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^ ----.~ ^ -~^ \ . > ? r . , ,* . ^ . >, . , . , . ~ ,f . , . > . , . ,\}',.*;:$'! if ,I^ ," . ,' "' "' ~" , . ^ a; * , 1.1 t3:-,..:"! .I 4:3. ;i" , * ^ , I^; "~,^ I' ,. I"', C> -.": I', .'.' ~. ,,.t ~I^:;; ,.. , , ,.- * I. '..\:,.., 1/1 ,,* . if*;)'\'*~,.,. ,-%;, y#-*~\ ,- *\ . ..\..\. -- .*&.*& . \. D , . , .. .. *' I ~ .J . ,!g , . , . .. * a: . , I ,~.-- ^ ,, ,, . * , I r~ ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS I I PAGE CONTENT TITLE PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 IV I~' LIST OF TABLES V I ^ LIST OF FIGURES Vl ABSTRACT I , 1.1NTRODUCTION 1.1 General background 5 1.2 Objectives of Study 6 1.3 The Importance of the Study 6 1.3. , Forest Depletion 1.3.2 The need for best forest practice 6 8 1.4 Forest regeneration 9 1.41 Pioneer species 9 1.4.2 Building-Phase Species 1.4.3 Climax/Light Hardwood Species 9 10 1.44 Climax/Heavy Hardwood Species 10 1.5 Diameter class distributions 11 1.6 Damage in relation to felling intensity 12 11. RESEARCH METHODS I_ 12 2.1 Location of Study Site 13 ^-. 2.2 Description of Plots (PSP) 14 2.3 Regeneration plots 16 2.4 Periodic Annual Diameter Increment 17 2.5 Treatments L_ 18 2.6 Logging damage assessment 18 I ^ 26.1 Damage on trees with dbh ;^20 cm 19 2.62 Mapping of skid-trail and canopy opening L. 19 2.63 Canopy closure 21 2.7 Data Processing and Analysis I ' 21 2.8 Linear Regression . 21 2.9 The main data sheet 1/1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 22 22 3.1 Re-measurement L_~ ^ -.^ I' f. 23 -. 3.2 Forest structure and species richness 3.3 Periodic Annual Diameter Increment 27 3.4 Distribution of residual stand 31 3.5 Logging damage assessment 32 3.6 Canopy opening 40 3.7 TPTl needs to be reviewed 42 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44 4.1 Conclusions 44 4.2 Recommendations 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 47 Annex Annex I. An example of permanent sample plot sheet(RIL 6) 52 Annex 2. List of dipterocarp species identified in PSPs 53 Annex 3. List of all species identified in the PSPs 55 Annex 4. Coordinate position of PSPs 67 I ' I ' I, L. J , I_. I I I -. r' LIST OF TABLES I ' I TABLE TITLE PAGE r. Table2. I Code of classification for types of injuries and 20 causes of mortality Table 3.1 Schedule of Plot Measurement in CNV plots 22 Table 3.2 Schedule of Plot Measurement in RIL plots 23 ,. Table 3.3 Number of Species and Genus within the family 24 Table 3.4 Mean density and mean basal areas (+SD)in the RIL and 27 CNV plots before logging (CNV=12 plots, RIL=, 2 plots) . Table 3.5 The periodic annual diameter increment in the Plots of RIL 28 Table 3.6 The periodic annual diameter increment in the Plots of RIL 28 Table3.7 Mean damage to residual stand (%) against felling 33 intensity (trees/ha) Table3.8 Residual stands damaged in each diameter classes in 35 CNV plots I ' Table 3.9 Residual stands damaged in each diameter classes in RIL 36 plots Table 3.10 Residual stand damaged both in CNV and RIL according 36 ^ to class diameter in Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan Table 3.11 A review of logging damage studies in the tropical forests 37 Table 3.12 Percentage of each canopy openness class in RIL and 40 CNV plots . I I L, IV L, -. I~ ' ,-.. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE I~' I . I General map of MRF (initially BRF), East Kalimantan 2 2. I The blocks where PSPs are located (arrow), block 28 and 29 for 12 CNV Plots and block 27 for RIL plots 2.2 Plot, sub plot and grid label 14 2.3 Lay outforthe regeneration study of sapling in I ha of PSP 15 2.4 Lay out of Plots Design 18 3.1 Basal areas of nori dipterocarps (left bar), dipterocarps (middle 25 bar) and Agathis borneensis fright bar) in the 7 plots of block 28/29 where this species was present before logging I' 3.2 Distribution of the sapling by diameter classes (all plots, all 31 I . species included) 3.3 Proportion of the main families and genus in the sapling stock 32 I~ ' 3.4 Correlation between felling intensity and percentage of tree 34 I . damaged in RIL and conventional 3.5 Percentage of canopy openness measurements in each canopy 41 class in CNV (blue bars) and RIL(orange bars): a) before logging b)after logging I. , I ,^ I I I_ V L , L L- \ . r '~ I ' . Vegetation Dynamic under Different Logging Treatments in Permanent Sample Plots of a Hill Mixed Dipterocarps Forest, Malinau East Kalimantan (A preliminary r. results) By Hari Priyadi , Abstract Permanent sample plots (PSP) is an important media to maintain biophysical data for the long term observation purpose. In Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, 24 PSPs of I ha each have been established since 1998 and observed regularly. Those I~~' plots were set up prior to logging activity. Two logging system were implemented during that period; reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CNV). Periodic I' annual diameter increment and forest regeneration are among others, to be measured We found that the increment of dipterocarps vary from 0.35 to 0.52 cm year' according i- , to logging intensity in RIL plots. While in CNV plots, increment of dipterocarps range I , I, from 0.42 to 0.62 cm year'. Group of non-dipterocarps are also calculated. Correlation between periodic annual diameter increment and felling intensity (F1) in the plots were I also measured for dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps groups. Linear regression for L__ these correlation is Dipt^" = 0,242 + 0,0850 F^ (R'=70.4%) and Non-Dipt^" = 0,190 + I . 0.0683 F1 (R'=54.3%). The increment we found is far below assumption of Indonesian I, Selective Cutting and Replanting System or TPTl which is I cm year'. Based on this finding, cutting cycle of 35 years is therefore needed to be reviewed towards sustainable _ I forest management. I_ , I Keywords: PSP; East Kalimantan; Hill mixed dipterocarps forest; Periodic annual IJ diameter increment; RIL; TPTl;logging damage; forest regeneration I - . \, Vl I. _ L - I . r . I. INTRODUCTION I. I. General Background In December 1995, the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry designated 303,000 ha of ,~ forest for GIFOR in East Kalimantan (Indonesia) to be developed as a long-term model of exemplary research-based management. The creation of this research I_ ^ forest-the first ever in Indonesia - and the agreement with CIFOR grew out of a I~~ provision in the host-country agreement granting access to a long-term research , site. CIFOR began the search for an appropriate site in 1994 and, in October 1995, submitted a recommendation to the Ministry of Forestry for an area in I_ . Bulungan district, recently it is changed to Malinau (Figure, .,). The Minister of I ' Forestry approved the designation in December 1995. !_ .^ The tropical forest is heterogeneous and uneven age with very high tree species composition. In 24 ha hectare plot of forest in Malinau of East Kalimantan, for I _ , example, more than 700 species were found. Based on the characteristics of the forests, the most suitable silvicultural system to be applied on the forest is . selective logging system based on the minimum diameter cutting limit, and the L_., minimum number of nucleus trees. I . L _. .-, L_ . I I ~ -------.---.----------.-.-------.--.-- ,,,." .,"',* ,".., ,>,^ .,""o ,^"" Mannau Research Forest \ LA al , ^.. R .-~* .... ~ ^ ^ . A*. .. .. *,-.- **--.,-; --., .. ; P I, , *'4"",*-*t -'*'~' I~ ' 4 LongPak . ..*. -. , , ,, * ., HP ; .$ "L ,. ~ \ ~":I. ,-.,. 7'1i~,' .,.,. ,, ., g^ ^ ,: ^ , , . .,. ^:, ., ..',,""'aA-W aA-W I',I ", ,,I I I L LOGO . .. ~ .,.., I.. F.. I . or INH 11 :. , : ., L;orbg Pada , Benni I' ,# I ,:.:1.1:, .--;: ', IF "," MALINA HL I' .',,' ,., f Malinau ' I. .','~I' ^ ~. Research .-, I' or, g .,,, ;a .. ,.... ^ ^ Forest I ^ I ^ 11>f ,.,,, ~ , . , q .,,'V ** . I' , , ..,.\., I~~' '.'- .;.. I ^. , ,, J" " * ~, .: CFC, , ,."^ I' ,/ .,,., . J P. a ,* ~ ~~ -,,- , a ." ,. I \ . , \ V , , , .,.~\ ' * ~ ~ \i\ , ^-^ .-~^.~-- , ,- .. \ ^ I I_ , ., '.*. \ ;. ~.-.. 4- '.-,~._ A ," Q core^. 30.6co ,"o. 0 I * a~,."--^ ,,.^. a~,:^;~ ,,,., a , .^ ~..-~-~~-.~--- ^^~^^ ~ ~~,- ..^.^ Arc. : 32, .0.10 h. ^ ,.~~~- ,,," ^ L, ^. - -~.~ ^^~ . ^"*^ ' I ^!^I. M. po, ,^han; .^.,,...... I. Figure 1.1 General map of MRF (initially BRF), East Kalimantan - . The tropical forest of Malinau were classified as follows: protection forest which .--, covers approximately 14% of the total forested area, preservation forest (25%), .- permanent production forest (26.5%), limited production forest (, 7%), and conversion forest (, 0.5%). L_ 2 \. r' According to Sellat0 (2001), Malinau district (in which the research site is located) covers an area of 8783 kin', which include mainly the Malinau (364 500 ha) and Tubu (261 675 ha) river basins , and a portion of Sesayap-Meritarang I I river. .^\ In Malinau, fluid Punan groups constitute a notable proportion of the population. In 1998, the total population of the Bulungan regency amounting to over 300 000. Bulungan's population has grown by at least 25% in the last ten years, The development of industrial activities, including petroleum, timber, plywood plants, shrimp farms and oil palm estates, must account for this population growih I (Sellat0 2001). There are two category of logging treatments in this report, namely reduced - ,.^. impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CNV). Conventional logging i. e. \-- , logging operation systems are often described as unplanned, haphazard timber harvesting. In Indonesia, conventional logging refers to TPTl system, which is followed by Concession Company or HPH . Unplanned and uncontrolled timber ^., harvesting will cause excessive logging damage so that it will make imbalance between forest regeneration and production and yield of the forest will be declined (Van der Hout 1999). I _ . The term of reduced-impactlogging (RIL) surfaced around the inid 1990s, butthe .-, concept is also referred to as low impact logging, planned (as opposed to IHakPengusahaan Hutan 3 I_ r' unplanned) logging, environmentally sound harvesting and damage controlled logging (Van der Hout 1999).
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  • Tree Species Diversity and Distribution Patterns in Tropical Forests of Garo Hills

    Tree Species Diversity and Distribution Patterns in Tropical Forests of Garo Hills

    RESEARCH ARTICLES Tree species diversity and distribution patterns in tropical forests of Garo Hills Ashish ~urnar''~**,Bruce G. ~arcot)and Ajai saxenals4 'wildlife Institute of India, Post Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 001, India 'present Address: National Tiger ConservationAuthority, Bikaner House, Annexe 5, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 01 1, India 'USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 620 S.W. Main Street, Portland, OR 97205, USA 'Present address: Department of Ocean Development, Block 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India pressure, particularly shifting cultivation (locally known We analysed phytosociological characteristics and diver- sity patterns of tropical forest tree species in Garo asjhzun)'. Nevertheless, pristine PFs of Garo Hills still occur Hills, western Meghalaya, Northeast India. The main as remnant patches in remote localities mainly in the inte- vegetation of the region included primary forests rior hills. SF growth originates from many years of prac- (PFs), secondary forests (SFs), and sal (Shoreu ro- tising jhm, resulting in patches of various forest ages bust~)plantations, with 162, 132, and 87 tree species dispersed across the area. Many recent studies4-' have des- respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of cribed vegetation characteristics and diversity of the tropical trees in PF was 4.27 (n = 21 one-ha belt-transects), forests of India and other parts of the world. Meghalaya, which is comparable to the world's richest tropical however, has remained, largely unstudied, except for our forests. Statistical results revealed that primary for- work and another landscape level asse~sment".~.Here, we ests were more tree-rich and diverse than secondary present empirical data on diversity of tree species in the forests or sal plantations.
  • Orangutan Nesting Behavior in Disturbed Forest of Sabah, Malaysia: Implications for Nest Census

    Orangutan Nesting Behavior in Disturbed Forest of Sabah, Malaysia: Implications for Nest Census

    P1: JQX International Journal of Primatology [ijop] pp1259-ijop-489434 September 2, 2004 23:18 Style file version Nov. 18th, 2002 International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 25, No. 5, October 2004 (C 2004) Orangutan Nesting Behavior in Disturbed Forest of Sabah, Malaysia: Implications for Nest Census Marc Ancrenaz,1,4 Romain Calaque,2 and Isabelle Lackman-Ancrenaz1,3 Received March 7, 2003; revision October 14, 2003; accepted December 23, 2003 High concentrations of orangutans remain in the multiple-use forests of the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Compared to primary forest, the habi- tat is highly fragmented, characterized by a low tree density (332 stems/ha), small tree size (83.6% of trees are <20 m high), low basal area (18 m2/ha), abundance of canopy gaps and high level of soil disturbance. The forest struc- ture and composition influence orangutan nesting patterns, and thus directly influence the results of nest surveys used to determine orangutan population size. In logged forests, tall and large trees are the preferred nesting sites of orangutans. The scarcity of suitable nesting sites in the logged-over forests of Kinabatangan, could partly explain the lower daily rate of nest construction (r = 1.00) versus those of other orangutan populations. The nest decay rate t recorded at the study site (average ± SD = 202 ± 151 days) strongly depends on the species of tree in which a nest is built. Our results illustrate that the nest-related parameters used for orangutan censuses fluctuate among habitat types and emphasize the need to determine specific values of r for specific orangutan populations and of t for different tree species in order to achieve accurate analysis of census data.
  • I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?

    I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?

    Is the Sunda-Sahul floristic exchange ongoing? A study of distributions, functional traits, climate and landscape genomics to investigate the invasion in Australian rainforests By Jia-Yee Samantha Yap Bachelor of Biotechnology Hons. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation i Abstract Australian rainforests are of mixed biogeographical histories, resulting from the collision between Sahul (Australia) and Sunda shelves that led to extensive immigration of rainforest lineages with Sunda ancestry to Australia. Although comprehensive fossil records and molecular phylogenies distinguish between the Sunda and Sahul floristic elements, species distributions, functional traits or landscape dynamics have not been used to distinguish between the two elements in the Australian rainforest flora. The overall aim of this study was to investigate both Sunda and Sahul components in the Australian rainforest flora by (1) exploring their continental-wide distributional patterns and observing how functional characteristics and environmental preferences determine these patterns, (2) investigating continental-wide genomic diversities and distances of multiple species and measuring local species accumulation rates across multiple sites to observe whether past biotic exchange left detectable and consistent patterns in the rainforest flora, (3) coupling genomic data and species distribution models of lineages of known Sunda and Sahul ancestry to examine landscape-level dynamics and habitat preferences to relate to the impact of historical processes. First, the continental distributions of rainforest woody representatives that could be ascribed to Sahul (795 species) and Sunda origins (604 species) and their dispersal and persistence characteristics and key functional characteristics (leaf size, fruit size, wood density and maximum height at maturity) of were compared.