DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Congestion Charge and Fuel Arbitrage on Air Quality in Stockholm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Congestion Charge and Fuel Arbitrage on Air Quality in Stockholm Master thesis in Finance STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS The Effect of Congestion Charge and Fuel Arbitrage on Air Quality in Stockholm Yan Chen1 Abstract In August 2007, the congestion charge is launched in Stockholm after a seven-month trial period in 2006. This paper applies empirical methods to estimate the effects of the implementation of congestion charge on the air quality in Stockholm. I find that the trial and permanent congestion tax have reduced the emissions of major air pollutants. I also find evidences that the time-varying congestion pricing decreased the air pollutions in peak hours, and suggestive signs of peak spreading onto non-peak hours. In addition, I show that the fuel switching behavior by FFV (Flexible Fuel Vehicle) motorists might have mixed effects on different air pollutant emissions. Key words: Air quality, Congestion charge, Fuel sales, Green cars, Stockholm Supervisor: Cristian Huse Presentation: 23 May 2013 Discussants: To be determined Acknowledgement: I would like to specially thank my supervisor Cristian Huse for giving me so much great advice and guidance, and for being patient and supportive. I also thank my family and my friends for their love and support. I dedicate this paper to my mom to whom I owe the world. 1 [email protected] or [email protected] 1 Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Background ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Congestion Charge in Stockholm......................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. The control points / toll stations (cordons) ..................................................... 6 2.1.2. Congestion tax pricing ............................................................................................... 7 2.1.3. Exemptions from the congestion charge............................................................ 8 2.1.4. Tax payment .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Swedish Green Car Rebate ..................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Fuel prices, fuel sales and fuel arbitrage .......................................................................... 9 2.3.1. Gasoline vs. ethanol adjusted prices .................................................................... 9 2.3.2. Fuel arbitrage and environmental impact ....................................................... 10 2.4. Air quality in Stockholm ....................................................................................................... 12 3. Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 15 4. Data description ..................................................................................................................................... 17 5. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 18 5.1. Congestion tax in Stockholm ............................................................................................... 18 5.2. Time-varying congestion tax .............................................................................................. 19 5.3. Fuel prices, fuel sales and fuel switching ....................................................................... 20 6. Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 6.1. Congestion tax in Stockholm ............................................................................................... 21 6.2. Time-varying congestion tax pricing ............................................................................... 26 6.3. Fuel price, sales and fuel arbitrage ................................................................................... 30 7. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 31 8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 33 9. References ................................................................................................................................................ 35 9.1. Literatures .................................................................................................................................. 35 9.2. Electronic: ................................................................................................................................... 36 10. Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 38 10.1. Measuring air quality in Stockholm ............................................................................ 38 10.2. Summary of the air quality and weather monitoring stations ......................... 39 10.3. Summary of air pollutants’ features ............................................................................ 40 10.4. Robustness checks .............................................................................................................. 41 10.4.1. Using logs of air pollutions .................................................................................... 41 10.4.2. Results with control for lagged weather variables (up to 3 hours) ...... 42 2 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of congestion charge control points (cordons) ........................................ 6 Figure 2: Gasoline (#95) price & adjusted ethanol (E85) price, source: Statoil ...... 9 Figure 3: Monthly delivered volume of E85 (m3), source: SPBI ................................. 10 Figure 4: Gasoline-ethanol price premium and adjusted ethanol sales shares .... 11 Figure 5: Daily concentration of air pollutants in Stockholm ....................................... 13 Figure 6: mean weekly pollution level, 4th order polynomial time trend ................ 22 Figure 7: Effect of time-varying congestion pricing .......................................................... 27 Figure 8: Average daily air pollution in Stockholm (in logs) ........................................ 38 Figure 9: Average daily pattern of air pollutants in Stockholm ................................... 39 Figure 10: Effect of time-varying congestion pricing on air quality (logs) ............. 42 Figure 11: Effects of time-varying congestion pricing (controlled for lagged weather) ..................................................................................................................................... 42 List of Tables Table 1: Congestion charge control points .............................................................................. 6 Table 2: Congestion tax pricing scheme .................................................................................... 7 Table 3: Effect of Congestion Tax Trial on Air Pollutions – OLS .................................. 21 Table 4: Effect of Permanent Congestion Tax on Air Pollutions – OLS & RDD ...... 22 Table 5: Effect of Congestion Tax on Air quality – Local Linear Regression .......... 26 Table 6: Effect of fuel switching on air quality 2007/08 - 2010 .................................. 30 Table 7: Summary of air quality and weather measuring stations ............................ 40 Table 8: Summary of air pollutants .......................................................................................... 40 3 1. Introduction In many cities air pollution is reaching levels that would threaten people's health. More than 2 million people die every year from breathing in air pollutants present in indoor and outdoor air environment according to WHO estimate. Particulate matters (PM10 or PM2.5) for example, can penetrate into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, thus may cause heart disease, lung cancer, asthma, and acute lower respiratory infections. (WHO, 2011) In January 2013, Beijing and some other cities in China encountered an outburst of one of the worst periods of air quality in recent history, with smoggy weathers and air pollution levels that would be referred as “hazardous” by WHO. The ground-based sensors at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing reported PM2.5 concentration of 291 micrograms per cubic meter of air, way above the WHO air quality guidelines of below 25 micrograms per cubic meter as an annual average. (WHO, 2005) Sweden, though ranked as the 25th cleanest country in the world in a WHO study in 2011, also has some work to do to fully meet WHO standards for air quality. For example, some of the most populated municipalities in Sweden suffer from above-standard concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxides and PM10. (EPA) Since a major source
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Financial and Technical Feasibility of Dynamic Congestion Pricing As A
    MN WI MI OH IL IN USDOT Region V Regional University Transportation Center Final Report NEXTRANS Project No 044PY02 Financial and Technical Feasibility of Dynamic Congestion Pricing as a Revenue Generation Source in Indiana – Exploiting the Availability of Real-Time Information and Dynamic Pricing Technologies By Apichai Issariyanukula Graduate Student School of Civil Engineering Purdue University [email protected] and Samuel Labi, Principal Investigator Assistant Professor School of Civil Engineering Purdue University [email protected] Report Submission Date: October 19, 2011 DISCLAIMER Funding for this research was provided by the NEXTRANS Center, Purdue University under Grant No. DTRT07-G-005 of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), University Transportation Centers Program. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. MN WI MI OH IL IN USDOT Region V Regional University Transportation Center Final Report TECHNICAL SUMMARY NEXTRANS Project No 044PY02 Final Report, October 19 Financial and Technical Feasibility of Dynamic Congestion Pricing as a Revenue Generation Source in Indiana – Exploiting the Availability of Real-Time Information and Dynamic Pricing Technologies Introduction Highway stakeholders continue to support research studies that address critical issues of the current era, including congestion mitigation and revenue generation. A mechanism that addresses both concerns is congestion pricing which establishes a direct out-of-pocket charge to road users thus potentially generating revenue and also reducing demand during peak hours.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gastronomic Tour Around the World! Content List on Page 3
    Free! RESTAURANT GUIDE February 2014–July 2014 A gastronomic tour around the world! The official restaurant guide for visitors, including 21 pages of maps and a street list. Content list on page 3 With maps www.hotellguidestockholm.se www.restaurantguidestockholm.com CARLSHÄLLS GÅRD – THE JAZZ RESIDENCE ON LÅNGHOLMEN • JAZZ EVENINGS • PRIVATE DINNERS • CELEBRATIONS, WEDDINGS & CONFERENCES The public is welcome at jazz evenings… Se our homepage for more info! www.carlshallsgard.se Mondays to Thursdays, we are also open for private dinners for groups of 20 guests. Note, booking for these must take place a week before. T-Hornstull, Långholmen, Karlshällsvägen 14 Tel. +46 8-668 07 10 Mongolian BarbeQue Asian buffet restaurant. Experience fl avours that will not dissapoint you. You will fi nd us close to Central Station and the major known hotels. Vasagatan 8–10 • Tel: 08 - 10 12 20 www.mongolianbarbeque.se Always free in the hotel reception! STOCKHOLM You will find the hotels at RESTAURANT GUIDE www.stockholmhotelguide.com EATING OUT IN Stockholm is both pleasant Free! and exciting. There is a multitude of restau- Free! 2013 RESTAURANT GUIDE rants and the choice is great. Here in Stock- February 2014–July 2014 SHOPPING GUIDE Summer 2013 to spring 2014 holm Restaurant Guide you can find a number A gastronomic tour around the world! SOMETHING FOR The offi cial restaurant guide for visitors, Snappsvisor EVERYONE including 21 pages of maps and a street list. på sidan 95 Fashion, trends, art, experiences, of examples of what Stockholm has to offer the list of museums etc… Content list on page 3 A lot of things to shop in Stockholm – The choice is yours! hungry visitor.
    [Show full text]
  • Planbeskrivning Detaljplan För Mårtensdal 6 Mm I Stadsdelen Södra Hammarbyhamnen, Dp 2012-02448
    Bilaga 3 STADSBYGGNADSKONTORET PLANBESKRIVNING PLANAVDELNINGEN DNR 2012-02448-54 Louise Heimler 2013-09-13 Tfn 08-508 27 368 REVIDERAD 2013-12-18 1(43) Planbeskrivning Detaljplan för Mårtensdal 6 mm i stadsdelen Södra Hammarbyhamnen, Dp 2012-02448 Box 8314, 104 20 Stockholm. Besöksadress Fleminggatan 4 Telefon 08-508 27 300. Fax 08-508 27 170. [email protected] www.stockholm.se Godkänt dokument - Louise Heimler, Stadsbyggnadskontoret Stockholm, 2014-01-15, Dnr 2012-02448 GRANSKNINGSHANDLING DNR 2012-02448-54 SID 2 (43) Sammanfattning Planens syfte och huvuddrag Planens syfte är att pröva kontors- och verksamhetslokaler inom planområdets södra och västra del samt att skapa förutsättningar för en inbyggd transformatorstation. Syftet är även att skapa en byggrätt för den del av Fryshusets verksamhet (skatehall) som idag har tidsbegränsat lov inom Mårtensdal 6. Ambitionen är att skapa en entré till Hammarby Sjöstad genom att bygga kontor av hög arkitektonisk och stadsmässig kvalité runt de tekniska anläggningarna och verksamheterna som finns inne i kvarteret. Befintliga tekniska anläggningar och Betongindustris verksamhet kommer finnas kvar. Befintligt hus med sten- och trädgårdsverksamhet planeras att rivas för att ge plats åt en inbyggd transformatorstation. Runt denna 2 verksamhet föreslås kontorsbebyggelse med cirka 80 000 m BTA (bruttoarea) kontorsyta, varav en del i ett högre hus. I markplan på kontorshusen skapas entréer till kontor samt lokaler för handel och verksamheter. En ny skatehall på 2 1440 m BTA föreslås byggas samman med Fryshusets befintliga byggnad och ersätta nuvarande fristående skatehall. Miljöbedömning Stadsbyggnadskontoret bedömer att detaljplanens genomförande inte kan antas medföra sådan betydande miljöpåverkan som åsyftas i PBL eller MB att en miljöbedömning behöver göras.
    [Show full text]
  • Shopping from Fashion to Passion with MAPS
    Free! SHOPPING GUIDE Summer 2014 to spring 2015 Shopping from fashion to passion Trends, art, galleries, bargains, toys, jewelry, musems, etc ... An interesting and exciting selection of shops in Stockholm. WITH MAPS www.shoppingguidestockholm.com www.restaurantguidestockholm.com www.hotellguidestockholm.com ARLANDAS BÄSTA PARKERING! – har blivit ännu bättre! Från Uppsala Vi tar hand om bilen Märsta/Sigtuna medan Du reser. • Tvätt • Starthjälp • Bilservice • Varmkörning Från Stockholm ARLANDA BENSTOCKENS LÅNGTIDSPARKERING HOTELL Norrtälje/Almunge Boka gärna via vår web. www.benstocken.se 1 This brochure is always free in the hotel reception! STOCKHOLM You will find the hotels at SHOPPING GUIDE www.stockholmhotelguide.com Although each of us have our own unique Free! approach to shopping we all love doing Free! 2013 it in Stockholm. Some of us know exactly SHOPPING GUIDE Summer 2014 to spring 2015 RESTAURANT GUIDE February 2014–July 2014 what we want to buy while others have no Shopping from fashion to passion ... A gastronomic tour around the world! Trends, art, galleries,Snappsvisor bargains, The offi cial restaurant guide for visitors, idea – all we know is we want to do some toys, jewelry, musems,på sidan etc ... 95 including 21 pages of maps and a street list. An interesting and exciting selection Content list on page 3 of shops in Stockholm. WITH MAPS shopping. It really doesn’t matter what type of shopper you are because in Stockholm With maps you’ll find something for everyone. www.hotellguidestockholm.se Årets Julbord & äventyr i och www.restaurantguidestockholm.com kring Stockholmwww.shoppingguidestockholm.com – 100 utvalda! www.restaurantguidestockholm.com Content on page 3 www.hotellguidestockholm.com Maps page 67 Published by: Mobila Media AB Sandelsgatan 42 STOCKHOLM 115 33 STOCKHOLM SHOPPINGGUIDE Phone: +46(0)8 650 88 60 Även om var och en av oss shoppar på Fax: +46(0)8 615 05 48 sitt sätt, har vi ändå det gemensamma att E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.mobilamedia.se vi alla älskar att shoppa här i Stockholm.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilaga 1 Samrådsredogörelse
    Exploateringskontoret Dnr E2017-0286 Stadsbyggnadskontoret Dnr 2011-20835 Miljöförvaltningen Dnr 2014-5891 Sida 1(94) 2017-09-05 Samrådsredogörelse Förslag till Årstaskogen – Årsta holmar naturreservat Innehåll 1. Inledning 1 2. Hur remissen har bedrivits 2 3. Process efter remissen 2 4. Ämnesvisa synpunkter och kontorens ställningstaganden 2 Allmänt 2 Syftet 3 Avgränsning 3 Föreskrifter 9 Angående underlaget och utredningar 12 Skötselplan 13 Kulturmiljö 15 Förbindelse till Årsta holmar 16 Friluftsliv 17 Fotgängare och cyklister 17 Hundar 18 Övrigt 18 5. Kontorens sammanvägda ställningstagande 20 6. Inkomna yttranden 20 Statliga och regionala myndigheter och förbund 20 Kommunala nämnder, bolag och förvaltningar 27 Övriga remissinstanser 33 Sakägare enligt fastighetsförteckningen 39 Övriga yttranden 45 1. Inledning Denna samrådsredogörelse redovisar det samråd om förslag till beslut och skötselplan för bildande av naturreservat för Årstaskogen och Årsta holmar som hölls under juni-augusti 2014. Den redovisar de yttranden som har inkommit till Stockholms stad, samt exploa- teringskontorets, stadsbyggnadskontorets och miljöförvaltningens gemensamma ställningstaganden med anledning av synpunkterna. Alla yttranden finns återgivna i sin helhet i avsnitt 6. Staden har i avsnitt 4 samlat olika synpunkter gällande olika ämnen som t.ex. avgränsning, föreskrifter, skötselplan, hundar, m.m. Godkänt dokument - Ulrika Egerö, Stockholms stadsbyggnadskontor, , Dnr 2011-20835 Samrådsredogörelse Dnr E2017-0286 Dnr SBK 2011-20835 Dnr MF 2014-5891 Sida 2(94) 2. Hur samrådet har bedrivits Samrådet skickades ut till åtta sakägare samt 51 intresseföreningar och andra remissinstanser den 4 juni 2014. Markägare och inne- havare av särskild rätt delgavs förslaget i enlighet med 24 § förordning (1998:1252) om områdesskydd enligt miljöbalken m.m. Samrådstiden var satt till den 29 augusti 2014 men förlängdes till den 20 oktober 2014, för de instanser som begärde mer tid.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Årstaskogen Webb.Pdf
    Foreword This report is the result of the project part of the advanced course 1. Stora Sköndal – Green infrastructure and ecosystem services “Environmental Management in Planning”. The course is a 2. Stora Sköndal - Densification and social sustainability mandatory part of the Master Programme Environmental Management and Physical Planning at the Dept. of Physical 3. Årstaskogen – Exploitation and high nature values Geography, Stockholm University. The programme is 4. Hagsätra-Rågsved – Densification and gentrification multidisciplinary with Swedish as well as international students. The Environmental Management in Planning course comprises 15 HEC, The project applies a critical systems perspective on the official i.e. ten weeks of study and is open for students from natural as well planning visions and the practical complexity in creating a sustainable as social science. The project part takes five weeks and the aim is to city area. Owing to the short time span available to the project work give the students a possibility to analyse an actual planning problem it is not possible to fully include all aspects in the analysis but the from a systems perspective as well as knowledge about urban and reports gives a good overview of the environmental effects of future community planning on the national to the local level. developments. This spring, 2018, the projects have focused on “Densification in The students are alone responsible for the results and conclusions relation to green infrastructure – How to build and rebuild a given in the reports. It is not a position of Stockholm University and sustainable city” using three areas in the southern part of Stockholm cannot be used or referred to as such.
    [Show full text]
  • PLANBESKRIVNING Planavdelningen 2009-05-29 S-Dp 2007-36164-54 Louise Heimler Tfn 08-508 273 68
    PLANBESKRIVNING Planavdelningen 2009-05-29 S-Dp 2007-36164-54 Louise Heimler Tfn 08-508 273 68 Förslag Detaljplan för kv Fredriksdal i stadsdelen Södra Hammarbyhamnen i Stockholm S-Dp 2007-36164-54 HANDLINGAR Planen består av plankarta med bestämmelser. Till planen hör denna planbeskrivning, genomförandebeskrivning samt miljökonsekvensbeskrivning. Även riskanalys och illustrationsbilaga redovisas i samband med samrådet. PLANENS SYFTE OCH HUVUDDRAG Planens syfte är att möjliggöra en omvandling från industrianvändning till bostäder, kontor och bussdepå i den västra delen av Hammarby Sjöstad. Planförslaget omfattar cirka 380 bostadsrättslägenheter, bussuppställning för runt 120 bussar med därtill hörande funktioner samt kontors- och verksamhets- lokaler. Området är beläget vid Skansbron och kommer att utgöra entrén till Hammarby Sjöstad i väster. Skanstull Hammarby Sjöstad FREDRIKSDAL Gullmarsplan Orienteringskarta för kv. Fredriksdal med planområdet markerat. Godkänt dokument - Malin Olsson. Stadsbyggnadskontoret Stockholm. 2009-05-29. Dnr 2007-36164 2 (14) S-Dp 2007-36164-54 PLANDATA Planområde Planområdet är beläget invid Skansbron i den västra delen av Hammarby Sjöstad, mellan Hammarbyverket, Hammarby Allé och Hammarby kanal. Området omfattar ca 6,1 ha, varav 1,5 ha är vattenområde, och består av fastigheterna Fredriksdal 8, Hammarby Gård 10 och del av Enskede Gård 1:1 och Hammarbyhöjden 1:1. Fredriksdal 8 ägs av Skanska Nya Hem Blå AB. Stockholms stad är lagfaren ägare till Hammarby Gård 10 och Skanska Nya Hem Blå AB är tomträttshavare för denna fastighet. Enskede Gård 1:1 och Hammarbyhöjden 1:1 ägs av Stockholms stad. TIDIGARE STÄLLNINGSTAGANDEN Översiktsplan Enligt gällande översiktsplan för Stockholm (antagen oktober 1999) redovisas området som en del i stadsutvecklingsområdet Hammarby Sjöstad.
    [Show full text]
  • Trängselskatt » Soll Den Stau Reduzieren Stockholm Teste Le
    Stockholm testet Road Pricing « Trängselskatt » soll den Stau reduzieren Road Pricing wird nach der erfolgreichen Anwendung in London auch in der Schweiz als mögliche Lösung für städtische Verkehrsprobleme diskutiert. In Schweden ist nun ein konkreter Versuch geplant: Die Stadt Stockholm will eine so genannte „Trängselskatt“ (Stausteuer) von Januar bis Ende Juli 2006 testen. Das primäre Ziel ist es den Stau zu reduzieren, die Erreichbarkeit zu erhöhen und die Umweltqualität zu verbessern. Nach der Testphase wird ein Referendum zur dauerhaften Einführung abgehalten. (Sprache: Englisch) Weitere Informationen: Stockholmsförsöket (Site auf Englisch und Schwedisch) http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183 Stockholm teste le péage routier Le projet « Trängselskatt » est sensé réduire les bouchons Suite aux résultats positifs que rencontre le road pricing à Londres, le concept est évoqué également en Suisse comme une possible solution aux problèmes de trafic auxquels sont soumis les agglomérations. La Suède s’est, quant à elle, décidée à concrétiser l’idée. Dès janvier 2006, et jusqu’à la fin juillet, un péage routier sera testé à l’entrée de Stockholm dans un souci de réduction des bouchons, d’optimalisation de l’accès au centre ville et de protection de l’environnement. Au terme de la phase-pilote, un referendum sera organisé pour décider de la mise en œuvre définitive de ce projet. (langue : anglais) Pour plus d’informations (en anglais et en suédois): Stockholmsförsöket http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183 14.12.2005 Unterstützt von: Mobilservice Redaktion: Julian Baker c/o Büro für Mobilität AG [email protected] Hirschengraben 2 Geschäftsstelle: Martina Dvoracek 3011 Bern [email protected] Fon/Fax 031 311 93 63 / 67 http://www.mobilservice.ch Swedish Road Administration Congestion charge trials in Stockholm 3 January - 31 July 2006 Control Points 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts and Results from the Stockholm Trials Final Version – December 2006
    Facts and results from the Stockholm Trials Final version – December 2006 Document information Title Facts and Results from the Stockholm Trial – Final version – December 2006 Contact: Miljöavgiftskansliet/Congestion Charge Secretariat, City of Stockholm Muriel Beser Hugosson, Ann Sjöberg and Camilla Byström Document history: Version Date Change Distribution June 2006 20 Jun 06 MAK (the Secretariat) Updates (Cycling and Walking, Travel Pattern Study, August 2006 060815 MAK Distribution Effects, Inhabitants’ Attitudes) December 2006 Final version MAK I Brief summary of the conclusions drawn by the expert group Most of the goals of the Stockholm Trial have been achieved. This was clear in August when the expert group presented a collective picture of the effects of the trial. Most road-users have their own perception of how the trial works; this perception is based on how the trial affects them as individuals. The evaluation provides a supplementary collective picture of the overall effects of the trial in a number of areas. The three primary goals of the trial were reduced traffic, a better environment and perceived improvements to the city environment. The goal of traffic reduc- tion has been achieved, and thereby also the environmental goal. The degree of achievement of the city environment goal is more difficult to interpret. The trial cut traffic flows – even more than expected – and the reduction was surprisingly stable if normal seasonal variations are taken into account. In addi- tion, the effects were noticeable further away from the congestion-charge zone than we first anticipated. This also means that several of the feared “side ef- fects” did not materialise.
    [Show full text]
  • Port Regulations and Ordinance Ports of Stockholm
    Port Regulations and Ordinance Ports of Stockholm Version 1.6.4. 2014-05-01 2 (129) Content 1 Application of these regulations ..................................... 7 1.1 General ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 Telephone numbers and contact information ................................ 8 2 Ship Registration ........................................................... 9 2.1 Pre-Arrival Notification .................................................................. 9 3 Vessels in Port ............................................................. 10 3.1 Access to vessels: ...................................................................... 10 3.2 Inspection ................................................................................... 10 3.3 Towing ........................................................................................ 10 3.4 Mooring ....................................................................................... 10 3.5 Gangways/accommodation ladders ............................................ 11 3.6 Fire safety ................................................................................... 11 3.7 Procedures in case of fire............................................................ 11 3.8 Emissions etc. ............................................................................. 12 3.9 Moving ........................................................................................ 12 3.10 Repairs and maintenance ..........................................................
    [Show full text]