female dancers. Turks eschewed (avoided) representation of The tribhanga posture, i.e. the three-bended human and animal figures in the buildings. form of the body is innate to Odissi dance Instead, they used geometrical and floral form. designs, combining them with panels of inscriptions containing verses from the Ans:37)(c) Quran. Thus, the Arabic script itself became Explanation: UNESCO’s List of Intangible a work of art. The combination of these Cultural Heritage of India decorative devices was called Arabesque. Cultural Heritage Year of They also freely borrowed Hindu motifs such Inclusion as the bell motif, swastika, lotus, etc. Thus, 2017 like the Indians, the Turks were intensely Nowrouz 2016 fond of decoration. Traditional brass and 2014 Ans:40)(a) copper craft of utensil Explanation: Mystics, who are called Sufis, making among the had risen in Islam at a very early stage. Thatheras of Jandiala Some of the early Sufis, such as the woman Guru, Punjab, India mystic Rabia eighth century AD and Mansur Sankirtana, (singing, 2013 bin Hallaj tenth century AD, laid great drumming and dancing) emphasis on love as the bond between God ritual of Manipur and the individual soul. But their pantheistic Buddhist chanting of 2012 approach led them into conflict with the Ladakh: recitation of sacred orthodox elements who had Mansur executed Buddhist texts in the trans- for heresy. Despite this setback, mystic ideas Himalayan Ladakh region, continued to spread among the Muslim Jammu and Kashmir, masses. (India) Sufis were organised in 12 orders or Silsilahs. Chhau dance 2010 The silsilahs were generally led by a prominent mystic who lived in a khankah or Kalbelia folk songs and hospice along with his disciples. The link dances of Rajasthan between the teacher or pir and his disciples Mudiyettu, ritual theatre or murids was a vital part of the Sufi system. and dance drama of Kerala Every pir nominated a sucessor or wali to Ramman, religious festival 2009 carry on his work. and ritual theatre of the The monastic organisation of the Sufis, and Garhwal Himalayas, India some of their practices such as penance, Kutiyattam, Sanskrit 2008 fasting and holding the breath are sometimes theatre traced to the Buddhist and Hindu yogic , the traditional influence. performance of the Ramayana Ans:41)(d) Tradition of Vedic chanting Explanation: The Mughals built magnificent forts, palaces, gates, public buildings, Ans:38)(a) mosques, baolis (water tank or well), etc. Explanation: Just as the Nile created Egypt They also laid out many formal gardens with and supported its people, so also the Indus running water. created Sindh and fed its people. The Indus Babur was very fond of gardens and laid out people sowed seeds in the flood plains in a few in the neighbourhood of Agra and November, when the flood water receded, and Lahore. reaped their harvests of wheat and barley in Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who had the April before the advent of the next flood. time and means to undertake construction on The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a a large scale. He built a series of forts, the Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern most famous of which is the fort at Agra. regions of South Asia, extending from what Built in red sandstone, this massive fort had today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan many magnificent gates. The climax of fort and northwest India, lasting from 3300 BCE building was reached at Delhi where Shah to 1300 BCE, and in mature form between Jahan built his famous Red Fort. 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE. In 1572, Akbar commenced a palace-cum-fort complex at Fatehpur Sikri, 36 kilometres from Agra, which he completed in eight years. 7 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Built atop a hill, along with a large artificial Ans:45)(c) lake, it included many buildings in the style Explanation: The material culture of the of Gujarat and Bengal. These included deep Deccan under the Satavahanas was a fusion eaves, balconies, and fanciful kiosks. In the of local elements and northern ingredients. Panch Mahal built for taking the air, all the The megalith builders of the Deccan were types of pillars used in various temples were fairly acquainted with the use of iron and employed to support flat roofs. agriculture. Although before circa 200 B.C, we find some hoes made of iron, the number Ans:42)(d) of such tools increased substantially in the Explanation: The history of the later Vedic first two or three centuries of the Christian period is based mainly on the Vedic texts era. There has not been much change in the which were compiled after the age of the Rig form of hoes from megalithic to the Veda. The collections of the Vedic hymns or Satavahana phase. mantras were known as the . The The people of the Deccan knew the art of Rig Veda is the oldest Vedic text, on paddy cultivation. They also produced cotton. the basis of which we have described the early Vedic age. Ans:46)(a) The Atharva Veda contains chants and spells Gupta rulers issued silver coins known as the to ward off evils and diseases. Its contents “rupaka”. These coins have been found in throw light on the beliefs and practices of the most of the northern parts of the country and non-Aryans. The Vedic Samhitas were maximum number in Bharatpur of followed by the composition of a series of Rajasthan. texts known as the . These are full of ritualistic formulae and explain the social Ans:47)(c) and religious aspects of rituals. All these later Explanation: The Vijayanagar kingdom was Vedic texts were compiled in the upper founded by and Bukka who Gangetic basin in circa 1000-600 B.C. belonged to a family of five brothers. According to a legend, they had been the Ans:43)(c) feudatories of the Kakatiyas of Warangal and Explanation: Jainism taught five doctrines later became ministers in the kingdom of (1) do not commit violence, (2) do not speak a Kampili in modern Karnataka. liea, (3) do not steal, (4) do not acquire property and (5) observe continennce Ans:48)(d) (brahmacharya). It is said that only the fifth Explanation: The Dancing Girl is the world’s doctrine was added by Mahavira, the other oldest bronze sculpture. Found in Mohenjo- four being taken over by him from previous daro, this four inch figure depicts a naked girl teachers. wearing only ornaments, which include bangles in the left arm, and amulet and Ans:44)(c) bracelet on the right arm. She stands in a Explanation: Ashokan Edicts: We can ‘tribhanga’ dancing posture with the right reconstruct the history of Asoka on the basis hand on her hip. of his inscriptions. He is the first Indian king to speak directly to the people through his Ans:49)(c) inscriptions. They were engraved on rocks, on Explanation: Nagarjunkonda: This town is polished stone pillars mounted by capitals located in the Guntur district of Andhra and in the caves. They are found not only in Pradesh and was earlier known as the Indian subcontinent but also in Kandhar ‘Vijaypura’. It was a very well known and in Afghanistan. These inscriptions are in the important Buddhist pilgrimage centre during form of 44 royal orders, and each royal order the ancient period. It is also geographically has several copies. The inscriptions were set on prime land near the Krishna River. The composed in Prakrit language, and written in current name of Nagarjunakonda is derived the Brahmi script throughout the greater part from ‘Nagarjuna’ who was a very famous of the empire. But in the north-western part Buddhist monk. they appear in Kharosthi script, and in Kandhar in Afghanistan they were written Ans:50)(a) even in Aramaic, in Greek script and Greek Explanation: Kalaripayattu : One of the language. These inscriptions were generally oldest martial arts in India, Kalaripayattu, placed on ancient highways. They throw light although practiced in most parts of southern on the career of Asoka, his external and India, originated in the state of Kerala in the domestic policies, and the extent of his 4th century A.D. This art form includes mock empire. duels (armed and unarmed combat) and physical exercises. 8 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Silambam : Silambam, a kind of staff depicting the past lives and rebirths of the fencing, is a modern and scientific martial art Buddha, pictorial tales from Aryasura's of Tamil Nadu. The kings that ruled in Tamil Jatakamala, and rock-cut sculptures of Nadu, including Pandya, Chola and Chera, Buddhist deities. had promoted it during their reign. Ajanta has twenty nine caves. It has four Thang-ta : Created by the Meitei people of chaitya caves datable to earlier phase, i.e. Manipur, Thanga-ta is an armed martial art second and first century BCE and the later that finds its mention in the most lethal phase i.e. the fifth century. It has large combat forms. chaitya-viharas and is decorated with Thoda : Originating in the state of Himachal sculptures and paintings. Ajanta is the only Pradesh, Thoda is a mixture of martial arts, surviving example of the paintings of the first sport and culture. It takes place during century BCE and the fifth century CE. Baisakhi (13th and 14th April) every year. A number of community prayers are done so as Ans:54)(d) to invoke the blessings of Goddesses Mashoo Explanation: The eightfold path, although and Durga, the pincipal deities. referred to as steps on a path, is not meant as a sequential learning process, but as eight Ans:51)(a) aspects of life, all of which are to be Explanation: integrated in everyday life. Thus the Mahayana Hinayana environment is created to move closer to the They believed in an They considered Buddhist path. Eternal Buddha who Buddha to be mortal The eightfold path is at the heart of the will live forever and is and his teachings middle way, which turns from extremes, and like a God who is were ethical values encourages us to seek the simple approach. unending. that defined the way The eightfold path is Right Understanding, humans should live. Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Action, They followed the Followed the Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Boddhisattva concept Theravada doctrine, Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. of salvation of all which emphasised conscious individual. the salvation of an Ans:55)(d) individual. Explanation: Dharmachakra Mudra:

Ans:52)(d) Explanation: The first century CE onwards, Gandhara (now in Pakistan), Mathura in northern India and Vengi in Andhra Pradeshemerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got a human form in Mathura and Gandhara. The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition. The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern Bhumisparsa Mudra: India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has Hellenistic features.

Ans:53)(c) Explanation: The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India. The Ajanta Caves constitute ancient Varada Mudra: monasteries and worship-halls of different Buddhist traditions carved into a 250-feet wall of rock. The caves also present paintings

9 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Ans:60)(c) Explanation: Bhogali Bihu or Magh Bihu is celebrated during the month of January in Assam. It marks the end of the harvest season. It also coincides with the celebrations of Pongal and Makar in many states. Magh Bihu is the second largest Bihu festival of Assam after . In a year Assamese celebrate three different kinds of Bihu festival that is: 1. Bohag Bihu in the middle of April month 2. Maagh Bihu in the middle of January month 3. Kaati Bihu in the middle of October month

Ans:56)(a) Ans:61)(c) Explanation: The United States and Israel Explanation: Kumbh Mela, in , is a have formally quit the UNESCO recently. It religious pilgrimage that is celebrated four followed alleged allegations that UNESCO times over a course of 12 years. The Mela site criticized Israel's policies of East Jerusalem's keeps rotating between one of the four occupation and the grant of full-time pilgrimages on four sacred rivers as listed membership to Palestine in defiance of the below: American and Israeli pressure. 1. Haridwar on the Ganges in Uttarakhand 2. Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh Ans:57)(c) 3. Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra Explanation: Lakhon khol is a sister dance 4. Prayagraj (Allahabad) at the confluence of the drama mask theatre from of Thailand’s khon Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical mask theatre. It was recently listed by Sarasvati in Uttar Pradesh. UNESCO, as an intangible cultural heritage, along with Thailand’s Khon. It had begun in Ans:62)(b) the early Angkor era. Java is the home of Explanation: Mudiyettu is a ritualistic several mask theatre and dance traditions, dance drama from Kerala. It is a community which are commonly referred to as wayang ritual in which the entire village participates. topeng It is based on the mythological tale of a battle between the goddess Kali and the demon Ans:58)(d) Darika. It is performed in the Bhadrakali Explanation: There are five Hill Rails in India temples of Central Kerala. Mudiyettu found a 1. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) place in the UNESCO’s intangible heritage list 2. Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) in 2010. Mudiyettu serves as an important 3. Kalka Shimla Railway (KSR) cultural site for transmission of traditional 4. Matheran Light Railway(MLR) values, ethics, moral codes and aesthetic 5. Kangra Valley Railway (KVR) norms of the community to the next Of these five, 1st three are part of the generation, thereby ensuring its continuity UNESCO world Heritage list. and relevance in present times.

Ans:59)(d) Ans:63)(d) Explanation: festival is the Explanation: Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) most important event in the two-month-long the National Academy of Music, Dance and annual festival season. Makara jyothi is a Drama will launch the second phase of the star that appears in the sky on Makara Web Campaign ‘SANJHI –MUJH MEIN Samkramam on the first day of the KALAKAR’. It is an initiative to document and month of Makaram. Makara promote the Intangible Cultural Heritage vilakku is a light lit at Ponnambalamedu, a (ICH) and diverse cultural traditions of the plateau across the shrine. This country by direct public-participation. This is ritual is done after the Sirius star appears in a unique talent search where the participant the sky. This ritual had been done by Malaya will showcase their talent in the fields of araya tribals in the past. When the music, dance, drama, puppetry, folk and Travancore Devaswom Board took over the tribal arts, culinary skills, painting, sculpture administration of the Sabarimala temple in etc. the early 1950s, the tribal community lost that right. Ans:64)(b) Explanation: Budithi Brass Craft are the products made out of alloy like brass at 10 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Budithi, a village in Srikakulam district of the homes of the Rathvas tribal community of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was Gujarat. Pithora painting is a part of an registered as one of the geographical elaborate ritual performed to complete vows indication handicraft from Andhra Pradesh. to gain the boon of the chief god of the The art form expresses itself as traditional Rathvas, Baba Pithora. In times of difficulty, cooking utensils and also in forms that suit Rathva with the help of chief priest, home contemporary needs - like flower pots and owner and Lakhara (individual who paints planters. Usually made of brass, the objects Pithora) performs the painting rituals. The have patterns that are geometric, with completion of the painting would signify the straight lines and curves forming simple and end of the ritual and fulfillment of the vow, striking presentations. Etikoppaka toys or and is followed by a village dinner. Etikoppaka Bommalu are famous for its toys made of wood. Ans:70)(a) Explanation: Kurumbas are the tribe who Ans:65)(c) live in the mid-ranges of the Nilgiris. The Explanation: Rio will be the first city to Kurumba art is traditionally practiced by only receive the title of World Capital of either by the male members of the temple Architecture for 2020 under a programmer caretakers, or priest to the Kurumba village. launched together by UNESCO and the The women of the family contribute to the International Union of Architects (UIA) in decorations at home. Often it is painted on November 2018. Rio as one of the oldest cities the outer wall of the temple and the house. in Brazil has a mix of modern and colonial Eluthu paarai is an ancient 3000-year-old architecture, with world-renowned sites. rock-painting site of Kurumbas in the Kothagiri region of the Nilgiris. Ans:66)(c) Explanation: Chowmahalla Palace in Ans:71)(b) Hyderabad is restored to its grandeur by Explanation: Four museums were painstaking conservation work. The place is inaugurated on Netaji Subhas Chandra named chowmahalla, which means four Bose’s Jayanti. All 4 museums have been palaces (not Four-story). The palace is located named as Kranti Mandir among which three in the old city in Hyderabad near the associated to freedom struggle: Charminar. The magnificent Chowmahalla 1. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian Palace was the seat of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. National Army This is the palace where the Nizams 2. Yaad-e-Jallian Museum ( Jallianwala Bagh entertained their official guests and royal and World War 1) visitors. 3. Museum on 1857- India’s First War of Independence and Ans:67)(b) Drishyakala Museum: This museum Explanation: Folk and classical dances showcases the best of Indian art and culture presented by Tableaux Artists who via four historical exhibitions that span over participated in Republic Day Parade are: three centuries and 450 works of art,  Tamil Nadu presented the Karakkatam folk including those by artists Raja Ravi Varma, dance, Amrita Sher-Gil, Rabindranath Tagore,  Taakala Folk Dance was performed by artists Abaniindranath Tagore and Jamini Roy. It is from Maharashtra. also the part of Kranti Mandir.  Jammu Kashmir performed the Fusim Dance 'Samantha Express' is a special tourist train  Gujarat performed Misra Raas, covering prominent places associated with  Hudka Chhudka from Uttarakhand and chief architect of the Indian Constitution Dr  Bhangra from Punjab. B.R. Ambedkar and Gautam Buddha.

Ans:68)(c) Ans:72)(b) Explanation: Folk and classical dances Explanation: Banabhatta besides presented by Tableaux Artists who Harshacharita, wrote Kadambari. participated in Republic Day Parade from Mahendravaraman-I composed the Sanskrit North Eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, play Mattavilasaprahasanam. Perundevanar Assam, Sikkim and Tripura are Monpa, was patronized by Nandivarman-II and he Satoiya Nitya, Tamang Seto and Mamita folk translated the Mahabharata as dances respectively. Bharathavenba in Tamil. The Jain literature flourished under the patronage of the Ans:69)(d) Rashtrakutas. Amogavarsha-I’s, teacher Explanation: The Pithora painting form is Jinasena composed Parsvabhudaya. traditionally performed on walls inside the 11 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

Ans:73)(d) Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes were Explanation: The Ghatika at Pallava’s capital among them. Kanchi attracted students from all parts of Francois Bernier was a French physician and India and abroad. The Nayanmars and traveller. He was a personal physician to Alwars composed religious hymns in Tamil. Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh and was later The Devaram composed by Nayanmars and attached to the court of Mughal emperor the Nalayradivyaprabandam composed by Aurangzeb for about 12 years of his stay in Alwars represent the religious literature of the India. Pallava period. Ans:80)(c) Ans:74)(c) Explanation: Balban adopted the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. This was done to deal with Ans:75)(b) some of the Rajput zamindars who had defied Explanation: the government and set up forts in the area.  Qutub Minar- Built during the time of It was during Firuz Tughlaq that jizyah Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210). It was became a separate tax. Earlier, it was a part completed by Iltutmish. Built in memory of of land revenue. Alauddin Khalji was the first Sufi Saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash. Earlier, the  Tughlaqabad Fort- Built by Mohammed Bin Turkish soldiers were assigned a number of Tughlaq (1320-25). He captured power from villages in the doab for the payment of their the last king of Khilji dynasty. salaries. But Alauddin Khalji abolished these  Bada Gumbad in Lodhi Garden in Delhi was holdings. constructed in 1490 CE, during the reign of the Lodhi dynasty. Its construction is Ans:81(d) attributed to Sikandar Lodhi. Explanation: Dhatugarbita, Paribodhaka and  Fathepur Sikri - Built by Akbar between 1571 Uddeshika are the types of Stupas: to 1585.  Dhatugarbita – Stupas containing relics of Buddha Ans:76)(a)  Paribodhaka – Stupas built on articles used Explanation: Tamil epic, the by monks Silappadikaram, was composed by a poet  Uddeshika – Built as a token of gratitude on named Ilango, around 1800 years ago. It is fulfilment of a desire the story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a Ans:82)(d) courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his Explanation: Man Sagar Lake is an artificial wife Kannagi. Puhar located, in modern day lake, situated in Jaipur, the capital of the Cauvery river basin. state of Rajasthan in India. It is named after Raja Man Singh, the then ruler of Amer, who Ans:77)(b) constructed it in c. 1610 by damming the Dharbawati river. The Jal Mahal is situated Ans:78)(c) in the middle of the lake. Explanation: After consolidating their There is the Nahargarh Fort (Nahargarh position in India, the Delhi Sultans meaning home of tigers) in the hills that introduced reforms in the land revenue provides a commanding view of the Man administration. The lands were classified into Sagar Lake and the Jal Mahal palace, in three categories: addition to a beautiful view of the city of 1. Iqta land – lands assigned to officials as iqtas Jaipur. The lake was created by constructing instead of payment for their services. a dam across the Darbhawati River, between 2. khalisa land – land under the direct control of Khilagarh hills and the hilly areas of the Sultan and the revenues collected were Nahargarh, in the 16th century. spent for the maintenance of royal court and royal household. Ans:83)(d) 3. Inam land – land assigned or granted to Explanation: Economy in the Rig Vedic religious leaders or religious institutions. period was sustained by a combination of Pastoralism and agriculture. There are Ans:79)(a) references, in the Rig Veda, to leveling of field, Explanation: Many foreign travelers visited seed processing, and storage of grains in the Vijayanagar Empire and their accounts large jars. are also valuable. The Moroccan traveler, Ibn War booty was also a major source of wealth. Battuta, Italian traveler Nicolo de Conti, Economic exchanges were conducted by gift Persian traveler Abdur Razzak and the giving, particularly to kings (bali) and priests (dana), and barter using cattle as a unit of 12 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

currency. While gold is mentioned in some Ans:89)(d) hymns, there is no indication of the use of Explanation: Jains believe that through coins. three-jewels : right belief, right knowledge Panis in some hymns refers to merchants, in and right conduct, one can get rid of bad others to stingy people who hid their wealth and also pull themselves out of cycle and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some of rebirth and achieve salvation. scholars suggest that Panis were Semitic Anekantavada is a doctrine of Jainism. It traders, but the evidence for this is slim. emphasizes that the ultimate truth and Professions of warriors, priests, cattle– reality is complex, and has multiple-aspects. rearers, farmers, hunters, barbers, vintners Hence, there exits non-absolutism that and crafts of chariot–making, cart–making, means no single, specific statement can carpentry, metal working, tanning, making of describe the nature of existence and the bows, sewing, weaving, making mats of grass absolute truth. and reed are mentioned in the hymns of Rig Veda. Some of these might have needed full– Ans:90)(c) time specialists. Explanation: The Kharosthi script is an Metallurgy is not mentioned in the Rig Veda, ancient script used in ancient Gandhara. It is but the word ayas and instruments made a sister script of Brahmi and was deciphered from it such as razors, bangles, axes are by James Princep again. Kharosthi is mostly mentioned. written right to left but some inscriptions also show the left to right direction of Kharosthi. Ans:84)(a) Explanation: The Shunga dynasty Ans:91)(b) introduced the idea of torans as beautifully Explanation: The chola king Rajendra I was decorated gateways to the stupas. The torans the son of RajaRaja Chola. After his armies were intricately carved with figures and crossed the Ganga and defeated two local patterns and were evidence of Hellenistic kings he assumed the title influence. Bharhut stupa is in Madhya ‘Gangaikondachola’. Pradesh and the toran at Sanchi stupa is in Madhya Pradesh. Ans:92)(b) Explanation: Shivaji was helped by the Ans:85)(a) Ashtapradhan (eight ministers) which was Explanation: Heavy influence of Greek. It is unlike a council of ministers for there was no also known as Indo-Greek art. Early collective responsibility. Each minister was Gandhara school used bluish-grey sandstone directly responsible to him. while the later period saw the use of mud and Chauth was one-fourth of the land revenue stucco. Mainly Buddhist imagery, influenced paid to the Marathas so as not be subjected by the Greco-Roman pantheon. to Maratha raids. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10% on those lands of Ans:86)(d) Maharashtra over which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights, but which formed Ans:87)(d) part of the Mughal Empire. Explanation: ASI is directly under the aegis of the Union Ministry of Culture and it is the Ans:93)(d) foremost institution for archaeological Explanation: At ‘Vaishali’, Alara Kalama research conducted across India. Its focus is (Sankhya philosopher) taught the techniques on the preservation of physical and tangible of meditation and the teaching of heritage that is accumulated in the ancient to Gautam Buddha. monuments and archaeological sites. The ASI At ‘Rajgriha’, Udraka Ramputra taught him to also has several diplomas and degrees for achieve the highest level of meditation. At studying archaeology from the Institute of last, at the age of 35, Gautam Bhudha Archaeology in New Delhi. attained nirvana at ‘Bodh gaya ‘in Bihar.

Ans:88)(c) Ans:94)(d) Explanation: Prakrit is a term which is Explanation: Babur wrote his memoirs, loosely attached to any language from the Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki language. It provides standard one, i.e. Sanskrit. Pali is usuall a vivid account of India. He frankly confesses used to indicate the archaic or old form of his own failures without suppressing any Prakrit and it combines several existing facts. dialects. These languages gained prominence Sher Shah introduced new silver coins called when religious literature of the Buddhists “Dam” and they were in circulation till 1835. and Jains were composed in this language. 13 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

His revenue reforms increased the revenue of Buddhism preached by the Buddha and the state. propagated by Asoka was known as Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in Hinayana. his administration. Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (mansab). The Ans:96)(b) lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 Explanation: Balban introduced Sijdah for the nobles. Princes of royal blood received (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the feet of even higher ranks. the sultan in the court) as the normal form of salutation for the Sultan. He introduced the Ans:95)(d) festival of Nauroz. These customs left the Explanation: The first Buddhist Council was nobility and visitors utterly humbled, terro- held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of stricken and dumb. He also maintained a Mahakasapa immediately after the death of dazzling durbar on the Persian model which Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the became famous throughout Central Asia for purity of the teachings of the Buddha. The its splendor and magnificence. second Buddhist Council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C, under the patronage Ans:97)(d) of King Kalasoka and the presidency of Explanation: Bhand Pather is a folk theatre Sabakami. The third Buddhist Council was of Jammu and Kashmir. held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it. Ans:98)(b) The final version of Tripitakas was completed Explanation: Ropar is in the state of Punjab. in this council. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under Ans:99)(c) the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha Explanation: Golkonda was under Qutub participated in this council. The new school of Shahi Dynasty Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council. The Ans:100)(c)

14 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487