BASE OF CRANIUM FROM EXTERNAL SIDE

HARD C)HARD PALATE- PALATE HORIZONTAL PLATE OF PALATINE & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES B)OCCIPITAL - HAS - SPINAL OCCIPITAL CORD; CONDYLE OCCIPITALCONDYLES- FOR C1-ATLAS

FORAMEN MAGNUM INCISIVE FORAMEN

GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN

LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN 4. BASE OF - COMPLEX

C)HARD PALATE- PALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES A) - STYLOID HAS STYLOID PROCESS PROCESS- MUSCLE ATTACH OCCIPITAL CONDYLE B) - HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITAL CONDYLES- FOR C1- FORAMEN ATLAS MAGNUM 1. – ‘CORE’ OF SKULL

LATERAL & 2)SPINE OF MEDIAL SPHENOID - PTERYGOID INFERIOR SIDE PLATES - ATTACH LIGAMENT MUSCLE ATTACH HAMULUS OF MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATE

MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATES

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS CT Horizontal Pterygoid Plate Part 1 SPHENOID BONE-INSIDE SKULL

forms parts of all cranial fossae; has: i) Lesser Wing above superior orbital LESSER WING fissure; OF SPHENOID ii) Greater Wing- below superior GREATER WING orbital fissure extends laterally; iii) - SELLA TURCICA (turkish saddle) depression above main part (body) GREATER WING OF SPHENOID- LATERAL SIDE OF SKULL

FORAMEN SPINOSUM SPINE OF SPHENOID BONE – Ligament attach BONY PART OF AUDITORY TUBE

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS TYMPANIC MIDDLE MEMBRANE EAR

PHARYNX

AUDITORY TUBE EXTERNAL AUDITORY (EUSTACHIAN MEATUS TUBE) CAROTID CANAL – OPENS TO FORAMEN LACERUM INSIDE MIDDLE OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS STYLOID PROCESS

MASTOID PROCESS STYLO- – VII leaves Post. Cranial fossa via Internal Aud. VII - FACIAL Meatus - enters facial canal

1. Greater Petrosal N. GVE parasymp to Lacrimal gland, mucous glands of nose and palate, sens. to Nasopharynx

2. Stapedial N. - SVE motor to stapedius

3. Chorda Tympani SVA taste to ant 2/3 VII tongue GVE parasymp to submandibular, subling. salivary glands MIDDLE EAR: BOUNDARIES

brain

Oval window Facial nerve canal MEDIAL WALL OF Promontory - cochlea TYMPANIC CAVITY = LATERAL WALL OF Round window INNER EAR

5. Medial Wall NOSE

Oval window (fenestra vestibuli) = attach stapes; Round window (fenestra cochlea) other end of cochlea VII - FACIAL

4. Posterior Auricular nerve Sensory to outer ear Motor auricular muscles occipitalis, frontalis

5. Motor Branches to Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric

6. Motor to muscles of facial expression: Post Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, Auricular mandibular, cervical Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric HYPO- GLOSSAL CANAL - LOOK UNDER OCCIPITAL CONDYLE NASAL CAVITY

SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN PETRO- TYMPANIC` FISSURE

PTERYGO- MAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGO- PALATINE FOSSA POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR FORAMINA – IN MAXILLARY BONE – CONNECT INFRATEMP. FOSSA TO MAX TEETH POST. SUP.ALV. N., A., V. PTERYGO- MAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGO- PALATINE FORAMEN FOSSA OVALE

FORAMEN SPINOSUM FORAMEN NOSE OVALE

FORAMEN SPINOSUM

MIDDLE POSTERIOR MENINGEAL SUPERIOR A. ALVEOLAR N. V2 INFERIOR LINGUAL N. ALVEOLAR V3 N. (V3)

FORAMINA OF ORBIT

FORAMINA- MOST THINGS ENTER ORBIT FROM

1) - IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY FORAMINA OF ORBIT: OPTIC FORAMEN

OPTIC FORAMEN AND CANAL SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 2) SUPERIOR 1) OPTIC ORBITAL CANAL-IN FISSURE BASE OF BETWEEN LESSER GREATER AND WING OF LESSER SPHENOID WINGS OF BONE, SPHENOID, CONTAINS CONTAINS III, OPTIC NERVE IV, V1, VI, & OPTHALMIC OPHTHALMIC VEINS ARTERY

NOSE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

1) INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE- SLIT BELOW SUP. ORBITAL FISSURE: BETWEEN SPHENOID & MAXILLARY - CONNECT AND WITH ORBIT - CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL AND ZYGOMATIC N., A. AND V. (V2, MAXILLARY A.) BONES OF ORBIT

3. MEDIAL WALL- INCLUDES MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL, ETHMOID, FRONTAL & SPHENOID (NASAL CAVITY IS MEDIAL TO MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT)

FRONTAL

SPHENOID ETHMOID

LACRIMAL

MAXILLARY

NOSE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA

2) ANT. & POST. ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA- BETWEEN ETHMOID & FRONTAL BONES - CONNECT ORBIT & NASAL CAVITIES - CONTAIN ANT & POST ETHMOIDAL N., A. & V. (V1 & OPHTHALIC A.) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OPENING OF 3) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT-IN MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL BONES & INF. NASAL CONCHA - CONTAINS MEMBRANEOUS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT & TEARS

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OTHER FORAMINA OF ORBIT

ORBIT- SERVES AS PASSAGEWAY FOR NERVES, VESSELS TO FACE, SCALP & NASAL CAVITY

1) SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH OR FORAMEN-IN CONTAINS SUPRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V1, OPTHALMIC A. and V.

2) INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN-IN MAXILLARY BONE CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V2 & MAXILLARY SKULL - bones rigidly connected by sutures to protect brain, attach move eyes

I. CALVARIUM = SKULL CAP- FRONTAL (1) Consists of bones linked by sutures BONES OF CALVARIUM PARIETAL (2)

FRONTAL (1)

SPHENOID (1)

OCCIPITAL (1) NOSE

TEMPORAL (2) NOSE B. SUTURES C. LANDMARKS 1. 1. - MID POINT OF CORONAL 2. SUTURE

2. - MID 3. LAMBDOIDAL POINT OF SUTURE LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE CORONAL SUTURE LANDMARKS

3. - JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL SPHENOID PARIETAL & FRONTAL BONES

NOSE D. – MEMBRANES LINK BONES AT BIRTH

1. ANTERIOR AT BREGMA - FONTANELLES PERMIT CRANIAL COMPRESSION AT BIRTH - CRANIAL GROWTH 3. LATERAL FONTANELLE AT PTERION

2. - AT LAMBDA CRISTA OLFACTORY GALLI FORAMEN – OF CN I ETHMOID OLFACTORY NERVE OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS in Prosection of Orbit and Cavernous Sinus CAVERNOUS SINUS – III, IV, V1, V2, VI OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS – CN V2 FORAMEN OVALE – CN V3, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY

FORAMEN SPINOSUM – , NERVOUS SPINOSUS V1

V2 V3

TRIGEMINAL (SEMILUNAR) GANGLION – VII, VIII JUGULAR FORAMEN – CN IX, X, XI, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN – CN XII

FORAMEN MAGNUM – SPINAL CORD, VERTEBRAL ARTERY