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INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez VARIAÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA MALACOFAUNA LÍMNICA EM DOIS RESERVATÓRIOS NO RIO TOCANTINS, COM ÊNFASE NA TRANSMISSÃO DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE, NO PERÍODO ENTRE JUNHO DE 2004 E OUTUBRO DE 2010 Tese apresentada ao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Orientador: Profa. Dra. Silvana Carvalho Thiengo RIO DE JANEIRO 2011 INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez VARIAÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA MALACOFAUNA LÍMNICA EM DOIS RESERVATÓRIOS NO RIO TOCANTINS, COM ÊNFASE NA TRANSMISSÃO DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE, NO PERÍODO ENTRE JUNHO DE 2004 E OUTUBRO DE 2010 Tese apresentada ao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências - Área de concentração: Malacologia Orientador: Profa. Dra. Silvana Carvalho Thiengo RIO DE JANEIRO Setembro, 2011 ii INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez Variação espaço-temporal da malacofauna límnica em dois reservatórios no rio Tocantins, com ênfase na transmissão da esquistossomose, no período entre junho de 2004 e outubro de 2010 ORIENTADOR: Profa. Dra. Silvana Carvalho Thiengo Aprovada em: 21 de Setembro de 2011 EXAMINADORES: Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Maldonado Junior, IOC/Fiocruz - Presidente Prof. Dr. Otávio Sarmento Pieri, IOC/Fiocruz - Membro e Revisor Profa. Dra. Sonia Barbosa dos Santos, UERJ - Membro Profa. Dra. Delir Gomes Maués da Serra-Freire, IOC/Fiocruz - Suplente Profa. Dra. Tereza Cristina Favre, IOC/Fiocruz - Suplente Rio de Janeiro, 21 de setembro de 2011 iii Ao Fernando Fernandez dedico este trabalho, uma pessoa extremamente importante que me apoiou em todo o meu crescimento profissional e formou, com muito amor, a minha família tão querida: nós dois, Tejumim e Julio. iv ___________________________________________________________AGRADECIMENTOS À Dra. Silvana Carvalho Thiengo que, junto comigo, me presenteou com este trabalho, o qual me fez conhecer lugares tão lindos, e simultaneamente, adquirir mais conhecimentos para a minha vida profissional. À Coordenação do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária pela extensão de quatro meses do prazo de entrega deste trabalho, uma vez que as pesquisas no campo se estenderam até outubro do ano anterior ao término desta tese. Ao Dr. Otávio Sarmento Pieri, pesquisador do Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia e Controle da Esquistossomose e Geohelmintoses do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, pelas orientações nas abordagens estatísticas e pela revisão desta tese. À todas as pessoas do Laboratório de Malacologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, que direta ou indiretamente, ajudaram em vários dos trabalhos de campo e nas atividades técnicas desenvolvidas, sempre prestativos e bem humorados. Ao Dr. Darcílio Fernandes Baptista, chefe do Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, pelas sugestões na abordagem dos dados referentes à biodiversidade. À Dra. Maria Cristina Dreher Mansur, Dra. Sonia Barbosa dos Santos e ao Arthur de Souza Stuart pela identificação dos bivalves e dos ancilídeos . À Maria Fernanda Furtado Boaventura, Aline Carvalho de Mattos, Márcio da Silva Loureiro e Bruno Guimarães Lopes pela identificação dos tipos cercarianos. Ao Pablo Menezes Coelho pela confecção dos mapas e da prancha da malacofauna límnica. Às empresas Enerpeixe S.A. e Tractebel Energia, que através dos contratos firmados com a Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico em Saúde, com a interveniência da técnica Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, proporcionaram o apoio logístico às atividades de campo. Ao Dr. Pedro Augusto Cassimiro de Araújo que nos incentivou a fazer nossa primeira viagem à Peixe, iniciativa que desencadeou os estudos nesse trecho do rio Tocantins. Aos profissionais técnicos contratados pelas empresas Enerpeixe S.A. e Tractebel Energia que nos apoiaram nas atividades de campo. À todos aqueles que acreditam, como eu, que a cada momento a vida pode ser melhor, bastando para isso honestidade, compreensão e esforço pessoal. v INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ VARIAÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA MALACOFAUNA LÍMNICA EM DOIS RESERVATÓRIOS NO RIO TOCANTINS, COM ÊNFASE NA TRANSMISSÃO DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE, NO PERÍODO ENTRE JUNHO DE 2004 E OUTUBRO DE 2010 RESUMO TESE DE DOUTORADO Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez A energia gerada por usinas hidrelétricas constitui a matriz energética brasileira. O grande número de usinas hidrelétricas que vem sendo construídas nos principais rios tem causado grandes transformações ambientais, que afetam tanto o homem quanto as comunidades faunísticas locais. O principal objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a malacofauna límnica do trecho do rio Tocantins entre as Usinas Hidrelétricas de Peixe Angical e de Cana Brava, entre os Estados de Tocantins e Goiás, respectivamente, nos períodos de pré-enchimento e pós-enchimento dos reservatórios. Foram georreferenciadas 94 estações de amostragem, com coletas periódicas entre junho de 2004 e outubro de 2010. Toda a área foi dividida em sete trechos (I, II, III, IV, V, VI e VII, no sentido jusante a montante) e os moluscos foram obtidos por coleta direta, resultando no número de exemplares/minuto/coletor. Todos os moluscos foram examinados quanto à presença de larvas de trematódeos digenéticos e identificados com base na morfologia e conquiliologia. Representantes de cada estação de amostragem estão sendo depositados na Coleção Malacológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Diante da ocorrência de Biomphalaria straminea, espécie hospedeira intermediária da esquistossomose, populações dessa espécie foram mantidas no Laboratório de Malacologia e os descendentes submetidos à infecção experimental com três cepas de Schistosoma mansoni (CM, CMO e BH). Das 12 famílias encontradas (Ampullariidae, Ancylidae, Corbiculidae, Hydrobiidae, Hyriidae, Mycetopodidae, Pisidiidae, Physidae, Pomatiopsidae, Planorbidae, Lymnaeidae e Thiaridae), oito foram avaliadas quanto aos índices de constância e abundância. A mesma análise foi realizada em relação às espécies de Planorbidae e Thiaridae. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon, Margalef e a Equitabilidade foram calculados com base nas unidades taxonômicas operacionais. Para as análises estatísticas foram utilizados o teste t e análise de variância. Houve diferença significativa no índice de constância das famílias de gastrópodes em cinco dos seis trechos analisados, em relação aos dois períodos; o mesmo ocorrendo no índice de constância das espécies de Planorbidae e Thiaridae. Após a formação dos reservatórios B. straminea, Lymnaea columella, Melanoides tuberculatus e Pomacea lineata mostraram-se mais constantes; enquanto Potamolithus sp. tornou-se menos ocorrente. Em relação à abundância, a formação dos reservatórios favoreceu o estabelecimento das populações de Ampullariidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae e Thiaridae. O índice de diversidade de Shannon mostrou diferença significativa entre os períodos de pré e pós-enchimento, o que não ocorreu com o índice de Margalef e Equitabilidade. A análise da helmintofauna nas amostras coletadas não revelou ocorrência de S. mansoni ou Fasciola hepatica, embora tipos larvais de 21 famílias de digenéticos, alguns com importância médica, tenham sido obtidos na área de estudo. Quando submetida à infecção experimental, B. straminea mostrou-se suscetível à cepa BH (índice de infecção de 0,6%). Diante do exposto, a área de estudo pode ser considerada indene com potencial de transmissão de parasitoses e vulnerável à ocorrência da esquistossomose, sendo indicada a implementação de medidas preventivas contra a instalação de focos desta endemia na região. vi INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ TIME-SPACE VARIATION OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS FROM TWO RESERVOIRS IN TOCANTINS RIVER, FOCUSING SCHISTOSOMIASIS TRANSMISSION, BETWEEN JUNE 2004 AND OCTOBER 2010 ABSTRACT TESE DE DOUTORADO Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez Energy obtained from hydroelectric power plants is the energetic matrix of Brazil .The great number of dams that have been built on major rivers in Brazil causes major environmental changes that affect humans as well as the local faunistic communities. The main objective of this project was to evaluate the freshwater mollusc fauna of the stretch of the Tocantins River between the hydroelectric power plants Peixe Angical and Cana Brava, between the states of Tocantins and Goiás, respectively, in pre-inundation and post-inundation of the reservoirs. There were georeferenced 94 sampling stations, which were sampled periodically from June 2004 to October 2010. The studied area was divided into seven sections (I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, downstream towards the upstream), and molluscs were obtained by direct collection, resulting the number of specimens per minute/collector. All samples were examined for the presence of digenetic trematodes larvae and identified based on morphology and conchology. Specimens from each sampling station are being deposited in the mollusc collectin of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Upon the occurrence of Biomphalaria straminea, intermediate host of schistosomiasis, populations of this species were kept in the Laboratório de Malacologia and the offspring were submitted to experimental infection with three strains of Schistosoma mansoni (CM, BH and CMO). Of the 12 families found (Ampullariidae, Ancylidae, Corbiculidae, Hydrobiidae, Hyriidae, Mycetopodidae, Pisidiidae, Physidae, Pomatiopsidae, Planorbidae, Lymnaeidae and Thiaridae), eight were evaluated as indices
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  • A New Genus and Species of Cavernicolous Pomatiopsidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) in Bahia, Brazil

    A New Genus and Species of Cavernicolous Pomatiopsidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) in Bahia, Brazil

    Universidade de São Paulo Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI Sem comunidade Scielo 2012 A new genus and species of cavernicolous Pomatiopsidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) in Bahia, Brazil Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo),v.52,n.40,p.515-524,2012 http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/38182 Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de São Paulo Volume 52(40):515‑524, 2012 A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF CAVERNICOLOUS POMATIOPSIDAE (MOLLUSCA, CAENOGASTROPODA) IN BAHIA, BRAZIL 1 LUIZ RICARDO L. SIMONE ABSTRACT Spiripockia punctata is a new genus and species of Pomatiopsidae found in a cave from Serra Ramalho, SW Bahia, Brazil. The taxon is troglobiont (restricted to subterranean realm), and is characterized by the shell weakly elongated, fragile, translucent, normally sculptured by pus‑ tules with periostracum hair on tip of pustules; peristome highly expanded; umbilicus opened; radular rachidian with 6 apical and 3 pairs of lateral cusps; osphradium short, arched; gill filaments with rounded tip; prostate flattened, with vas deferens inserting subterminally; penis duct narrow and weakly sinuous; pallial oviduct simple anteriorly, possessing convoluted by‑ pass connecting base of bulged portion of transition between visceral and pallial oviducts with base of seminal receptacle; spermathecal duct complete, originated from albumen gland. The description of this endemic species may raise protective environmental actions to that cave and to the Serra Ramalho Karst area. Key-Words: Pomatiopsidae; Spiripockia punctata gen. nov. et sp. nov.; Brazil; Cave; Tro- globiont; Anatomy. INTRODUCTION An enigmatic tiny gastropod has been collected in caves from the Serra Ramalho Kars area, southwestern The family Pomatiopsidae is represented in the Bahia state, Brazil.
  • Terrestrial Invasion of Pomatiopsid Gastropods in the Heavy-Snow Region of the Japanese Archipelago Yuichi Kameda* and Makoto Kato

    Terrestrial Invasion of Pomatiopsid Gastropods in the Heavy-Snow Region of the Japanese Archipelago Yuichi Kameda* and Makoto Kato

    Kameda and Kato BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:118 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/118 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsid gastropods in the heavy-snow region of the Japanese Archipelago Yuichi Kameda* and Makoto Kato Abstract Background: Gastropod mollusks are one of the most successful animals that have diversified in the fully terrestrial habitat. They have evolved terrestrial taxa in more than nine lineages, most of which originated during the Paleozoic or Mesozoic. The rissooidean gastropod family Pomatiopsidae is one of the few groups that have evolved fully terrestrial taxa during the late Cenozoic. The pomatiopsine diversity is particularly high in the Japanese Archipelago and the terrestrial taxa occur only in this region. In this study, we conducted thorough samplings of Japanese pomatiopsid species and performed molecular phylogenetic analyses to explore the patterns of diversification and terrestrial invasion. Results: Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese Pomatiopsinae derived from multiple colonization of the Eurasian Continent and that subsequent habitat shifts from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred at least twice within two Japanese endemic lineages. Each lineage comprises amphibious and terrestrial species, both of which are confined to the mountains in heavy-snow regions facing the Japan Sea. The estimated divergence time suggested that diversification of these terrestrial lineages started in the Late Miocene, when active orogenesis of the Japanese landmass and establishment of snowy conditions began. Conclusions: The terrestrial invasion of Japanese Pomatiopsinae occurred at least twice beside the mountain streamlets of heavy-snow regions, which is considered the first case of this event in the area.
  • Vigilância E Controle De Moluscos De Importância Epidemiológica

    Vigilância E Controle De Moluscos De Importância Epidemiológica

    Vigilância e Controle de Moluscos de Importância Epidemiológica: deImportância deMoluscos Vigilância eControle MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE Diretrizes de Técnicas:Programa daEsquistossomose(PCE) VigilânciaeControle Vigilância e Controle de Moluscos de Importância Epidemiológica Disque Saúde 0800 61 1997 Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde www.saude.gov.br/bvs Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Diretrizes Técnicas: Programa de Vigilância e www.saude.gov.br/svs Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE) 2ª edição Ministério da Saúde FIOCRUZ Secretaria de Ministério Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Vigilância em Saúde da Saúde Brasília – DF Diretoria Regional de Brasília 2008 MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica 2ª edição Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos Brasília – DF 2008 © 1995 Ministério da Saúde. Todos os direitos reservados. É permitida a reprodução parcial ou total desta obra, desde que citada a fonte e que não seja para venda ou qualquer fim comercial. A responsabilidade pelos direitos autorais de textos e imagens desta obra é da área técnica. A coleção institucional do Ministério da Saúde pode ser acessada, na íntegra, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde: http://www.saude.gov.br/bvs O conteúdo desta e de outras obras da Editora do Ministério da Saúde pode ser acessado na página: http://www.saude.gov.br/editora Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos Tiragem: 2.ª edição – 2008 – 20.000 exemplares Elaboração, distribuição e informações: MINISTÉRIO DA SAUDE Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica Esplanada dos Ministérios, bloco G Edifício Sede, 1.º andar, sala 134 CEP: 70058-900, Brasília – DF E-mail: [email protected] Home page: www.saude.gov.br/svs Impresso no Brasil / Printed in Brazil Ficha Catalográfica Brasil.