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ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North 2eeb Raad, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0&00 UMI~ An Appraisal of Environmental Management in Trinidad and Tobago Luke Paddington Department ofGeography McGill University, Montreal August 1999 A thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate stlldies and Research in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements ofthe degree ofMaster ofArts © Luke Paddington 1999 .. \ National Labrary Bibliothèque nationale 1.1 of Canada du Canada AcQuisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie services services bibliographiques 395 Wellngton Street 395. rue Wellington Obwa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 canada Canada The author bas granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Lilmuy ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fonne de microfiche/film., de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in tbis thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts tram it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. 0-612-64178-3 Canadl TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES üi LIST OF TABLES üi ACKNOWLEDG~S iv ABSTRACTS v LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................... vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 1 1.1) The Theoretical Problem, Trinidad and Tobago 3 1.2) Aim 5 1.3) Objectives 6 1.4) Outline .. 6 Chapter 2: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 8 2.. 1) A BriefHistory ofDevelopment 16 2.2) The Challenge and the Statement ofthe Problem 19 Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 21 3.1) Review ofEM and ElA Theory 21 3.2) EM and ElA in the Developing Worl~ sms, and Trinidad and Tobago 25 3.3) Strategies ofenvironmentai management in Trinidad and Tobago 27 Chapter 4: METHODS ........................................................................... 30 4.1) Determining il>Ideal" Policy and Practice 30 4.2) Determining the Current Status ofEnvironmental Management in T &. T 31 4.3.1) Data Collection: Literature Search 32 4.3.2) Data Collection: Interviews 32 4.4) The Analysis ofthe Research: RecommendatioDS 35 4.5) Limitations to the Research 36 ü Chapter 5: DETERMING IDEAL POLICY AND PRAcnCES: CRITICAL AREAS OF CONCERN' 37 5.2) Definition ofthe Nine Criteria for Trinidad and Tobago 39 5.2.1) ElA Composition 39 5.2.2) Timing 42 5.2.3) The Conceptual Framework 44 5.2.4) Public Invoivement 46 5.2.5) The Legislative and Institutional Framework 49 5.2.6) Trigger 52 5.2.7) Scoping ...... .................................................................. 55 5.2.8) Monitoring 57 5.2.9) Role in Decision-Making 59 Chapter6: DETERMINING THE CURENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 61 6.1) Environmental Management in Trinidad and Tobago 64 6.2) The Case Study 70 Chapter 7: THE CHAGUARAMAS CASE STUDY 77 7.1 ) The Geography ................................................................... 72 7.2) History and Development 74 7.3) Yachring Boom ............................................................... 77 7.4) The Environmental Implications 81 7.5) Environmental Management ofthe Impacts ofMarina Developments 83 7.6) Outlook ofEnvironmental Impacts ofMarina Development in Chaguaramas ............................................................................ 94 Chapter 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ElA: A DISCUSSION AND THE ALTERNATIVES 98 8.1) The Existing Procedures and Recommendations for Trinidad and Tobago 98 8.2) A Summary 121 8.3) The Need for Further Research 122 References ......... ........................................................................ .... 123 ( \ üi UST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Antillische Eilanden 1 Figure 2: Outline ......... ......... ..... .. ........... ....... 7 Figure 3: Venezuela cum parte Australi ... ..... ............ ................. 8 Figure 4: Location Map ofTrinidad and Tobago 9 Figure 5: Trinidad and Tobago 10 Figure 6: Isohyetal Map ofMean Annual Rainfall Record Period (1939-1968) 12 Figure 7: Salinity Variations in Trinidad and Tobago 14 Figure 8: Trinidad in the Early 1850s 17 Figure 9: Map ofPeninsula and Off-Shore Islands 74 Figure 10: Photograph ofCrews Inn Marina 76 Figure Il: Sketch Map showing the location ofthe marinas 77 Figure 12: Yacht Population in Trinidad and Tobago 1997-98 78 Figure 13: Photograph ofWelcome Bay, Chaguaramas 94 Figure 14: Photograph ofScotland Bay 96 Figure 15: Photograph ofChacacbacare Island 97 Figure 16: Aerial Photograph ofthe Marinas in Chaguaramas 97 UST OF TABLES Table 1: Persans Interviewed 33 Table 2: The Nine Criteria 38 / '. Table 3: Summary ofResults and Analysis 118 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1wish te thank everyone who aided in the conception and production ofthis work. Thanks go to Professor Thom Meredith for bis constant support and guidance, to Professor David Brown for unrestricted access to bis üterature collection and for bis time and welcomed advice. Thanks ta Professor Jeanne Wolfe and Barbara Jenkins for their valuable comments on the entire document and to Natalie Hoitz, my friend and academic peer who helped in tidying up the final manuscript AIso, thanks ta McGill University and the Department ofGeography forproviding me with the opportunity, resources, and facilities needed to undertake this project. Finally, special thanks go to my parents for their valuable correspondence and proofreading overseas, and to my grandfather, Colin, for bis motivation and ever-loyal help in regularly collecting and mailing newspaper articles and in proofreading the final version. Extended gratitude to my entire family for their patience and encouragement in heiping me ta take one day at a time, taelde the work as l do in the pool, and to realise the accomplishment ofthe thesis' completion. ( l 1 v ABSTRACT Recent developments in environmental management (EM) in Trinidad and Tobago have produced severa! umbrella legislation and institutional reforms. Sïnce their enactment in 1995, there are still questions about their efficacy and key issues ofthese are examined. A multi-variant, cross-comparison approach relates the new and existing EM strategies to recommended guidelines found in the literature and collected fram local opinion. Environmentallmpact Assessment (ElA) is used in tandem with EM, as it is the main tool ofEM in Trinidad and Tobago. A case study ofElA application is used to assess the effectiveness ofEIA and EM in Trinidad and Tobago. Recommendations for reform are macle based on the analysis and the case study. RÉsUMÉ De récents progrès dans la gestion environnementale (GE) à la Trinité-et-Tobago ont donné lieu à plusieurs lois protectrices et à une réfonne institutionnelle. Depuis leur promulgation en 1995, leur efficacité soit encore discutable et les débats fondamentaux sur ces lois et réforme sont étudiés. Une comparaison entre les différentes variables permet d'établir un lien entre les nouvelles stratégies de GE et celles déjà existantes et les recommendations théoriques en plus de celles recueillies auprès des habitants. L'évaluation de l'impact environnemental (ÉIE) travaille de paire avec la GE puisqu'il est son outil principal àla Trinité-et-Tobago. Ici, une étude de cas de la mise en pratique de l'ÉIE mesure ['efficacité de l'ÉIE et la GE à la Trinité-et-Tobago. Les recommandations pour une réforme s'appuient sur l'analyse et l'étude de cas. (\ vi UST OF ACRONYMS CDA Chaguaramas Development Authority CDB Canèbean Development Bank ONEP Draft National Environmental Poliey ElA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmentallmpact Statement EMA Environmental Management Act EPAS Environmental Protection and Assessment Services FAO Federal Agrieultural Organisation FOEI Friends ofthe Earth International GIS Geographie Information Systems GOTT Govemment ofTrinidad and Tobago IDB International Development Bank IMA Institute ofMarine Affairs ITCZ Intertropical Convergence

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