OAK WILT an Invasive Pathogen on Connecticut’S Doorstep!

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OAK WILT An Invasive Pathogen on Connecticut’s Doorstep! P. Kurzeja, Forest Health Division, Michigan D. N. R. What is it? Trees at risk: Where is it? Oak wilt is a vascular disease of oak All oak species are susceptible and at risk. Oak wilt has spread throughout trees, caused by the fungus Bretziella The red oak group (red, black, pin) is the the Eastern United States. Since (formerly Ceratocystic) fagacearum. The most susceptible, with mortality frequently first identification in NY State, fungus grows on the outer sapwood occurring within one growing season. Oaks oak wilt has been confirmed in of oak trees restricting the flow of in the white oak group (white, bur) are also numerous locations in Brooklyn and water and nutrients through the tree. affected but are more resistant. Long Island. Signs and Symptoms: Impacts: • Leaves turn dull green, brown or • Impacts property values and yellow neighborhood aesthetics • Discoloration of leaves • Increased costs with tree progressing from the edge of maintenance, removal and the leaf to the middle replacement • Wilting and bronzing of foliage • Loss of a valued shade tree starting at top of the tree and • Negative impacts to the forestry moving downwards industry and production of high • Premature leaf drop (including value oak products green leaves) • Reduction in food source for • White, grey or black fungal mats forest animals provided by oak just under the bark that emit a trees fruity smell • Loss of habitat for some species • Vertical bark cracks in the trunk • Reduction of ecological services and large branches as a result of (air and water filtering) the fungal spore mats (also Invasive Species Centre D.W. French, • Safety and liability issues referred to as pressure pads) University of Minnesota, exerting outward pressure on the Bugwood.org bark How is oak wilt spread? Roots Insects Humans The disease spreads from infected trees Insects such as sap-feeding nitidulid Movement of wood products, to uninfected trees of the same species beetles can move spores from infected (particularly those with bark), such as through root-to-root contact. trees to healthy trees. firewood can spread the pathogen over long distances as they can harbor fungal mats. James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Area State and Private Forestry Bugwood.org What can you do? There is no cure for oak-wilt infected trees. The best approach is to avoid or reduce infection in areas where disease occurs by: • Identifying and removing diseased trees; • Preventing the formation of, or severing, existing root connections between diseased and healthy trees; • DO NOT prune oak trees from April to • Minimizing wounds on healthy trees during the flight period of July. If pruning must occur, or if a tree is injured, apply a thin layer of wound potential insect carriers. paint immediately. • DO NOT move firewood. Oak wilt is spread by the movement of infected wood. If you see signs and symptoms of oak wilt, report the sightings to: Dr. Robert Marra Department of Plant Pathology & Ecology Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT [email protected] 203.974.8508 For more information on oak wilt, visit: https://www.fs.fed.us/research/invasive-species/plant-pathogens/oak-wilt.php .

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Bretziella, a New Genus to Accommodate the Oak Wilt Fungus
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 27: 1–19 (2017)Bretziella, a new genus to accommodate the oak wilt fungus... 1 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.27.20657 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Bretziella, a new genus to accommodate the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Microascales, Ascomycota) Z. Wilhelm de Beer1, Seonju Marincowitz1, Tuan A. Duong2, Michael J. Wingfield1 1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 2 Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Bio- technology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Corresponding author: Z. Wilhelm de Beer ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Lumbsch | Received 28 August 2017 | Accepted 6 October 2017 | Published 20 October 2017 Citation: de Beer ZW, Marincowitz S, Duong TA, Wingfield MJ (2017) Bretziella, a new genus to accommodate the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Microascales, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 27: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/ mycokeys.27.20657 Abstract Recent reclassification of the Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales) based on multi-gene phylogenetic infer- ence has shown that the oak wilt fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum does not reside in any of the four genera in which it has previously been treated. In this study, we resolve typification problems for the fungus, confirm the synonymy ofChalara quercina (the first name applied to the fungus) andEndoconidiophora fagacearum (the name applied when the sexual state was discovered). Furthermore, the generic place- ment of the species was determined based on DNA sequences from authenticated isolates. The original specimens studied in both protologues and living isolates from the same host trees and geographical area were examined and shown to represent the same species.
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