The Fitna of Takfeer
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The Concept of Jihad in Islam
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 9, Ver. 7 (Sep. 2016) PP 35-42 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org The Concept of Jihad In Islam Ramlan TengkuErwinsyahbana Nurul Hakim Abstract.:-It is an undisputable fact that jihad is an Islamic teaching that is explicitly mentioned in Quran, Hadith, ijma'as well as various fiqh literature from classical time to the contemporary time. Jihad term often used for things that are destructive by western scholars and society. For them, jihad is synonymous with terrorism. The similarization of the word Jihad with the word terrorism in the Western perception is strongly reinforced by a series of terror committed by Muslims in the name of jihad. These acts have been increasingly affecting the interpretation of the word jihad in a negative way although in reality that is not the case in a contemporary context. Jihad in contemporary understanding is not just a war against visible enemies but also a war against the devil and carnality. Even a war against visible enemies that are written in classical fiqh books has now replaced by a contemporary interpretation of jihad against the enemies, as was done by Dr. ZakirNaik. KEYWORDS:Concept, Jihad and Islam I. INTRODUCTION When the 9/11 attack hit the United States more than a decade ago, the term jihad became a trending topic worldwide. The US and other Western countries in general claim that the perpetrators of the 9/11 attack were following the doctrine of Jihad in Islam in order to fight against America and its allies around the world. -
“Turn in Repentance to Your Creator, Then Slay Yourselves”: the Levitical Election, Atonement, and Secession in Early and Classical Islamic Exegesis1
[CIS 6.1–2 (2010) 101–150] Comparative Islamic Studies (print) ISSN 1740-7125 doi: 10.1558/cis.v6i1–2.101 Comparative Islamic Studies (online) ISSN 1743-1638 “Turn in Repentance to your Creator, then Slay Yourselves”: The Levitical Election, Atonement, and Secession in Early and Classical Islamic Exegesis1 Michael E. Pregill Elon University, Elon, NC [email protected] In memory of Thomas Sizgorich ABSTR A CT The quranic retelling of the Golden Calf story found at 2:51–54 contains a unique allusion to what is arguably one of the most important elements in the biblical precursor in Exodus, the so-called Levitical election. This paper will explore the interpretation of Moses’ puzzling command to the Israelite idolaters to “slay yourselves” in early and classical tafsīr. I will argue that the subtle changes in Muslim exegetes’ understanding of this aspect of the episode reflect important developments in early Islamic soci- ety, in particular the emergence of the accommodationist political ideol- ogy that would become one of the defining features of classical Sunnism. Keywords Biblical stories in Islam, Exodus in Islam, Golden Calf in Islam, Quran, sectarianism, Tafsīr, violence 1. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������I delivered an early draft of this paper at the Society of Biblical Literature meet- ing in Boston in 2008, on a panel I organized entitled “The Muslim Bible: Islamic Visions of Israel’s History.” I thank the attendees and my fellow panelists for their helpful comments and questions. -
The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da'wa
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Egdunas Racius THE MULTIPLE NATURE OF THE ISLAMIC DA‘WA ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, Unioninkatu 34, on the 23rd of October, 2004 at 10 o'clock ISBN 952-10-0489-4 (printed) ISBN 952-10-0490-8 (pdf) ISSN 1458-5359 Valopaino Oy Helsinki 2004 CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 Previous research on da‘wa .......................................................................... 12 The location of the present study .................................................................. 18 Part I Islamic da‘wa: the term and its sources ............................................................ 29 1. The da‘wa in the Quran and Sunna .................................................................. 31 Scope of da‘wa meanings ............................................................................. 34 Da‘wa as invitation to Islam ......................................................................... 37 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 47 2. Da‘wa versus jihad ........................................................................................... 49 Jihad in the Quran and Hadith collections ................................................... -
THE Had3th TH Vol1 A01.Qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page Ii
TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page i THE hAD3TH TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page ii Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies Other titles in this series The Koran Edited with a new introduction by Colin Turner 4 volume set Islam and Globalization Edited with a new introduction by Shahram Akbarzadeh 4 volume set Political Islam Edited with a new introduction by Barry Rubin 3 volume set Shi“ism Edited with a new introduction by Paul Luft and Colin Turner 4 volume set Sufism Edited with a new introduction by Lloyd Ridgeon 4 volume set Islam: Primary Sources Edited by Lloyd Ridgeon 6 volume set World Islam Edited with a new introduction by Andrew Rippin 4 volume set Islam in Southeast Asia Edited by Joseph Liow and Nadirsyah Hosen 4 volume set Forthcoming titles: Islamic Law Edited by Gavin Picken 4 volume set Jihad and Martyrdom Edited by David Cook 4 volume set Islam in the West Edited by David Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg 4 volume set Islamic Medical and Scientific Tradition Edited by Peter Pormann 4 volume set TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page iii THE hAD3TH Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies Edited by Mustafa Shah Volume I Codification, Authenticity TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page iv First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Editorial material and selection © 2010, Mustafa Shah; individual owners retain copyright in their own material Typeset in 10/12pt Times NR MT by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Group Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall All rights reserved. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Notion of Divine Trial in the Qur'an A Critical Analysis and Reappraisal of the bal©aNarratives ROUZATI, NASRIN How to cite: ROUZATI, NASRIN (2013) Notion of Divine Trial in the Qur'an A Critical Analysis and Reappraisal of the bal©aNarratives , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10541/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Notion of Divine Trial in the Qur’an A Critical Analysis and Reappraisal of the balā Narratives BY Nasrin Rouzati THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQURIEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT DURHAM UNIVERSITY THE SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATINAL AFFARIS INSTITUTE OF MIDDLE EASTERN AND ISLAMIC STUDIES DURHAM UNIVERSITY, UK 2013 Abstract The notion of Divine trial, balā / ibtilā', occupies a significant position in the Islamic revelation; however, its multi-dimensional meanings and the wholly positive nature that the Qur'an seems to import has remained under-researched until now. -
SALAFISM in AMERICA History, Evolution, Radicalization
SALAFISM in AMERICA History, Evolution, Radicalization ALEXANDER MELEAGROU-HITCHENS October 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 I. Understanding Salafism ....................................................................................................... 6 I.I What is Salafism? .............................................................................................................. 6 I.II Categorizing Salafism ..................................................................................................... 9 Quietists ................................................................................................................................... 9 Activists .................................................................................................................................. 11 Jihadis .................................................................................................................................... 14 I.III Salafism and Extremism ............................................................................................ -
Radical Madrasas in Southeast Asia
FEBRUARY 2008 . VOL 1 . ISSUE 3 Radical Madrasas in The Role of Radical Madrasas in Terrorist found that JI-linked madrasa attendance Attacks is associated with a greater role in JI Southeast Asia It is true that most madrasas are terrorist operations, decreasing the peaceful and serve a constructive role probability that a jihadist will take a By Scott Atran, Justin Magouirk and Jeremy Ginges in societies where education is often low level role on a terrorist operation a privilege rather than a right, and by more than 19% and increasing the senior government officials in where, as in Pakistan, the state has probability that a jihadist will play a the United States, United Kingdom increasingly released mass education major role by 16%.4 and France, among other countries, and student welfare to madrasas as it have repeatedly voiced concerns about continues to spend many times more Data was also analyzed from structured the threat to world security posed by on the military.2 Yet this overlooks interviews with more than 100 students Islamic schools that allegedly teach hate the fact that elsewhere, particularly in in four Indonesian madrasas (pesantren, and murder. In 2005, Peter Bergen and Indonesia and Malaysia, madrasas such or boarding schools) to attempt to Swati Pandey published an op-ed with as al-Mukmin, Lukman al-Hakiem and explain these associations, and striking the New York Times on “The Madrassah al-Islam have been vitally important correlations were found between unusual Myth,” where they argued that most in furthering the mission of some of belief systems and radicalization. -
Fitna As a Case Study and a Way Forward for Guests in the House of African Historiography
TEXT-CENTRED RESEARCH: FITNA AS A CASE STUDY AND A WAY FORWARD FOR GUESTS IN THE HOUSE OF AFRICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY HUMPHREY J. FISHER John Hanson and David Robinson have made an important con- tribution to text-centred publication in their 1991 volume, After the Jihad: the Reign of A˛mad al-Kabır in the Western Sudan, a collection of 37 documents, mostly complete, from the period 1855 to 1893 or a little later, relating to the reign of A˛mad al- Kabır, son and principal successor of the Muslim reformer and conqueror in the western Sudan al-˛jj fiUmar al-Fütı, who died in 1864. After the Jihad has been carefully reviewed in SAJHS1 by Timothy Cleaveland. The book raises, however, a number of far-reaching issues, which could find no place within the narrow confines of a review, and these have prompted me to return to it again, in a larger room. My purpose is threefold: firstly, to point out two basic themes (one highlighted by Hanson and Robinson, the other powerfully implicit throughout their volume), among many others, which may be drawn out of even this relatively small sample of the surviving original documentation; secondly, and most extensively in this present paper, to focus upon a single word, fitna, and to explore—admittedly tentatively—some of the exegetical potential of such a term; and thirdly, to suggest that text-centred research and publication, as so valuably exemplified in After the Jihad, is presently undervalued, and deserves thoughtful reappraisal, and substantial promotion within the hierarchy of Western academic priorities with regard to black Africa. -
How the Term Jihad Has Been Manipulated by Political Actors Throughout Islamic History
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2009 Spirituality or Savagery? How the term jihad has been manipulated by political actors throughout Islamic history Alexander Charles Mayer College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Mayer, Alexander Charles, "Spirituality or Savagery? How the term jihad has been manipulated by political actors throughout Islamic history" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 243. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/243 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mayer 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….………………………3 – 6 PART I: The Historical Origins, Debates, and Practice of Jihad Jihad’s origins in Islamic sacred texts……………... ………………………..7 –11 Jihad in the early years of Islam…………………..………………………..11 – 14 The early Islamic conquests………………………………………………...14 – 18 The early Islamic scholars and the debate over the doctrine of jihad………18 – 27 Ibn Taymiyya and the jihad of rebellion……………………………………27 – 31 Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the Sa‘udi jihad…………………….32 – 37 The Ottomans and jihad…………………………………………………….37 – 43 PART II: Political Islam and Jihad in the 20th and 21st Century Political Islam and the modern jihad……………………………………….44 – 45 Hasan al-Banna and the jihad of the Muslim Brotherhood………………...45 – 47 Mawdudi and Qutb: jihad as worldwide revolution………………………..47 – 56 Jihad and terrorism: Islamist militant groups and the rise of al-Qaeda…….56 – 65 CONCLUSION The U.S. -
Sunnis, Shiites
Syria and the Regional Quagmire of the Middle East Keys Sunnis, Shiites: The Second Major Fitna Pierre-Jean Luizard line of twelve infallible Imams, descendants of the Historian Prophet. Groupe Sociétés, Religions, Laïcités, CNRS/EPHE, Paris The Twelver Shiites comprise the vast majority of Shiites in the Muslim world. The Zaydi of Yemen and the Alawi of Syria, however, are not Twelvers, al- Nowadays the Middle East is witnessing major ten- though they adhere to Shiism. Relations with the sions between Sunnis and Shiites. The confrontation Twelvers were nearly non-existent for the Zaydi and underway has led to a globalization of the conflict be- late for the Alawi, since the Shiite Ulemas of southern tween the two main branches of Islam on the region- Lebanon only began to take an interest in the latter in Syria and the Regional Quagmire the of Middle East al scale. For its magnitude, it even seems to surpass the early 20th century. The aim was to bring these the “Great Fitna” pitting Muslims against one another Shiite “lost sheep” into the Twelver fold. at the dawn of Islam. Literally “rebellion” or “protest,” But can the denominational wars causing bloodshed fitna designates any sedition against a legitimate rul- in today’s Arab world and, beyond it, in Pakistan, be er. Generalized fitna is also traditionally considered a attributed to this opposition that is over a millennium 37 sign announcing the Last Judgement Day. old? In the Arab world, and in particular Iraq and the Gulf States, a majority of Shiites are actually former Sunnis converted to Shiism. -
READ Middle East Brief 23
Understanding the Muslim Brothers in Egypt Dr. Abdel Monem Said Aly The horrific events of September 11, 2001, and the resulting confrontations between Western countries, primarily the United States, and a variety of Islamic forces have raised the following question: What should be done with the Islamists? The United States’ failure in Iraq, NATO’s more recent failures in Afghanistan, the impressive performance of Hezbollah during the 2006 war in Lebanon, the salience of “Sharia Courts” in Somalia, the strengthening of Islamic forces in Pakistan, and the electoral success of Hamas in Palestine and the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: All make this question especially pertinent and urgent. Any serious attempt to answer this question would soon reveal that what are referred to as “Islamic” forces not only are highly diversified along sectarian and ideological lines and with regard to competing approaches to politics and the use of violence; they are also differentiated within each of these categories by nationality and other geopolitical variables. Faced with this mosaic of religious- political groupings, academics and policy makers in and outside the United States tend to classify Islamic political groups into “radicals” and “moderates.” While the first of these terms implies a greater willingness on the part of those so described to use violence—including terror—to achieve their political goals, moderates are viewed as restricting themselves to the use of political means to achieve their objectives. Among the latter groups, the Muslim Brothers in Egypt are often seen as most prominent. Their success in electoral politics, the success of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey, and the widely respected place gained by a similar party in Morocco have raised the possibility that Islamic countries can produce “Islamic Democrats,” in much the same way that Western countries have produced “Christian Democrats” in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. -
MPAC-25-Pseudo-Experts-On-Islam
A PUBLICATION OF THE MUSLIM PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 3 RESEARCH FOCUS AND PARAMETERS 7 THE DIVISION OF LABOR 8 A LOOK AT THEIR (LACK OF) QUALIFICATIONS 9 A CASE STUDY OF NON-EXPERT ANAYSIS ON ISLAM: THE ‘TEAM B’ SHARIA REPORT 11 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 13 DEBUNKING THE ‘U.S. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD CONSPIRACY’ 14 CONCLUSION 17 APPENDIX A: MPAC’S CITATIONS ANALYSIS OF ‘2083 MANIFESTO’ 18 APPENDIX B: DATA SUMMARY ON ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS 19 PROFILES OF INDIVIDUALS 20 PROFILES OF INDIVIDUALS 1. ANDREW G. BOSTOM 21 2. WILLIAM BOYKIN 23 3. STEPHEN COUGHLIN 24 4. NONIE DARWISH 26 5. STEVEN EMERSON 27 6. BRIGITTE GABRIEL 31 7. FRANK GAFFNEY 34 8. DAVID GAUBATZ 36 9. WILLIAM GAWTHROP 38 10. PAMELA GELLER 41 11. JOHN GIDUCK 42 12. SEBESTEYEN (SEBASTIAN) GORKA 43 13. JOHN GUANDOLO 45 14. TAWFIK HAMID 47 15. DAVID HOROWITZ 48 16. RAYMOND IBRAHIM 49 17. ZUHDI JASSER 51 18. ANDREW MCCARTHY 53 19. WALID PHARES 54 20. DANIEL PIPES 56 21. PATRICK POOLE 59 22. WALID SHOEBAT 60 23. ROBERT SPENCER 61 24. ERICK STAKELBACK 63 25. DAVID YERUSHALMI 65 INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Based on the tracking of media coverage on American Muslims, anti-Muslim sentiment seems to be at an all-time high.1 The negative sentiment appears in many venues, from state legislatures debating anti-Sharia bills to opposition over construction of new Islamic centers. At the same time, media coverage has begun to focus on anti-Muslim activists in the United States and their corrosive effects on American pluralism.2 Within a national security and law enforcement context, there is no denying that extremists constituting the leadership of Al-Qaeda and its affiliates explicitly articulate their justifications for violence in “worldly” political terms – including the now-deceased Osama Bin Laden.3 They have also manipulated religious beliefs for their propaganda and terrorism recruitment purposes.