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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR I I I 77-26,003 PAULOVrrS, Jullus Cyula, 1927- FOUNDATION OF THE EOTVOS LORAND UNIVERSHY AND ITS HISTORY UNDER JESUIT AEMINISTRATION, 1635-1773. Iowa State University, PI1.D., 1977 Education, history Xerox University Microfilins, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Foundation of the EStvos Lorànd University and its history under Jesuit administration, 1635-1773 by Julius Gyula Paulovits A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department; Professional Studies Major: Education (History, Philosophy, and Comparative Education) Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1977 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DïlDICATION vil PREFATORY REMRKS viii FOOTNOTES xiv I. SEVENTEENTH CENTURY HUNGARIAN EDUCATION FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 At Longing for Civilization, a Thirst for Culture 1 B. Factors Shaping the Nation's Education 2 C. Political History 2 D. The Protestants' Tradition in Education and Their Intellectual Activities 7 E. The Counter-Reformation and Educational Institutions 11 F. Printing and Libraries 13 G. Famous Educators of the Era 14 FOOTNOTES 20 II. THE FOUNDER OF NAGYSZOMBAT UNIVERSITY 23 A. Early Years of Pazmany 23 B. Young Jesuit 25 Go Restoration of the Catholic Faith 26 D. Orator and Statesman 28 E. Primate of Hungary 29 F. Educational Concerns and Establishments 30 G. Pazmany's Literary Work 32 ill H. Critics of Pazmâny 37 E. Pazmàny's Final Days 39. FOOTNOTES 41 III. FOUNDATION OF THE UNIVERSITY 46 A. Keeping Pace with Western Culture 46 B. Promoting Factors for the University 4? C > Preliminaries 52 D. Birth of the University 53 E. Securing the New-Born Institution 59 F. Evaluation of the Fund 65 G. Inauguration of the University 69 H. Opening of the School 70 FOOTNOTES 76 IV. ACADEMIC LIFii; 0Ï' THE UNIVEi^SITY 83 A. Organizational Structure 83 1. Evolution of the universities 84 2» Ratio Studlorum 86 3» Rector 88 4. Chancellor 89 5» Decan 90 6. Secretary 9I 7• Lawyer 92 8. Pedellus•(school-porter) 92 9. Professors 93 10. Students 95 11. Vacation ajid holy days 97 iv B. Characteristics of Jesuit Education at Nagyszombat 98 1. Scholastic spirit 99 2, Institutional attitudes toward new trends 101 3» Teachers* position toward scientific evolution 102 C. Teaching Method 102 FOOTNOTES 10? V. FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY 112 A. Gymnasium 112 B. Philosophy Faculty 113 C. Theology Faculty 121 D. Law School 129 FOOTNOTES 139 VI. LITERARY WORKS AT NAGYSZOIffiAT 1^5 A« Mathematics 146 B. Natural Sciences 14? 1. Astrology 148 2. Biology 150 3. Geography 155 4. Physics 157 G. Social Science 159 D. Promotion Syllabus or Publications I6l E. Thesis Books l64 F. University Library I68 FOOTNOTES 170 VII. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I75 FOOTNOTES 186 V VIII. HIGHLIGHTS IN THE UNIVERSITY'S DEVELOPMENT DURING THE JESUIT ADMINISTRATION 189 FOOTNOTES 197 IX. CONCLUSION 199 X. APPENDIXES 202 A» Letter of Archbishop Péter Pàzmàny 202 B. Title Page of Rector Gyorgy Dobronoki's Diary 204 C. Sample Page of Rector Gyorgy Dobronoki's Diary 206 D. Title Page of Francisco Kazy 207 E. Title Page of Peter Pazmany's Kalauz (Guide) 208 F. Buildings of the Eotvos Lorand University 209 G. Hungary at the Time of Prince Gabor Bethlen (c. 1626) 210 b XI. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 211 vi ILLUSTRATIONS Plate Page 1. The view of Bagyszombat in the eighteenth century 51 The thirteenth-century Saint Nicholas Cathedral 51 2. Cardinal Peter Pâzmâny signing the Foundation Bull. 55 3» The Foundation Bull establishing Wagyszombat University signed by Cardinal Peter Pâzmâny on Hay 12» 1635 57 4. The Ratification Bull by Emperor Ferdinand II authorizing the Nagyszombat University with privileges, exemptions, and grant­ ing of degrees, etc. Issued on October 18, 1635* 65-66 5» Main Building of the Magyszombat University and the University Church at Nagyszombat 68 High altar of the University Church 68 6. The maces (pedums, symbols) of the rector and the faculties 75 7. D'ormer dormitories of Nagyszombat University 106 Entrance to the former Stephaneura Seminary IO6 8. List of professors until the Educational Reform Era of Nagyszombat (1667-1777) 138 9• Title page of lîârton Szentivânyi's Miscellanea 152 10. Frontispiece of liârton Szentivânyi's Miscellanea 153 11. World viewed by Ilârton Szentivânyi in his Miscellanea 15^ 12. Title page of Adamo Illiéshâzy, "Philosophia" I67 13. Assertiones 2x Universa Philosophia Quas 174b Illustration from Antal Reviczky's Physica 174b 14. Topography of Nagyszombat, the site of the University, other education^ institutions, and churches 188 vl.l DEDICATION In memory of my mother Julianna — who always gave generous encouragement of my efforts And to my wife Maria with gratitude — who contributed her undaunted support toward my professional goals. viii PREFATORY REMARKS During the last few decades educators and concerned citizens have been focusing on comparative education. Since no great culture of the Old World has ever been entirely Isolated, this comparative study is aimed at broadening one's perspectives by learning about those people who live in differing national, social or cultural groups# By acquiring some knowledge of similarities and differences between our institutions and others, educators gain better understanding of their own system and the aspirations and ideals of other nations* One should be reminded that each nation has contributed to the world civilization and that humanity would be incom­ plete without that contribution. New and increasing demands were made upon the historical commentaries with the birth and developments of great European centers of learning. %e history of medieval Hungarian universities has been well-explored; and institutions of the late eighteenth century and contemporary higher education were also examined In educational literature. However, the seventeenth and early eighteenth-century university, the ancestor of to­ day's EStvos Lorand Tudomanvegvetem [Botvos Lorand University] of Budapest, gained very little recognition in English literature. The present study was designed to fill in the interval and describe the formation and development of one of Hungary's oldest and existing uni­ versities in the small western Hungarian city of Nagyszombat. The search was mainly concerned with the I38 years of university life under the Jesuit administration* The seventeenth-century institution was elevated through the last three centuries to a position of prominence and great importance and has grown to be a permanent center of education. This search proved to be exciting. One of the questions posed was Ix whether the founding of the University was mostly the result of one indi­ vidual's initiative — or the will of dedicated groups of people? Komis, a former student and the rector at the time of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the institution, in 1935» wrote for the occasion that, "we should be proud that our University was originated not as a benevolence of a ruling prince, but as a purpuseful endeavor of an educator.'^ For this ceremonial event Kornis also stated that, "among the Hungarian universities Nagyszombat University is the first which endured the Adversities of the tragic centuries." 2 This study introduces, briefly, the general Hungarian history (politi­ cal, social, intellectual) of the period as a background to explain the in­ ner and outer forces which helped or hindered the shaping of the nation's education. A short assessment is made of the Protestant tradition and their intellectual activities in comparison to the scholastic achievements of the Catholic tradition. The biographical profile has been devoted to portray­ ing one of the main characters, the founder of the Nagyszombat University, whose leadership, determination, dedication, and generosity made possible the establishment of the University. The necessary preliminary preparations for the foundation are discussed with the provision of funds.

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