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European Plants in Peril: a Review of Threatened Plants in the European Community

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European Plants in Peril: a Review of Threatened Plants in the European Community EUROPEAN PLANTS ESf PERIL A Review of Threatened Plants in the EUROPEAN COMMUNny Compiled by the WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE 1989 .CN ' ^1'^ EUROPEAN PLANTS IN PERIL A Review of Threaxened Plants in the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Compiled by the WORLD CONSERVATION MONFTORING CENTRE 1989 Prepared whh financial support from the European Commission, Bmssels and the Council of Europe, Strasbourg Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge littp://www.arcliive.org/details/europeanplantsin89wcmc WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) was formerty ttie Conservation Monitoring Centre of ttie International Union for Conser- vation of Nature (lUCN ). Today, it is a joint venture between ttie ttiree partners In ttie World Conservation Strategy: lUCN -The World Corv servation Union, WWF - the World Wide Fund for Nature, and UNEP - the United Nations Environment Programme. Its mission Is to supi- port conservation and sustainable development through the provision of Information on the world's biological diversity. Major lUCN publica- tions prepared In dose collaboration with WCMC Include the lUCN Red Data Books etnd lUCN Protected Areas Directories. For more information about WCMC please write to: The Information Officer World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK World Conservation Monitoring Centre Text compiled by Sue Everett, Christine Leon and John Akeroyd Camera-ready copy by The Nature Conservation Bureau, 122 Derwent Road Thaicham RG13 4UP, UK Cover illustration Primula allionii, a threatened plant found only in Italy and France Ttw views expfBSsed In mis Oocumenl t>y tne autnors Oo n« necessarily rBfleet inose ot lUCN. WWF. UNEP or oiner partlapaling orpanoabons. Tne oastgnaMon o( geograpnical entities m tnis document, and tne pcBsentauon o( me malertal. oo nolimply tne expressHxi o( any op(nloo wmaooever on me pan of lUCN. WWF. UNEP or omer panidpaiing ofBanuaiions oooeeming tne legal status ot any caunay. lennocy or area, or of Us autnomies. or concerning ine delimttallon o( Its Irontiefs or Doundanes. CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements 'V The Authors 'V Foreword v Introduction vi Key to Symbols x'" Plant Species Conservation Summaries Higher Plants 1 Lxiwer Plants 49 Index 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of this report would not have been possible without the help of many botanists and conservationists throughout Europe. To all those who have contributed we extend our grateful thanks. In particular, we wish to thank: D and Z Bramwell, P Creed, T Curtis, P Devillers, L Fan-ell, M Fernandez Molina, S Gardner, C Gomez-Campo, P Goriup, I Hepburn, V Heywood, C Jermy, S Jury, M King, A f^achado, J V Malato-Beliz, V Morgan, D Phitos, S Pignatti, R Press, T Rich, R Schumacker, E Serusiaux, W T Steam, A Strid, H Synge, J Willison. We are equally indebted to the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, particularly the library staff, and J Cowley, K Ferguson, M Fothergill, B Mathew, E Nic Lughada and D Pegler. Thanks also go to colleagues in the Threatened Plants Unit of WCMC, paiticularly Judith Sheppard for her secretarial support, as well as Steve D;^vis and Robert Madams. The research done for this document has greatly benefitted from a CO '';urrent project being undertaken for the Council of Europe to revise A| oondix 1 of the Berne Convention. THE AUTHORS Si Everett has been deeply involved ii plant conservation projects for m.'iiy years. She served as Chairperson : the British Association of Nature Ciji uservationists between 1985 and 1987 and most recently helped to devolop and launch Plantlife. a new voluntary body devoted to plant conser- vation. She is currently a Director of the Nature Conservation Bureau. Chri-stine Leon has been managing the Threatened Plants Unit of WCMC sine, ) January 1988 and has almost ten years experience with lUCN pro loting plant conservation in Europe and developing a data base of Eur. pe's threatened plants. She has prepared the Council of Europe's List of Rive, Threatened and Endemic Plants in Europe published in 1983 and is a joii It author of a recent reference work entitled Plants in Danger: What Do We ''now? published by lUCN. John Akeroyd is a freelance botanist who was formeriy revising Volume I of Flora Europaea. He has travelled widely in the Mediterranean region and has published over fifty papers on its flora. FOREWORD Professor Vernon H Heywood* The European Community is rich in plant life. Within its frontiers it houses some of the worid's most spectacular habitats and rich assemblages of plant species. Unfortunately many of these habitats have been encroached upon by the unrelenting march of human activity over the centuries. Indeed, many of the landscapes in the European Community are an artificial conse- quence of deforestation, agriculture (both small and large scale) and other changing kinds of land use. In recent years, reafforestation by exotic species not only changes the traditional landscape but diminishes the plant diversity. This booklet draws anention to the problems of habitat loss or degradation within the tenitory of the European Community and presents a selection of those plant species which are, as a consequence, under threat. It explains in uncomplicated language the nature of the different kinds of threat and gives an outline of the measures that are needed to ensure the conservation of the plant species tfiat are at risk. Although only a small sample of the European Community's approximately 2,000 threatened plants are covered by this booklet, it will, 1 believe, serve Its purpose in focusing the attention of the responsible authorities and decision-makers on the urgent need to conserve habitats and with them plant species threatened throughout the Community. If we are not to suffer further losses of our natural heritage, powerful instruments like the pro- posed 'l-laoitats Directive' will be needed. All those who have t)een involved in the compilation of this booklet are to be congratulated on producing such an urgent and persuasive publication. •Chief Scientist, Plant Conservation lUCN - The World Conservation Union The lUCN Plants Office Kew, England, UK INTRODUCTION This booklet covers a small, though representa- posed by damage and destruction of their habi- tive, sample of the 343 plant species which have tats, and an indication of broad conservation been proposed for listing on Annex 1 b of the pro- measures which are needed to protect them. posed "Habitats Directive'. Even these 343 spe- Maps showing the general distribution of each cies are themselves only a fraction of the total of at species are also shown. Those, unless otherwise least 2,000 threatened higher plants found in the stated, do not show individual localities or their European Community. Unfortunately, the informa- surface area, more the general location of one or tion available for the far more numerous lower more sites. plants was not sufficient to prepare a similar range Most of the plants described herein are glob- of species accounts as has been done for 50 or so ally Endangered or Vulnerable as well as being higher plants included in this booklet. Neverthe- threatened within the Community's own territory. less, a short section on lower plants has been in- The Community therefore has as much a special cluded to draw attention to their particular needs responsibility to ensure their conservation as have which are no less urgent than those of higher the countries supporting tropical rain forests to plants. conserve their diminishing plant resources. As Each species account in the booklet aims to threats mount from every quarter, as ranges de- provide the reader with a 'flavour' of the types of cline and numbers grow fewer, the future flora of species which are threatened, the range of threats Europe looks increasingly forlorn. Plants of the European Community natural and seminatural ecosystems and many are important to For example, seaweeds and Tne European Community is estimated to contain humans. still throughout the Community and between 9.000 and 10.000 species of 'higher' plants. fungi are eaten interest due to their relative These are plants with vascular systems, and include lichens are of increasing some are important indi- herbaceous plants, grasses, fems, sedges, rushes sensitivity to air pollution: cators of atmospheric quality. There are far more and trees. Today, in north-west Europe, It is an than higher plants - perhaps unusual event for a new species to be discovered - lower plants in Europe species! Though Red Data Books the floras of countries such as the Nethertands, Brit- as many as 50.000 drafted for some groups of ain and Denmark are very well known and not par- and Red Lists are t)eing lower plants, at present there is practically no Infor- ticularly high in species (Figure 1). In contrast, the to mation for groups and it is not yet possible floras of the southern states, particularly Spain and many assign conservation priorities or develop conserva- Greece, are less well known, are much richer in spe- tion strategies for them. cies, and new species continue to be discovered. The Community contains about 4% of the world's Threats to Plarrts of the European Community 250,000 higher plants. Some of these species have the loss or tiny populations, often confined to only one or two The main threat to European plants is In northem Europe. Member States (Figure 2). degradation of their habitat. most natural The conservation needs of lower plants are often there has been a dramatic decline of 40 years or forgotten. The lower plants include algae, fungi, and seminatural habitats over the past destruction has oc- lichens, mosses and livenArorts. Relatively few scien- so. Much of this damage and indirect consequence tists are interested in them compared to the higher curred in recent years as an linancial encour- plants, yet they play a very important role within of Community policies, notably the Scale 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Madeira Azores Figure 1: Numbers of native piant species in Member States and Islands of the European Community.
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