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ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͗dŚĞĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂƌĞŐŝŽŶŝƐĂƌŝĐŚƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŽƌLJŽĨŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ džĐĞƐƐŝǀĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƵŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐŽĨ ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝůĚĂƌĞůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽĂĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŽĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĂůƟƚƵĚĞƐŽĨƌƵŶĂĐŚĂů WƌĂĚĞƐŚ͕/ŶĚŝĂƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĮĞůĚƐƵƌǀĞLJƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘KƵƚŽĨĂďŽƵƚϳϱŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ͕ ϰϭƌĂƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐƵďͲƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞƚŽĂůƉŝŶĞĨŽƌĞƐƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŶĂůƟƚƵĚŝŶĂůƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ϭϱϬϬʹϰϱϬϬŵ͘dĂdžŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĨĂůůƵŶĚĞƌϮϱĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨŚŝŐŚĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϯϭĂƌĞĚŝĐŽƚƐ͕ƐĞǀĞŶĂƌĞŵŽŶŽĐŽƚƐĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĞ ŐLJŵŶŽƐƉĞƌŵƐ͘DĂŶLJƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐůŝŬĞTaxus wallichiana, ŽƉƟƐƚĞĞƚĂ, Panax pseudoginseng, Panax sikkimensisǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ŝŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐůŽĐĂůŝƟĞƐ͘dŚĞǁĞƐƚĞƌŶƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĞdžŚŝďŝƚƐŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚŚƌĞĂƚƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ͕ŝŵƉƌŽƉĞƌ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐ͕ŚĂďŝƚĂƚůŽƐƐĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽďĞŵŽƌĞĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĞīŽƌƚƐĨƌŽŵďŽƚŚŝŶƐŝƚƵĂŶĚĞdžƐŝƚƵ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂƌĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘
<ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ƌƵŶĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͕ĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂ͕ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘
Taxus wallichiana
NOT DATA LEAST NEAR CRITICALLY EXTINCT VULNERABLE EXTINCT EVALUATED DEFICIENT CONCERN THREATENED ENDANGERED ENDANGERED IN THE WILD
NE DD LC NT VU EN CR EW EX
DOI͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘ŽϰϬϰϭ͘ϳϮϰϯͲϱϮ
ĚŝƚŽƌ͗sŝũĂLJĂƐĂŶŬĂƌZĂŵĂŶ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨDŝƐƐŝƐƐŝƉƉŝ͕h^͘ ĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗ϮϲDĂLJϮϬϭϱ;ŽŶůŝŶĞΘƉƌŝŶƚͿ
DĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗DƐηŽϰϬϰϭͮZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϮϰDĂLJϮϬϭϰͮ&ŝŶĂůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϬϱƉƌŝůϮϬϭϱͮ&ŝŶĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚϭϰƉƌŝůϮϬϭϱ
ŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗'ĂũƵƌĞů͕W͘Z͕͘<Ś͘ZŽŶĂůĚ͕Z͘ƵƌĂŐŽŚĂŝŶ͕W͘ZĞƚŚLJ͕͘^ŝŶŐŚΘ^͘WŽƚƐĂŶŐďĂŵ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘KŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĂƚƐŽĨŚŝŐŚǀĂůƵĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂů ƉůĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĂůƟƚƵĚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶĚŝĂŶĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂ͘Journal of Threatened Taxaϳ;ϲͿ͗ϳϮϰϯʹϳϮϱϮ; ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘ŽϰϬϰϭ͘ϳϮϰϯͲϱϮ
ŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͗ ©'ĂũƵƌĞůĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ƌĞĂƟǀĞŽŵŵŽŶƐƩƌŝďƵƟŽŶϰ͘Ϭ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů>ŝĐĞŶƐĞ͘:ŽddĂůůŽǁƐƵŶƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞŝŶĂŶLJŵĞĚŝƵŵ͕ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĐƌĞĚŝƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘
&ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗EŽƌƚŚ ĂƐƚŽƵŶĐŝů;E Ϳ'Žǀƚ͘ŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͕^ŚŝůůŽŶŐ͘
ŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͗dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĚĞĐůĂƌĞŶŽĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘
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ƵƚŚŽƌŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͗WZ'ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚĨŽƌƐŝƚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĮĞůĚƐƵƌǀĞLJ͕ĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ƐƉĞĐŝŵĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĮŶĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚ͘ ,ĞŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽŶŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐĨƵŶĚĞĚďLJE ͘ ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗dŚĞƵƚŚŽƌƐĂƌĞǀĞƌLJƚŚĂŶŬĨƵůƚŽƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕'Žǀƚ͘ŽĨƌƵŶĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚĨŽƌŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŚĞůƉĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮĞůĚ ǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨE Z/^dĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘dŚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚ ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ŽƵŶĐŝů;E Ϳ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͘dŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚďŽĂƌĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚhEWƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƚŽƚŚĞĮƌƐƚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞďŽƚĂŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐƵƌǀĞLJŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚDĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůWůĂŶƚŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƌĞĂƐŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŚĞůƉĞĚƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƵƐĞĨƵůĚĂƚĂ͖ŚĞŶĐĞĚƵůLJ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚ͘ ϳϮϰϯ Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. INTRODUCTION Taxus wallichiana (Nisar et al. 2008); hypoglycemic effect and activity of streptozotocin induced diabetic Medicinal plants have always received a high priority rats from the methanolic extract of Berberis aristata among the wild plant resources, for their exploitation, Stem (Upwar et al. 2011). Many other researchers have management and conservation. As for plant diversity, also shown an interest in studying the phytochemical medicinal plants have been considered to have the compounds present in the following plants Coptis highest relative value in societies (Hamilton 2004). teeta, Illicium grifithii, Panax pseudoginseng and Panax Herbal medicine coming into vogue world-wide due to a sikkimensis (Shukla & Thakur 1985; Latif et . al 2008; growing appreciation of natural products being cheaper Mathur et al. 2010; Vijayakumar et al. 2012) as the and safer, has elevated the degree of threat (Pareek continuous discovery of various phytochemicals from 1996). About 80% of the population in developing traditional medicinal plants has opened up a new source countries depends directly on plants for its primary for the pharmaceutical industry. And the large scale health care needs (Bannerman 1983). Two-thirds of the harvesting for their high medicinal value both locally and estimated 50,000 medicinal plant species used for herbal commercially, has resulted in rapid population decline medicine are harvested from the wild, of which, 4,000– of these species. Hussain & Hore (2008) reported the 10,000 species may be endangered (Hamilton 2003). vast exploitation of these medicinal plants species from Indiscriminate collection without proper management the wild. Although very few publications appeared has escalated the rate of depletion causing a faster rate during the past two decades in the field of medicinal of extinction (Hussain & Hore 2008). It is also estimated plants’ research (Singh et al. 1995; Haridasan et al. that about 1800 populations of plants are being 1995, 1996, 2003; Pandey 1998; Bhuyan 1999, 2000; destroyed every hour, i.e., 16 million annually in tropical Sarmah et al. 2000; Rawat & Ramasankar 2001), they forests alone (Hughes et al. 1997). It is estimated that out are mostly specific to ethnobotany, utilization pattern of about 18,000 flowering plant species found in India, and cultivation, while limited attempts have been made about 2500 plants species are used only by traditional to document the diversity and distributional status of herbal healers and about 500 plant species are used the medicinal plant species including the exact possible by various pharmaceutical companies (Chandel et al. cause of threats. To fill the gap extensive field surveys 1996; Dhiman & Tripathi 2009). The growing demand on the distribution of medicinal plants of the state have for medicinal plants combined with degradation and been carried out. The present paper deals with the fragmentation of natural habitats in the country has diversity, distribution and an analysis of threats. pushed over 300 species of Indian medicinal plants into various threatened categories (FRLHT 2007). The state of Arunachal Pradesh, which covers a MATERIAL AND METHODS major portion of the eastern Himalaya, is known for its rich diversity of flora and fauna. More than 500 Study area and site selection medicinal plants have been recorded from the state The study has been conducted in the eastern from various climatic zones (Haridasan et al. 2003). Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh situated Among them species like Aconitum ferox, Berberis between 26028’–29030’N & 91030’–97030’E and aristata, Campylandra aurantiaca, Illicium griffithii, having a geographical area of 83,743km2. The State is Panax pseudoginseng, Paris polyphylla, Coptis teeta, predominantly mountainous in nature and is inhabited Picrorhiza kurroa, Swertia chirayita, Taxus wallichiana, by 26 major tribes. The vegetation of Arunachal Valeriana jatamansi, which are found in the higher Pradesh is mainly classified into five broad forest types, altitudes are recognised as potential pharmaceutical viz.: tropical, subtropical, temperate broad-leaved and species. Records of various valuable phytochemical temperate coniferous, sub alpine, and alpine (Champion compound and bioactive principles have been made & Seth 1968). Later Kaul & Haridarshan (1987) included from such species and many new chemical compounds secondary forests consisting of degraded forest, bamboo are being added. Antioxidant activity in Podophyllum forest and grassland. The high altitude areas are covered hexandrum (Chawla et al. 2005); anti-tumor constituent by sub-temperate to alpine types of forests and are in Paris polyphylla (Wang et al. 2007); anti-asthmatic rich repositories of biodiversity with an occurrence of effect ofPicrorhiza kurroa (Dorsch et al. 1991); anti-viral some rare and endemic species but limited in numbers activity present in Swertia chirayita (Verma et al. 2008); (Paul 2008). Based on secondary information on the anti-convulsant, analgesic and antipyretic activities in availability of medicinal plants and to represent the 7244 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. Index Indian eastern Himalaya Eastern Zone Central Zone Western Zone Figure 1. Selected study sites in the East Himalayan State of Arunachal Pradesh, India. (Map source: http://www.mapsopensource.com/) entire region the state was divided into three zones, i.e., taxonomic literature and herbarium specimens of eastern, central and western zones (Fig .1). A total of six regional and national herbaria (CAL, ASSAM and ARUN). districts, two each from the western, central and eastern All the specimens were deposited at Forestry Herbarium, parts were selected for the field survey to understand NERIST. Various formal and informal interviews the distribution and diversity. Twelve specific locations followed by group discussions were conducted in in higher altitudinal range (between 1600–3800 m) were the villages of the selected study sites with various selected from the six districts based on accessibility people (i.e., the village chief, the local healer, farmers, (Table 1). head of the house and medicinal plant trader) having knowledge and experience of medicinal plants. Different Field survey and data collection types of threats were analysed by preparing standard Extensive field surveys were conducted for two years questionnaires emphasising types of exploitation, from 2010–2012 in the selected areas for collection and population and habitat loss. An attempt was also understanding the distribution patterns and population made to assign the present degree of threats based on status in a natural habitat. At least two surveys were the personal observation in the field and information conducted at each site to locate and collect samples of from villagers and traders. Three parameters—high, medicinal plants with the help of forests staff and local moderate and low—were used to indicate the threat people and all possible data were collected from the level of species. Besides, the reported threat status is field. The GPS (Garmin e-Trex 30) was used to record also indicated following Ved et al. (2003). geo-coordinates and altitudes. Herbarium specimens of all species were collected and processed as per Jain & Rao (1977) and identification was done following Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 7245 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. dĂďůĞϭ͘^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚƐƚƵĚLJƐŝƚĞƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƵƌǀĞLJŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂŶƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƌƵŶĂĐŚĂůWƌĂĚĞƐŚ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚƐƚƵĚLJƐŝƚĞ ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ůƟƚƵĚĞ;ŵͿ &ŽƌĞƐƚƚLJƉĞ Ϭ Ϭ 1 <ŝďŝƚŚŽ Ϯϴ Ϭϴ͛Ϭϱ͘ϵϵ͟EΘϵϳ Ϭϭ͛ϬϮ͟ ^ƵďͲƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ŶũĂǁ ϭϱϬϬʹϮϰϬϬ 2 tĂůŽŶŐ ϮϴϬϬϴ͛ϭϵ͘ϬϬ͟EΘϵϳϬϬϭ͛ϬϬ͟ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞ Ϭ Ϭ 3 DĂLJŽĚŝĂ >ŽǁĞƌŝďĂŶŐ Ϯϴ ϭϱ͛Ϭϰ͟EΘϵϳ ϱϱ͛ϯϯ͟ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞƌŽĂĚͲ ϭϲϬϬʹϮϲϱϱ 4 ,ƵŶůŝsĂůůĞLJ ϮϴϬϭϵ͛ϯϯ͟EΘϵϱϬϱϳ͛ϰϯ͟ ůĞĂǀĞĚĨŽƌĞƐƚ Ϭ Ϭ 5 DĞĐŚƵŬĂ Ϯϴ ϯϰ͛ϰϵ͟EΘϵϰ Ϭϳ͛ϱϲ͟ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞWŝŶĞ tĞƐƚ^ŝĂŶŐ ϭϲϬϬʹϮϱϬϬ 6 zĂƌůƵŶŐ ϮϴϬϰϬ͛ϭϳ͟EΘϵϯϬϱϴ͛ϭϭ͟ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ϳ WĂůŝŶ ϮϳϬϯϵ͛ϰϳ͟EΘϵϯϬϯϳ͛ϯϴ͟ ^ƵďͲƚƌŽƉŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ϭϱϬϬʹϮϬϬϬ <ƵƌƵŶŐ<ƵŵĞLJ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞ ϴ ^ĂŶŐƌĂŵ ϮϳϬϰϭ͛Ϭϯ͟EΘϵϯϬϯϴ͛Ϭϭ͟ Ϭ Ϭ ϵ ŽŵĚŝůĂ Ϯϳ ϭϳ͛ϭϵ͟EΘϵϮ Ϯϱ͛ϱϯ͟ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞƚŽ^ƵďͲ ϭϵϱϰʹϮϳϬϬ ϭϬ ^ŚĞƌŐŽĂŶtĞƐƚ<ĂŵĞŶŐ ϮϳϬϬϲ͛ϭϴ͟EΘϵϮϬϭϲ͛ϭϳ͟ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞ 11 dĂǁĂŶŐ ϮϳϬϯϳ͛ϮϬ͟EΘϵϭϬϰϴ͛Ϯϰ͟ dĂǁĂŶŐ ϯϮϬϬʹϯϱϬϬ ^ƵďͲĂůƉŝŶĞƚŽůƉŝŶĞ 12 ^ĞůĂƉĂƐƐ ϮϳϬϯϬ͛ϮϬ͟EΘϵϮϬϬϲ͛ϭϳ͟ Z ^h>d^ ϰϬ 35 ŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐ ϯϬ dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĮĞůĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƌĞĐŽƌĚƐƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ 25 ŽĨϰϭŚŝŐŚǀĂůƵĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵďͲ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞ ƚŽ ĂůƉŝŶĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌƵŶĂĐŚĂů WƌĂĚĞƐŚ͘ ϮϬ 15 dŚĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌďŽƚĂŶŝĐĂů EŽ͘ŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ĐŽŵŵŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞŶĂŵĞ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂůƌĂŶŐĞ͕ ϭϬ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ ŽĨ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ;dĂďůĞ ϮͿ͘ 5 KƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ϰϭ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ϯϭ ďĞůŽŶŐ ƚŽ ϮϬ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ŽĨ Ϭ ĚŝĐŽƚLJůĞĚŽŶƐ͕ƐŝdžƐƉĞĐŝĞƐďĞůŽŶŐƚŽƚǁŽŵŽŶŽĐŽƚLJůĞĚŽŶ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ĞŶƚƌĂů ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚǁŽ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůLJ͕ Abies densa ĂŶĚ &ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂů ƉůĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚƌĞĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚnjŽŶĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ Taxus wallichina ďĞůŽŶŐƚŽƚǁŽŐLJŵŶŽƐƉĞƌŵŝĐĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚͲǁŝƐĞŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐƌĞǀĞĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐďĞůŽŶŐƚŽƌŚŝnjŽŵĂƚŽƵƐŚĞƌďƐ;ϮϰƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ƚƌĞĞƐĂŶĚƐŚƌƵďƐĂƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŽŶůLJďLJĞŝŐŚƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŶŽƌŵĂů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƌĂŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽ ŽĐĐƵƌ ŝŶ ĂŶĚRubia manjith ŝƐƚŚĞŽŶůLJĐůŝŵďŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;dĂďůĞϮͿ͘ ƚǁŽ njŽŶĞƐ ;&ŝŐ͘ ϯ͖ dĂďůĞ ϮͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂƌĞĂ͘ ŵŽŶŐ dŚĞƐĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶĂůůƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞnjŽŶĞƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘/ůůŝĐŝƵŵ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƐƚůLJ ĐŽŶĮŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŐƌŝĸƚŚŝŝ, Taxus wallichiana, Panax sikkimensis, Berberis ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϴϬϬʹϯϱϬϬ ŵ͘ tŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŝƐ aristata, ĂŶƚŚŽdžLJůƵŵ ŶŝƟĚƵŵ, Rubia manjith ǁĞƌĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĨƌŽŵ ǁĞƐƚ ƚŽ ĞĂƐƚ ƚŚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽŚĂǀĞĂďĞƩĞƌĚĞŶƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŝƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶ ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶƉĂƌƚ͘ ƉĂƌƚ ;ϯϴ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ ƉĂƌƚ ;ϭϲ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƉĂƌƚ;ϭϯƐƉƉ͘Ϳ;&ŝŐ͘ϮͿ͘dŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ dŚƌĞĂƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ϯϱй ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ;ůŝŬĞ /ůůŝĐŝƵŵ ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽƵƉ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ ŐƌŝĸƚŚŝŝ͕ WĂŶĂdž ƐŝŬŬŝŵĞŶƐŝƐ͕ WŽĚŽƉŚLJůůƵŵ ŚĞdžĂŶĚƌƵŵ͕ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƐŝŶĂĚŝƟŽŶƚŽŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ Paris polyphylla, Rubia manjith, Taxus wallichianaͿ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚƚŚĂƚĂŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞĨĂĐĞĚǁŝƚŚ ŚĂǀĞ ǁŝĚĞƌ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƌĂŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ͘,ĂďŝƚĂƚůŽƐƐŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌ ŝŶĂůůƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞnjŽŶĞƐǁŚŝůĞϰϳйŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ůŝŬĞAbies ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŽŶƚŽĂůůƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁŚŝĐŚ densa͕ ŽƉƟƐ ƚĞĞƚĂ͕ 'LJŵŶĂĚĞŶŝĂ ŽƌĐŚŝĚŝƐ͕ WŝĐƌŽƌŚŝnjĂ ŝƐĚƵĞƚŽůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞƐ͕ũŚƵŵĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶ͕ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůĨŽƌĞƐƚ kurroa, Valeriana hardwickiiͿ ĂƌĞ ŶĂƌƌŽǁůLJ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ĮƌĞ͕ŚƵŵĂŶƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŽƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽŽŶůLJŽŶĞnjŽŶĞ͘dŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐϭϴй;ůŝŬĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƌŽĂĚĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞ Rhododendron anthopogon, Aconitum feroxͿƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂƌĞ ϳϮϰϲ Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. ϭϴйƐƉƉ͘ǁŝƚŚǁŝĚĞƌ ϯϱйƐƉƉ͘ǁŝƚŚŶĂƌƌŽǁ ϯϬ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞ 25 ϮϬ 15 EŽ͘ŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ϭϬ 5 Ϭ dƌ>ŵ'ƌdƉ,ŽƉ &ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͘^ƉĞĐŝĞƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ;dƌͲƚƌĂĚŝŶŐ͖>ŵͲ>ŽĐĂůŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƵƐĞĚ͖'ƌͲ'ƌĂnjŝŶŐ͖dƉͲ,ĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐͿ ϰϳйƐƉƉ͘ǁŝƚŚŶŽƌŵĂů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞ ZŽŽƚƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͘WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƌĂŶŐĞ ^ƚĞŵͬďĂƌŬ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƉĂƌƚ >Žǁ >ĞĂǀĞƐ ϭϱй tŚŽůĞƉůĂŶƚ ZŚŝnjŽŵĞ ϬϱϭϬϭϱ EŽ͘ŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͘hƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƉĂƌƚƐ͘ ,ŝŐŚ ϱϱй ǀŝƐŝƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ DĞĚŝƵŵ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘ ϯϬй ĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŚƌĞĂƚƐƚŚĂƚĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĚĞƉůĞƚĞƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ƌĞǀĞĂůƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ͕ϱϱйĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽďĞŚŝŐŚůLJ &ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘ĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƐŽŶŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJϯϬйǁŝƚŚŵĞĚŝƵŵƚŚƌĞĂƚƐĂŶĚ ϭϱйǁŝƚŚůŽǁƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ;&ŝŐ͘ϱͿ͘ŶĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨ ƉůĂŶƚƉĂƌƚƐƌĞǀĞĂůƐƚŚĂƚƌŚŝnjŽŵĞƐĂŶĚƌŽŽƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ;Ϯϳ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ ƵƐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ;ϭϮ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ƉĂƌƚƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ƚƌĂĚŝŶŐ ;Ϯϳ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ĨƌƵŝƚ͕ŇŽǁĞƌ͕ƐĞĞĚ;ϵƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ůĞĂǀĞƐ;ϳƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ƐƚĞŵĂŶĚ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ ;ϭϬ ƐƉƉ͘Ϳ ůŝŬĞ ĨŽŽĚ͕ ĨŽĚĚĞƌ͕ ĨƵĞů ǁŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ďĂƌŬ;ϲƐƉƉ͘Ϳ͕ĂŶĚǁŚŽůĞƉůĂŶƚ;ϱƐƉƉ͘Ϳ;&ŝŐ͘ϲͿ͘ŵŽŶŐ ƌŝƚƵĂůƐ͘'ƌĂnjŝŶŐ;ϯƐƉƉ͘ͿĂŶĚƚƌĂŵƉůŝŶŐ;ϳƐƉƉ͘ͿĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ϭϱƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽďĞƚǁŽŽƚŚĞƌĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĂīĞĐƟŶŐŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŚĞƌďĂĐĞŽƵƐ ƵŶĚĞƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚŚƌĞĂƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ;EĂLJĂƌΘ^ĂƐƚƌLJϭϵϴϳ͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;&ŝŐ͘ϰͿ͘DĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐůŝŬĞ'LJŵŶĂĚĞŶŝĂ ϭϵϴϴ͕ϭϵϵϬͿĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ orchidis, Plantago erosa, Selinum wallichianum, ǁŚŝĐŚ ;sĞĚ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ϮϬϬϯ͖ &Z>,d ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŽŶĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŝƐ ŐƌŽǁĂŵŽŶŐŐƌĂƐƐĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJŐƌĂnjĞĚĂŶĚĂůƐŽŐĞƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͕ ĨŽƵƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ƵƉƌŽŽƚĞĚǁŚŝůĞŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͘ ŝƚŚĞƌůŽŽƐĞƐŽŝůŽƌĂƐŚĂůůŽǁ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͕ ƐĞǀĞŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌŽŽƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŵĂLJ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŽďĞsƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĞĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĂůƉůĂŶƚƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘Aconitum ƐƉ., Bergenia ciliata, ƚŽ ďĞ EĞĂƌ dŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ;dĂďůĞ ϮͿ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ŽƉƟƐ ĂŵƉLJůĂŶĚƌĂĂƵƌĂŶƟĂĐĂĂŶĚPanax pseudoginseng are ƚĞĞƚĂ͕ dĂdžƵƐ ǁĂůůŝĐŚŝĂŶĂ͕ ^ǁĞƌƟĂ ĐŚŝƌĂLJŝƚĂ͕ ĐŽŶŝƚƵŵ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŽďĞƚƌĂŵƉůĞĚďLJĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂŶŝŵĂůƐůŝŬĞDŝƚŚƵŶ ƐƉ͘, Panax ƐƉ͘, Berberis ƐƉ͕͘'LJŵŶĂĚĞŶŝĂŽƌĐŚŝĚŝƐŚĂǀĞ Bos frontalisĂŶĚzĂŬ Bos grunniens. dƌĂŵƉůŝŶŐŝƐŶŽƚ ŚŝŐŚĞƌĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚƐǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůƵƐĞƐĂŶĚŶĂƌƌŽǁ ŽŶůLJĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJĂŶŝŵĂůƐďƵƚĂůƐŽŚƵŵĂŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͕ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƌĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŚŽǁ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ ŽĨ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJǁŚŽ ;dĂďůĞϮͿ͘ Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 ϳϮϰϳ Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. Table 2. High altitude medicinal plant species of Arunachal Pradesh with their distribution and threats status Area of Reported Types and Collection Common/ Parts occurrence/ Altitude threat Sno Botanical name Family Habit degree of number trade name used Population (m) status (Ved threats status et al. 2003) 1 Abies densa Griff. KH125 Pinaceae - Tree Leaves W(h) 2600-3800 Lm* NT Aconitum ferox 2 AB 95 Ranunculaceae Tsando Herb Rhizome W(l), E(l) 3000-5000 Lm, Tr, Tp*** EN Wall. ex Ser. Aconite / 3 Aconitum sp. Ranunculaceae Herb Root W(l), E(l) 3000-4000 Lm, Tr, Tp*** Atish Berberis aristata Bark and W(m),E(l), 4 KH126 Berberidaceae Dal haidi Shrub 2000-3000 Tr, Gr** - DC. fruits C(m) Berberis insignis 5 Hook. f. & PRG851 Berberidaceae Dal haidi Shrub Bark W(l), C(l) 2000-2700 Tr, Gr** - Thomson Bergenia ciliata Whole 6 KH127 Saxifragaceae Brah-mentoh Herb W(l) 1200-2000 Lm, Tr, Tp*** VU (Haw.) Sternb. plant Campylandra 7 PRG850 Liliaceae Kekong Herb Rhizome C(l), E(l) 2300-2500 Lm, Tp*** - aurantiaca Baker 8 Coptis teeta Wall. PRG301 Ranunculaceae Mishimiteeta Herb Rhizome E(m) 2500-4000 Lm, Tr, Tp*** EN Crepidium 9 acuminatum (D. PRG859 Orchidaceae - Herb Stem W(l) 1500-3300 Tr** - Don) Szlach. Dactylorhiza 10 PRG 960 Orchidaceae Salam-Panch. Herb Rhizome W(l) 2500-3200 Tr*** - hatagirea D. Don Gaultheria W(m), C(m), 11 fragrantissima AB 121 Ericaceae Gandapura Shrub Leaves 2100-2600 Lm, Tr** - E(m) Wall. Gymnadenia 12 Orchidaceae Okhery Herb Tubers W(l) 3000-4000 Tr*** VU orchidis Lindl. Gymnocladus Menang- 13 KH133 Fabaceae Tree Fruits W(l) 2200-3000 Tr, Hop*** CR assamicus Kanjilal manba-Shi Illicium griffithii Star anise / W(h), E(l), 14 Hook. f. & PRG790 Illiciaceae Tree Fruit 2000-2800 Lm, Tr, Hop** NT Lyssi C(l) Thomson Curculigo 15 KH129 Hypoxidaceae - Herb Rhizome C(m), E(m) 1800-2400 Lm, Tr*** - orchioides Gaertn. Mahonia Bark and W(m), E(m), 16 KH130 Berberidaceae Taming Shrub 1800-2600 Lm, Tr, Gr** VU napaulensis DC. fruits C(l) Meconopsis 17 KH137 Papaveraceae Kunda Herb Root W(l) 2800-3500 Tr,Gr, Tp** - aculeata Royle Panax 18 pseudoginseng PRG858 Araliaceae Ginseng Herb Rhizome W(l), E(l) 2500-3300 Tr, Tp*** - Wall. Panax sikkimensis W(l), E(l), 19 PRGG363 Araliaceae Ginseng Herb Rhizome 1000-2000 Tr, Tp*** - R.N. Banerjee C(l) Paris polyphylla 20 AB 114 Liliaceae Do-tala Herb Rhizome W(l), C(l) 2000-3000 Tr, Tp*** - Smith Perilla frutescens Leaves 21 PRG859 Lamiaceae - Shrub W(h) 2000-2300 Lm** - (L.) Britton and seed Picrorhiza kurroa Whole 22 Scrophulariaceae Kutki Herb W(l) 3000-4500 Tr, Tm** EN Royle ex Benth. plant Plantago erosa Whole W(h), E(h), 23 PRG857 Plantaginaceae - Herb 1800-3000 Tr, Lm* - Wall. plant C(h) Podophyllum W(l), E(l), 24 AB129 Berberidaceae Giriparpat (H) Herb Rhizome 2500-4500 Tr,*** VU hexandrum Royle C(l) Polygala arillata 25 Buch.-Ham. ex PRG861 Polygalaceae - Shrub Roots W(l) 1800-2500 Lm* - D. Don 7248 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. Area of Reported Types and Collection Common/ Parts occurrence/ Altitude threat Sno Botanical name Family Habit degree of number trade name used Population (m) status (Ved threats status et al. 2003) Polygonatum W(l), E(l), 26 KH134 Liliaceae Meda Herb Roots 3000-4000 Lm, Tr,*** VU vercillatum (L.) All. C(m) Potentilla 27 KH136 Rosaceae Dorighas Herb Roots W(m) 2000-3500 Lm, Tr,** - nepalensis Hook. Rheum nobile Rhizome 28 Hook. f. & KH132 Polygonaceae - Herb W(l), E(l) 3000-5000 Tr*** NT and root Thomson Rhododendron 29 PRG852 Ericaceae Dhupi Shrub Leaves W(m), C(l) 3500-4200 Lm, Hop*** VU anthopogon D.Don Rhododendron Bark and 30 PRG853 Ericaceae - Tree W(h), C(h) 2000-3000 Lm, Hop** - arboreum Sm. flowers Rubia/ Rubia manjith Roots and W(m), E(l), 31 PRG780 Rubiaceae Manzisth / Climber 1200-2500 Lm, Tr*** - Roxb. ex Fleming leaves C(m) Laal-rashi Root and W(m, E(m), 32 Centella asiatica L. PRG73 Apiaceae - Herb 1800-2600 Lm, Hop* - shoot C(l) Saussurea 33 gossypiphora Asteraceae - Herb Flower W(l) 3000-3800 Lm, Tr*** - D. Don Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Whole 34 KH135 Apiaceae - Herb W(l) 3000-3500 Lm** - Raizada & H.O. plant Saxena Swertia chirayita Whole 35 (Roxb. ex Fleming) RB011 Gentianaceae Chiraita Herb W(l) 2000-4000 Tr, Lm*** VU parts Karsten Swertia hookeri 36 PRG863 Gentianaceae - Herb Roots W(l) 3000-3500 Tr, Lm*** - C.B. Clarke Taxus wallichiana Himalyan Bark and W(l), E(l), 37 PRG756 Taxaceae Tree 1800-3000 Tr, Hop*** EN Zucc. Yew leaves C(l) Valeriana Jatamansi / Roots and 38 Valerianaceae Herb W(l) 1800-4000 Lm*** VU hardwickii Wall. Sugandi rhizome Valeriana Jatamansi / Roots and 39 PRG856 Valerianaceae Herb W (l) 1500-3600 Lm, Tr*** VU- jatamansii Jones Sugandi rhizome Zanthoxylum 40 acanthopodium PRG854 Rutaceae Timur Tree Fruit s W(m), E(l) 2300-3000 Lm, Hop** - Cand. Zanthoxylum Roots and W(l), E(m), 41 nitidum (Roxb.) PRG769 Rutaceae Gagra Shrub 1800-2600 Lm, Hop* - Fruit C(m) DC. Abbreviation used: Area of occurrence: W = Western part, E = Eastern part, C = Central part; Population status: Population of species: h = high(>5000), m = medium (<3000), l = Low (<1000); Status: CR = Critically Endangered, NT = Near threatened, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable; Type of threats: LM = Local medicine, Gr = Grazing, Hop = Harvested for other purpose, Tp = Trampling, Tr = Trade; Degree of Threats: *** = High, ** = Medium, * = Low. DISCUSSION 1996); Bhuyan (1999); Hussain & Hore (2008). The recent study of Kalita & Khan (2013) on higher altitude The state of Arunachal Pradesh that represents a medicinal plants of the western part of the state also major part of the eastern Himalayan region is known for recorded the occurrence of 40 species including 16 its rich diversity of medicinal plants. Many threatened tree species. However, the tree species like Terminalia medicinal plants occur in the temperate as well as chebula, T. bellirica, Gynocardia odorata, Oroxylum alpine forests in the state. The result of the present indicum, Dillenia indica, Hydnocarpus kurzii are mostly work revealed that a good number of species with confined to lower altitudes in tropical and sub-tropical high commercial potential are distributed in the higher forests and are not included in the present study. altitudinal ranges particularly between 1800–3600 m Moreover the critically endangered species,Coptis teeta altitude range as also reported by Haridasan et al. (1995, previously reported as an endemic only to the eastern Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 7249 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. part, i.e., from undivided Lohit and Dibang districts (Ved forests are not enough for complete legal protection et al. 2003), has also been recorded from the central part of the species. The protected areas are not always of the state (the present Kurung Kumey and Upper Siang safe and are vulnerable to loss and destruction (Singh District except the western part). The present study & Chowdhery 2002). The recent initiative of the state revealed that the diversity of these medicinal plants is forest department for establishment of MPCA through higher in the western part of the state in comparison to GOI-UNDP programme may help in the protection and the eastern and central parts (Fig. 2). The occurrence sustainable management of the medicinal flora (Gajurel of least diversity in the central and eastern part is 2012). Out of the seven MPCAs, three are proposed in assumed to be due to: (i) inaccessibility of most of the the temperate and alpine vegetation for conservation higher elevated area, and (ii) nature of the forests where of higher altitude medicinal plants. The present study broad-leaved temperate forests with close canopy and also strongly justifies the inclusion of the species dense vegetation do not support the luxuriant growth like Aconitum ferox, Gymnocladus assamicus, Taxus of the herbaceous plants. In contrast, the western wallichiana, Coptis teeta, Picrorhiza kurroa, Swertia part has common accessibility in most of the areas and chirayita in the threatened categories (Ved et al. 2003; comprises temperate forests with open canopy that CUTS 2004). Moreover, some other species namely support the diversified herbaceous flora. Moreover the Campylandra aurantiaca, Curculigo orchioides, Panax western part exhibits comparatively lower rainfall and sikkimensis, Panax pseudoginseng, Paris polyphylla, temperature that could support better adaptation of Saussurea gossypiphora, Swertia hookeri which are rhizomatous seasonal herbs. In the present study the yet to be included in any of the threat categories are higher altitudes of eastern Himalaya have been found found to be distributed only in some specific localities to be dominated with rhizomatous herbs species as with limited population and subjected to high degree of was also reported by Kala & Ratajc (2012). From field threats as revealed in the present studies (Table 2). The observation the overall population of these high value indication of restricted distribution of some high value species are either very low or found in patches at a medicinal plants with high degree of threats, through specific area or climatic zone. The edaphic factors may the present work, warrant immediate attention for their also affect the diversity and population. However, conservation. correlation of all the physiographical data with climatic variability will lead to the establishment of the actual cause of determining the diversity and population which RECOMMENDATION is beyond the scope of the present study. The threats observed during the present field studies The medicinal plant diversity of the state is were also reported as major causes of depletion of remarkably rich and has the potential for contributing population during assessments of threats of medicinal socio-economic development of the region. A large plant of the state (Ved et al. 2003). The various types of number of globally significant medicinal plants are threats recorded for all the species in the present study found distributed in various forest types particularly in (Fig. 4), also supports the assessments made by Ved et the higher altitudinal ranges. The places like Mechuka al. (2003) except the trampling effect on the species in Upper Siang District, Panga-Teng-Tso in Tawang, population. Grazing, trampling and biotic interference Dirang in West Kameng, and Dong and Kibitho in are always reported as responsible for the reduction Anjaw are some of the potential areas with many rare in the population of highly utilized medicinal plants and highly important medicinal plants like Bergenia (Nautiyal et al. 1997; Pandey et al. 2000; Baig et al. 2013). ciliata, Curculigo orchioides, Campylandra aurantiaca, As a majority of the species are either exploited for their Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Saussurea gossypiphora, roots and rhizome without using proper harvesting Picrorhiza kurroa, Panax pseudoginseng, Rheum nobile, methods and at the same time the unskilled harvesting Swertia chirayita. Many of the species presently face and other forestry activities add to the population various threats leading to the reduction in population size degradation, these species become threatened in the and their endangerment in nature. Hence these areas forests. Change in climate and competition with other can be protected for in situ conservation. Considering species may also be one of the threats for these medicinal the present status of occurrence and various threats to plants. The available protected areas like Mehao, medicinal plants, the following activity can be adopted Eaglenest and Talle wildlife sanctuaries that comprise for sustainable management and conservation of these some higher altitude vegetation mostly the temperate threatened species: 7250 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7243–7252 1 Status of medicinal plants in eastern Himalaya Gajurel et al. A B C D E F G H I J K L ImageA. 1. SomeBerberisinsignis, high value medicinal B.Campylandraaurantiaca, plants of Arunachal Pradesh C in.Illiciumgriffithii, their wild Habitat. D.Panaxpseudogingseng, AE .- BerberisParis polyphylla, insignis, B - CampylandraF. Coptisteeta, aurantiaca G. Rubia, C - Illicium manjith, griffithii, H. Swertiachirayita,D - Panax pseudogingseng, I. Saussureagossypiphora, E - Paris polyphylla, F - Coptis teeta, G - Rubia manjith, H - Swertia chirayita, I - Saussurea gossypiphora, J - Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, K - Taxus wallichiana, L - Valeriana jatamansii.J. Zanthoxylumacanthopodium, Photo credit: P.R. Gajurel. K. Taxuswallichiana, L. 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