BASE OF CRANIUM FROM EXTERNAL SIDE HARD C)HARD PALATE- PALATE HORIZONTAL PLATE OF PALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES B)OCCIPITAL BONE- HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL OCCIPITAL CORD; CONDYLE OCCIPITALCONDYLES- FOR C1-ATLAS FORAMEN MAGNUM INCISIVE FORAMEN GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN 4. BASE OF SKULL - COMPLEX C)HARD PALATE- PALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES A) TEMPORAL BONE- STYLOID HAS STYLOID PROCESS PROCESS- MUSCLE ATTACH OCCIPITAL CONDYLE B) OCCIPITAL BONE- HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITAL CONDYLES- FOR C1- FORAMEN ATLAS MAGNUM 1. SPHENOID BONE – ‘CORE’ OF SKULL LATERAL & 2)SPINE OF MEDIAL SPHENOID - PTERYGOID INFERIOR SIDE PLATES - ATTACH LIGAMENT MUSCLE ATTACH HAMULUS OF MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATE MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATES EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS CT Horizontal Pterygoid Plate Part 1 SPHENOID BONE-INSIDE SKULL forms parts of all cranial fossae; has: i) Lesser Wing above superior orbital LESSER WING fissure; OF SPHENOID ii) Greater Wing- below superior GREATER WING orbital fissure extends laterally; iii) Sella Turcica- SELLA TURCICA (turkish saddle) depression above main part (body) GREATER WING OF SPHENOID- LATERAL SIDE OF SKULL FORAMEN OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM SPINE OF SPHENOID BONE – Ligament attach BONY PART OF AUDITORY TUBE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS TYMPANIC MIDDLE MEMBRANE EAR PHARYNX AUDITORY TUBE EXTERNAL AUDITORY (EUSTACHIAN MEATUS TUBE) CAROTID CANAL – OPENS TO FORAMEN LACERUM INSIDE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS STYLOID PROCESS MASTOID PROCESS STYLO- MASTOID FORAMEN – VII leaves Post. Cranial fossa via Internal Aud. VII - FACIAL Meatus - enters facial canal 1. Greater Petrosal N. GVE parasymp to Lacrimal gland, mucous glands of nose and palate, sens. to Nasopharynx 2. Stapedial N. - SVE motor to stapedius 3. Chorda Tympani SVA taste to ant 2/3 VII tongue GVE parasymp to submandibular, subling. salivary glands MIDDLE EAR: BOUNDARIES brain Oval window Facial nerve canal MEDIAL WALL OF Promontory - cochlea TYMPANIC CAVITY = LATERAL WALL OF Round window INNER EAR 5. Medial Wall NOSE Oval window (fenestra vestibuli) = attach stapes; Round window (fenestra cochlea) other end of cochlea VII - FACIAL 4. Posterior Auricular nerve Sensory to outer ear Motor auricular muscles occipitalis, frontalis 5. Motor Branches to Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric 6. Motor to muscles of facial expression: Post Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, Auricular mandibular, cervical Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric JUGULAR FORAMEN HYPO- GLOSSAL CANAL - LOOK UNDER OCCIPITAL CONDYLE NASAL CAVITY SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN PETRO- TYMPANIC` FISSURE PTERYGO- MAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGO- PALATINE FOSSA POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR FORAMINA – IN MAXILLARY BONE – CONNECT INFRATEMP. FOSSA TO MAX TEETH POST. SUP.ALV. N., A., V. PTERYGO- MAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGO- PALATINE FORAMEN FOSSA OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM FORAMEN NOSE OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM MIDDLE POSTERIOR MENINGEAL SUPERIOR A. ALVEOLAR N. V2 INFERIOR LINGUAL N. ALVEOLAR V3 N. (V3) FORAMINA OF ORBIT FORAMINA- MOST THINGS ENTER ORBIT FROM MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA 1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY 2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY FORAMINA OF ORBIT: OPTIC FORAMEN OPTIC FORAMEN AND CANAL SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 2) SUPERIOR 1) OPTIC ORBITAL CANAL-IN FISSURE BASE OF BETWEEN LESSER GREATER AND WING OF LESSER SPHENOID WINGS OF BONE, SPHENOID, CONTAINS CONTAINS III, OPTIC NERVE IV, V1, VI, & OPTHALMIC OPHTHALMIC VEINS ARTERY NOSE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 1) INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE- SLIT BELOW SUP. ORBITAL FISSURE: BETWEEN SPHENOID & MAXILLARY - CONNECT PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA WITH ORBIT - CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL AND ZYGOMATIC N., A. AND V. (V2, MAXILLARY A.) BONES OF ORBIT 3. MEDIAL WALL- INCLUDES MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL, ETHMOID, FRONTAL & SPHENOID (NASAL CAVITY IS MEDIAL TO MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT) FRONTAL SPHENOID ETHMOID LACRIMAL MAXILLARY NOSE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA 2) ANT. & POST. ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA- BETWEEN ETHMOID & FRONTAL BONES - CONNECT ORBIT & NASAL CAVITIES - CONTAIN ANT & POST ETHMOIDAL N., A. & V. (V1 & OPHTHALIC A.) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OPENING OF 3) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT-IN MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL BONES & INF. NASAL CONCHA - CONTAINS MEMBRANEOUS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT & TEARS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OTHER FORAMINA OF ORBIT ORBIT- SERVES AS PASSAGEWAY FOR NERVES, VESSELS TO FACE, SCALP & NASAL CAVITY 1) SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH OR FORAMEN-IN FRONTAL BONE CONTAINS SUPRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V1, OPTHALMIC A. and V. 2) INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN-IN MAXILLARY BONE CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V2 & MAXILLARY SKULL - bones rigidly connected by sutures to protect brain, attach move eyes I. CALVARIUM = SKULL CAP- FRONTAL (1) Consists of bones linked by sutures BONES OF CALVARIUM PARIETAL (2) FRONTAL (1) SPHENOID (1) OCCIPITAL (1) NOSE TEMPORAL (2) NOSE B. SUTURES C. LANDMARKS 1. CORONAL SUTURE 1. BREGMA - MID POINT OF CORONAL 2. SAGITTAL SUTURE SUTURE 2. LAMBDA - MID 3. LAMBDOIDAL POINT OF SUTURE LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE CORONAL SUTURE LANDMARKS 3. PTERION - JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL SPHENOID PARIETAL & FRONTAL BONES NOSE D. FONTANELLES – MEMBRANES LINK BONES AT BIRTH 1. ANTERIOR FONTANELLE AT BREGMA - FONTANELLES PERMIT CRANIAL COMPRESSION AT BIRTH - CRANIAL GROWTH 3. LATERAL FONTANELLE AT PTERION 2. POSTERIOR FONTANELLE - AT LAMBDA CRISTA OLFACTORY GALLI FORAMEN – OF CN I ETHMOID OLFACTORY NERVE OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS Cranial Nerves in Prosection of Orbit and Cranial Cavity Cavernous Sinus CAVERNOUS SINUS – III, IV, V1, V2, VI OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS FORAMEN ROTUNDUM – CN V2 FORAMEN OVALE – CN V3, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY FORAMEN SPINOSUM – MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY, NERVOUS SPINOSUS V1 V2 V3 TRIGEMINAL (SEMILUNAR) GANGLION INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS – VII, VIII JUGULAR FORAMEN – CN IX, X, XI, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL – CN XII FORAMEN MAGNUM – SPINAL CORD, VERTEBRAL ARTERY.