Beginners Guide to IP 1 18 1 Beginners Guide to IP 2 O Cl Outside IP technology is changing the broadcast industry in a revolutionary way, Clear Broadcast 2 13 14 15 16 17 sweeping aside 80-year-old cable-based connections in favour of packet-switched 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 workflows. It is transforming how audio, and control data is encoded, N St transported and managed.A The impactA onr theSm design of broadcastB equipmentC is It Live News Stereo Apollo Artemis Summa ? Core Intuitive Console profound. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ls Sf In the short term, broadcastersT willR needc to replaceIo existingRd analogue,Gp Cr Live Sports Surround AES3, MADI and SDI ports,Trust with a Routercorenew class ofIO interfaceRedundancy that enablesGPIO Colourful 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Microphone them to connect to standard IT switch infrastructure, and adopt new control 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 mechanisms for connection management and device discovery. As this E Da A V Ai Ps F R Os Au happens,Re the traditional C distinctiono F betweenc audio,Or videoCu and dataFe transportsV f Entertainment Versatility On Air Presets Flexibility Redundancy Mic Open Automation Live Unlimited Cooperation Focus Orange Box Cat5 Fibre Visual Assignable Quality Inhibit System willReconfiguration disappear, VCAbeing Groups replaced with a single agnostic, scalable network. Feedback 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Gradually,47 old48 video and49 audio cabling50 will be51 replaced52 by fibres53 carrying 54IP r An Hp Fp Pa Bi Af Pc Mc P traffic,Cm and conventionalMr Iaudion andMa video routingRp equipmentVi will Sbe replacedp Ea Houses of Audio Network Hot Fader Path Big Autofader Power Multi-Channel Power by standardCompact IT switches.Flexible Innovation In-house Reputation Virtualisation Split Core Ease of Worship Management Plugability Pitch Interrogate Channels Consumption Design Metering Manufacturing Operation 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 In the medium term, broadcasters’ ambitions will extend beyond merely M F Lo A D Aa s Is Cf Cs replicatingRl existingDf workingLd practices,Ts as confidenceRs Sand ucompetenceSc grows,E r Musical FPGA Loudness Automixer Downmixer Assistive apps Multiple Inserts Configurable CSCP Reliability Dual Faders Market Multiple Relationships Support Sidecar Ergonomic Performance Operation and workflows will evolveLeading to take advantageTest Points of the greater flexibility and 73 74 75–102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 geographical110 111 freedom 112now available113 to them.114 115 116 117 R Bf I Mm C Dl E S Dy Ch Ga Q Hi Ev Eg Ao Ng Remote Bluefin2 Integration Mix Minus Conference Delay EQ Sidechain Dynamics In theChannel longer term,Next Gen the broadcastQuality industryHistory willEnvironment further borrowEngineering from Networkingthe Easy to Broadcasting Bus EQ IT industryFacilities by shiftingAudio away from bespoke hardware towards software Navigate processing running on commodity computing platforms. While not all

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 broadcast82 processes83 will84 fit this 85model, many86 will, and87 in doing 88so, offer benefits in scalability and economy. H Nm O Ro He Ff Md L Tr Pp Ag D Ae Se Hydra2 Network Hydra2 Integral Network Fixed Format Modular I/O Low Latency Transparent Plug Network AES67 / SMPTE2022 Manager Organiser Heritage I/O As the shift to IPRouting infrastructureand Play continuesAgnostic we will be encouragedRavenna to drop our 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 conventional96 97 signal-based98 approach99 in favour100 of a services101 model,102 where Sw Em S Hu Ip Op Nr content,Pf both Slive and stored,Fd mayAc be discoveredP and accessedAl byHd anyone in SW-P-08 Ember + Salvos H2Hub Input Port Output Port Full Network possessionPort and Folder of accessScalable rightsFault and an Accessappropriate Hydra IP connection,Alias Files regardlessHigh Headroom of Protection Protection Redundancy Management Detection Rights Patch Bays location.

Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Central to the use of off-the-shelf IT components is conformance to a set Present of standards which, together, define IP networking. This includes protocols Audio: such as RTP, IGMP and PTP, all of which are used in audio and video over Broadcast IP infrastructures are currently dominated by just a few protocols: IP streaming, but would be familiar to IT specialists outside the broadcast AES67, and Dante. And then there’s AVB. industry. Equally important are the open standards, specific to broadcasters, which define precisely how media are encoded and packetised, in order to stream in real-time. These open standards will ensure different vendor’s 12 equipment will interoperate reliably.

None of this will be straightforward. NO

To meet a broad range of needs, manufacturers will have to create interfaces YES that conform to a variety of open standards (AES67, Ravenna, TR03, TR04, SMPTE2022, and maybe more), and provide elegant solutions for controlling and managing services, flows, sync, control data, monitoring, trouble-

shooting, SDN (Software-Defined Networking for over-riding the default NO packet-forwarding behaviour of an IP switch), based on another set of open standards.

There are huge opportunities for forward-thinking broadcasters and NO technology manufacturers alike, who are prepared to embrace and engage with the changes.

Calrec provides a variety of networking interfaces, including an AES67/

Ravenna interface, an AVB interface, and a modular I/O Dante card that also YES has AES67 compatibility. In addition, Calrec provides a SMPTE 2022-6 video interface.

Since they can choose from a range of protocol interfaces, broadcasters can NO be confident that they’ll have Calrec’s support no matter which combination of formats they use now and in the future.

NO

Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio AES67 Dante Development of AES67 began in 2010 and it was published in 2013. AES67 Dante was developed in 2006 by Audinate and is the most established of does not describe a full protocol, rather it defines a set of ‘ground rules’ that these protocols. The biggest difference between Dante and both AES67 and make interoperation between equipment from third parties possible. It is Ravenna is that Dante is proprietary, rather than an open standard. Despite based on the common ground between a number of established IP-based this, there are thousands of Dante-enabled products available, and many audio networking systems including Ravenna, , Q-Lan and Wheatnet. technology companies – including Calrec – work with Audinate to provide It is the closest thing the broadcast industry has to a network solution, and led compatible equipment. to the formation of the Media Networking Alliance (MNA) in 2014. AVB, aka TNS (Time Sensitive Networking) The MNA consists of a host of like-minded technology companies – including AVB is an open standard promoted by the AVNU Alliance, a group of Calrec – to promote AES67 as the common interchange of digital media industry stakeholders promoting AVB as a route to interoperability between between different IP networking platforms. AES67 continues to evolve - the manufacturers. Video Services Forum’s set of technical recommendations (TR-03 and TR-04) covering the transport of media content in elementary essence flows specifies AVB is different to AES67, Ravenna and Dante, using etherframes rather than AES67 as the transport protocol for elementary audio streams. IP packets to transport data, which means that AVB is not an AoIP protocol. Unlike AoIP protocols, AVB networks cannot extend across routers or bridges. Ravenna In other words, they are geographically limited to LAN segments. A further Ravenna was officially launched at IBC 2010 by ALC Networx and is limitation is that AVB networks require AVB-enabled switches and hubs. described as a technology for real-time transport of audio and other media data in IP-based network environments. Ravenna is an open technology which The trade-off is a guarantee that AVB networks are completely deterministic has adapted standard network protocols for use primarily in the professional – you get out exactly what you put in. Also, AVB is set up on the “stream” broadcast market. It uses RTP streaming and Bonjour for service discovery principle; its DECC (Discovery, Enumeration, Connection and Control) (see “Control” later in this document.) protocol establishes connections over the network and presents a view of all AVB devices on that network. Ravenna can operate in existing network infrastructures and can operate in an AES67 compliant profile. For broadcast audio, AVB offers data sharing with no risk to priority audio services. A wide range of companies, including Calrec, is signed up to the Ravenna ecosystem. Companies who are producing Ravenna-compatible equipment include Calrec, Lawo, Merging, Sonifex, AEQ and Riedel.

Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Controlling Media Streams This table lists three streaming implementations that are all AES67 compatible, but unable to inter-operate because their discovery mechanisms are While there has been some industry success in agreeing a common transport incompatible. For a network implementation to be successful, network designers mechanism for IP audio, there has been less success in agreeing how IP must be careful to select devices that have compatible discovery mechanisms. streams can be managed. Device Discovery Transport To fully realise the benefits of IP it must be possible for a device (or end point, Ravenna Bonjour RTP/UDP as IP jargon terms it) to join a network, and discover for itself all the streams Audinate AES67 SAP RTP/UDP (or services) available on the network. It must do this in order to allow a human ‘Pure’ AES67 SIP RTP/UDP operator to see the available streams and to make choices about which to connect to. Calrec’s approach is to design end points that support multiple protocols simultaneously, making them network-agnostic, and capable of working with a Firstly, this process requires that all devices participate in an agreed ‘discovery’ wide range of devices from different vendors. scheme. Secondly, as the list of connected devices changes, the discovery mechanism must allow for dynamic tracking of available streams. Thirdly, once Other Questions of Control a stream has been discovered, detailed information must be provided by the Connecting devices on an IP network allows them to stream audio to one transmitting device giving details of exactly how to listen to, and decode, that another, as well as the opportunity for more sophisticated control integration. An particular stream. These details are known as a session description, and include example might be where a mixing console is connected to a stream from a third- sample rate, encoding mechanism, sample depth, number of channels and party vendor’s mic amp unit. In this case, the mixing console operator may want multicast IP. to be able to control the analogue gain of the mic amplifier in the third-party unit. Another example might be where someone wishes to take control of the AES67 A popular service discovery mechanism, originally developed by Apple Corp, connection management of a device from a remote location. In both these cases, is Bonjour, with other mechanisms including SAP and SIP. For a network of a control mechanism is required that allows one device to control aspects of devices to work together it is necessary for them all to support a common another device, over an IP connection. discovery mechanism. There are several control mechanisms that may be utilised, such as AES70 and Unfortunately, the AES67 standard does not mandate the use of a particular EMBER+. These are sophisticated protocols that use a server-client model and discovery mechanism. This is because each have their own strengths and do not generally require vendor-specific extensions in order to allow control of weaknesses, and the authors of AES67 felt that manufacturers ought to have most functions. the freedom to choose a mechanism that best matches particular application. While this positon is supportable, its unfortunate consequence is that products A device may advertise its AES70 server using Bonjour, allowing potential with non-matching discovery mechanisms will not be able to inter-operate. In controllers to discover it. The protocol allows user-defined controls to be other words, they will remain unaware of each other’s presence on the network. discovered, and contains pre-defined objects for complex controls like routing, clock management and stream management. It is early days for AES70 and it remains to be seen how widely it is adopted.

Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Video Elemental Streaming

Since its introduction in 1989, the common denominator of video transport has As the broadcast industry continues to embrace IP we can expect single been the Serial Digital Interface, or SDI. SDI is a video transport that may also network infrastructures to be used to convey video, audio, sync and control carry audio and ancillary data. data, as well as providing conventional network services such as file transfers, telephony, email and internet access. First introduced in 2007, SMPTE 2022 is a family of standards that describe methods for encapsulating transport over an IP network; It will no longer be necessary to combine media streams into a single transport as with SDI. It will be more convenient to stream the elements of a programme SMPTE-1, -2, -3, and -4 are concerned with compressed individually, removing an encoding and decoding stage entirely. The video, video on MPEG-TS streams. audio and data components of a programme may be logically linked, at a SMPTE-5 covers SDI with forward error correction. control level, while remaining separate at a transport level. This means that a SMPTE-6 deals with SDI. device that is only interested in the audio portion of a programme need only SMPTE-7 covers SDI with hitless protection (stream merging). receive the audio stream, and can ignore the video portion of the programme.

SMPTE 2022 -5, -6 and -7 may be thought of as the IP counterparts to SDI. This approach is called elemental streaming. They encapsulate the SDI data stream in its entirety, in IP frames, complete with audio and ancillary data. This makes it suitable for transportation over There are several approaches to elemental streaming, including IP Live an IP network. However, the process of encapsulation destroys the sync (devised by Sony), ASPEN (based on MPEG-TS), and TR03 and TR04, from information that is implicit in the SDI line rate, and this must be transported the Video Services Forum (VSF). Of these, TR03 looks likely to become the separately. This nasty little problem has been solved by the creation of a further most widespread. SMPTE standard, ST2059, which describes a means for transporting sync information over an IP network using an IT standard known as PTPv2. The broadcast industry has learned its lesson from the chaotic development of audio networking, where multiple proprietary technologies hindered the SMPTE 2022-5, -6 and -7 video is something of a compromise. Certainly it development of a standards-based approach. Its approach to the development allows the transportation of video over IP, but it makes the job of extracting of elemental streaming is far more structured. A joint taskforce, JT-NM, was set audio and ancillary data even more expensive, in hardware resources, than it up to research broadcast industry requirements of IP networking. already is with SDI. A more elegant solution to transporting video, audio and data streams that are logically linked (as part of the same TV program) is to JT-NM developed a reference architecture which offered a technology-agnostic use elemental flows. This is described in the next section. model to meet these requirements, identify candidate technologies and encourage industry organisations to codify the standards on which the next generation of products will be built.

Continued Overleaf

Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio Beginners Guide to IP by Calrec Audio 2015

TR-03 2012 TR-04 2008—10 2013

2016 2014 AMWA JT-NM PHASE 1

Interoperation testing, demonstrations and plugfests help technology to mature

AES70 MORE FLEXIBLE, Protocol DISTRIBUTED for control WORKFLOWS JT-NM over IP REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE CLOUD DEPLOYMENTS 1 18 1 Hydra2 2 O Cl OutsideCalrec provides a variety of networking interfaces, including an AES67/ Clear BroadcastRavenna interface,2 an AVB interface, and a modular I/O Dante card that also 13 14 15 16 17 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 has AES67 compatibility. In addition, Calrec provide a SMPTE 2022-6 video Ninterface.St A Ar Sm B C It Live News Stereo Apollo Artemis Summa ? Core Intuitive Console 11 Each 12element of Calrec’s protocol range redundantly connects to Calrec’s 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hydra2 and appears like any other I/O resource on the Hydra2 network. This Lsmeans Seachf resource is able to tap into Hydra2’s integral suite of management T Rc Io Rd Gp Cr Live Sports Surround Trust Routercore IO Redundancy GPIO Colourful tools, suchMicrophone as remote3 configuration4 patching,5 port6 protection,7 alias files,8 virtual 9 10 11 12 19 patchbays,20 and 2access1 rights.22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 E Da A V Ai Ps F R Os Au Re Co Fc Or Cu Fe Vf EntertainmentOffering Digitala completeAudio range ofVersatility protocol interfacesOn Air meansPresets broadcastersFlexibility Redundancy can be Mic Open Automation Live Unlimited Cooperation Focus Orange Box Cat5 Fibre Visual Assignable Quality Inhibit System Reconfiguration VCA Groups Feedback 37 confident38 that they’ll39 have40 Calrec’s support41 no42 matter which43 combination44 of 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 formatsr An they useH — bothp nowF andp in thePa future. Bi Af Pc Mc P Cm Mr In Ma Rp Vi Sp Ea Houses of Audio Network Hot Fader Path Big Autofader Power Multi-Channel Power Compact Flexible Innovation In-house Reputation Virtualisation Split Core Ease of Worship Management Plugability Pitch Interrogate Channels Consumption Design Metering Manufacturing Operation 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 MFind OutF MoreLo A D Aa s Is Cf Cs Rl Df Ld Ts Rs Su Sc Er Musical FPGA Loudness Automixer Downmixer Assistive apps Multiple Inserts Configurable CSCP Reliability Dual Faders Market Multiple Relationships Support Sidecar Ergonomic PerformanceCalrec ​​ www.calrec.com Operation Leading Test Points 73 AES 74 7www.aes.org5–102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 RAims B f aimsalliance.orgI Mm C Dl E S Dy Ch Ga Q Hi Ev Eg Ao Ng RemoteAMWA Bluefin2 www.amwa.tvIntegration Mix Minus Conference Delay EQ Sidechain Dynamics Channel Next Gen Quality History Environment Engineering Networking Easy to BroadcastingAudinate www.audinate.com Bus EQ Facilities Audio Navigate AVNU Alliance avnu.org

MNA medianetworkingalliance.com75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Ravenna​​ www.ravenna-network.com SMPTE www.smpte.orgH Nm O Ro He Ff Md L Tr Pp Ag D Ae Se Hydra2 Network Hydra2 Integral Network Fixed Format Modular I/O Low Latency Transparent Plug Network Dante AES67 / SMPTE2022 Manager Organiser Router Heritage I/O Routing and Play Agnostic Ravenna 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Sw Em S Hu Ip Op Nr Pf S Fd Ac P Al Hd SW-P-08 Ember + Salvos H2Hub Input Port Output Port Full Network Port and Folder Scalable Fault Access Hydra Alias Files High Headroom Protection Protection Redundancy Management Detection Rights Patch Bays

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