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Practical Seed Source Selection for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting: Tallgrass Prairie, Serpentine Barrens, and Coastal Habitat Examples

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Practical Seed Source Selection for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting: Tallgrass Prairie, Serpentine Barrens, and Coastal Habitat Examples URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 ISSN 1541-7115 Practical Seed Source Selection urbanhabitats.org for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting Practical Seed Source Selection for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting: Tallgrass Prairie, Serpentine Barrens, and Coastal Habitat Examples by Danny J. Gustafson1, Angela C. Halfacre2, and Roger C. Anderson3 1Department of Biology, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina 29409 2Department of Political Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29242 3Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4120, Normal, Illinois 61709 Abstract Key words: restoration ecology, local ecotype, Muhlenbergia sericea, sweetgrass, Gullah, Anthropogenic activities have dramatically altered community participation, tallgrass prairie, eastern native plant communities through both habitat serpentine barrens, coastal habitat reduction and habitat fragmentation. Awareness of these changes has lead to an increased interest in restoring extirpated populations and augmenting Introduction remnant communities in urban, suburban, and When discussing plant community restoration, agricultural landscapes. Ecological restoration interested parties typically raise the following frequently requires seeds of component species, and questions: What is a local seed source? How far can the choice of local, nonlocal, and cultivar seed we go to collect plant material for our restoration sources could affect the success of a restoration project? Can we purchase seeds rather than collect project. In this article, we describe restoration them? Individuals interested in restoring, projects conducted in tallgrass prairie, eastern reestablishing, recreating, or augmenting a historical serpentine barrens, and coastal South Carolina to native plant community will likely be very interested illustrate practical advice on seed-source selection. in identifying and selecting local ecotypes. Seminal We advocate the use of locally collected seed if research and recent literature reviews have available, but we acknowledge that nonlocal sources established the scientific justification for selecting from similar ecological settings (via ecological local seed sources for restoration projects and offer matching), geographically local sources from general guidelines for select species and ecosystems different habitats, or unrestricted seed sources may be (Clausen and Heisey 1958; Hufford and Mazer 2003; appropriate depending on the goals of the specific Joshi et al. 2001; Kawecki and Ebert 2004; Lesica restoration project. and Allendorf 1999; Leverich 2005; Linhart and Grant 1996; McKay et al. 2005; McMillan 1959; 7 URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 ISSN 1541-7115 Practical Seed Source Selection urbanhabitats.org for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting Montalvo et al. 1997; Packard and Mutel 1997; adapted to present ecological conditions than Rogers and Montalvo 2004; Schaal and Wilkinson genotypes that have evolved under other ecological 2001). In this paper, we outline some commonsense settings. For example, selecting seeds from a considerations for seed-source selection when population in a wet habitat to restore a wetland conducting plant community restoration projects community is most likely a better ecological match of within urban settings. To illustrate our points and plant material than selecting seeds of the same provide real world examples, we share lessons species from a dry habitat. learned about tallgrass prairies, serpentine barrens, Goal Three: How should project organizers and coastal habitats. proceed if there are no local native sources or if local sites are too small to provide sufficient seeds for the Defining Goals entire restoration project? Without sufficient local native seed sources, restoration managers may choose From our experience and that of others, we argue that to collect seeds of the desired species from different the first step to any successful restoration project— ecological settings or purchase seeds from a native and, accordingly, to seed source selection—is to plant seed supplier. When lacking sufficient seed consider an array of goals and clearly define the sources, organizers have three possible approaches. context of the project and project priorities. We Restoration professionals may decide to use the local provide an overview of suggested questions to seeds but may have to establish seed increase plots consider when planning and implementing a on-site and use a multiple-year approach to generate restoration project in urban areas and wildland-urban sufficient seeds for the entire project. Two potential interfaces (Table 1). In the following section, we negatives to this approach are: (a) multiple seasons explore five of the more common goals for habitat needed to generate sufficient seeds may not fit within restoration and reclamation. By examining these the time constraints of the funding source, and (b) goals, we provide a range of options for restoration. danger of founder effects due to the small original Goal One: Establishing a historical plant gene pool used to establish the seed increase plots. community is a challenging goal for anyone pursuing Founder effects occur when a few individuals are ecological restoration using historical local genotypes used to establish a new population, with the resulting because in many regions there are few situations population containing only a fraction of the original where organizers will find remnant populations with genetic diversity. Negative effects associated with historical genotypes on-site. founder effects, genetic drift and potential inbreeding Goal Two: Many individuals conducting depression, can be reduced by establishing seed ecological restoration focus on reestablishing native increase plots and/or restoration projects with seed plant communities with local, but not necessarily from many individuals collected from across the historical, genotypes that would have once occupied original native plant community. the restoration site. Selection of plant material that Additionally, restoration professionals may has evolved under similar ecological conditions as choose to collect seeds of target species from a the proposed restoration site should have genetic relatively close geographic area but with less combinations (genotypes) that are more likely to be 8 URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 ISSN 1541-7115 Practical Seed Source Selection urbanhabitats.org for Restoration Projects in an Urban Setting emphasis on ecological matching. For example, Cook ecological settings (Huff et al. 1998; Rice and Knapp County, Illinois, has approximately 67,000 acres of 1998;). Rogers and Montalvo (2004, Table 10.3) prairie, savanna, wetlands, and forest managed by the nicely summarize 17 grass, 37 forb, 11 shrub, and 10 Cook County Forest Preserve District, and these tree species studies that have investigated local natural areas could be potential seed sources for adaptations or genetic differentiation in at least one restoration efforts in the greater Chicago state of the Forest Service Region 2 (Colorado, metropolitan area. The same can be said for Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming). While Westchester County, New York, and its 39 county- some of these native species do have extensive owned natural areas, which could be seed sources for ranges, it may not be appropriate to assume that the restoration projects in the greater New York City patterns of local adaptation in these states accurately metropolitan area (see reflect selection dynamics in other regions of the fcwc.org/directory/wcoppnc.htm). country. Restoration professionals can also decide to Goal Four: If the potential restoration site has purchase seed from a native plant seed producer, been so dramatically altered (via strip mining, regardless of the origin of the original seed source. decommissioned landfills, phosphate mines, etc.) that When using warm and cool season grasses in an few plants occur there, then the restoration urban project in the Northeast, participants can practitioner may select native species that have the purchase cultivated varieties of these grasses that potential to grow on that site. This is not a restoration originated from Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and project per se, but more of a reclamation project Illinois and are produced in large seed increase plots where the goal is to establish a plant community on a throughout the United States. This large-scale seed highly disturbed site. Fresh Kills Landfill, on Staten production results in relatively inexpensive high Island, is a 2,200-acre landfill that officially closed in quality seed in sufficient quantities to do large-scale 2001 after it received debris from the World Trade plantings. Some of these cultivated varieties have Center. The City of New York is currently planning a been developed as native forage crops and may not, large-scale reclamation/restoration of the Fresh Kills however, be genetically and ecologically equivalent Landfill site to create a world-class park (see to native populations in this same region (Gustafson nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/fresh_kills_park/htm et al. 1999; 2004a; 2004b; Gustafson et al. 2005). l/fresh_kills_park.html). Reclamation of strip mines, Care should be taken in choosing seed because seed decommissioned landfills, and brownfields offers an purchased from commercial sources may have a opportunity for restoration professionals to tendency to dominate restorations (Baer et al. 2004) incorporate native plant species
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