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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Natural &Computational Sciences ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF NATURAL &COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF IN BIOLOGY ON-FARM DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT OF ENSET (Ensete ventricosum(Welw) Ceeseman) IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA TAREKEGN DEBOCH GUTE Addis Ababa, Ethiopia August, 2017 ON-FARM DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT OF ENSET (Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Cheeseman) IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA TAREKEGN DEBOCH GUTE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Biology Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Degree of Science in Biology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia August, 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE PROGRAMMES This is to certify that the Thesis prepared by Tarekegn Deboch Gute, entitled:' “On-farm diversity and management of enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Cheeseman) in Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia” and submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (microbial, cellular and molecular science) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining Board Name Signature Date 1. Dr. Tileye Feyissa (Examiner) __________ __________ 2. Dr. Kassahun Tesfaye (Advisor) __________ __________ (Chairman) __________ __________ Acknowledgements It is a genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my advisor Dr. Kassahun Tesfaye for all of his guidance and support throughout this thesis, from inception to completion as well as incredible and unwavering patience in working over the end of this year. Additionally, I thank and acknowledge Ato Zerihun Yemataw for his input and encouragement and also for all of his invaluable mentoring, overwhelming support and guidance up to the completion of this thesis. I would like to thank many colleagues that I have worked with over in this year, many of whom I now call my friends, Alemayehu Markos graduate student freely lend to me his Pc, Tesfaye Abebe, Mengistu Mekuria, Grima Erango, Degefa Mentose and all Kembata Tembaro zone natural and agriculture professional experts those who to contribute the successiveness of this thesis. In addition, I thank for all sampled farm family who gave tangible information to the required questionnaire. I would like to thank Addis Ababa University, College of Natural Science primary funding support for this thesis was provided by the national ministry of education program. I thank my brothers, for their supplementary financial support to the encouragement of my graduate school endeavors. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my family: my parents, Deboch Gute and Desalech Dentamo for their kind support all over. Table of contents Contents Page Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ i List of Acronyms and Abbreviation .......................................................................................... iii List of Table ............................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. v List of Appendices ...................................................................................................................... v Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Taxonomy and Domestication of Enset ........................................................................... 3 2.2. Morphology and Floral Biology of Enset ........................................................................ 4 2.3. Economic and Ecological Uses of Enset .......................................................................... 6 2.4 Diversity of Enset Crop .................................................................................................... 8 2.5. Challenges of Enset Production ..................................................................................... 10 3. Material and Methods ........................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Description of the study site ...................................................................................... 13 3.1. Sampling .................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Data collection .............................................................................................................. 15 3.1.1. Individual interviews and direct on-farm participatory monitoring and observation ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.2. Key informant interviews ................................................................................... 16 3.2. Indigenous Classification Method.............................................................................. 16 3.3. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 17 i 4. Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Enset clones on-farm richness .................................................................................... 20 4.2. Distribution and Abundance of the Enset Clones ..................................................... 23 4.3. Farmer’ perceptions on major local clones ................................................................ 25 4.4. On-farm mmanagement practices of Enset ................................................................ 28 4.4.1. Land Preparation ................................................................................................. 28 4.4.2. Propagation and seed source ............................................................................... 29 4.4.3. Transplanting ...................................................................................................... 32 4.4.4. Weeding and Manuring ...................................................................................... 32 4.5. Enset Harvesting, Processing, Storage and Utilization .............................................. 33 4.6. Threats and loss of enset clones ................................................................................. 34 5. Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................... 38 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Recommendation........................................................................................................ 40 6. References ......................................................................................................................... 41 7. Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 46 ii List of Acronyms and Abbreviation AFLP Amplified Fragment Polymorphism EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EXW Enset Xanthomonas wilt FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations EBI Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research KA Kebele Administration MOA Ministry of Agriculture SNNPRS Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State iii List of Table Table 1. Description of the woreda and Kebele Administrations included in the study ....... 14 Table 2. Farmers’ criteria for classification of enset clones in the study area. .................... 17 Table 3. Variation in the number of Enset clones planted per farm in the six woreda ........ 22 Table 4. Frequency of occurrence of the most abundant and widely distributed enset clones in the study sites ....................................................................................................................... 23 Table 5. Characteristics of the common local cultivars in the study area. ............................ 27 Table 6. Number of clones shared (Bold and above diagonal) and Sorenson similarity Indeices (below diagonal) between pairs of Woredas ............................................................. 28 Table 7. Enset management practices in Kembata-Tembaro zone, ....................................... 31 Table 8. Average number of harvested Enset plants per year per households and............... 34 Table 9. Most frequently reported enset production constraints in the study area. .............. 35 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Description of Enset plant (Adapted from Admasu Tsegaye, 2002) ........................ 5 Figure 2: Enset clones distribution across the woredas ......................................................... 24 Figure 3 Planting material sources and exchange among farmers in the study .................. 30 List of Appendices Appendix 1. Number of clones per farm (richness) in the six woreda .............................. 46 Appendix 2 List
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