Hone Kouka Case Study
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Takitoru: Creative Practice Toward the Development of a Trilingual Dramaturgical Kaupapa A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English with a Creative Practice Component at The University of Waikato by ALEXANDRA LODGE 2020 ii Abstract I have focused on writing a play in the three languages of Aotearoa: New Zealand Sign Language, te reo Māori, and NZ English. Through the development of this script with three actors I have found techniques for performance and workshopping to encourage multilingual creative practice for a playwright. Through case studies of playwrights doing similar work at an international level, I have synthesised analytical and creative research into a final script and summary of my dramaturgical findings. Through creative practice in scriptwriting and developmental workshops, this research explores what story-telling modes, devices or styles seem particularly apt for conveying an inclusive and engaging trilingual narrative on stage. This specifically involves developing a dramaturgical set of insights for others who may want to do cross-language performance in Aotearoa. iii Acknowledgements My first acknowledgements have to be to my extremely supportive whānau: my parents Gail & Martin, who have cheered me on throughout this research and writing. My brother Max who has patiently listened to me rant about my thesis for years despite not being very interested in any of it. I am so lucky to have been born into a family of nerds. My son Theodore Reid, who I hope will be proud of me when he’s a bit older. And my partner Cameron Reid, for pushing me to do this research and never questioning my need to do things the difficult way. I love you and I am so grateful for you. I would also like to thank my wonderful supervisors: Dr Mark Houlahan, who helped see this from a seed of an idea to a final real-life thesis. Thank you. Associate Professor Sarah Shieff, whose constant guidance has taught me more about proper research than I ever knew I didn’t know. Thank you. And Dr Nicola Hyland, for the dramaturgical support, endless positivity and general strengthening the kaupapa of this mahi. Thank you. To all of the participants in this research - and there have been many – thank you. Nā tō rourou, nā tāku rourouka, ora ai te iwi. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter One: Whakatakina ai e au ngā tikanga: Research and Revision of Creative Practice .... 21 Chapter Two: Bury Your Bones (First Draft)............................................................................... 28 Chapter Three: Overview of the Script Development Process ................................................... 93 Chapter Four: Theoretical Frameworks for NZSL Dramaturgy and Practice ............................... 96 Chapter Five: “the space between the petals” : Kaite O’Reilly Case Study .............................. 105 Chapter Six: Influence of Kaite O’Reilly on My Creative Practice ............................................. 129 Chapter Seven: Creative Practice: NZSL Development in Takitoru Dramaturgy ....................... 138 Chapter Eight: Theoretical frameworks in Māori dramaturgy ................................................. 176 Chapter Nine: “Carve your words, e Pa!” : Hone Kouka Case Study......................................... 187 Chapter Ten: Creative Practice: Te Reo Māori Development in Takitoru Dramaturgy ............. 211 Chapter Eleven: Takitoru Dramaturgy ..................................................................................... 249 Chapter Twelve: Tanumia ō Kōiwi (Final Draft) ...................................................................... 255 Chapter Thirteen: Takitoru Dramaturgy of Tanumia ō Kōiwi ................................................... 405 Chapter Fourteen: Summary of Research Findings .................................................................. 465 References .............................................................................................................................. 474 v Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 484 Kaite O’Reilly – full interview .................................................................................................... 486 KOUKA Full Interview Transcript ............................................................................................... 515 vi List of Figures Figure 1. An example of writing text for performance on a whiteboard during workshop. ........................................................................................................................................ 141 Figure 2 "Māori". A wiri (shimmering motion) with both hands in the motion of a setting sun ................................................................................................................................... 457 Figure 3. "Word". Mimed writing, simultaneously NZSL for “a fly” .................................. 457 Figure 4 "Bone / Blood / Skin". Tracing finger down the length of inner forearm repeatedly ........................................................................................................................................ 458 Figure 5 "Blood / Skin / Dirt". The traced "blood" drips onto the ground. ........................ 458 Figure 6 "Dirt". Running fingers through mimed earth. ................................................... 458 Figure 7 "Dirt / Hair / Breath". Gathering up a weightless texture form mimed earth. .... 458 Figure 8 "Hair". The texture is combed through hair. ...................................................... 459 Figure 9 "Thought / Breath". Combing action slowly segues into following inhale / exhale. ........................................................................................................................................ 459 Figure 10 "Thought / Air / Sky". Each exhalation extends up and out over time. ........... 459 Figure 11. "Air / Sky" Final inhalation follows breath up into the crown of the head. Eyes gaze up and around. ....................................................................................................... 459 Figure 12"Thought / Air". Index fingers extend in arcs from top of head. ....................... 460 Figure 13 "Thoughts / Clouds". Extending thoughts become weightless texture, clouds, as they return to the body. ................................................................................................... 460 Figure 14 "Clouds / Sky". Cloud texture is spread widely with both hands. ................... 460 Figure 15 "Clouds / Stars / Twinkling Stars". The cloud area is detailed with flicking action from fingers, indictating stars .......................................................................................... 460 Figure 16 "Twinkling Stars". Twinkling action and spacing of stars becomes denser. ... 461 Figure 17 "Cells, atoms, separating". Dense twinkling action continues, placement shifts from sky to performer's body ........................................................................................... 461 Figure 18 "Cells, atoms, separating / Explode and contract". Twinkling action abruptly snaps to a single focussed point. .................................................................................... 461 Figure 19 "Explode". Focussed point widens, arms arcing wide around a spherical area. ........................................................................................................................................ 461 Figure 20 "Contract". Hands suddenly brought together in tight fists. ............................ 462 Figure 21 Condensed energy is thrown forward, one hand at a time. ............................ 462 Figure 22 "Forever, forever, forever". The throwing action is repeated and softened, until it subsides. ...................................................................................................................... 462 vii Introduction Through creative practice in scriptwriting and developmental