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DEVELOPMENT of GROUND COVERS for HIGHWAY SLOPES Development of Ground Covers for Highway Slopes

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DEVELOPMENT of GROUND COVERS for HIGHWAY SLOPES Development of Ground Covers for Highway Slopes INVESTIGATION NUMBER 615 FINAL REPORT MAY 1971 -.,:_ TECHNICAL BULLETIN 282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND COVERS FOR HIGHWAY SLOPES Development of Ground Covers for Highway Slopes FINAL REPORT-1971 Investigation No. 615 Albert G. Johnson, Donald B. White, Margaret H. Smithberg, and Leon C. Snyder• Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota in cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Minnesota Highway Department Minnesota Local Road Research Board The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota and not necessarily those of the Federal Highway Administration. * Authors are University of Minnesota personnel: Albert G. Johnson is research associate, University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum Donald B. White is professor, Horticultural Science Margaret H. Smithberg is associate scientist, Horticultural Science Leon C. Snyder is director, University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum Table of Contents Page Page Planting of Nursery Stock . 44 I. Evaluation Categories . 8 Establishment of Plant Materials . 45 Maintenance of Plant Materials . 45 Availability of Plant Materials .................. 45 II. Evaluation of Plant Materials Evaluation of Plant Materials and Hardiness 29 Tables University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum 1. Ground covers recommended for use on Evaluations highway slopes in Minnesota . 8 Plant Introduction Nursery . 30 2. Plants recommended for limited use on Arboretum South Bank Planting . 30 Minnesota roadsides . 12 Arboretum Service Area Bank Planting . 30 3. Plants not recommended or not sufficiently Arboretum Roadside Planting-1966 .......... 30 evaluated for Minnesota roadsides . 18 Nursery for Plants of Sandy Acid Soils . 31 4. Arboretum bank planting-1963 ................. 30 University of Minnesota Branch Experiment 5. Evaluation of plants in arboretum service area in Station Evaluations 1964 and 1969 (planted with potted stock August 9, 1963) .............................. 31 Grand Rapids Loon Lake Plantings . 31 6. Relative performance ratings of ground covers after one and three seasons on the Landscape Arboretum Wendigo Slope-Community Park roadside (planted 1966, rated 1967 and 1969) ..... 31 Plantings-1965 ......................... 32 7. 1969 evaluation-Loon Lake plantings (planted 1964 Morris Station-1967 ....................... 33 and 1965) ................................... 32 Crookston Station-1965 .................... 33 8. Iron chlorosis on potential ground cover plants Highway Site Evaluations grown at Crookston, Minnesota, 1967 ............ 33 1-494 Plantings-1963 ...................... 33 9. Evaluation of plantings, 1-494, planted 1963, 1964, 1965, and 1966 .............................. 34 TH-65 Plantings-Soderville, Anoka County . 36 10. 1969 evaluation of materials planted in 1963 and Cleveland Avenue, Roseville, Ramsey County, 1964 on TH-65 ............................... 37 Dwarf Southernwood Plantings . 36 Lakeville 1-35 Plantings-1967 ............... 36 11. Performance of selected junipers after 2 years on the Lakeville site: planted 1967 ............... 38 Native Ground Cover Collections ............... 38 12. Germination and ground cover evaluation of Experiments in Propagation and Establishment herbaceous materials: planted 1967 at Lakeville .... 38 Crownvetch . 40 13. Performance of deciduous shrub plantings: planted Direct Seeding of Woody Plants 1967 at Lakeville ............................. 38 Smooth Sumac . 41 14. Rating of Creeping Juniper collected from native Direct Seeding of Smooth Sumac . 42 stands after 2 years of growth: planted 1963 ...... 39 Hydroseeding of Smooth Sumac Seed . 42 15. Mean ratings for establishment of transplanted seed­ Direct Seeding of Woody Ground Covers- lings of four Crownvetch varieties: planted May 25, Cannon Falls . 42 1967, and rated July 23, 1968 .................. 40 Plant Surveys of Existing Highway Slopes . 43 16. Mean heights and widths of four varieties of Crown­ vetch after one growing season from seed: planted Additional Research Considerations . 43 June 1, 1964, scored October 7, 1964 ............ 41 Miscellaneous Small Trees Brought into 17. Ratings of Crownvetch seedlings grown on the Land­ the Program . 43 scape Arboretum slope: planted April 28, 1964, scored September 11, 1966 ..................... 41 18. Mean heights and widths of five Crownvetch varieties III. Establishment and Maintenance of Plant Materials grown from seedlings: planted May 9, 1967, Grades and Standards . 44 scored July 23, 1968 .......................... 41 Source of Plant Materials . 44 19. Cannon Falls direct seeding test: plant and mulch Handling of Plant Materials . 44 materials used ................................ 42 Planting . 44 20. Evaluation of small trees for roadside planting . 43 3 Figures Page Figures Page 1. Zones of plant hardiness in _Mi~nesota from the 31. Cowberry . 50 USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 814, 1960 .... 7 32. Thicket Creeper .............................. 51 2. Bearberry ........................... · · · · · · · · 46 33. Virginia Creeper .............................. 51 3. Crownvetch ................................ · · 46 34. Reynoutria Fleeceflower ....................... 51 4. Tawny Daylily . 46 35. Lilac Honeysuckle ............................ 51 5. Redosier Dogwood ............................ 46 36. Rush Lespedeza .............................. 51 6. Arcadia Juniper . 46 37. Sicklepod Milkvetch .......................... · 51 7. Skandia Juniper .................. · · · · · · · · · · · · 46 38. India Mockstrawberry . 52 8. Creeping Juniper ............................. 47 39. Partridgepea ................................ 52 9. Japanese Garden Juniper ....................... 47 40. Russian Peashrub . 52 10. Oldfield or Prostrate Juniper . 47 41. Perennial Peavine ............................. 52 11. Pfitzer Juniper ............................... 47 42. Herbaceous Periwinkle . 52 12. Sargent Juniper .............................. 47 43. Quicksilver Petunia ........................ · · · 52 13. Cicer Milkvetch .............................. 47 44. Alaska Phlox ............................ · · · · 53 14. Kamchatka Rose ............................. 48 45. Maiden Pink ............................ · · · · · 53 15. Fragrant Sumac .............................. 48 46. Magic Carpet Polygonum ................ · · · · · · 53 16. Smooth Sumac . 48 47. Japanese Trailing Raspberry ............. · · · · · · · 53 17. Birdsfoot Trefoil .............................. 48 48. Fringed Sage .................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 53 18. Prostrate Alfalfa . 48 49. Common Snowberry ....................... · · · · 53 19. Pirone Alfalfa ................................ 48 50. Dwarf Southernwood ...................... · · · · 54 20. Sicklepod Alfalfa . 49 51. Billiard Spirea ................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 54 21. Barrenstrawberry ............................. 49 52. Dwarf Garland Spirea .................... · · · · · 54 22. Bayberry . 49 53. Dwarf Cutleaf Stephanandra ............... · · · · · 54 23. Allegheny Blackberry .......................... 49 54. Two-row Stonecrop ................ · · · · · · · · · · · 54 24. Georgia Bushhoneysuckle . 49 54 55. Sweetfern ..................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 25. Dwarf Spring Cinquefoil ....................... 49 55 56. Bird Vetch ................... · · · · · · · · · · · 26. Wineleaf Cinquefoil . 50 57. Virginsbower .................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 55 27. Friedrichseni Cinquefoil . 50 58. Wolfberry ....................... · · · · · · · · · · · · 55 28. Irving Cinquefoil . 50 59. Adamsneedle Yucca .............. · · · · · · · · · · · · · 55 29. White Clover ................................ 50 60. 1963 plants on 1-494 in Eden Prairie Township !! 30. Zigzag Clover . 50 61. Crownvetch plantings in Landscape Arboretum · · · · 4 FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report completes and organizes the research informa­ Credit is due the following cooperating agencies involved tion generated under Investigation 615: "Development of in supporting and maintaining continued interest in the proj­ Ground Covers for Highway Slopes." It was written specifically ect: The Minnesota Highway Department, Minnesota Local for highway personnel and citizens who may be interested or in­ Road Research Board, and the U.S. Department of Transpor­ volved in establishing ground covers in difficult situations. tation, Federal Highway Administration. The report's main purpose is to summarize findings and de­ The original interest and efforts of J.H. Swanberg, former velop recommendations from the project research. Deputy Commissioner; H.E. Olson, former Engineer of Road­ The report is presented in three sections. Section One pre­ side Development; and P.O. Velz, then Research Engineer, sents recommendations resulting from the research. Section Minnesota Highway Department, deserve recognition. Two develops the research effort and results of investigations. The continued interest of C.K. Preus, Research Coordina­ Section Three is devoted to general cultural information and tion Engineer; F.C. Fredrickson, Materials Engineer; P.A. maintenance specifications that should be useful to field per­ Jensen, former Research Engineer; P.J. Diethelm, Research sonnel and administrators who are directly or indirectly in­ Engineer; W.N. Yoerg, Research Operations Engineer; and vC1lved with highway maintenance situations.
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