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Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia

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Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia Fresh Tracks in the Forest Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia Nina Robertson and Sven Wunder Fresh Tracks in the Forest Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia Nina Robertson and Sven Wunder Nina Robertson, Fulbright Scholar, Edificio BOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Current address: 1719 Euclid Ave N.W., Washington, DC, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Sven Wunder, Senior Economist, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), postal address: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Convênio CIFOR, Travessa Dr Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CEP 66.095-100 Belém -PA, Brazil; E-mail: [email protected] © 2005 by CIFOR All rights reserved. Published in 2005 Printed by Inti Prima, Jakarta Cover photo by Reidar Persson Design and layout by Eko Prianto National Library of Indonesia Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robertson, Nina. Fresh tracks in the forest: assessing incipient payments for environmental services initiatives in Bolivia/Nina Robertson and Sven Wunder. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 2005. p. cm. ISBN 979-3361-81-6 1. nature conservation 2. incentives 3. economic evaluation 4. watershed management 5. carbon sequestration 6. environmental impact 7. biodiversity 8. nature tourism 9. social impact 10. Bolivia 11. case studies I. Wunder, Sven. Published by Center for International Forestry Research Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Acknowledgements x Executive Summary xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. What are Payments for Environmental Services? 4 1.3. The Bolivian Context 10 1.4. Case-Study Summary Characteristics 12 Chapter 2. Case Studies – Carbon Forestry 16 2.1. Introduction 16 2.2. Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project 18 2.3. Carbon Forestry Initiatives in the Pipeline 31 Chapter 3. Case Studies – Watershed Protection 34 3.1. Introduction 34 3.2. Los Negros River Watershed – Los Negros and Santa Rosa de Lima Villages 37 3.3. The City of Tarija – Sama Biological Reserve 50 3.4. La Aguada and the Water Planting Water (Siembra del Agua) Project 59 Chapter 4. Case Studies – Landscape Beauty and Recreation 65 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Chalalán Ecolodge 67 4.3. The Mapajo Indigenous Ecotourism Lodge 78 4.4. La Chonta 86 4.5. La Yunga 93 4.6. The Eduardo Avaroa Reserve 99 iv Chapter 5. Case Studies – Biodiversity Protection 113 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. The Beni Biological Station Debt-for-Nature Swap 115 5.3. Robin Clark and His Neighbour 115 5.4. El Ceibo 116 5.5. Biocomercio Initiative 117 5.6. Conservation Concessions 118 Chapter 6. Overall Conclusions and Discussion 121 6.1. Characterisation of Case Studies 121 6.2. Effects of the Initiatives 125 6.3. Recommendations and Perspectives 127 References 131 Annex People Interviewed 135 v Figure Figure 1. Map of main study sites 14 Tables Table 1. Case-study projects according to environmental service types 13 Table 2. Ecoregional distribution of main and secondary projects 13 Table 3. Political region distribution of projects 14 Table 4. Environmental threat changes as a result of the NKMCAP 25 Table 5. Compensation payments to purchase private properties within Noel Kempff National Park expansion area 26 Table 6. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: NKMCAP 30 Table 7. Environmental threat changes as a result of the PES system: Santa Rosa 43 Table 8. Perceived advantages and disadvantages of two PES payment modes in Santa Rosa (Santa Cruz, Bolivia): Cash and in-kind transfers compared 44 Table 9. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: Santa Rosa – Los Negros watershed 48 Table 10. Predicted hydrological changes in the Victoria watershed in two land-use scenarios (percentages) 54 Table 11. Initiatives versus the PES concept: The Tarija–Sama watershed 57 Table 12. Environmental threat changes as a result of the PES system: La Aguada 62 Table 13. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: La Aguada 64 Table 14. Environmental threat changes and conservation effect: Chalalán Ecolodge 70 Table 15. Chalalán Ecolodge visitor numbers and gross revenues (approximates) 72 Table 16. Estimated local employment and wages (US$) at Chalalán Ecolodge (2003) 73 Table 17. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: Chalalán tourism 77 Table 18. Environmental threat changes and conservation effects as a result of the Mapajo lodge 81 Table 19. Employment and estimated salaries (US$) for the Mapajo Ecolodge in 2003 83 Table 20. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: Mapajo tourism 85 Table 21. Environmental threat changes and conservation effects: La Chonta ecotourism operation 89 Table 22. Estimated tourism employment and salaries (US$) in La Chonta in 2003 90 Table 23. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: La Chonta tourism 91 Table 24. Environmental threat changes: La Yunga ecotourism initiative 95 Table 25. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: La Yunga tourism 98 vi Table 26. Environmental threat and conservation effects of tourism-related payments in Eduardo Avaroa Reserve† 105 Table 27. Implemented initiatives versus the PES concept: Reserva Eduardo Avaroa 109 Table 28. Summary characteristics of case studies 122 Boxes Box 1. Santa Cruz–Amboró 59 Box 2. Chalalán Ecolodge’s main forms of income generation and development finance in San José 77 Abbreviations and Acronyms ASYTUR Asociación para el Turismo Responsable, La Yunga (Association for Responsible Tourism) BOLFOR Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible (de Bolivia) (Sustainable Forestry Management Project [of Bolivia]) Bs Bolivian bolivianos CADEFOR Centro Amazónico de Desarrollo Forestal (Amazonian Centre for Forest Development) CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CEDES Consejo Empresarial de Desarrollo Sostenible (The Business Advisory Group for Sustainable Development) CDM Clean Development Mechanism (of the Kyoto Protocol) CES compensation for environmental services CETEFOR Fundación Centro Técnico Forestal (Forestry Technical Centre) CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research cm centimetre(s) CO2 carbon dioxide COBIMI Conservación de la Biodiversidad para un Manejo Integrado (Biodiversity Conservation for Sustainable Management) CONDESAN Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecoregión Andina (Peru) COSAALT Cooperativa de Servicios de Agua y Alcantarillado de Tarija (Water and Sewage Service Cooperative of Tarija) DC District of Columbia (USA) Dr Doctor (title) EBB Estación Biológica del Beni (Beni Biological Station) ed. editor viii eds. editors e.g. for example etc. etcetera, ‘and so on’ FACE Forests Absorbing Carbon Emissions FAN Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (Friends of Nature Foundation) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fig. Figure FSIV Forest Science Institute of Vietnam GEF Global Environment Facility GPS Global Positioning System ha hectare(s) ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project ICO Instituto de Capacitación del Oriente (Eastern Training Institute) i.e. ‘that is’ IIED International Institute for Environment and Development Inc. Incorporated company INRA Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (National Institute for Agrarian Reform) IUCN The World Conservation Union kg kilogram(s) km kilometre(s) km2 square kilometre(s) Ltd Limited company m metre(s) m3 cubic metre(s) M.A. Master of Arts (postgraduate degree) MA Massachusetts (US state) m.a.s.l. metres above sea level mm millimetre(s) MST Movimiento sin Tierra (Landless Peasant Movement) NGO non-governmental organisation NKMCAP Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project no. number NPV net present value p. pages PAX per person per day PES payments for environmental services PNUD see UNDP PRAIA Programa Regional de Apoyo a los Pueblos Indígenas de la Cuenca del Amazonas (Regional Support Program for the Indigenous Villages of the Amazon Basin) ix PRISMA Programa Salvadoreño de investigación sobre desarrollo y medioambiente (El Savador) PRO-AGUA Asociación para la Protección de las Fuentes de Agua de la Ciudad de Tarija y las Comunidades Aledañas (Association for the Protection of Water Sources of the City of Tarija and Surrounding Communities) PROFAFOR Programa Face de Forestación (Ecuador) (Face Foundation Forestation Program, Ecuador) PROFOR Program on Forests (World Bank) PROMETA Protección del Medio Ambiente Tarija (Environmental Protection of Tarija) REA Reserva Eduardo Avaroa (Eduardo Avaroa Reserve) RPPN Reservas Privadas del Patrimonio Natural (Private Reserves of National Heritage) RUPES Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SERNAP Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (National Protected Area Service) SISCO Sistema de Cobros por Ingreso a Áreas Protegidas (system of national park entrance fees) SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SNAP Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (National Protected Area System) TCO Tierras Comunitarias de Origen (Communal Territory of Original Inhabitants) TNC The Nature Conservancy UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development US United States (of America) US$ United States dollar USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development vs. versus WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WTP willingness to pay WWF The
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