FOUR STRASBURG INCORRECTLY ASSIGNED TO ANTON KOBERGER OF

PAUL NEF.DHAM

l\n R incuiiiihlcs, undiucd and anonymous as to place and printer, have for many generations been assigned to the Nuremberg press of Anton Koberger, and have in tact been cla.ssed as his very earhest productions.* They are: 1. Johannes Nider, Manualc confessorum. foL: a-e'^^ p, 58 leaves. Hain, *ii834; Goff, \-178; Proctor, 1961; B.M.C. ii, 411 (IB. 7103). 2. Johannes Nider, De moralt lepra. fol.: a-e^^ fg^ h^^, 76 leaves. Hain, *ii8i3; Goff, N-I8Q; Proctor, i(^6o; B.M.C. ii, 411 (IB. 7104). V Ilonorius Augustodunensis, De praedesttnatwne et libero arbitrio. fol.: a-d'^^, 40 leaves {d 10 blank). Hain, *88oi; Proctor, 1962; B.M.C. ii, 411 (IB. 7106). 4. Puihcnuw Idttmim. 8 in quarter-sheets: a-q^^, 192 leaves (q 8-12 blanks). Hain, I ;^457; Proctor, 1964; B.M.C. ii, 41 T (IA. 7112). All are printed with the same type, a Gothic face of which 20 lines measure, according to B, irC, 113 mm. It is closely similar to a 115-mm. type used by Koberger in \arious editions, signed and unsigned, the earliest of which to contain an explicit date was completed on 24 November 1472.' Ofthe four editions printed with the ri3-mm. t\pe, several copies survive with purchase or rubrication inscriptions dated 1471.^ If these arc Koberger's productions, his activity as a printer must be pushed back to at least .1 \car before his tirst dated book. But are the\ Koherger's' Doubts were expressed already in 1912, in B.M.C. ii, 409, where it was stated that 'Koberger's connexion with these books [printed with the I n-mm. type] ... is in need of further proof. As was there noted, this type is indistinguishable in face from' that used in 1473-4 by the Strasburg printer C. W., iivts .-iri^ennriensis, measuring (again according to B.M.C.) no (tos) mm. 'Notably better presswork and a ditlierence in height of 3 mm. in twenty lines thus separate this [11 ^-mm.] group trom the books assigned to C. W. It is quite possible that its ascription to Koberger originated from a confusion between this 113 and the closely similar 115 t>pe used b\ him in his tirst signed book ... but in deference to Hain and Proctor the tour books m this 113 type are left, doubtfully, under Koberger, until some other printer is found for them.' Since B.M.C. ii appeared, no other printer has been found f(.r them; every subsequent catalogue listing one or more of these incunables has contmued to assign them to Koberger, though occasionally with a query.

130 However, the doubts expressed by B.M.C, ii are fully confirmed by a closer examination of the four incunables in question. It may be concluded with certainty that they have nothing whatever to do with Koberger, nor with Nuremberg. They are Strasburg incunables, printed either in the shop of C. W., in a hitherto-unsuspected earlier stage of its activity, or in another, anonymous Strasburg shop, whose types came later into C. W.^s possession. Koberger's connection with the books is simply this: that when he began printing in 1472 he procured a fount copied from that ofthe Strasburg press. This is, indeed, an argument in itself that the 113-mm. type was not Koberger's. For if it was his, why should he go to the considerable expense of procuring, as his second type, a close facsimile of the first, produced by newly cut punches? The clue to a proper assignment of the four editions, and of a fifth member of the group to be mentioned shortly, may be found in their paper stocks. The two Nider editions must have been produced together. A printed advertisement survives, billing them as a single entity, and they often survive bound together.^ Two stocks of paper, both marked with the letter P surmounted by a quatrefoil (figs. 1-4), are mixed through both editions and are—with one small exception—the only papers of those editions.'^ The third edition, Honorius of Autun, De praedestinatwne, is uniformly printed on a third stock of paper, marked with a Bull's head/X (figs. 5-15). This stock is ofa kind that I have elsewhere called multigeminate.^ That is, it is made up of more than a single pair of twins, no doubt because it was manufactured in a mill producing a single stock of paper by mixing the output of several vats. The fourth edition is the small and very rare Psalterium printed on quarter-sheets. Its papers are a mixture ofthe two P-stocks ofthe Nider editions, and ofthe Bull's head/X ofthe Honorius of Autun. A fifth edition also belongs, according to its paper stock, to this 'pseudo-Koberger' group: 5. Sixtus IV, Regulae, ordinationes £5' constitutwnes cancellariae [after 19 Dec. i47t]. 4" in half-sheets: a b^^ (b 10+i), 21 leaves. Goff, S-576; D. Reichling, Appendices ad Haimi-Copingeri Repertonum bibliographicum . . . Siipplementum (1914), r8o; I. Hubay, Incunabula der Umv.-Bibl. Wurzburg (V^xQ^hdidtn, T966), 1938. All three catalogues cited above assign this edition to the Strasburg printer C. W. (Gotf with a query). The state of its type will be discussed below; for our immediate purposes it wall be sufficient to note that it is printed on the first of the two P-marked stocks, found also in the Nider editions and in the Psalterium latinum. Both the P-stocks of this group were in all probability manufactured in or near Alsace. The twins of the first P-stock (figs, i and 2) are apparently identical with Piccard, Buchstabe /*, Abt. ix, nos. 426 and 407, which he notes as twins.^ He found them in documents from Stift Selz, Alsace, 1473. His tracings ix, 425 and 427 are very similar to 426, and may be variant states of the mark; he found them in documents from, respectively, Strasburg, 1470; and from Kloster St. Blasien in the Schwarzwald, 1470-1. The precise P-mark of fig. i appears in an edition of Petrarch, De contemptu mundi, printed in Strasburg by Adolph Rusch, not after 1473 (Hain, 12800; Goff, Fig. J. mh

. mR

Fig. 4. mR Fig, 3. mR Fig. 5. mR Fig. 6. mR

Ftg. 7. mR Fig. y. mL

Ftg. 10. mR

Ftg. II. mR Ftg. 12. mL Fig. 13. mL

Ftg, 14. mL

Fig. IS. mR P-4i-i). However, its twin differs from tig. 2, and I believe Rusch was probably using a slightly later stock from the same mill. 1 he .second P-stock twins (figs. 3 and 4) are very close to, and perhaps identical with, Piccard, Buchstabe P, Abt. ix, nos. 634 and 629, though these he does not note as twins. The former he records iti unspecified Strasburg incunables of 1473-5; ^"^ the latter, in documents from Ettlingen (Baden), Frankfurt am Main, Trier, and Stift Sel/, 1471-2. Botb P-stocks are localized by Piccard generally in Burgundy-Lorraine. 1 he Bull's head/X stock found in Honorius of Autun, De praedestinatione, and in the Psalterium appears to come from roughly the same region. Piccard's Ochsenkopf albums are obviously far from complete in their record of Bull's heads ofthis particular t\pe, but t)ne ot his tracings, Abt. ix, no. 6 (Zutfen, 1473) may be identical to fig. I z ot our stock.'' He localizes papers with this general class of tnark in Burgundy-Lorraine. Now, it is in the nature of paper to travel, and the use of given stocks in and around Strasburg does not exclude a priori their use in Nuremberg. But, in fact, we find that the paper stocks ofthe early Nuremberg printers entered that city by entirely different trade routes. Their papers generally like those ofthe Augsburg and Ulm printers of the same time—came not from eastern but from northern . This may be seen by examining any of the early editions securely assigned to Koberger, or any of the earh editions of Nuremberg's first printer, Johann Sensenschmidt (1470-8). Sheet after sheet, all that will be tound in these books is Italian paper.^ We know, theretbre, that the five incunables listed above are printed with a type which, perhaps in different castings, was used in 1473-4 by a recognized Strasburg printer, C^. \V.; and on papers made in the vicinity of Strasburg and widely marketed in that cit\. We know by contrast that Koberger's earliest firmly attributed books are printed with a txpc mpwd trom that in our group, and on papers imported from northern ltal\. It is evident that there is no rational basis for locating our group an\ where but in Strasburg. The reason tor the group's original attribution to Koberger is indeed that suggested by B.M.C. ii: a confusion between its type and Koberger's facsimile' ot the type. This confusion goes back at least as far as the late eighteenth century, and may have originated with Michael Denis.^ The weight of inertia has kept the mistaken attribution alive to this day, almost two centuries after it was first made. \n interesting question remains: were these five incunables printed in the shop of C W ,, whose acti\it\ must then be extended back to 1471; or in a heretofore unrecognized Strasburg shop whose types subsequently passed into the hands of C. W.? This question cannot be answered with any real certainty, but the relevant evidence suggests that the former alternative is the likelier, or at least fits more closely the conventional criteria for assigning anonymous editions to discrete presses. If we exclude for the moment no. 5 above, there are eleven editions, printed with a single type, which have been assigned to C. W.'s press, though only one contains his initials. Four of these are large folios: 6. /acharias Chrysopolita, Concordanlia evangelistarum (i473)- Regal fol.: 182 leaves. Hain, 5023; Proctor, 339; B.M.C. i, 81 (IC. 953); Goff, Z-13. '36 7- Alanus de Insulis, Distinctiones. Regal fol.: 95 leaves. Hain, 391; G.W,, 488; Proctor, 343; B.M.C. i, 82 (IC. 965); Goff, A-169. 8. Duns Scotus, Super quarto libro Sententiarutn (1474). Regal fol: 290 leaves. Hain, 6430 = 6429; G.W., 9084; Proctor, 342; B.M.C. i, 82 (IC. 962); Goff, D-377. 9. Petrus Berchorius, Biblia moralizatus (7 Sept. 1474: text, 7 Oct. 1474: table), signed by C. W. in colophon.^° Regal fol.: 304 leaves. Hain, 2795; G.W., 3863; Proctor, 341; B.M.C. i, 82 (IC. 960); Goff, B-337. The remainder are folios of ordinary-sized sheets: 10. Augustinus, Enchiridion defide^ spe et caritate. fol.: 34 leaves. Hain, 2029; G. IV., 2904; Proctor, 345; B.ALC. i, 8t (IB. 969); Goff, A-1266. 11. Hugo de Sancto Victore, Soliloquium. fol.: 10 leaves. Hain, 9028; Proctor, 340; B.Al.C. i, 82 (IB. 958; IB. 957 exchanged with Bodleian Library in 1910); Goff, H-S37. 12. Jacobus de Voragine, Sermones dommicales. fol.: 336 leaves. Proctor, 345A (=B.L., IB. 971, cf. B.M.C. iii, 860); Reichling, Supplement urn., 218; Goff, J-182. 13. 'Prudentius' [i.e. Berengarius de Landora], De viipeccatis mortalibus, fol.: 14 leaves. Hain, 13437; B.L., C.10.C.9 (IB. 970); Goff, P-1031. 14. Andreas Capellanus, De amoris remedio. foL: 77 leaves. Hain, 992; G.W.^ i759; Goff, A-652. 15. Boncompagnus, Rota Veneris. fol.: 10 leaves. Hain, 3577; G.W., 4836; Goff, B-974. 16. Erhart Gross, Doctrinal fUr die Laien. fol.: 50 leaves. Hain, 8083; Voullieme, Berlin^ 2191 (West Berlin S.B.); B. Hellwig, Inkunabelkatalog des Germanischen National- museums Nurnberg (Wiesbaden, 1970), 444. From rubrication and purchase inscriptions in various copies, we know that nos. 7 and 10-12 are no later than 1473, and no. 13 no later than 1474." Thus, five of C. W.'s eleven editions are known to have been in existence in 1473, and three more in 1474; and there is no reason to suppose that the three remaining editions, nos. 14-16, are any later. ^^ This is a large quantity of printing, betokening a shop of intense, though short-lived, activity. C. W.'s output totals 531 edition sheets on ordinary-sized paper, and 871 edition sheets on Regal paper. It is apparent that C. W.'s shop possessed two sizes of press, one for ordinary paper and one for Regal paper. In fact, the quantity of Regal printing must have required at least two large presses. For instance, C. W.'s colophon to Berchorius (no. 9, 304 leaves) tells us that its printing began in 1473 and was completed on 7 September 1474. A table of 30 leaves was completed a month later, on 7 October. But the equally massive Duns Scotus (no. 8, 290 leaves) was also completed in 1474, so there must have been some degree of simultaneous production on Regal presses. As we shall see presently, there is bibliographical evidence to suggest that the 1473 Chrysopolita (no. 6) was worked on two Regal presses. Although the paper .stocks of our first group of incunables (nos. 1-5) form a distinct supply, which is not carried over into C. W.'s ordinary-paper folio printing, there is

137 a particular typographical connection between the two groups of incunables which suggests that they should be treated, at least provisionally, as products ofa single shop, active trom 1471 to 1474. The first four 'pseudo-Koberger' incunables are printed with a single state of type; its 20-line measurement is given by B.M.C. ii, 409 as 113 mm., but measurements of the Morgan copies of the two Nider editions (nos. i and 2) suggest .1 height of 114-15 mm. The fifth , Regulae cancellariae apostolicae, IS printed with the same tace but on a smaller body, and must represent a recasting; 20 lines measure, on average, 111 mm. This state of the type is found in much of C. W.'s printing, and so the Regulae cancellariae apostolicae forms a link between our t w 0 Strasburg groups. Its paper stock belongs to the 'pseudo-Koberger' group, its fount to the C \\. group. I his edition of the Regulae must belong to 1472, probably rather early in the year. It contains a collection of papal chancery regulations issued 2 October 1471, to which is appended {b 6^ tl.) a separate section headed 'Regule expectativarum', issued 19 Decem- ber 1471. At least three early editions ofthe chancery Regulae were printed in Rome without the Regulae expectativarum^ one by Georg Lauer (Goff, S-575) and two by .Adam Rot (Hain, 14820 = 5..V/.C. iv, 42, IA. 17564; Proctor, 3434 = fi.Af.C. iv, 43, I \. 17567). Adam Rot also printed a third edition ofthe Regulae with contents identical to the Strasburg edition, i.e. including the 'Regule expectativarum' of 19 December 1471 (Gotl, S-577). This edition of Rot's did not necessarily supply copy for the Strasburg edition, but it is hard to imagine that copy of any kind could have travelled trom Rome to Strasburg in time for an edition to be issued there in 1471.'^ The interval hetween the last ofthe 'pseudo-Koberger' books and the first of C. W.'s books is theretore not so great nor so sharply defined as to imply a clear break in production between the two groups. Though we have no explicit evidence for the date ot Honorius ot ,\utun, De praedcstinatitme (no. 3) nor of the Psalterium (no. 4), we know th.it the Regulae cancellartae apostolicae must be no earlier than 1472. We know, furthermore, that C. \\ .\ pre.ss issued a substantial amount of work before the end of 1473: two Regal tolios totalling 277 edition sheets (nos. 6 and 7), and three ordinary folios totalling 3S0 edition sheets (nos. 10-12). There is at least a good chance that some portion ofthis work was begun in 1472, reducing the gap between the two groups of Strasburg incunables to a matter of only months, if that much.^'* It also seems reasonable that the recasting of a fount, such as first occurs in the Regulae cancellartae apostoltcae, should take place at a time when a press was planning continued operations, rather than when it was about to go into abeyance. In fact, there are some grounds for correlating this recasting with an expansion in the operations of C. W.'s press. To see why this is so, we must first clear up one long-standing misconception concerning C. W. and his type. R, t/C. i. SI notes that the measure of C. W.'s type varies between about no mm. and 105 mm. trom edition to edition, and even within editions. This is accounted for b> postulated differences in damping the paper: a 'fine thin white paper' was supposedly damped slightly, and so underwent very little shrinkage; a 'coarse thick' paper was

138 heavily damped, leading to much greater shrinkage. But this explanation is incorrect, as is easily shown. Differences in the measure of C. W.'s type not infrequently occur between the conjugate leaves of a single sheet, and even between the recto and verso sides ofa single leaf.^^^ Such differences obviously cannot be explained by hypothesized variations in damping, which should affect a given sheet uniformly. The true explanation is at once simpler and more interesting. C. W. possessed several castings of type, with identical face but different body heights. These were kept in separate cases, and we know that C. W.'s compositors were aware of their differing measures, and so kept them segregated. Two examples may suffice to prove the point. C. W.'s edition of Andreas Capellanus (no. 14) collates a^^{a i + i) b-h^ i^^. Its composition was divided between two cases as follows: a case containing type measuring iii/tt2 mm. was used to set a-c, d 1-4, / 2, 4, 6-8, h 8, and / (94 pages). A case of type measuring 105/106 mm. was used to set the remainder, d 5-8, e, fi, 3, 5, g, h 1-7 (60 pages). It is apparent that the compositors were aware of the different heights of the two cases, for whereas the pages of the taller casting were set to 35 lines (except /6-8'', set to 34 lines), those of the shorter casting were set to 36 lines. The result was type pages of approximately equal height, whichever casting was used. A similar adjustment for differing type heights may be seen in the Regal folio Chrysopolita of 1473 (no. 6). It is probable that copy for this edition was divided to allow at least some degree of simultaneous composition and working-off on two presses; and the change of type cases corresponds precisely to this apparent point of division of copy. Chrysopolita collates: a-c'"* d^ e'"" P g-i'^ k'^\ l-p'^ q'~ r-t'^. The first part, quires a-L% contains preliminary tables, introductions, the text of books I and II, and (k 2^'-4'") a 'registrum Omeliarum'; k 4^' is blank. The second part, quires /-/, contains the text of books III and IV, and could be set without reference to the first part. The first part of the edition is set with type measuring 107 mm. The first 68 pages of part two (/-w, 0 1-4) are set with a taller type, measuring iio/iii mm., the remaining pages being set with the 107-mm. type. Here again, the compositors adjusted for the varying height of the two cases. The pages set with the shorter type contain 52 lines, those set with the taller type contain only 51 lines. It is not really surprising to discover that C. W. possessed sufficient type of a single face to fill several cases. Any time there was simultaneous composition in a shop using a single type, whether to speed up work at a press or to serve more than one press, several cases of that type would have been needed. The situation is as old as the first Mainz press. It is simply a lucky, but not unprecedented, circumstance for the modern bibliographer that C. W.'s cases (or at least some of them) may be so straightforwardly distinguished.^"^ A thorough examination of C. W.'s use of his several castings, taking in all his printing, would certainly provide many insights into the division of compositorial labour in his shop.'^ We do not know C. W.'s name, and his initials appear in only one of his editions.'^ But if we presume that he was, throughout, the possessor of the Strasburg type used, in several castings, in all the editions listed above, the chronology of his shop may be

139 outlined as Ibllows. The shop began operation in 1471, using a single fount, a large and handsome CJothic type measuring 115 mm. It issued, probably all within a year, three ordinary-si/.e tbiios of moderate extent, totalling 87 edition sheets. For two of these (nos. i and 2) a joint advertisement was issued giving the shop's location, in truly execrable Latin, as 'in the house below the market'.'** About the same time a small Psalter (no. 4) was issued, of 24 edition sheets, drawing on the paper stocks found in tbe three tbiios. This Psalter bas an unusual format; it was printed on quarter-sheets, which is to sa\ sheets of paper torn into quarters before being put to press. This implies, though it does not absolutely entail, the use of a very small press, almost miniature in si/c. If" a larger press were used, it is hard to understand the reason for so drasticalh reducing the size ofthe paper before using it. Karly in 1472 C. W.'s type was recast to a smaller body, and the 115-mm. casting disappears. The new casting was first used to print a short half-sheet quarto (no. 5). W hcrcas quarter-sheet printing was exceptional, half-sheet printing was very common at this time. Almost all early quartos were printed by folio imposition on half-sheets of paper, and most shops must have used half-sheet-sized presses for this class of work. Not later than early 1473, C. W. acquired additional castings of his type in slightly \ar\ing bod> sizes. Many of his subsequent editions contain mixtures of type pages, some set trom one, some from another of his several castings. Also by the beginning of 1473, if not earlier, C^. W\ acquired at least two Regal, or large folio, presses, which were used to produce four quite substantial editions (nos. 6-9). All C. W.'s printing in 1473-4 was in tblio format. The folios printed on ordinary-size paper were all modest in extent except for an edition, not after 1473, of Jacobus de Voragine, Sermones dfimniiutlesinn. i 2, 336 leaves), several (nos. 11, t3, and 15) being essentially pamphlets. There is no evidence for the existence of C. W.'s shop after 1474.

• 'i hf ,uiihnr h.is iiuiiciicJ Lnisi^fncti Ic.n cs h\ IJayerische Staatshihliothck {I am grateful to Dr. using italic type instciul ot ihc mure Lonvcnlioniil I lertrich for m\ knowledge of these), and copies stliurc hrjckcts; cunju^MC) "it lc.ncs is mdicitcJ in the ljihiiothcque Nationaie, Bibliotheque with J lull sinp, Mazarine, Bodleian Library, British Library, I \lciniius, Diu'ifiltHiirtint P/iitntits cptlnmc (lljin, Kpiscopal Seminary, Bruges, Cornell University ()2o; (•;,(( ,, Soh), I,ihrar\, Morgan Library, Museum Mcermanno- 1 The C^mhrldjic copies ut the NKUT ir.Rts, hound Westreenianum, The I Iague, Royal Library, The together (Oates, 977-8), contain a rubrication Hague, and in the city libraries of Albi, Reims, date of 1471. Or. E, I Icrtrich ol the IJaycrischc Tours (see Pellechet-Polain, 8498), and Augs- Stjatshihiinthck has kindly informed me that one burg; there are doubtless others. Two volumes of their copies (2 Inc, s,j. 914) of tbe two tracts, contain the Nider tracts bound together from Kigether, has a purchase inscription, dated an early time with no. 3, I lonorius of Autun, h\ Leonhard n\erentzhauser, priest in Dc praedeslinattont'. One of these volumes is in the state library of Neuburg an der Donau, and g liirmerly belonged to the Dominicans of Ober- 1 Cx>nceming the aihertisement for the two Nider medlingen (I, Ilubay, Incunabula aus der editions, see hcln\s, note ig. Kxamples hound ilaalltchcn Bthltotheh Neutfurgj Donau, Wies- together include the Munich and (.anihridgc baden, 1970, nos. 314, 456, 457). The other is copies ciied abo\c, tour more copies in the 140 in the Bibliotheque Nationaie (Res. I). 534, ii, p. 234, no. 343) and to the Psalterium talinum kindly examined for me by M. Dominique Coq). (Panzer, iv, p. 388, no. 340b), Its binding is eighteenth century, but it contains 10 C. W. printed a 13-iine advertisement for the an ownership inscription of J. Naehtigall, dated Berchorius: Konrad Burger, Btuhhdndteranzetgen 1510, with continuous foliation in his hand and des 15. Jahrhtimlerls (Leipzig, 1907), no. 16. a contents note listing all three editions and a 11 No. 7: two Leipzig copies contain ruhrication fourth, now missing, described as a 'Tractatulus dates of [473 (O. Gtinther, 'Die Wiegendrucke de cognitione vite a solitario quod dialogice edita\ der Leip/igcrSanimIungen\A'.V.Vr. Bcthtjt zttni For a possible identification of this 'tractatulus' Zentratblalt fur Bih/tolhekswesen, Leipzig, 1909, see note t4 below. no. 2985). Nos, 10-12: the Uppsala copies con- 4 I have examined seven copies each of the two tain rubrication and purchase dates ot 1473 Johannes Nider editions, Manuate confessorutn (I. Colli jn, Inkunaheln der Untv.-Bibl. zu and Oc moralt /fpra\ those in the Bodleian Uppsala, Uppsala, 1907, nos, 193, 739, 784). Library, British Library, Cambridge University No. 13: the Uppsala copy has a binding date of Library, Morgan Library, Museum Meermanno- t474 (ibid. no. 1264, bound with no. 856). I am Westreenianum, The Hague, Royal Library, The grateful to Dr. Lotte Hellinga for supplying the Hague, and (at the time of writing this) one in correct authorship of no. 13 and for identifying the possession of Messrs. Lathrop C. Harper, the text which is titulus 73 of Berengarius de New York. All are printed entirely on mixtures Landora, Lumen antmae. of the two P-marked stocks, except that sheet \i I have not been able to examine nos. t5 and 16, d 4.7 of the Harper cop)' of Manuale confessoripn the latter the only vernacular title printed by contains a Bull's head/X mark undoubtedly C. W. The main paper stock of no. 14, Andreas belonging to the paper stock of Honorius of Capellanus, is identical to that of no. 13, pseudo- .^utun, De priiedeslinattone (fig. 15). It may well Prudentius (watermarked with the arms of be that De praedestinatione was printed before Luxeuil, type of Briquet, 1160). Mr. Alan Jutzi the two Nider texts, and that a remnant of its of the LIuntington Library tells me that their paper stock was used up in Manttalc conjcssorum. copy of no, 15, Boncompagnus, also contains this 5 See chapter IV of my forthcoming F.arly Caxton stock, G.W., 4836 states that Boncompagnus quartos (Scolar press, 1981). 'obviously forms a unity' with Andreas 6 Gerhard Piccard, IVasserzetc/ien Bttchstuhe /*, 3 Capellanus. This is an exaggeration, but some vols. (Stuttgart, 1977). copies ot the two thcmatically related texts are 7 Idem, Die Ochsenkopf-Wasserzetchen^ 3 vols. bound together. (Stuttgart, 1966). 13 I am thankful to Mr, James K. Walsh for send- 8 For comparison, I have examined the papers of ing me information concerning the Houghton the SIX earliest editions securely assigned to Library copy, the only one known to me, of Adam Koberger's press (Hain, 620, 3398, 4112, 6826, Rot's enlarged edition (Goff, S-577). It is a 8800, 13183), dating from 1472 3, and ten early quarto of 22 leaves, collating a b^ r^, a i blank- editions from Sensenschmidt's press (Hain, Its text, therefore, like that of the Strasburg 2925* 3472, 6818, 7710, 7928, 8585, 8993, 9282, edition, covers 21 printed leaves, but the two 9294, 13884), dating from 1470 2. All these editions do not agree page for page. The Stras- editions appear to be printed on exclusively burg edition has a heading on /) 6^, REGVLE • Italian papers. EXPKCITATIVARVM, which does not appear in 9 The two Nider editions are entered in M. Denis, Adam Rot's edition. Annaltum lypographtcorum Mattiatre supplemen- 14 One rather slight piece of circumstantial evidence tum (Vienna, 1789), nos. 5495, 5497, their types that we are dealing throughout with a single press described as a 'Char, goth. qui idem videtur cum is just worth mentioning, though it can only bear Boethio Ant. Koberger Norimb. 1476', i.e. Hain, little weight. It was noticed above (note 3) that 3370, printed with Koherger's 115-mm. type. a tract volume in the Bibliotheque Nationaie This mistaken but, for its time, venial identi- contains three 'pseudo-Koberger' editions bound fication was extended by G. W. Panzer, Annates together, with an early owner's note of a fourth typographici (Nuremberg, 1793-1803) to text, now missing: a Tractatulus de cognitione Honorius of Autun, De praedesttnattone (Panzer, vite a solitario quod dialogiee edita' [sic]. It may

141 be ili.ii ihis was (,. \\ ,\ cdilion of Hugo de list, is partially quoted by I Iain in his description SaiKlu \ it.tore, Sn/tloi/ttititti (no. ii). Its fortiiat of one ofthe Munich copies of Nider, De morati is right. It is a 'tiactaiuUis' of only lo leaves, and Icpra (Hain, 11813). '^ mentions hoth Dc moruli it is in dialogue lorm. The title given in the U-pra and Mantialc conjesstirum, treating them as owner's contents note, M)e aignitittne vite', is an entity, and states (abbreviations expanded) nondescript, but the heail-titic of C, W,'sedition, thiU 'eomparare volens in domo vbi infra foro in 'Incipn soliliKiuium luigi>nis in moduni dyalogi conipetenil leperict'. A second example ofthis .ul .iiiiiii.ini stiam , , ,\ may have intluenced the advertisement, with variant settings, has recently owner lo see in this .1 work written 'a solitario', been discovered as binder's waste in a volume l\\ a hermit, I'ract volumes generally fall into in the University Library, Basle. It is reproduced two classes, those assemhled ,id hoc by their and discussed by F. [lieronymus, 'Einhand- owners, and those issued thus. Since three ofthe schnipsel', Tottim me itbris dedo: Festschrift Adolf tour texts in this \olumec,ime from a single press, Secbiiss (Basle, 1979), pp. 66-71 and Abb. i. there is some cncotiragcment to suppose that the Hieronynius diseus.ses the four editions, com- fourih i.ame fntm the same press, and thai the monly assigned to Koberger, that I have lour ie\Is were sold logelher, attrihuted tu C, W, in Strasburg, and eomes to 15 liir msiance. m no, 12, \ndreas Cipcllanus, the a rather different conclusion: that they were \\ pc measure of./ 4 is 112 mm,, while that of its printed at the Monastery of Saints Ulrieh and coniugate d 5 is io(> nitn. In no. h, ChrNsopitlita, Afra at Augsburg. His main argument is that a the t\pc me,isure ol "4 is 1 lo mm., wliile that (now-lost) printed advertisement for that press's ot Its e

17 Prtlmunarv investigations, w hah I hope to dc\el'ip luriher. show ihat there was concurrent \i)U- iin the illiistratwtis: tuTiiposiiiiin vMilun .ill lour o( C, \\ 's Regal The watermarks, figs. 1-15, are reproduced from folios, nos. 6 g, and also within the ordinarv- heta-radiographs; figs, i 4 and 15 have been supplied si/e folios nos. 12 14. C, W . apparentiv possessed h\ the Pierpont Morgan Library, figs. 5-14 by the jt least two cases of t\pe associated with his British Library. Captions identify the marks as being ordinar\-si/e presses, and as many as four cases "mR' (centred in the right half of the sheet) or 'mL' of tvpc assrH.i.itcd with his Regal presses. (centred in the left half). Their sources are: tK It has heen suggested that i. W mav he identi- I"ig, 1: Johannes Nider, Alanuale confessorum (PML, fied \s iih either one Clas W encker or one Conrad 75838).'- 1- Wolfacb (K \ oullicme. Diedcttischcn Drtichi-rda I ig, 2: ihid., t 7. /,-. Jahrh., Berlin, 1922, p. 148; \\ Geldner, I ig, 3: ibid., d I. Dif detituhi-n hihtittahctdruiher, Stuttgart, 196X, I'ig. 4: ibid., e 2. vol i. p ^4), but I have been unsuccessful in Fig. 5: Honorius Augustodunensis, De praedestina- discovering the basis for these suggestions, ttone (HL, IB. 7106), d 10. Mf The advertisement, which mcludcs a contents I"ig. 6: ibid., b 5.

142 Fig. 7: ibid., fl4. Fig. ,2: ibid.,/; 10. Fig. 8: ibid., a 6. Fig. ly, ibid., c 2. Fig. 9: ibid., d 6. Fig. 14: ibid., c 3. rig. 10: ibid., a to. Fig. 15: Johannes Nider, Manua/e confessorum (copy Fig. 11: ibid., b 8. belonging to Messrs. Lathrop C. Harper), d 7.

143